160:
distinction between round spermatids and other round cells of similar size, such as leukocytes, is not an easy task. Moreover, the distinction between living round spermatids, to be used in ROSI, and dead round spermatids, to be discarded, needs specific methods and skills, not required in the case of ICSI where sperm cell viability can be easily evaluated on the basis of sperm motility in most cases. The microinjection procedure for ROSI also differs slightly from that of ICSI, since additional stimuli are needed to ensure proper oocyte activation after spermatid injection. If all requirements for round spermatid selection and injection are successfully met, the injected oocytes develop to early embryos and can be transferred to the mother's uterus to produce pregnancy.
173:
261:. We will know which spermatozoa are mature because they will bind to the HA drops. This is because only mature sperm have a receptor for hyaluronic acid, which they need because this acid can be found surrounding the oocytes, and sperm need to be able to bind to this acid and digest it in order to fertilize the oocyte. After the mature spermatozoa have been selected, they can be used for the microinjection of oocytes. Sperms selected by hyaluronic acid has about no effect on whether a live birth results, but may reduce miscarriage.
156:(TESE) and used for ICSI. In cases of nonobstructive (secretory) azoospermia, on the other hand, testicular sperm production is blocked at different stages of the process of sperm formation (spermatogenesis). In those men in whom spermatogenesis is blocked at the stage of round spermatids, in which meiosis has already been completed, these round cells can successfully fertilize oocytes after being injected into their cytoplasm.
317:
370:) surrounding the oocyte. The device provides microscopic droplets of hyaluronan hydrogel attached to the culture dish. The embryologist places the prepared sperm on the microdot, selects and captures sperm that bind to the dot. Basic research on the maturation of sperm shows that hyaluronan-binding sperm are more mature and show fewer DNA strand breaks and significantly lower levels of
29:
353:
at about 12 o'clock indicating its maturity. The polar body is positioned at the 12 or 6 o'clock position, to ensure that the inserted micropipette does not disrupt the spindle inside the egg. After the procedure, the oocyte will be placed into cell culture and checked on the following day for signs
312:
In ICSI IVF, the male partner or a donor provides a sperm sample on the same day when the eggs are collected. The sample is checked in the lab, and if no sperm is present, doctors will extract sperm from the epididymis or testicle. The extraction of sperm from epididymis is also known as percutaneous
159:
Even though many technical aspects of ROSI are similar to those of ICSI, there are also significant differences between both techniques. In the first place, as compared to spermatozoa, round spermatids do not possess easily perceptible morphological characteristics and are immotile. Consequently, the
300:
comment on the success of ICSI since 1992 saying, "hus, the woman carries the treatment burden for male infertility, a fairly unique scenario in medical practice. ICSI's success has effectively diverted attention from identifying what causes male infertility and focused research onto the female, to
163:
The first successful pregnancies and births with the use of ROSI were achieved in 1995 by Jan
Tesarik and his team. The clinical potential of ROSI in the treatment of male infertility due to the total absence of spermatozoa has been corroborated recently by a publication reporting on the postnatal
151:
Round spermatid injection (ROSI) is a technique of assisted reproduction whereby a round spermatid is injected into oocyte cytoplasm in order to achieve fertilization. This technique can be used to enable genetic fatherhood to some men who have no spermatozoa in the ejaculate (azoospermia) and in
395:
A new variation of the standard ICSI-procedure called Piezo-ICSI uses small axial mechanical pulses (Piezo-pulses) to lower stress to the cytoskeleton during zona pellucida and oolemma breakage. The procedure includes specialized Piezo actuators, microcapillaries, and filling medium to transfer
361:
In contrast, in natural fertilization sperm compete and when the first sperm penetrates the oolemma, the oolemma hardens to block the entry of any other sperm. Concern has been raised that in ICSI this sperm selection process is bypassed and the sperm is selected by the embryologist without any
152:
whom spermatozoa cannot be obtained surgically from the testicles. This condition is called non-obstructive or secretory azoospermia, as opposed to obstructive azoospermia, in which complete sperm production does occur in the testicles, and potentially fertilizing spermatozoa can be obtained by
497:
are increased with the use of IVF in general, and ICSI specifically, though different studies show contradictory results. In a summary position paper, the
Practice Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine has said it considers ICSI safe and effective therapy for male factor
245:
One of these new techniques is the use of microfluidic chips, like Zymot ICSI chip. This chip is a device that helps identify the highest quality spermatozoa for the ICSI technique. It reproduces the conditions of the vagina, resulting in a more natural spermatozoa selection. One of the main
313:
epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and extraction of sperm from testicle is also known as testicular sperm aspiration (TESA). Depending on the total amount of spermatozoa in the semen sample, either low or high, it can be just washed or capacitated via swim-up or gradients, respectively.
470:
Numerous biochemical markers were shown to be associated with oocyte quality for ICSI. For example, it was shown that after ICSI the follicular fluid of unfertilized oocytes contains high levels of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress markers, as Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and
292:
The procedure itself was first performed in 1987, though it only went to the pronuclear stage. The first activated embryo by ICSI was produced in 1990, but the first successful birth by ICSI took place on
January 14, 1992, after an April 1991 conception.
344:
with gentle suction applied by a microinjector. From the opposite side a thin, hollow glass micropipette is used to collect a single sperm, having immobilised it by cutting its tail with the point of the micropipette. The oocyte is pierced through the
498:
infertility, but may carry an increased risk for the transmission of selected genetic abnormalities to offspring, either through the procedure itself or through the increased inherent risk of such abnormalities in parents undergoing the procedure.
253:) which is able to identify more viable spermatozoa. When the semen sample is passed through a column with a magnetic field, apoptotic respermatozoa are retained in the column while the healthy ones are easily obtained at the bottom of it.
269:
The first child born from a gamete micromanipulation (technique in which special tools and inverted microscopes are used that help embryologists to choose and pick an individual sperm for ICSI IVF was a
Singapore-born child in April 1989.
374:
than the sperm population from which they were selected. A brand name for one such sperm selection device is PICSI. A recent clinical trial showed a sharp reduction in miscarriage with embryos derived from PICSI sperm selection.
533:
scan and biomarkers is appropriate. However, biomarkers seem to be altered for pregnancies resulting from ICSI, causing a higher false-positive rate. Correction factors have been developed and should be used when screening for
542:
pregnancies with a second gestational sac with a dead fetus, first trimester screening should be based solely on the maternal age and the nuchal translucency scan as biomarkers are significantly altered in these cases.
256:
PICSI is another method derived from this one, the only difference is the selection process of the spermatozoa. In this case, they are placed on a plate containing drops of a synthetic compound similar to
128:
There are several differences between classic IVF and ICSI. However, the steps to be followed before and after insemination are the same. In terms of insemination, ICSI needs only one sperm cell per
1383:"Use of hyaluronan in the selection of sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): significant improvement in clinical outcomes--multicenter, double-blinded and randomized controlled trial"
132:, while IVF needs 50,000â100,000. This is because the acrosome reaction has to take place and thousands of sperm cells have to be involved in IVF. Once fertilized, the egg is transformed into a
1796:"Oocyte polarized light microscopy, assay of specific follicular fluid metabolites, and gene expression in cumulus cells as different approaches to predict fertilization efficiency after ICSI"
203:
development or blastocyst morphology. Even with severe teratozoospermia, microscopy can still detect the few sperm cells that have a "normal" morphology, allowing for optimal success rate.
904:
420:
PGD is a process in which one or two cells from an embryo on Day 3 or Day 5 are extracted and the cells genetically analyzed. Couples who are at a high risk of having abnormal number of
246:
advantages of this method is spermatozoa quality, as the selected ones have better motility, morphology, little DNA fragmentation and less quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
424:
or who have an history of single gene defects or chromosome defects are ideal candidates for this procedure. It is used to diagnose a large number of genetic defects at present.
164:
development of 90 babies born in Japan and 17 in Spain. Based on the evaluation of the babies born, no abnormalities attributable to the ROSI technique have been identified.
1844:
2024:
453:
767:
1604:
Speyer BE, Pizzey AR, Ranieri M, Joshi R, Delhanty JD, Serhal P (July 2010). "Fall in implantation rates following ICSI with sperm with high DNA fragmentation".
286:
2379:
1845:
Practice
Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (November 2006).
1199:
Van
Steirteghem A (January 2012). "Celebrating ICSI's twentieth anniversary and the birth of more than 2.5 million children--the 'how, why, when and where'".
349:
and the sperm is directed into the inner part of the oocyte (cytoplasm). The sperm is then released into the oocyte. The pictured oocyte has an extruded
2405:
1047:
Palermo G, Joris H, Devroey P, Van
Steirteghem AC (July 1992). "Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte".
362:
specific testing. However, in mid-2006 the FDA cleared a device that allows embryologists to select mature sperm for ICSI based on sperm binding to
2017:
1567:
1314:
396:
mechanical pulses to the cell membranes. The Piezo technique itself was for example established for animal ICSI and animal ES cell transfer.
1587:"Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) in the Mouse with the Eppendorf PiezoXpertÂź: How to Increase Oocyte Survival Rates After Injection"
392:
Ultra-high magnification sperm injection (IMSI) has no evidence of increased live birth or miscarriage rates compared to standard ICSI.
1988:
1341:
2426:
2010:
583:"Spermatid injection into human oocytes. II. Clinical application in the treatment of infertility due to non-obstructive azoospermia"
1478:"Increased live birth rates with GnRH agonist addition for luteal support in ICSI/IVF cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1363:
1173:
727:"Ninety babies born after round spermatid injection into oocytes: survey of their development from fertilization to 2 years of age"
847:"Does severe teratozoospermia affect blastocyst formation, live birth rate, and other clinical outcome parameters in ICSI cycles?"
242:(swim-up, density gradients, filtration and simple wash), some new techniques are useful and have advantages over older methods.
412:. The procedure involves creating a hole in the zona to improve the chances of normal implantation of the embryo in the uterus.
309:
ICSI is generally performed following a transvaginal oocyte retrieval procedure to extract one or several oocytes from a woman.
2119:
1266:"'Man Up': the importance and strategy for placing male reproductive health centre stage in the political and research agenda"
2136:
1021:
432:
One of the areas in which sperm injection can be useful is vasectomy reversal. However, potential factors that may influence
249:
Another way to perform the selection is the MACS technique, which consists of tiny magnetic particles linked to an antibody (
2197:
771:
538:
in singleton pregnancies after ICSI, but in twin pregnancies such correction factors have not been fully elucidated. In
188:
problems, although it may also be used where eggs cannot easily be penetrated by sperm, and occasionally in addition to
2207:
1248:
1183:
1031:
97:
2162:
2033:
1572:
ESHRE-Workshop: Top quality in micromanipulation: everything you always wanted to know about ICSI and embryo biopsy
460:
2258:
505:
in regard to vertical transmission to the offspring, since the puncture of the oocyte can potentially avail for
2270:
2217:
1639:
Teixeira DM, Hadyme
Miyague A, Barbosa MA, Navarro PA, Raine-Fenning N, Nastri CO, Martins WP (February 2020).
1235:
2374:
2212:
2202:
631:"Spermatid injection into human oocytes. I. Laboratory techniques and special features of zygote development"
488:
1092:"A preclinical evaluation of pronuclear formation by microinjection of human spermatozoa into human oocytes"
522:
2114:
452:. It is uncertain whether ICSI improves live birth rates or reduces the risk of miscarriage compared with
2436:
2431:
153:
1997:
278:
1975:
404:
People who have experienced repeatedly failed implantation, or whose experimental embryo has a thick
39:
2253:
2248:
2233:
2079:
1641:"Regular (ICSI) versus ultra-high magnification (IMSI) sperm selection for assisted reproduction"
1133:"Laser-assisted ICSI: a novel approach to obtain higher oocyte survival and embryo quality rates"
552:
214:), when valious spermatozoa (the name given to sperm samples taken to preservate fertility after
121:
for the obtention of embryos that may be transferred to a maternal uterus. With this method, the
2384:
2318:
2263:
2157:
2146:
409:
219:
177:
106:
1794:
Revelli A, Canosa S, Bergandi L, Skorokhod OA, Biasoni V, Carosso A, et al. (June 2017).
1745:"Follicular fluid content and oocyte quality: from single biochemical markers to metabolomics"
725:
Tanaka A, Suzuki K, Nagayoshi M, Tanaka A, Takemoto Y, Watanabe S, et al. (August 2018).
301:
optimize the provision of eggs and a receptive endometrium, on which ICSI's success depends."
172:
795:"Trends in use of and reproductive outcomes associated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection"
506:
445:
199:, because once the egg is fertilized, abnormal sperm morphology does not appear to influence
1381:
Worrilow KC, Eid S, Woodhouse D, Perloe M, Smith S, Witmyer J, et al. (February 2013).
2275:
2167:
2089:
1985:
1349:
922:
Parmegiani L, Cognigni GE, Ciampaglia W, Pocognoli P, Marchi F, Filicori M (January 2010).
274:
140:
1364:"New Sperm Selection Technology for Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Cleared by FDA"
647:
630:
599:
582:
8:
2287:
2238:
2182:
2177:
2102:
2097:
1319:
1131:
Abdelmassih S, Cardoso J, Abdelmassih V, Dias JA, Abdelmassih R, Nagy ZP (October 2002).
557:
530:
1886:
Lutgens SP, Nelissen EC, van Loo IH, Koek GH, Derhaag JG, Dunselman GA (November 2009).
1367:
2313:
2280:
2049:
1822:
1795:
1771:
1744:
1720:
1689:
1665:
1640:
1543:
1518:
1407:
1382:
1290:
1265:
1072:
1023:
Third Party
Assisted Conception Across Cultures: Social, Legal and Ethical Perspectives
997:
972:
948:
923:
819:
794:
756:
660:
1863:
1846:
1690:"A systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of sperm DNA damage on
1108:
1091:
2364:
2074:
2069:
2059:
1955:
1909:
1868:
1827:
1776:
1725:
1670:
1621:
1548:
1499:
1412:
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1244:
1216:
1179:
1154:
1113:
1064:
1060:
1027:
1002:
953:
868:
863:
846:
824:
748:
743:
726:
704:
652:
604:
437:
122:
760:
664:
234:
selection and capacitation has to be done. Apart from the most common techniques of
2338:
2243:
2192:
2064:
2054:
2002:
1945:
1899:
1858:
1817:
1807:
1766:
1756:
1743:
Revelli A, Delle Piane L, Casano S, Molinari E, Massobrio M, Rinaudo P (May 2009).
1715:
1705:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1613:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1489:
1456:
1446:
1402:
1394:
1285:
1277:
1208:
1144:
1103:
1090:
Lanzendorf SE, Maloney MK, Veeck LL, Slusser J, Hodgen GD, Rosenwaks Z (May 1988).
1076:
1056:
992:
988:
984:
943:
935:
858:
814:
806:
738:
694:
642:
594:
472:
367:
329:
196:
74:
1476:
Kyrou D, Kolibianakis EM, Fatemi HM, Tarlatzi TB, Devroey P, Tarlatzis BC (2011).
581:
Tesarik J, Rolet F, Brami C, Sedbon E, Thorel J, Tibi C, Thébault A (April 1996).
501:
There is not enough evidence to say that ICSI procedures are safe in females with
2369:
2328:
2172:
1992:
793:
Boulet SL, Mehta A, Kissin DM, Warner L, Kawwass JF, Jamieson DJ (January 2015).
433:
258:
45:
1315:"IVF to fix male infertility 'infringes human rights of women' argue scientists"
1149:
1132:
699:
682:
2441:
2333:
1574:. Gent, Belgium: European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE).
1175:
Baby-Making: What the New
Reproductive Treatments Mean for Families and Society
539:
405:
382:
333:
189:
1812:
971:
Lepine S, McDowell S, Searle LM, Kroon B, Glujovsky D, Yazdani A (July 2019).
939:
2420:
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1710:
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518:
494:
449:
355:
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1950:
1933:
1904:
1887:
1617:
1494:
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1451:
1434:
1398:
1281:
1212:
810:
2323:
2124:
1959:
1913:
1872:
1847:"Genetic considerations related to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)"
1831:
1780:
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1729:
1674:
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1503:
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1006:
957:
872:
828:
752:
526:
386:
282:
239:
215:
110:
1433:
Van der Linden M, Buckingham K, Farquhar C, Kremer JA, Metwally M (2012).
1117:
1068:
708:
656:
608:
2041:
502:
441:
207:
185:
1934:"First trimester prenatal screening among women pregnant after IVF/ICSI"
1888:"To do or not to do: IVF and ICSI in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers"
1585:
Costa-Borges N, Mestres E, Vanrell I, GarcĂa M, CalderĂłn G, Stobrawa S.
136:
and it has to be transferred to the uterus to continue its development.
2343:
2129:
1342:"ICSI IVF or (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection In vitro fertilization)"
421:
371:
363:
350:
325:
200:
139:
The first human pregnancy generated by ICSI was carried out in 1991 by
133:
1586:
1461:
1432:
176:
Schematic image of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the context of
2297:
2107:
921:
886:
250:
1932:
Gjerris AC, Tabor A, Loft A, Christiansen M, Pinborg A (July 2012).
1638:
55:
2348:
1519:"Assisted reproductive technology: an overview of Cochrane Reviews"
210:(when there are no spermatozoa ejaculated but they can be found in
1046:
1130:
467:
DNA damage negatively affects clinical pregnancy following ICSI.
346:
316:
1980:
1742:
683:"Viable embryos from injection of round spermatids into oocytes"
1475:
973:"Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction"
341:
211:
129:
118:
1793:
381:
Live birth rate are significantly higher with progesterone to
1089:
765:
476:
464:
1931:
1584:
1694:
fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome"
1688:
Simon L, Zini A, Dyachenko A, Ciampi A, Carrell DT (2017).
844:
724:
114:
89:
1885:
1380:
845:
French DB, Sabanegh ES, Goldfarb J, Desai N (March 2010).
415:
1234:
Jauniaux ER, Rizk BR, eds. (2012-09-06). "Introduction".
970:
766:
Tesarik J, Mendoza C, Mendoza-Tesarik R (24 April 2018).
378:'Washed' or 'unwashed' sperm may be used in the process.
80:
1687:
1603:
408:(covering) around the embryo, have ideal candidates for
1976:
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA)
792:
580:
33:
Oocyte cytoplasm is injected with the sperm during ICSI
28:
1435:"Luteal phase support in assisted reproduction cycles"
184:
This procedure is most commonly used to overcome male
1428:
1426:
1263:
720:
718:
680:
320:
A medical animation still showing the ICSI procedure.
98:
86:
83:
2032:
1516:
924:"Efficiency of hyaluronic acid (HA) sperm selection"
281:, in the Center for Reproductive Medicine headed by
840:
838:
146:
113:cell is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an
77:
1423:
715:
289:. Actually, the discovery was made by a mistake.
2406:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction
1264:Barratt CL, De Jonge CJ, Sharpe RM (April 2018).
117:. This technique is used in order to prepare the
2418:
1237:Pregnancy After Assisted Reproductive Technology
835:
463:based on a variety of techniques concluded that
436:(and live birth rates) in ICSI include level of
218:) is available, or after previous irruptions in
1198:
681:Tesarik J, Mendoza C, Testart J (August 1995).
624:
622:
620:
618:
576:
574:
572:
206:Additionally, specialists use ICSI in cases of
1927:
1925:
1923:
676:
674:
628:
459:A systematic meta-analysis of 24 estimates of
399:
389:has been estimated to increase success rates.
2018:
1171:
928:Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
427:
1787:
1736:
1681:
1374:
1233:
615:
569:
1920:
1879:
1645:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1523:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1019:
977:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
915:
671:
489:In vitro fertilisation § Complications
340:). A holding pipette stabilizes the mature
2025:
2011:
1517:Farquhar C, Marjoribanks J (August 2018).
328:using multiple micromanipulation devices (
27:
1981:The Epigenome Network of Excellence (NoE)
1949:
1903:
1862:
1821:
1811:
1770:
1760:
1719:
1709:
1664:
1542:
1493:
1460:
1450:
1406:
1289:
1148:
1107:
996:
947:
862:
818:
742:
698:
646:
598:
366:, the main constituent of the gel layer (
905:"MACS, técnica de reproducción asistida"
315:
171:
1312:
1172:Fauser B, Devroey P (27 October 2011).
416:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
2419:
1800:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
1749:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
1597:
1565:
2006:
648:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019253
600:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019254
512:
385:in ICSI cycles. Also, addition of a
687:The New England Journal of Medicine
629:Tesarik J, Mendoza C (April 1996).
13:
225:
109:(IVF) procedure in which a single
14:
2453:
2208:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
1969:
1864:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.1489
2427:Assisted reproductive technology
2188:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
2163:Autologous endometrial coculture
2034:Assisted reproductive technology
864:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.051
744:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.04.033
482:
147:Round spermatid injection (ROSI)
73:
66:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
22:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
16:In vitro fertilization procedure
1838:
1632:
1578:
1559:
1510:
1469:
1356:
1334:
1306:
1257:
1227:
1192:
1165:
1124:
1083:
1040:
1026:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
1013:
964:
893:(in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain.
593:(4). Oxford, England: 780â783.
454:ultraâhigh magnification (IMSI)
273:The technique was developed by
2271:Gamete intrafallopian transfer
2218:Zygote intrafallopian transfer
1657:10.1002/14651858.CD010167.pub3
1535:10.1002/14651858.CD010537.pub5
1243:. Cambridge University Press.
989:10.1002/14651858.CD010461.pub3
911:(in Spanish). Valencia, Spain.
897:
879:
786:
493:There is some suggestion that
324:The procedure is done under a
230:Before performing ICSI, sperm
167:
1:
2375:Genetic diagnosis of intersex
2203:Partner-assisted reproduction
1109:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59893-8
563:
523:prenatal aneuploidy screening
1061:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92425-F
304:
7:
2213:Transvaginal ovum retrieval
700:10.1056/nejm199508243330819
546:
400:Assisted zona hatching (AH)
154:testicular sperm extraction
10:
2458:
1698:Asian Journal of Andrology
1313:Knapton S (6 March 2018).
1020:Blyth E, Landau R (2004).
486:
428:Success or failure factors
279:Vrije Universiteit Brussel
264:
2398:
2380:Religious response to ART
2357:
2306:
2226:
2145:
2088:
2040:
1938:Human Reproduction Update
1813:10.1186/s12958-017-0265-2
1482:Human Reproduction Update
1439:Human Reproduction Update
1188:– via Google Books.
1150:10.1093/humrep/17.10.2694
940:10.1007/s10815-009-9380-0
471:lipoperoxidation product
52:
38:
26:
21:
2198:Ovarian hyperstimulation
1857:(5 Suppl 1): S103âS105.
1711:10.4103/1008-682X.182822
1593:. Hamburg: Eppendorf AG.
1566:Sakkas D (18 May 2019).
2234:Artificial insemination
2080:Male infertility crisis
1851:Fertility and Sterility
1096:Fertility and Sterility
851:Fertility and Sterility
811:10.1001/jama.2014.17985
731:Fertility and Sterility
553:Reproductive technology
517:In addition to regular
479:) -protein conjugates.
2385:Mitochondrial donation
2319:Donor Sibling Registry
2158:Assisted zona hatching
2147:In vitro fertilisation
1998:Assisted Zona hatching
1986:TEST TUBE BABY PROCESS
1762:10.1186/1477-7827-7-40
1346:Test Tube Baby Process
410:assisted zona hatching
321:
181:
107:in vitro fertilization
1951:10.1093/humupd/dms010
1905:10.1093/humrep/dep258
1618:10.1093/humrep/deq116
1495:10.1093/humupd/dmr029
1452:10.1093/humupd/dms017
1399:10.1093/humrep/des417
1282:10.1093/humrep/dey020
1213:10.1093/humrep/der447
507:vertical transmission
446:advanced maternal age
319:
287:Andre Van Steirteghem
175:
2276:Reproductive surgery
2168:Cytoplasmic transfer
2098:Estrogen antagonists
2090:Fertility medication
1568:"New styles of ICSI"
1370:on December 6, 2008.
774:on 20 September 2018
440:as measured e.g. by
2288:Selective reduction
2239:Ovulation induction
2183:In vitro maturation
2178:Gestational carrier
2103:aromatase inhibitor
558:Ernestine Gwet Bell
531:nuchal translucency
383:assist implantation
2437:1991 introductions
2432:Fertility medicine
2314:Donor registration
2281:Vasectomy reversal
1991:2018-11-02 at the
1892:Human Reproduction
1606:Human Reproduction
1387:Human Reproduction
1270:Human Reproduction
1201:Human Reproduction
1137:Human Reproduction
635:Human Reproduction
587:Human Reproduction
513:Follow-up on fetus
509:to the offspring.
322:
195:It can be used in
182:
2414:
2413:
2365:Accidental incest
2075:Fertility tourism
2070:Fertility testing
1898:(11): 2676â2678.
1143:(10): 2694â2699.
456:sperm selection.
438:DNA fragmentation
275:Gianpiero Palermo
141:Gianpiero Palermo
123:acrosome reaction
63:
62:
2449:
2339:Semen collection
2244:Cryopreservation
2193:Oocyte selection
2065:Fertility clinic
2027:
2020:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1929:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1612:(7): 1609â1618.
1601:
1595:
1594:
1591:Application Note
1582:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1366:. Archived from
1360:
1354:
1353:
1348:. Archived from
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1000:
968:
962:
961:
951:
919:
913:
912:
901:
895:
894:
883:
877:
876:
866:
857:(4): 1097â1103.
842:
833:
832:
822:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
770:. Archived from
764:
746:
722:
713:
712:
702:
678:
669:
668:
650:
626:
613:
612:
602:
578:
473:4-hydroxynonenal
368:cumulus oophorus
330:micromanipulator
197:teratozoospermia
101:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
56:edit on Wikidata
48:
31:
19:
18:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2394:
2370:Fertility fraud
2353:
2302:
2222:
2173:Embryo transfer
2150:
2141:
2084:
2036:
2031:
1993:Wayback Machine
1972:
1967:
1930:
1921:
1884:
1880:
1843:
1839:
1792:
1788:
1741:
1737:
1686:
1682:
1651:(2): CD010167.
1637:
1633:
1602:
1598:
1583:
1579:
1564:
1560:
1529:(8): CD010537.
1515:
1511:
1474:
1470:
1431:
1424:
1379:
1375:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:on 3 June 2017.
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1129:
1125:
1088:
1084:
1055:(8810): 17â18.
1045:
1041:
1034:
1018:
1014:
983:(7): CD010461.
969:
965:
920:
916:
903:
902:
898:
885:
884:
880:
843:
836:
791:
787:
777:
775:
723:
716:
679:
672:
627:
616:
579:
570:
566:
549:
515:
491:
485:
434:pregnancy rates
430:
418:
402:
307:
267:
259:hyaluronic acid
228:
226:Sperm selection
170:
149:
99:
76:
72:
59:
44:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2455:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2259:ovarian tissue
2256:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2151:and expansions
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1970:External links
1968:
1966:
1965:
1944:(4): 350â359.
1919:
1878:
1837:
1786:
1735:
1680:
1631:
1596:
1577:
1558:
1509:
1488:(6): 734â740.
1468:
1422:
1393:(2): 306â314.
1373:
1355:
1333:
1305:
1276:(4): 541â545.
1256:
1249:
1226:
1191:
1184:
1164:
1123:
1102:(5): 835â842.
1082:
1039:
1032:
1012:
963:
914:
896:
891:Fertil Ibérica
878:
834:
805:(3): 255â263.
785:
737:(3): 443â451.
714:
670:
641:(4): 772â779.
614:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
555:
548:
545:
540:vanishing twin
514:
511:
484:
481:
429:
426:
417:
414:
406:zona pellucida
401:
398:
334:microinjectors
306:
303:
266:
263:
227:
224:
190:sperm donation
169:
166:
148:
145:
143:and his team.
61:
60:
53:
50:
49:
42:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2454:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2390:Sex selection
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Sex selection
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:Other methods
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:Gonadotropins
2123:
2121:
2120:GnRH agonists
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1322:
1321:
1320:The Telegraph
1316:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1250:9781107006478
1246:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1185:9780199597314
1181:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1033:9781843100843
1029:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
918:
910:
906:
900:
892:
888:
887:"ZyMĆt âąICSI"
882:
874:
870:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
839:
830:
826:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
773:
769:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
719:
710:
706:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
675:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
625:
623:
621:
619:
610:
606:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
575:
573:
568:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
544:
541:
537:
536:Down syndrome
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:prenatal care
510:
508:
504:
499:
496:
495:birth defects
490:
483:Complications
480:
478:
474:
468:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
450:semen quality
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
413:
411:
407:
397:
393:
390:
388:
384:
379:
376:
373:
369:
365:
359:
357:
356:fertilization
352:
348:
343:
339:
338:micropipettes
335:
331:
327:
318:
314:
310:
302:
299:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
262:
260:
254:
252:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
179:
174:
165:
161:
157:
155:
144:
142:
137:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:
94:
71:
67:
57:
51:
47:
43:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2324:Egg donation
2187:
1941:
1937:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1704:(1): 80â90.
1701:
1697:
1691:
1683:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1580:
1571:
1561:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1442:
1438:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1368:the original
1358:
1350:the original
1345:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1318:
1308:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1236:
1229:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1174:
1167:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1022:
1015:
980:
976:
966:
931:
927:
917:
908:
899:
890:
881:
854:
850:
802:
798:
788:
776:. Retrieved
772:the original
734:
730:
690:
686:
638:
634:
590:
586:
527:maternal age
516:
500:
492:
469:
458:
431:
419:
403:
394:
391:
387:GNRH agonist
380:
377:
360:
323:
311:
308:
297:
295:
291:
283:Paul Devroey
272:
268:
255:
248:
244:
240:capacitation
235:
231:
229:
216:chemotherapy
205:
194:
183:
162:
158:
150:
138:
127:
125:is skipped.
69:
65:
64:
2130:menotropins
2042:Infertility
934:(1): 13â6.
503:hepatitis B
442:comet assay
422:chromosomes
208:azoospermia
186:infertility
168:Indications
2421:Categories
2344:Sperm bank
1462:2066/98072
1445:(5): 473.
1207:(1): 1â2.
778:16 October
768:"Comments"
693:(8): 525.
564:References
487:See also:
461:DNA damage
372:aneuploidy
364:hyaluronan
351:polar body
326:microscope
201:blastocyst
134:pre-embryo
2298:Surrogacy
2108:clomifene
1806:(1): 47.
525:based on
305:Procedure
251:annexin V
2349:Ova bank
2307:Donation
1989:Archived
1960:22523111
1914:19625309
1873:17055799
1832:28645283
1781:19413899
1730:27345006
1692:in vitro
1675:32083321
1626:20495207
1553:30117155
1504:21733980
1417:23203216
1300:29425298
1221:22180598
1159:12351550
1007:31425620
958:20041286
873:19200957
829:25602996
761:51968167
753:30098696
665:10309237
547:See also
236:in vitro
232:in vitro
222:cycles.
105:) is an
2399:Related
2249:embryos
1823:5481970
1772:2685803
1721:5227680
1666:7033651
1544:6953328
1408:3545641
1326:7 March
1291:5989613
1178:. OUP.
1118:3360172
1077:2916063
1069:1351601
998:6699650
949:2826621
820:4343214
709:7623897
657:8671327
609:8671328
347:oolemma
296:Sharpe
277:at the
265:History
119:gametes
46:D020554
2358:Ethics
2329:Embryo
2254:oocyte
2050:Female
1958:
1912:
1871:
1830:
1820:
1779:
1769:
1755:: 40.
1728:
1718:
1673:
1663:
1624:
1551:
1541:
1502:
1415:
1405:
1298:
1288:
1247:
1219:
1182:
1157:
1116:
1075:
1067:
1049:Lancet
1030:
1005:
995:
956:
946:
909:IVIRMA
871:
827:
817:
759:
751:
707:
663:
655:
607:
342:oocyte
238:sperm
212:testis
130:oocyte
2442:Semen
2334:Sperm
2264:semen
2149:(IVF)
1241:(PDF)
1073:S2CID
757:S2CID
661:S2CID
477:4-HNE
465:sperm
298:et al
111:sperm
54:[
2060:LGBT
2055:Male
1956:PMID
1910:PMID
1869:PMID
1828:PMID
1777:PMID
1726:PMID
1671:PMID
1649:2020
1622:PMID
1549:PMID
1527:2018
1500:PMID
1413:PMID
1328:2018
1296:PMID
1245:ISBN
1217:PMID
1180:ISBN
1155:PMID
1114:PMID
1065:PMID
1028:ISBN
1003:PMID
954:PMID
869:PMID
825:PMID
799:JAMA
780:2018
749:PMID
705:PMID
653:PMID
605:PMID
448:and
336:and
285:and
102:-see
70:ICSI
40:MeSH
2137:hCG
2115:FSH
1946:doi
1900:doi
1859:doi
1818:PMC
1808:doi
1767:PMC
1757:doi
1716:PMC
1706:doi
1661:PMC
1653:doi
1614:doi
1539:PMC
1531:doi
1490:doi
1457:hdl
1447:doi
1403:PMC
1395:doi
1286:PMC
1278:doi
1209:doi
1145:doi
1104:doi
1057:doi
1053:340
993:PMC
985:doi
944:PMC
936:doi
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