531:(ESA) later that year. It advocated for the legalization of euthanasia in the United States, primarily by lobbying state legislators. Many prominent ESA members advocated for involuntary euthanasia of people with mental disabilities, including Ann Mitchell, a former asylum patient and main financial supporter of the ESA until her suicide in 1942. Ann Mitchell is also credited with structuring the ESA as a
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considered a law to legalize such a form of euthanasia, but it did not make it out of committee. While much of the debate focused on voluntary euthanasia, other calls for involuntary euthanasia were vocalized as well. In 1900, W. Duncan McKim, a New York physician and author published a book titled
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program was also designed to kill those who were deemed "inferior and threatening to the well being of the Aryan race". This program was also designed as part of a larger, "Final
Solution" eugenics program. Within months of enactment, the Nazis expanded its definition of who could be killed to
592:. At these centers, people deemed "handicapped" or "unfit" by "medical experts" were murdered. For example, gas chambers were disguised to look like showers and some people (particularly children) were starved to death. Often at these centers, the victims were murdered together in
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The ESA initially advocated for both voluntary and involuntary euthanasia of people with severe disabilities. The organization soon realized that involuntary euthanasia had negative connotations, particularly its association with the
524:. This book suggested that people with severe inherited defects, including mentally handicapped people, epileptics, habitual drunks and criminals, should be given a quick and painless death by "carbonic gas".
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later on in the war. Approximately 200,000 people were murdered in the six years of the T4 program. The T4 "euthanasia" institutions were shut down by Allied troops in 1945.
515:, a prominent educator and scholar, issued the first authoritative call in 1891 for the provision of lethal drugs to terminally ill patients who requested to die. In 1906,
494:). Involuntary euthanasia is widely opposed and is regarded as a crime in all legal jurisdictions, although it has been legal in the past in some jurisdictions, notably
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project. ESA’s first president was
Charles Potter, an ex-Baptist minister who advocated for coercive eugenic sterilization and involuntary euthanasia.
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include those who were of a certain ethnicity as well as class. Six killing centers were established for T4, one of the most notable being at
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program in
October 1939 to murder "incurably ill, physically or mentally disabled, emotionally distraught, and elderly people". The
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using carbon monoxide. The research undertaken by the Nazis on the victims was used as a prototype for extermination camps such as
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Cheyfitz, Kirk (1999–2000). "Who
Decides? The Connecting Thread of Euthanasia, Eugenics, and Doctor-Assisted Suicide".
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498:. Reference to it or fear of it is sometimes used as a reason for not changing laws relating to voluntary euthanasia.
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Dowbiggin, Ian (2002). ""A Rational
Coalition": Euthanasia, Eugenics, and Birth Control in America, 1940-1970".
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It is the occurrence of involuntary euthanasia which forms one of the main arguments against legalisation.
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In
January 1938, the National Society for the Legalization of Euthanasia was formed, and was renamed the
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Euthanasia became a subject of public discussion in the United States at the turn of the 20th century.
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Strous, Rael D. (January 2006). "Nazi
Euthanasia of the Mentally Ill at Hadamar".
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Chapple, A.; Ziebland, S.; McPherson, A.; Herxheimer, A. (Dec 2006).
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381:Principle of double effect
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577:Adolf Hitler enacted the
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682:Harris, NM. (Oct 2001).
572:Hadamar Killing Facility
484:non-voluntary euthanasia
155:Compassion & Choices
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684:"The euthanasia debate"
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461:Involuntary euthanasia
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557:Further information:
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228:Final Exit
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