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War-era terminology of "Third World" to the subsequent bifurcation of "developed" and "developing" countries. The phrases "Global North" and "Global South" are similarly imprecise (particularly from a geographical standpoint, as
Australia, for instance, is considered part of the Global North). Other terms currently in use as synonyms for "Global South" include "majority world" and "low- and middle-income countries". The latter term allows for greater specificity, for instance in differentiating between lower-middle and upper-middle-income countries, but it has the downside of overemphasising the economic aspects of development at the expense of social, political and cultural rights and freedoms. These linguistic issues reflect conceptual tensions related to the framing of development.
509:, as people would want to be part of the new economic elite. Higher costs for education lead to a situation where only the people with enough money to pay for education can receive sufficient education to qualify for the better-paying jobs that mass-development brings about. This restricts poorer people to lesser-paying jobs but technological development makes some of these jobs obsolete (for example, by introducing electronic machines to take over a job, such as creating a series of machines such as lawn mowers to make people such as gardeners obsolete). This leads to a situation where poorer people cannot improve their lives as easily as they could have in a less developed society. That is partially why institutions such as the
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nations. The low social stature of a woman inhibits her abilities to truly impact her community in astonishing ways. Noting the relationship between mother and offspring, Goals 1, 4 and 5 are ones to feel the wrath of poor social status. An unhealthy mother simply cannot bear a healthy child, let alone nurse a sickly one back to health, without access to adequate nutrition. A mother characteristically takes most of the care of a child, therefore must have the resources available to not only support herself but another human as well. Without these resources, if she has not already succumbed to birthing complications, a woman cannot survive the perils of poverty and hunger and support her child simultaneously.
38:
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cooperation. The approach was later developed and utilized by the United
Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID). The approach is considered to be more comprehensive than previous theories and methodology of "conventional" development initiatives. The core concepts include: taking a holistic view, building on community and individual strengths, focusing on linking both macro and micro-level thinking, sustainability, and maintaining a dynamic and ever-evolving framework.
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247:. While these two forms of international support seek to alleviate some of the problems associated with a lack of development, they are most often short term fixes – they are not necessarily long-term solutions. International development, on the other hand, seeks to implement long-term solutions to problems by helping developing countries create the necessary capacity needed to provide such sustainable solutions to their problems. A truly
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community steps closer to achieving universal primary education. Along with this education will come proper spread of knowledge regarding safe practices in disease avoidance. Women are increasingly falling victim to HIV/AIDS for reasons easily evaded. Increasing the availability of a proper education to women will be remarkably beneficial on a variety of fronts. To promote gender equality is to promote progress towards global development.
110:"International development" is different from the simple concept of "development". Whereas the latter, at its most basic, denotes simply the idea of change through time, international development has come to refer to a distinct field of practice, industry, and research; the subject of university courses and professional categorisations. It remains closely related to the set of institutions—especially the
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157:(SDGs) were created, with 169 indicators. UN resolution 70/1 adopted on September 25, 2015, was titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", solidifying 17 new goals that had been in motion since 2014. The goals came into force in January 2016, focusing on areas of climate change, economic inequality, democracy, poverty, and peacebuilding.
161:
new global development agenda places a greater emphasis on collective action, combining the efforts of multiple stakeholders to increase the sustainability of the goals. This emphasis on sustainability has also led to more cross-sector partnerships, and combined international efforts across areas of environmental, social, cultural, political, and economic development.
227:" is the strengthening of regional institutions necessary to support long-term economic, social, and political development. Education is another important aspect of international development. It is a good example of how the focus today is on sustainable development in these countries; education gives people the skills required to keep themselves out of poverty.
201:. No current organisation has the capacity to dissolve the enormous problems of the developing world alone – especially in cities, where an increasing number of poor people live – as demonstrated by the almost nonexistent progress on the goal of improving the lives of at least 100 Million slum dwellers.
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and other
American economists. The changes in the 'developed' world's approach to international development were further necessitated by the gradual collapse of Western Europe's empires over the next decades; now independent ex-colonies no longer received support in return for their subordinate role.
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We must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas. The old imperialism—exploitation for foreign profit—has no place in our plans. What we envisage is a program of development
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Accomplishing this goal could assist in the achievement of five of the other eight
Millennium Development Goals. Goals 1–6 are in direct correlation with the status of women in the communities of problem countries such as The Democratic Republic of Congo, Sub-Saharan Africa and many of the developing
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The concept of livelihoods is directly drawn from the
Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) to international development. The approach and subsequent practical framework is credited to Robert Chambers, who, writing from the mid-1980s and onward, was interested in fostering efficiency in development
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An interesting way of seeing development is through modernization. This includes electronification of households and increases in phone plans. This does not accurately convey social development although it is hard to precisely measure, and institutions differ greatly in their methods. This goes into
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For example, in a rural sub-Saharan community it may not be appropriate to provide a chlorinated and pumped water system because it cannot be maintained or controlled adequately – simple hand pumps may be better; while in a big city in the same country it would be inappropriate to provide water with
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The concept of participation is concerned with ensuring that the intended beneficiaries of development projects and programmes are themselves involved in the planning and execution of those projects and programmes. This is considered important as it empowers the recipients of development projects to
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International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem or a series of projects targeted at several aspects of society. Promoted projects are ones which involve problem solving that reflects the unique culture, politics, geography, and economy
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Although the SDGs were built on the foundation of the MDGs, there are some key differences in both processes. Before adoption, unlike the MDGs, the SDGs had been in discussion for months, involving civil society actors, NGOs, as well as an opening summit involving intergovernmental negotiations. The
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By the 1990s, there were some writers for whom development theory had reached an impasse and some academics were "imagining a postdevelopment era". The Cold War had ended, capitalism had become the dominant mode of social organization, and UN statistics showed that living standards around the world
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In a different spectrum of societal norms the Goals 2 and 6 are being threatened by an age old privilege. Historically females have been refused education in pardon of males, resulting in lesser opportunity to thrive economically. Giving women equal access to an adequate education brings the global
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The concept of poverty can apply to different circumstances depending on context. Poverty is the condition of lacking economic access to fundamental human needs such as food, shelter and safe drinking water. While some define poverty primarily in economic terms, others consider social and political
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International development and disaster relief are both often grouped into sectors, which correlate with the major themes of international development (and with the
Millennium Development Goals – which are included in the descriptions below). There is no clearly defined list of sectors, but some of
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The concept of something being appropriate is concerned with ensuring that a development project or programme is of the correct scale and technical level, and is culturally and socially suitable for its beneficiaries. This should not be confused with ensuring something is low-technology, cheap or
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who must be trained in higher education institutions. However, donors are unwilling to provide support to higher education because their policies now target the MDG. The result is that students are not educated by qualified professionals and worse, when they graduate from primary school they are
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Reaching these goals is also a management challenge. Health services need to make the best use of limited resources while providing the same quality of care to every man, woman and child everywhere. Achieving this level of services requires innovation, quality improvement and expansion of public
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The
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) served a successful framework to guide international development efforts, having achieved progress on some of the 8 goals. For example, by 2015 the extreme poverty rate had already been cut into half. Other targets achieved include access to safe drinking
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Other scholars have sought to widen the notion of "developing" to encompass all countries, as even the wealthiest and most industrialised of countries face problems of social exclusion and inequality. This points to the widespread critiques of the language of development practice, from the Cold
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Migration has throughout history also led to significant international development. As people move, their culture, knowledge, skills and technologies move with them. Migrants' ties with their past homes and communities lead to international relationships and further flows of goods, capital and
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Because the MDGs were agreed as global targets to be achieved by the global community, they are independent of, but by no means unrelated to, individual national interests. The goals imply that every state has a set of obligations to the world community to meet and that other states, who have
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The first seven
Millennium Development Goals present measurable goals, while the eighth lists a number of 'stepping stone' goals – ways in which progress towards the first seven goals could be made. Each goal uses indicators based on statistical series collected and maintained by respected
769:(or capacity development, capacity strengthening) is the improvement in an individual's or organization's facility (or capability) "to produce, perform or deploy". The terms capacity building and capacity development have often been used interchangeably, although a publication by
1196:. A lack of access to education is one of the primary limits on human development, and is related closely to every one of the other sectors. Almost every development project includes an aspect of education as development by its very nature requires a change in the way people live.
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was another important step in setting the agenda for international development, combining humanitarian goals with the creation of a political and economic bloc in Europe that was allied to the U.S. This agenda was given conceptual support during the 1950s in the form of
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and other factors. In development, it is concerned with providing housing of an appropriate quality and type to accommodate people in the long term. This is distinct from shelter in relief, which is concerned with providing sufficient shelter to maintain life.
72:, and for a field of practice and research that in various ways engages with international development processes. There are, however, many schools of thought and conventions regarding which are the exact features constituting the "development" of a country.
179:, which includes eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be achieved by 2015. This represented the first time that a holistic strategy to meet the development needs of the world has been established, with measurable targets and defined indicators.
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to the population in an efficient and consistent manner and according to their needs. The standard and level of provision that is acceptable or appropriate depends on many factors and is highly specific to country and location. For example, in a large
857:. The goal of the rights-based approach to development is to empower the rights-holders, or the group that does not exercise full rights, and strengthen the capacity of the duty-bearers, or the institution or government obligated to fill these rights.
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water, malaria, and gender equality in schooling. Yet, some scholars have argued that the MDGs lack the critical perspectives required to alleviate poverty and structures of inequality, reflected in the serious lags to achieving numerous other goals.
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International
Development in its very meaning is geared towards colonies that gained independence. The governance of the newly independent states should be constructed so that the inhabitants enjoy freedom from poverty, hunger, and insecurity.
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have existed for thousands of years, it is only in the past century that international development theory emerged as a separate body of ideas. More specifically, it has been suggested that 'the theory and practice of development is inherently
114:—that arose after the Second World War with a focus on economic growth, alleviating poverty, and improving living conditions in previously colonised countries. The international community has codified development aims in, for instance, the
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period of political thought that existed in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War'. Throughout the 20th century, before the concept of international development became a common word, four aspects were used to describe the idea:
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can lead to, and, allegedly, have led to an economic divide between countries, sometimes called the north–south divide. Such organisations often make it a goal and to help reduce these divides by encouraging co-operation amongst the
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The critics have suggested that this integration has always been part of the underlying agenda of development. They argue that poverty can be equated with powerlessness and that the way to overcome poverty is through emancipatory
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that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The aim is to have a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining
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In a multi-country review of development progress, improved outcomes on these measures has generally been found to be driven by a combination of smart leadership, policies, institutions, and social networks, according to the
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and intentional industrial policy. Poverty reduction rejects this notion, consisting instead of direct budget support for social welfare programs that create macroeconomic stability leading to an increase in economic growth.
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Amit
Bhaduri argues that full employment with dignity for all is both important and possible in India, while the UN Millennium Project's task force on Water and Sanitation links the sector directly to dignity in the report
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This is concerned with ensuring that all people are able to make a living for themselves and provide themselves with an adequate standard of living, without compromising their human rights and while maintaining dignity.
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by creating demand for more educated people in order to maintain corporate and industrial profitability. Thus the popular demand for education, which in turn drives the cost of education higher through the principle of
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the debate on whether economic growth causes social growth or vice versa. Indicators of social change can be used to complement economic factors as indicators of development and in formulating development policies.
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Several organisations and initiatives exist which are concerned with providing financial systems and frameworks which allow people to organise or purchase services, items or projects for their own development.
375:
There are a number of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved. Such theories draw on a variety of social scientific disciplines and approaches, and include historical theories such as:
2391:; Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment; Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development; Paragraph 1"
1725:. To date, however, there is limited evidence to support the notion that aid budgets are being used to counter Islamic fundamentalism in the same way that they were used 40 years ago to counter communism.
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The third Millennium Development Goal was to "promote gender equality and empower women" by "eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015."
215:, are representative of a change of approach in the UK at least to start drawing together the huge capacity available to western governments, industry, academia and charity to develop such a partnership.
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arose analysing the evolving relationship between the West and the Third World. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the modernists at the World Bank and IMF adopted the neoliberal ideas of economists such as
95:. More recently, writers and practitioners have begun to discuss development in the more holistic and multi-disciplinary sense of human development. Other related concepts are, for instance,
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because according to them, development is inherently unsustainable. Other commentators are disappointed in the lack of progress that has been achieved so far. Part of the problem is that
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The judging of how developed a country or a community is highly subjective, often highly controversial, and very important in judging what further development is necessary or desirable.
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the more established and universally accepted sectors are further explored here. The sectors are highly interlinked, illustrating the complexity of the problems they seek to deal with.
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Under the codification of international development law, capacity building is a "cross cutting modality of international intervention". It often overlaps or is part of interventions in
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The concept of right-financing has been developed to reflect the need for public and private financial support systems that foster and enable development, rather than hinder it.
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and founded the organization ITDG (Intermediate Technology Design Group), which develops and provides appropriate technologies for development (ITDG has now been renamed
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International development can also cause inequality between richer and poorer factions of one nation's society. For example, when economic growth boosts development and
2015:"Secretary-General's remarks at Summit for the Adoption of the Post-2015 Development Agenda [scroll down for French version] | United Nations Secretary-General"
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basic – a project is appropriate if it is acceptable to its recipients and owners, economically affordable and sustainable in the context in which it is executed.
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of a region. More recently, the focus in this field has been projects that aim towards empowering women, building local economies, and caring for the environment.
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313:. Under the former system, poor countries were encouraged to undergo social and economical structural transformations as part of their development, creating
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Tören, Tolga (2018). "The Role of Modernization Theory in the Reconstruction of International Labour Movement in the Cold War Period: Lessons for Today".
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refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it." There are some problems with the concept of sustainable development. Some scholars say it is an
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related to water. The World Water Assessment Programme, which produces the Report, has articulated how eight of the MDGs are linked to water resources.
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project is one which will be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it be financial or otherwise.
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In response, various parts of the UN system led a counter movement, which in the long run has proved to be successful. They were led initially by the
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1001:. This is different from a relief response, where it is the provision of water and sanitation in sufficient quantity and quality to maintain life.
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Migrant workers are sending $ 100bn home every year in what has become the biggest source of foreign funds for developing countries, the IMF says
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Robert, Kates W.; Parris, Thomas M.; Leiserowitz, Anthony A. (2005). "What is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice".
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that hurts the people of poor countries and endangers the environment to such an extent that they suggest rejection of development altogether.
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as the new approach to international development. Rights-based approach combines many different concepts of international development, such as
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Human rights covers a huge range of topics. Some of those more relevant to international development projects include rights associated with
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achieved those goals, have an obligation to help those who have not. As such they may represent an extension of the concept of human rights.
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The concept of dignity in development has been extensively explored by many, and related to all of the development sectors. For example, in
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Historically, development was largely synonymous with economic development, and especially its convenient but flawed quantification (see
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194:. Most of these initiatives however work in small scale interventions which do not reach the millions of people required by the MDGs.
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such as hospitals and transport systems and an education challenge as it requires qualified healthworkers and educated consumers.
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Modern poverty reduction and development programmes often have dignity as a central theme. Dignity is also a central theme of the
2375:. Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment.
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The terms "developed" and "developing" (or "underdeveloped") have proven problematic in forming policy as they ignore issues of
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There are many different measures of human development, many of them related to the different sectors above. Some of them are:
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The second half of the 20th century has been called the 'era of development'. The origins of this era have been attributed to
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stated in 2006 that capacity development was the preferable term. Since the 1950s, international organizations, governments,
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The provision of human rights is concerned with ensuring that all people everywhere receive the rights conferred on them by
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referred to this as a "defining moment in history" calling on states to "act in solidarity". Succeeding the MDG agenda, 17
79:) through readily gathered (for developed countries) or estimated monetary proxies (estimated for severely undeveloped or
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Human Security Index Website with HSI data, and a Human Development Index covering 232 countries (archived 23 April 2017)
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of the developed nation's goods and services. Post-developmentalists, for example, see development as a form of Western
1452:, in which a wealthier nation forces its industrial and economic structure on a poorer nation, which will then become a
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Recent praise has been that it will be impossible to meet the first seven goals without meeting the eighth by forming a
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World Development Indicators have improved relative to the year 1990. 75% of poverty reduction shown happened in China.
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3654:. Global Future, Third Quarter 2003, Profit and Loss? Corporations and Development. London: World Vision International.
2460:"Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review"
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Capacity Development Group Bureau for Development Policy United Nations Development Programme New York, January 2009
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The Global War on Terror and U.S. Development Assistance: USAID allocation by country, 1998–2005 – Working Paper 62
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had improved over the past 40 years. Nevertheless, a large portion of the world's population were still living in
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Sustainable business practices lead to economic growth and empowerment for farming communities in northern Uganda.
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Williams, Colin C; Millington, Andrew C (2004). "The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development".
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organisations in each relevant field (usually the UN agency responsible but also the OECD, IMF and World Bank)
3370:(eds.), The Millennium Development Goals and Beyond: Global Development after 2015, (London: Routledge, 2012).
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1076:(whether in a 'developing' country or not), it is appropriate and often practical to provide a high standard
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with the apparent aim of integrating international development with the process of economic globalization.
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International development also aims to improve general government policies of these developing countries. "
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In response to the impasse, the rhetoric of development is now focusing on the issue of poverty, with the
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International Development Association (IDA). (n.d.). Retrieved from The World Bank: www.worldbank.org/ida
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works" to fulfill its mission. The UN system applies it in almost every sector, including several of the
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624:. This has led to efforts to design project planning and organizational development methods, such as
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Kothari, Ashish; Salleh, Ariel; Escobar, Arturo; Demaria, Federico; Acosta, Alberto (14 April 2018).
2878:"World Water Assessment Programme – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
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Before this date, however, the United States had already taken a leading role in the creation of the
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602:. It is widely considered to be one of the most important concepts in modern development theory. The
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UNDP Global Capacity Development Facility GOING FOR SCALE GOING FOR SUSTAINABILITY GOING FOR QUALITY
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1875:"Lifting 800 Million People Out of Poverty – New Report Looks at Lessons from China's Experience"
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sent home by migrants in modern times is much greater than the total in international aid given.
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Todaro, MP and Smith, SC. 2009. Economic Development, 10th Ed. Addison-Wesley, Essex, England.
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Transitioning from the MDGs to the SDGs, World Bank Group, United Nations Development Programme
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Asian Human Rights Commission & People's Vigilance Committee for Human Rights press release
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Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response (Sphere Handbook 2004 Edition)
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facilities, a healthy environment) of sufficient quantity and quality to supply an acceptable
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panel and its recommendations, and the 2007 Brunel Lecture by the ICE's 2009–2010 president
3116:"Marching to the Tune: Colonization, Globalization, Immigration, and the Ghanaian Diaspora"
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is a broad concept denoting the idea that societies and countries have differing levels of
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The MDGs have catalysed a significant amount of action, including new initiatives such as
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Adventures in Aid Land – The Anthropology of Professionals in International Development
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Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Richard Jolly and Frances Stewart, Adjustment with a Human Face
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approach. At the same time, some development agencies are exploring opportunities for
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The provision of education is itself an education challenge, as it requires qualified
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The provision of access to healthcare is both an engineering challenge as it requires
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challenge, as well as a societal and political challenge as it includes education and
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1294:. There are many of these, but the most important for international development are:
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on an international scale. It is the basis for international classifications such as
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3047:"Discussing views of Majority and Minority world countries with Ethiopian students"
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health services and programs. The main goal is to make public health truly public.
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McCloskey, Stephen. "From MDGs to SDGs: We need a critical awakening to succeed".
1659:(UNDP) put forward the concept of Human Development, thanks to Mahboub ul Haq and
2968:"Every Country Is Developing, According To The New Sustainable Development Index"
2804:(2009). Retrieved from The International Development Research Centre: www.idrc.ca
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Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future
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Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future
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Solberg, Erna. "From MDGs to SDGs the political value of common global goals".
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is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while
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During recent decades, development thinking has shifted from modernization and
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inducted into a secondary school system that is not able to accommodate them.
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Promoting Development through Corporate Social Responsibility – Does it Work?
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1683:
1676:
1595:
1527:
1314:(this is of more relevance to relief and military practices than development)
1058:
1024:
reducing by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe
956:
718:
in 1987 helped to make the concept of sustainable development better known.
598:
influence and manage their own development – thereby removing any culture of
481:
395:
2587:
2568:
2992:
1517:
1419:
1401:
1285:
1085:
1012:
elements and is closely connected with shelter, politics and human rights.
850:
501:
490:
295:
80:
3115:
1503:
anti-colonial take on cultural differences and national self-determination
1370:
reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day
1222:
The provision of appropriate shelter is concerned with providing suitable
3131:
2907:
2386:
1660:
1604:
1542:
1523:
1494:
political and economic liberalism, and the significance of "free markets"
1445:
1423:
1084:
community it may be more appropriate and practical to provide a visiting
1005:
963:
725:
259:
212:
150:
1556:
It has been argued that this era was launched on January 20, 1949, when
777:(NGOs) and communities use the concept of capacity building as part of "
338:
3222:"The success and failure of dependency theory: the experience of Ghana"
2573:
2190:(2009). Retrieved from International Development Exchange: www.idex.org
1686:
of modernization being replaced by shorter-term vision embodied by the
1531:
1327:
1266:
1242:
1068:
485:
267:
263:
3676:
Water and Conflict: Incorporating Peacebuilding into Water Development
797:
advocates for enhanced international support for capacity building in
647:
hand pumps, and the chlorinated system would be the correct response.
2243:
1546:
1179:
477:
291:
271:
27:
Concept concerning the level of development on an international scale
3487:
Encountering development: the making and unmaking of the third world
2200:
2157:(2009). Retrieved from Center for Global Development: www.cgdev.org
1936:
1538:
1534:
policies between so-called 'developed' and 'underdeveloped' nations
1453:
1126:
1077:
1038:
1031:
achieving significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million
895:
741:
2493:"Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins"
1985:
1983:
1981:
1541:
and the desire of the United States and its allies to prevent the
1226:
for families and communities. It is highly specific to context of
322:
arrangements also to be intrinsic – often manifested in a lack of
149:
adopted a new agenda for development. Former UN Secretary General
3552:
The end of development? Modernity, Post-Modernity and Development
2310:"Participation, Power and Social Change research team – Overview"
1668:
1335:
1323:
1231:
1227:
1210:
1137:
1133:
994:
621:
620:
Local participants in development projects are often products of
592:
535:"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights."
522:
323:
567:
3435:
Plans or People: What are our Priorities for Rural Development?
2384:
1978:
1375:
1089:
990:
989:
In development, this is the provision of water and sanitation (
785:
defines itself by "capacity development" in the sense of "'how
732:
formulated a distinction between the two concepts as follows: "
729:
465:
453:
130:
2484:
164:
3203:
Political Economy of Labour Income Distribution and Exclusion
2528:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2524:
1248:
1223:
1081:
145:
As the MDG era came to an end, 2015 marked the year that the
2348:. UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security.
2944:
2640:
2595:
2560:
2417:
Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development
2378:
1721:
others have predicted a development revival as part of the
1184:
The provision of education often focuses on providing free
1073:
1032:
702:. Sustainable development aims to balance the needs of the
493:
and other practices and policies that can accomplish this.
2719:
Reforming Public Institutions and Strengthening Governance
2534:
2356:
1516:
the need for reconstruction in the immediate aftermath of
1448:. Some theorists see development efforts as fundamentally
610:
one of the ends as well as one of the means of development
3566:
The Development Dictionary: a guide to knowledge as power
2815:"Mapping Progress:Evidence for a New Development Outlook"
2292:"India: Human dignity is the true measure of development"
1915:
1913:
1714:, not paternalistic aid programmes or corporate charity.
928:
890:
3589:
Beyond the impasse: new directions in development theory
1374:
reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from
1080:
which can offer a full range of treatments; in a remote
916:
Human Security Index – see external link and mention on
615:
UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security
604:
UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security
476:
such as the UN promote the realisation of the fact that
2414:
1238:
Examples of organisations specialising in shelter are:
556:
Human dignity is the true measure of human development.
258:
In context of human development it usually encompasses
235:
International development is related to the concept of
3689:
2530:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1910:
1653:
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
1497:
social evolution in extremely hierarchical environment
2711:
1972:
Policy & Practice: A Development Education Review
1577:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
2773:
2749:
416:
3635:
Health, Dignity and Development: What Will It Take?
1931:
1929:
546:
Health, Dignity and Development: What will it take?
3472:How Do We Help? The Free Market In Development Aid
2922:"Frequently asked questions about gender equality"
2601:
1414:The 2006 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded jointly to
720:Sustainable development overlaps with the idea of
568:Humanizing Development Global Photography Campaign
2947:"Pluriverse: A Post-Development Dictionary, 2018"
2491:Purvis, Ben; Mao, Yong; Robinson, Darren (2019).
2490:
2385:United Nations General Assembly (20 March 1987).
1148:Examples of organizations working in health are:
3702:
3632:Stockholm International Water Institute (2005).
2201:"Oxford Department of International Development"
1926:
1565:based on the concept of democratic fair dealing.
1422:, which he founded, for their work in providing
513:are searching for "pro-poor" economic policies.
3527:Moss, T., Roodman, D. and Standley, S. (2005).
1675:and concerns about the environmental impact of
1015:The seventh Millennium Development Goal was to
628:, which are accessible to non-literate people.
531:, the very first article of which starts with:
2908:"Unhchr.ch - unhchr Resources and Information"
2281:Stockholm International Water Institute (2005)
3420:Poverty and development into the 21st century
2244:"United Nations Millennium Development Goals"
1199:The second Millennium Development Goal is to
1168:Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization
1102:The fourth Millennium Development Goal is to
2153:
2151:
2129:
2104:
1923:, 5th Edition (pp. 155–56). Wiley-Blackwell.
1651:(ILO), influenced by Paul Streeten, then by
1587:(IMF), both established in 1944, and in the
1560:made these remarks in his inaugural address
1368:The first Millennium Development Goal is to
1123:The sixth Millennium Development Goal is to
1113:The fifth Millennium Development Goal is to
1004:The provision of water and sanitation is an
552:released a statement in 2006 claiming that:
131:Sustainable Development Goals (2015 to 2030)
2781:A Treatise on International Development Law
2649:Sustainable action: overcoming the barriers
2107:"Engineering Civilisation from the Shadows"
1132:halt and begin to reverse the incidence of
1088:on a periodic basis, possibly with a rural
950:
801:to support national plans to implement the
472:International development institutions and
165:Millennium Development Goals (2000 to 2015)
2800:
2798:
2679:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1717:While some critics have been debating the
1500:Marxist critiques of class and imperialism
668:
3438:. Rural Development News. (No.1) Agridea.
3160:
2863:
2861:
2586:
2569:"The Oxymoron of Sustainable Development"
2516:
2475:
2148:
2081:"Millennium Development Goals Indicators"
1751:International Development Research Centre
1299:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
793:to be achieved by 2030. For example, the
781:" in national and subnational plans. The
3219:
2362:United Nations General Assembly (1987) .
1624:, which were implemented in the form of
1125:halt and begin to reverse the spread of
869:
823:
672:
459:
447:
436:
36:
3540:, Berghahn Books, Oxford/New York 2010
3291:
2851:from the original on 21 February 2007.
2795:
1092:serving several different communities.
1067:This is provision of access to quality
978:
14:
3703:
3113:
2858:
2457:
2328:"Participation & Civic Engagement"
2298:from the original on 17 February 2009.
2168:"From Humanitarian to Development Aid"
2083:. United Nations Statistics Division.
2039:"Sustainable Development Goals | UNDP"
1919:(2009). "Development". In D. Gregory,
1292:International human rights instruments
3200:
3073:, in Skelton, T. and Allen, T. (1999)
2757:"Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals"
2566:
2312:. Institute for Development Studies.
2060:
2058:
1969:
1671:, their governments were crippled by
1507:
1306:Convention on the Rights of the Child
529:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
484:and certain aspects of international
177:United Nations Millennium Declaration
3584:. London, United Kingdom: Titan Inc.
2993:"Notes on a Southern urban practice"
2990:
2888:from the original on 28 October 2009
2825:from the original on 14 January 2012
2646:
1657:United Nations Development Programme
1045:which monitors progress towards the
835:Rights-based approach to development
830:Rights-based approach to development
783:United Nations Development Programme
752:
468:by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2017
456:by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2021
333:
30:For other forms of development, see
3581:The Third World; Country or People?
3501:The End of History and the Last Man
2845:"Migrant remittances 'top $ 100Bn'"
2732:CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT: A UNDP PRIMER
2064:
1783:Broad measures of economic progress
748:itself is not consistently defined.
175:In 2000, United Nations signed the
24:
3601:Skelton, T. and Allen, T. (1999).
3093:Poverty and the end of development
2055:
1991:"United Nations Official Document"
1941:Sustainable Development Goals Fund
631:
302:and issues associated with these.
199:Global Partnership for Development
25:
3727:
3683:
3673:Catholic Relief Services (2009).
3660:The rough guide to a better world
3418:Allen, T. and Thomas, A. (2000).
3406:Moss, Roodman and Standley (2005)
2254:from the original on 6 March 2018
2211:from the original on 16 July 2016
1649:International Labour Organization
1163:Results for Development Institute
1043:UN World Water Development Report
815:and education in line sectors of
417:International economic inequality
3515:When corporations rule the world
2626:10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00111.x
2523:
2352:from the original on 2007-01-07.
2334:from the original on 2007-01-06.
2316:from the original on 2013-03-28.
1799:Gender-related Development Index
1766:List of development aid agencies
758:This section is an excerpt from
682:This section is an excerpt from
580:
337:
3533:. Center for Global Development
3412:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3285:
3276:
3260:
3213:
3194:
3181:
3154:
3107:
3098:
3085:
3076:
3063:
3039:
2984:
2959:
2938:
2914:
2900:
2870:
2837:
2807:
2786:
2736:
2724:
2687:
2451:
2408:
2395:United Nations General Assembly
2338:
2320:
2302:
2294:(Press release). 27 July 2006.
2284:
2275:
2266:
2236:
2223:
2193:
2184:
2160:
2132:"Engineering Without Frontiers"
2123:
2098:
2087:from the original on 2008-01-03
2073:
1700:Corporate social responsibility
1279:
795:Sustainable Development Goal 17
779:social and economic development
587:Participation (decision making)
427:North–South divide in the World
147:United Nations General Assembly
125:
3657:Wroe, M and Doney, M. (2005).
3517:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
3292:Nations, United (2015-02-19).
3220:Ahiakpor, James C. W. (1985).
3167:. Princeton University Press.
3161:Lorenzini, Sara (2019-09-03).
3071:Culture and Development Theory
2965:
2926:United Nations Population Fund
2783:, 11 DePaul J. for Soc. Just.
2437:10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444
2031:
2007:
1963:
1954:
1891:
1867:
1626:structural adjustment programs
1353:
945:Overseas Development Institute
865:
775:non-governmental organizations
307:structural adjustment programs
218:
206:Institution of Civil Engineers
87:(GDP), often viewed alongside
13:
1:
3690:The Human Development Reports
3459:. New York University Press.
2477:10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531
1921:Dictionary of Human Geography
1898:Video with prof. Hans Rosling
1856:
1530:and the establishment of new
1444:and the lingering effects of
1115:reduce by three quarters the
985:Water, sanitation and hygiene
839:nongovernmental organizations
791:Sustainable Development Goals
693:is an approach to growth and
626:participatory rural appraisal
550:Asian Human Rights Commission
511:Center for Global Development
209:Engineering Without Frontiers
155:Sustainable Development Goals
137:Sustainable Development Goals
120:Sustainable Development Goals
3621:. London: Oxfam Publishing.
3294:"What is Human Development?"
2997:Environment and Urbanization
2067:Harvard International Review
1793:Green gross domestic product
1688:Millennium Development Goals
1485:, and remains rooted in the
1173:
1047:Millennium Development Goals
934:Number of doctors per capita
606:describes participation as:
171:Millennium Development Goals
116:Millennium Development Goals
77:parable of the broken window
32:Development (disambiguation)
7:
2991:Bhan, Gautam (2019-10-01).
1756:International Monetary Fund
1728:
1696:public-private partnerships
1585:International Monetary Fund
1429:
1301:and its associated treaties
1203:universal primary education
860:
474:international organisations
329:
230:
10:
3732:
3226:International Organization
2847:. BBC News. 8 April 2005.
2130:Jowitt, Paul (July 2004).
1804:Genuine Progress Indicator
1698:and promoting the idea of
1467:
1433:
1399:
1395:
1357:
1283:
1217:
1177:
1056:
982:
969:
954:
827:
757:
681:
635:
590:
584:
520:
516:
430:
420:
368:
168:
134:
112:Bretton Woods Institutions
29:
3711:International development
3638:. UN Millennium Project.
3603:Culture and Global Change
3578:Salehi Nejad, A. (2011).
3499:Fukuyama, Francis (2006)
3475:Leuven University Press.
3238:10.1017/s0020818300019172
2542:"Sustainable Development"
2518:10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5
1820:Gross National Well-being
1261:Architecture for Humanity
1153:World Health Organization
1108:among children under five
1104:reduce by two thirds the
1052:
837:has been adopted by many
46:International development
18:International Development
3663:. UK: Rough Guides Ltd.
3443:Development With Dignity
3432:Barlett, Andrew (2007).
3017:10.1177/0956247818815792
2695:"Definition of CAPACITY"
2647:Berg, Christian (2020).
2605:The Geographical Journal
2567:Brown, James H. (2015).
2458:Mensah, Justice (2019).
1861:
1815:Gross National Happiness
1736:African Development Bank
1269:(relief and development)
1263:(relief and development)
1117:maternal mortality ratio
962:knowledge. The value of
951:Migration and remittance
654:championed the cause of
541:Development with Dignity
443:GDP (nominal) per capita
239:, but is distinct from,
3615:Sphere Project (2003).
3587:Schuurman, F.J. (1993)
3564:Sachs, W (ed.) (1992).
3457:Foreign aid in practice
3445:. National Book Trust.
3114:Donkor, Martha (2005).
3095:in Allen, Thomas (2000)
2699:www.merriam-webster.com
1826:Human Development Index
1526:or "colonization" into
1474:international relations
1360:Sustainable agriculture
1186:primary level education
907:Human Development Index
876:Human Development Index
738:sustainable development
691:Sustainable development
684:Sustainable development
669:Sustainable development
433:South-South cooperation
249:sustainable development
118:(2000 to 2015) and the
70:least developed country
3716:Economic globalization
3513:Korten, D. C. (1995).
3469:Develtere, P. (2012).
3441:Bhaduri, Amit (2005).
3309:Cite journal requires
2867:Sphere Project. (2004)
2779:Lempert, D. H. (2018)
2717:The World Bank (2000)
2497:Sustainability Science
2464:Cogent Social Sciences
2172:Humanitarian Coalition
1843:World Happiness Report
1838:Where-to-be-born Index
1832:OECD Better Life Index
1788:Green national product
1741:Asian Development Bank
1638:appropriate technology
1634:critical consciousness
1573:
1545:from drifting towards
925:Maternal survival rate
879:
678:
656:appropriate technology
638:Appropriate technology
618:
564:
469:
457:
445:
411:Postdevelopment theory
85:gross domestic product
42:
2588:10.1093/biosci/biv117
2371:31 March 2022 at the
2105:Jowitt, Paul (2006).
1761:International studies
1642:Rapid Rural Appraisal
1570:Harry S. Truman, 1949
1562:
1436:Development criticism
1017:ensure environmental
874:World map indicating
873:
853:, participation, and
824:Rights-based approach
809:public administration
676:
608:
554:
463:
451:
440:
284:disaster preparedness
105:subjective well-being
40:
3695:Human Security Index
3550:Parfitt, T. (2002).
3132:10.1353/at.2005.0054
2819:Development Progress
1771:Right to development
1601:modernization theory
1458:cultural imperialism
979:Water and sanitation
799:developing countries
391:World Systems Theory
381:Modernization Theory
3536:David Mosse (ed.):
3485:Escobar, A. (1995)
3051:toolkit.risc.org.uk
3009:2019EnUrb..31..639B
2618:2004GeogJ.170...99W
2509:2019SuSc...14..681P
2429:2005ESPSD..47c...8R
2069:. Fall 2015: 58–61.
1937:"From MDGs to SDGs"
1849:World Values Survey
1611:By the late 1960s,
1478:international trade
1442:wealth distribution
1063:Reproductive health
700:planetary integrity
482:rapid globalisation
423:Economic inequality
406:Capability approach
83:countries) such as
3648:Utting, P. (2003)
3455:Browne, S. (1990)
3354:Wroe, Doney (2005)
3164:Global Development
2651:. Abingdon, Oxon.
1903:2009-10-01 at the
1810:Global Peace Index
1719:end of development
1630:civil disobedience
1594:The launch of the
1508:After World War II
1389:2011-07-27 at the
1312:Geneva Conventions
1188:, but also covers
1158:Partners in Health
999:standard of living
880:
679:
573:2012-02-05 at the
500:, it can create a
478:economic practices
470:
458:
446:
441:Countries by 2019
371:Development theory
349:. You can help by
192:Millennium Promise
66:developing country
50:global development
43:
3546:978-0-85745-110-1
3481:978-90-5867-902-4
3272:978-1-4058-7424-3
3191:, in Sachs (1992)
3174:978-0-691-18015-1
2658:978-0-429-57873-1
2581:(10): 1027–1029.
1907:after 21 seconds.
1746:Human development
1692:Human Development
1613:dependency theory
1579:(now part of the
1537:the start of the
1522:the evolution of
1035:dwellers, by 2020
922:Per capita income
847:capacity building
767:Capacity building
760:Capacity building
753:Capacity building
726:normative concept
716:Brundtland Report
712:social well-being
695:human development
507:supply and demand
498:industrialisation
386:Dependency Theory
367:
366:
315:industrialization
311:poverty reduction
276:poverty reduction
237:international aid
91:measures such as
62:developed country
58:human development
16:(Redirected from
3723:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3364:Rorden Wilkinson
3361:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3327:Schuurman (1993)
3325:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3043:
3037:
3036:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2761:The Global Goals
2753:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2382:
2376:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2205:www.qeh.ox.ac.uk
2197:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2137:. Archived from
2136:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2112:. Archived from
2111:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1933:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1871:
1723:War on Terrorism
1708:social movements
1581:World Bank Group
1571:
1194:higher education
1136:and other major
1010:behaviour change
912:Gini coefficient
660:Practical Action
652:E. F. Schumacher
622:oral communities
616:
562:
464:Global share of
452:Global share of
362:
359:
341:
334:
245:humanitarian aid
122:(2015 to 2030).
21:
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3554:. Pluto press.
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2013:
2012:
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1896:
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1655:(UNICEF). Then
1618:Milton Friedman
1572:
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1558:Harry S. Truman
1510:
1470:
1438:
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1408:
1406:Right-financing
1398:
1391:Wayback Machine
1362:
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1320:gender equality
1288:
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1220:
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931:infection rates
902:Life expectancy
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817:public services
813:good governance
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93:life expectancy
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2265:
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2144:on 2007-02-21.
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1416:Muhammad Yunus
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364:
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288:infrastructure
232:
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225:State building
220:
217:
169:Main article:
166:
163:
135:Main article:
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129:
127:
124:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3728:
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3669:1-84353-476-2
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3644:91-974183-8-2
3641:
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3627:92-9139-097-6
3624:
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3608:
3605:, Routledge.
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:1-85649-210-9
3594:
3591:. Zed Books.
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3575:
3574:1-85649-044-0
3571:
3568:, Zed Books.
3567:
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3557:
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3506:
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3495:0-691-03409-5
3492:
3489:, Princeton.
3488:
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3388:Korten (1995)
3385:
3379:Utting (2003)
3376:
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2020:
2016:
2010:
1996:
1992:
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1678:
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1609:
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1597:
1596:Marshall Plan
1592:
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1578:
1566:
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1559:
1554:
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1528:globalization
1525:
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1426:to the poor.
1425:
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1321:
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1275:(development)
1274:
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1245:(development)
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1079:
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1059:Public health
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1034:
1028:
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1007:
1002:
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992:
986:
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967:
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958:
957:Codevelopment
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581:Participation
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396:Neoliberalism
394:
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372:
361:
358:November 2018
352:
348:
345:This section
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3442:
3434:
3419:
3413:Bibliography
3402:
3393:
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3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3302:cite journal
3287:
3278:
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3225:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3163:
3156:
3126:(1): 27–44.
3123:
3120:Africa Today
3119:
3109:
3100:
3092:
3087:
3078:
3070:
3069:Worsley, P.
3065:
3054:. Retrieved
3050:
3041:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2975:. Retrieved
2971:
2961:
2950:. Retrieved
2940:
2929:. Retrieved
2925:
2916:
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2881:
2872:
2852:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2818:
2809:
2788:
2775:
2764:. Retrieved
2760:
2751:
2742:UNDP (2009)
2738:
2730:UNDP (2009)
2726:
2713:
2702:. Retrieved
2698:
2689:
2648:
2642:
2609:
2603:
2597:
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2572:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2548:. 2015-08-03
2545:
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2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2388:
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2304:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2186:
2175:. Retrieved
2171:
2162:
2139:the original
2125:
2114:the original
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2075:
2066:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2033:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:
1971:
1965:
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1884:2024-01-05
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