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464:'s internet backbone requires a high degree of efficiency to support high demand for the Internet and technology in general. Japan had over 86 million Internet users in 2009, and was projected to climb to nearly 91 million Internet users by 2015. Since Japan has a demand for fiber to the home, Japan is looking into tapping a
493:
have acted as the sole
Internet service providers to China for some time, smaller companies cannot compete with them in negotiating the interconnection settlement prices that keep the Internet market profitable in China. This imposition of discriminatory pricing by the large companies then results in
149:
The real-time routing protocols and redundancy built into the backbone is also able to reroute traffic in case of a failure. The data rates of backbone lines have increased over time. In 1998, all of the United States' backbone networks had utilized the slowest data rate of 45 Mbit/s. However,
399:
shut down the four major ISPs on
January 27, 2011 at approximately 5:20 p.m. EST. The networks had not been physically interrupted, as the Internet transit traffic through Egypt was unaffected. Instead, the government shut down the
407:
Only one of Egypt's ISPs was allowed to continue operations. The ISP Noor Group provided connectivity only to Egypt's stock exchange as well as some government ministries. Other ISPs started to offer free dial-up
Internet access in other countries.
324:
Each ISP has its own contingency network and is equipped with an outsourced backup. These networks are intertwined and crisscrossed to create a redundant network. Many companies operate their own backbones which are all interconnected at various
419:
is a major contributor to the growth of the international backbone as well as a contributor to the growth of
Internet bandwidth. In 2003, Europe was credited with 82 percent of the world's international cross-border bandwidth. The company
84:
and control functions as possible in the network elements, instead relying on the endpoints of communication to handle most of the processing to ensure data integrity, reliability, and authentication. In addition, the high degree of
480:
In some instances, the companies that own certain sections of the
Internet backbone's physical infrastructure depend on competition in order to keep the Internet market profitable. This can be seen most prominently in
231:) in 1991. The combination of the ARPANET and NSFNET became known as the Internet. Within a few years, the dominance of the NSFNet backbone led to the decommissioning of the redundant ARPANET infrastructure in 1990.
428:
services in 2011, giving large companies direct access to the tier 3 backbone. Connecting companies directly to the backbone will provide enterprises faster
Internet service which meets a large market demand.
333:
powerful enough to handle information—on the
Internet backbone that are capable of directing data to other routers in order to send it to its final destination. Without them, information would be lost.
351:, which allow the use of another's network to hand off traffic where it is ultimately delivered. Usually they do not charge each other for this, as the companies get revenue from their customers.
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453:
without
Internet access for 12 hours. The country has since made major developments to the fiber backbone infrastructure, but progress is slow due to lack of government funding.
76:
The
Internet, and consequently its backbone networks, do not rely on central control or coordinating facilities, nor do they implement any global network policies. The
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750:
366:
has decided not to monitor the competitive aspects of the
Internet backbone interconnection relationships as long as the market continues to function well.
184:. Other packet-switched computer networks proliferated starting in the 1970s, eventually adopting TCP/IP protocols or being replaced by newer networks.
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Because of the overlap and synergy between long-distance telephone networks and backbone networks, the largest long-distance voice carriers such as
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market inefficiencies and stagnation, and ultimately affects the efficiency of the Internet backbone networks that service the nation.
321:
also own some of the largest Internet backbone networks. These backbone providers sell their services to Internet service providers.
130:
remains the medium of choice for Internet backbone providers for several reasons. Fiber-optics allow for fast data speeds and large
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authorities have acted to ensure that no provider grows large enough to dominate the backbone market. In the United States, the
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53:. These data routes are hosted by commercial, government, academic and other high-capacity network centers as well as the
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links for thirteen sites. These sites included regional networks that in turn connected over 170 other networks.
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of the Internet results from its principal architectural features, such as the idea of placing as few network
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238:(NAPs), until the government privatized the Internet and transferred the NAPs to commercial providers.
94:
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In the early days of the Internet, backbone providers exchanged their traffic at government-sponsored
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404: (BGP) sessions announcing local routes. BGP is responsible for routing traffic between ISPs.
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around the world. In order for data to navigate this web, it is necessary to have backbone routers—
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Routing of prominent undersea cables that serve as the physical infrastructure of the Internet.
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706:
Malecki, Edward J. (October 2002). "The Economic Geography of the Internet's Infrastructure".
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472: (NTT), a domestic backbone carrier, in order to deliver this service at cheaper prices.
198:
interconnecting links, with peering to the ARPANET. In 1987, this new network was upgraded to
1090:"Research on the problems of interconnection settlement in China's Internet backbone network"
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270:
235:
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58:
1127:"The cloud under the sea: The invisible seafaring industry that keeps the internet afloat"
562:
8:
347:
Backbone providers of roughly equivalent market share regularly create agreements called
151:
852:
Badasyan, N.; Chakrabarti, S. (2005). "Private peering, transit and traffic diversion".
1008:"Global Internet backbone back up to speed for 2003 after dramatic slow down in 2002".
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The Internet backbone consists of many networks owned by numerous companies.
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65:(ISPs) participate in Internet backbone traffic through privately negotiated
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Backbone providers of unequal market share usually create agreements called
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806:
Kende, M. (2000). "The Digital Handshake: Connecting Internet Backbones".
629:
Digital crossroads: telecommunications law and policy in the internet age
169:
135:
46:
597:
751:"Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom"
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technological improvements allowed for 41 percent of backbones to have
26:
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have very simple backbone networks. In 2011, a 70-year-old woman in
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1027:"Europe - Level 3 launches DIA, VPN service portfolios in Europe".
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952:"How Egypt did (and your government could) shut down the Internet"
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104:, have such comprehensive networks that they do not purchase
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69:, primarily governed by the principle of settlement-free
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began to launch a line of dedicated Internet access and
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protocols provide alternate paths of communications for
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line with a shovel and left the neighboring country of
378:, and usually contain some type of monetary agreement.
191:(NSFNET) in 1986 by funding six networking sites using
29:. This is a small look at the backbone of the Internet.
25:
Each line is drawn between two nodes, representing two
921:"Egypt Shut Down Its Net With a Series of Phone Calls"
854:
Netnomics: Economic Research and Electronic Networking
687:
Kesan, Jay P.; Shah, Rajiv C. (2002). "Shaping Code".
89:
of today's network links and sophisticated real-time
1166:
Automatically generated backbone map of the Internet
501:
16:
Vital infrastructure of the networks of the Internet
598:Jonathan E. Nuechterlein; Philip J. Weiser (2005).
61:, which exchange Internet traffic internationally.
627:Nuechterlein, Jonathan E., author. (5 July 2013).
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146:and other forms of electromagnetic interference.
168:The first packet-switched computer networks, the
154:of 2,488 Mbit/s or faster by the mid 2000s.
138:— allowing them to cover long distances with few
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180:. The ARPANET used a backbone of routers called
563:The Basic Economics of Internet Infrastructure.
1073:"Japan telecommunications report - Q2 2011".
259:The examples and perspective in this section
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569:, 34 (2): 192-214. DOI: 10.1257/jep.34.2.192
187:The National Science Foundation created the
41:between large, strategically interconnected
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808:Journal of Communications Law & Policy
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277:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
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950:Van Beijnum, Iljitsch (30 January 2011).
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672:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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293:Learn how and when to remove this message
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758:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
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1044:"A Shovel Cuts Off Armenia's Internet"
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1054:from the original on 25 December 2014
983:"DNS not to blame for Egypt blackout"
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827:"How Internet Infrastructure Works"
189:National Science Foundation Network
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962:from the original on 26 April 2011
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241:
14:
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1042:Lomsadze, Giorgi (8 April 2011).
989:from the original on 4 April 2011
981:Murphy, Kevin (28 January 2011).
897:from the original on 16 July 2011
833:from the original on 14 June 2011
364:Federal Communications Commission
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108:agreements from other providers.
1088:Li, Meijuan; Zhu, Yajie (2018).
919:Singel, Ryan (28 January 2011).
567:Journal of Economic Perspectives
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176:were interconnected in 1973 via
100:The largest providers, known as
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1075:Japan Telecommunications Report
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931:from the original on 1 May 2011
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470:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
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437:Certain countries around the
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182:Interface Message Processors
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1125:Dzieza, Josh (2024-04-16).
1107:10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.198
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432:
422:Level 3 Communications
273:, discuss the issue on the
134:, suffer relatively little
10:
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825:Tyson, J. (3 April 2001).
561:Greenstein, Shane. 2020. "
161:
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97:and congestion avoidance.
67:interconnection agreements
63:Internet service providers
1161:US Internet backbone maps
1094:Procedia Computer Science
866:10.1007/s11066-006-9007-x
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220:upgraded the backbone to
178:University College London
128:Fiber-optic communication
1029:Europe Intelligence Wire
535:Network service provider
475:
456:
393:2011 Egyptian revolution
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327:Internet exchange points
55:Internet exchange points
1048:The Wall Street Journal
749:Kirstein, P.T. (1999).
426:virtual private network
402:Border Gateway Protocol
338:Economy of the backbone
164:History of the Internet
1156:Russ Haynal's ISP Page
121:
30:
1193:Internet architecture
236:network access points
162:Further information:
119:
59:network access points
39:principal data routes
24:
395:, the government of
271:improve this section
261:may not represent a
142:— and are immune to
893:. Topbits Website.
891:"Internet Backbone"
1171:2019-10-09 at the
1031:. 28 January 2011.
708:Economic Geography
665:has generic name (
602:Digital Crossroads
376:transit agreements
370:Transit agreements
349:peering agreements
343:Peering agreements
122:
31:
1198:IT infrastructure
985:. Domain Incite.
770:10.1109/85.759368
638:978-0-262-51960-1
520:Default-free zone
468:backbone line of
382:Regional backbone
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43:computer networks
35:Internet backbone
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1100:: 153–157.
663:|last=
466:fiber-optic
391:During the
227:bandwidth (
170:NPL network
136:attenuation
1187:Categories
1136:2024-04-16
1077:(1). 2011.
1010:TechTrends
901:9 February
860:(2): 115.
837:9 February
574:References
445:pierced a
355:Regulation
152:data rates
87:redundancy
78:resilience
1131:The Verge
874:154591220
778:1934-1547
728:0013-0095
655:cite book
647:827115552
525:Internet2
360:Antitrust
275:talk page
144:crosstalk
140:repeaters
132:bandwidth
1169:Archived
1058:16 April
1052:Archived
993:30 April
987:Archived
966:30 April
960:Archived
935:30 April
929:Archived
895:Archived
831:Archived
550:Trunking
498:See also
485:. Since
439:Caucasus
433:Caucasus
269:You may
172:and the
51:Internet
814:: 1–45.
786:1558618
736:4140796
451:Armenia
443:Georgia
331:routers
311:Verizon
174:ARPANET
158:History
106:transit
91:routing
71:peering
49:of the
37:is the
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417:Europe
412:Europe
317:, and
315:Sprint
224:Mbit/s
202:Mbit/s
195:kbit/s
925:Wired
870:S2CID
793:(PDF)
782:S2CID
754:(PDF)
732:JSTOR
530:Mbone
483:China
476:China
462:Japan
457:Japan
397:Egypt
387:Egypt
319:Lumen
218:Merit
82:state
1060:2011
995:2011
968:2011
937:2011
903:2011
839:2011
774:ISSN
724:ISSN
689:SSRN
674:link
667:help
643:OCLC
633:ISBN
608:ISBN
489:and
216:and
57:and
45:and
33:The
1102:doi
1098:131
862:doi
766:doi
716:doi
214:MCI
210:IBM
200:1.5
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