593:
772:
753:
702:
1342:
654:
1366:
1148:
940:
1535:
1311:
31:
616:
1605:
1414:
1171:
967:
1633:
158:
1660:
1512:
1109:
1223:
1559:
1275:
1054:
1457:
897:
1687:
1578:
1243:
921:
674:
995:
1026:
1398:
812:
1481:
796:
1438:
1203:
847:
1291:
1082:
435:
874:
737:
280:
289:
204:); then it was seen that they could be angled out on the corners. This feature of the Ionic order made it more pliant and satisfactory than the Doric to critical eyes in the 4th century BC: angling the volutes on the corner columns ensured that they "read" equally when seen from either front or side facade. However, some classical artists viewed this as unsatisfactory, feeling that the placement of Ionic columns at building corners required a distortion at the expense of the capital's structural logic; the
592:
752:
1950:"These flat, splaying members with cavetto sides, have a long history in Greek architecture as anta capitals, and the rolls at upper and lower sides are also seen" John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.19 : "An interesting flat capital which, though differing from the classic forms, bears a distinct resemblance to the capitals of the pilasters of the Temple of Apollo Didymaeos at Miletos"
105:
1108:
1147:
1170:
653:
771:
239:. After a little early experimentation, the number of hollow flutes in the shaft settled at 24. This standardization kept the fluting in a familiar proportion to the diameter of the column at any scale, even when the height of the column was exaggerated. Unlike Greek Doric fluting, which runs out to an
417:
patterns, in order to maintain continuity with the decorative frieze lining the top of the walls. This difference with the column capitals disappeared with Roman times when anta or pilaster capitals have designs very similar to those of the column capitals. The Ionic anta capitals as can be seen in
400:
In order not to protrude unduly from the wall, these anta capitals usually display a rather flat surface, so that the capital has more or less a rectangular-shaped structure overall. The Ionic anta capital, in contrast to the regular column capitals, is highly decorated and generally includes bands
565:
architectural theorists took his hints to interpret the Ionic order as matronly in comparison to the Doric order, though not as wholly feminine as the
Corinthian order. The Ionic is a natural order for post-Renaissance libraries and courts of justice, learned and civilized. Because no treatises on
1310:
547:, reports that the Doric column had its initial basis in the proportions of the male body, while Ionic columns took on a "slenderness" inspired by the female body. Though he does not name his source for such a self-conscious and "literary" approach, it must be in traditions passed on from
1577:
566:
classical architecture survive earlier than that of
Vitruvius, identification of such "meaning" in architectural elements as it was understood in the 5th and 4th centuries BC remains tenuous, though during the Renaissance it became part of the conventional "speech" of classicism.
1659:
1604:
1842:(MIT Press) 1963; in discussions of American Greek Revival, the republic connotations of the Greek orders present an inescapable commonplace: "The Greek Revival style arose out of a young nation's desire to identify with the ideals of the ancient Greek Republic." (
1053:
1456:
1511:
1341:
701:
1558:
1242:
1365:
615:
673:
966:
185:. The only tools required to design these features were a straight-edge, a right angle, string (to establish half-lengths) and a compass. Below the volutes, the Ionic column may have a wide collar or banding separating the capital from the
939:
1480:
243:
or sharp edge, that was easily damaged by people brushing it as they passed by, Ionic fluting leaves a little flat-seeming surface of the column surface between each hollow (in fact it is a small segment of a circle around the column).
1534:
1202:
1413:
1222:
896:
1025:
994:
1686:
1274:
1437:
811:
2083:
Thus in the invention of the two different kinds of columns, they borrowed manly beauty, naked and unadorned, for the one, and for the other the delicacy, adornment, and proportions characteristic of women.
920:
795:
1397:
1632:
736:
1824:
A brief and accessible sketch of this familiar aspect of the Greek
Revival "idea of primitivism, of searching back to the true, untainted sources of architectural beauty" (p. 38) and of the
846:
1060:
267:, New York City, for an unusual impression of strength and stature. Wabash Railroad architect R.E. Mohr included eight unfluted Ionic frontal columns on his 1928 design for the railroad's
1420:
873:
660:
212:
designed a version of such a perfectly four-sided Ionic capital that it became standard; when a Greek Ionic order was eventually reintroduced in the later 18th century
70:. Of the three classical canonic orders, the Corinthian order has the narrowest columns, followed by the Ionic order, with the Doric order having the widest columns.
1320:
1290:
1122:
1193:
1081:
363:. Roman and Renaissance practice condensed the height of the entablature by reducing the proportions of the architrave, which made the frieze more prominent.
1324:
1130:
1348:
1185:
1568:
1448:
2639:
1857:
1428:
1181:
228:
is always more slender than the Doric; therefore, it always has a base: Ionic columns are eight and nine column-diameters tall, and even more in the
1444:
1257:
1072:
930:
30:
422:(circa 410 BCE), are characteristically rectangular Ionic anta capitals, with extensive bands of floral patterns in prolongation of adjoining
1615:
765:, Rome, with two sides with volutes, and one for the corner of the facade projecting at a 45° angle, unknown architect, early 4th century BC
977:
2691:
1853:); "Greece, the world's first democracy, seemed an appropriate philosophical reference point for a self-confident new republic." (
1838:
2618:
2580:
2551:
2526:
2501:
2476:
2414:
2368:
2306:
2229:
2153:
2128:
1669:
462:
was spoken. The Ionic order column was being practiced in mainland Greece in the 5th century BC. It was most popular in the
2599:
2170:
494:, although it conforms mainly to the Doric order, also has some Ionic elements. A more purely Ionic mode to be seen on the
359:
frieze carving provides a characteristic feature of the Ionic order, in the area where the Doric order is articulated with
157:
2908:
2180:
958:
487:
478:. It stood for only a decade before it was leveled by an earthquake. A longer-lasting 6th century Ionic temple was the
264:
2664:
2810:
2052:
2025:
1918:
1855:(Old-House Journal), James C. Massey and Shirley Maxwell, "Greek Revival in America: From Tara to farmhouse temples."
1846:
1809:
1771:
181:, which have been the subject of much theoretical and practical discourse, based on a brief and obscure passage in
2835:
1741:
2872:
2684:
1012:
2648:
2642:
569:
From the 17th century onwards, a much admired and copied version of Ionic was that which could be seen in the
389:
architecture. The anta is generally crowned by a stone block designed to spread the load from superstructure (
208:
would solve this by reading equally well from all angles. The 16th-century
Renaissance architect and theorist
17:
1854:
2800:
640:
1693:
1265:
1229:
252:
2913:
1715:
1665:
1619:
1372:
1209:
1157:
1153:
1044:
758:
680:
621:
603:
533:, dated to the 3rd century BC, and seemingly derived from the design of the Ionic anta capital, or the
2677:
1520:
reinterpretations of the Ionic column and pilaster of an unidentified house in the
Quartier Lescure,
1463:
1087:
570:
190:
2887:
1961:
A Companion to Asian Art and
Architecture by Deborah S. Hutton, John Wiley & Sons, 2015, p.438
1677:
1376:
852:
688:
463:
268:
1979:
1189:
2000:
1638:
1233:
1156:
Ionic columns of the Branch Bank of the United States, now in the
Charles Engelhard Court of the
1036:
624:
607:
556:
229:
1564:
911:
817:
236:
186:
178:
51:
2655:
Denis Andrey and Mirko Galli, "Geometric methods of the 1500s for laying out the ionic volute"
2015:
1962:
1908:
1801:
1794:
1940:
1875:
1829:
1404:
1068:
434:
197:), or a swag of fruit and flowers may swing from the clefts or "neck" formed by the volutes.
2334:
2042:
1897:, p. 130, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art. Lawrence dates this innovation to c. 500 BC
1844:(Rensselaer County Historical Society) "Architectural Styles in Rensselaer County" (New York
216:, it conveyed an air of archaic freshness and primitive, perhaps even republican, vitality.
1134:
903:
883:
879:
833:
552:
352:
305:
2260:
1424:
8:
2845:
2466:
1994:
1471:
1177:
530:
506:
382:
2442:
1319:
railing with highly stylized reinterpretations of the Ionic column as balusters, on the
2384:
1973:
1701:
1356:
1161:
837:
762:
495:
279:
260:
96:
associates the Ionic with feminine proportions (the Doric representing the masculine).
521:. Several examples of capitals displaying Ionic influences can be seen as far away as
2825:
2669:
2614:
2595:
2576:
2547:
2522:
2497:
2472:
2410:
2364:
2302:
2225:
2176:
2149:
2124:
2048:
2021:
1914:
1805:
1213:
887:
574:
479:
288:
256:
209:
447:
351:(like the closely spaced ends of joists), with a corona ("crown") and cyma ("ogee")
2877:
2774:
2728:
2078:
1571:
no. 60-62), Bucharest, 1950–1960, by I.Novițchi, C.Ionescu, C.Hacker and A.Șerbescu
1549:
1487:
1380:
1332:
1160:, New York City, inspired by those of the Temple of Artemis Agrotera in Athens, by
1118:
973:
856:
802:
720:
467:
205:
59:
1864:) are typical statements, selected almost at random from texts accessible on-line.
2738:
2700:
2072:
1861:
1850:
1775:
1126:
1114:
864:
724:
628:
534:
414:
67:
47:
2634:
2044:
The
Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States
2017:
The
Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States
2840:
2830:
2815:
2805:
2759:
2654:
1890:
1833:
1611:
1541:
1384:
1301:
406:
1975:
The
Journal Of The Royal Asiatic Society Of Great Britain And Ireland For 1907
2902:
2850:
1877:
The Art of Building in Ancient and Modern Times, Or, Architecture Illustrated
1583:
1328:
636:
393:) it supports, called an "anta capital" when it is structural, or sometimes "
213:
1939:
The Classical Language of Architecture by John Summerson, p.47 "Anta" entry
2754:
2733:
1720:
1697:
1623:
1595:
1586:
reinterpretation of the Ionic column as the Capitello seating, designed by
1443:
Beaux Arts Ionic pilasters on the facade of the Hôtel Roxoroid de Belfort (
1297:
1281:
821:
716:
471:
410:
402:
386:
378:
372:
314:
301:
263:, he left colossal Ionic columns unfluted on the Roosevelt memorial at the
194:
86:
63:
1843:
1768:
81:
normally stand on a base which separates the shaft of the column from the
34:
Architects' first real look at the Greek Ionic order: Julien David LeRoy,
2769:
2764:
2718:
1503:
1491:
1467:
1316:
1095:
1032:
946:
743:
712:
562:
548:
459:
419:
390:
332:
322:
248:
55:
1951:
1782:, vol. 6 no. 2 (Autumn 2004), pp. 31–48. DOI 10.1007/s00004-004-0017-4.
1650:
1495:
1138:
1091:
1008:
907:
599:
499:
356:
336:
317:, with extensive bands of floral patterns in prolongation of adjoining
162:
1747:
805:, Rome, with diagonal volutes, unknown architect, 3rd of 4th centuries
746:, Athens, Greece, with parallel volutes, unknown architect, 421-405 BC
509:
in the east, a few examples of the Ionic order can be found as far as
2795:
2068:
1673:
1587:
1545:
1117:
caryatids with Ionic capitals on their heads, on a jewelry locket of
985:
778:
728:
540:
491:
182:
93:
82:
1129:
inlays, paintings under glass, porcelain plate, and gilded bronzes,
466:(750–480 BC) in Ionia. The first of the great Ionic temples was the
397:
capital" if it is only decorative as often during the Roman period.
2857:
2820:
2790:
1792:
De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991).
1521:
1517:
1064:
825:
544:
510:
451:
394:
360:
247:
In some instances, the fluting has been omitted. English architect
2467:
Mariana Celac, Octavian Carabela and Marius Marcu-Lapadat (2017).
2867:
1261:
1249:
981:
954:
926:
860:
514:
483:
475:
455:
344:
66:(a plainer Doric), and the rich variant of Corinthian called the
2659:
1769:"Geometric Methods of the 1500s for Laying Out the Ionic Volute"
1676:, UK, inspired by those from the Temple of Apollo at Bassaem by
2862:
2704:
1825:
1591:
1253:
1040:
1000:
950:
829:
786:
782:
684:
644:
537:, which has been described as "Perso-Ionic", or "quasi-Ionic".
518:
423:
348:
340:
318:
225:
174:
166:
78:
74:
259:
wanted to convey the manly stamina combined with intellect of
251:
introduced a note of sobriety with plain Ionic columns on his
104:
1646:
1642:
1499:
1016:
526:
522:
443:
240:
232:
colonnades of late American Greek Revival plantation houses.
2660:
Early Development and Formal Definition of the Ionic Capital
2635:
Ionic order exemplified in architecture of Buffalo, New York
1791:
573:
in Rome, first clearly presented in a detailed engraving in
355:
to support the projecting roof. Pictorial, often narrative,
2882:
1610:
Postmodern vase inspired by the Ionic capital, deisgned by
1352:
2297:
Grube, Nikolai; Eggebrecht, Eva; Seidel, Matthias (2012).
1403:
Beaux Arts Ionic pilasters in the entrance hallway of the
339:
divided into two, or more generally three, bands, with a
1470:, US, inspired by those of the Erechtheum in Athens, by
1208:
Greek Revival Ionic columns of the main building of the
1180:
just above the base and ram horn-shaped volutes, of the
450:), as well as the southwestern coastland and islands of
442:
The Ionic order originated in the mid-6th century BC in
2047:. Cambridge University Press. p. xi, label 11.30.
2699:
1176:
Neoclassical reinterpetation of the Ionic order, with
2296:
2189:
1692:
Postmodern reinterpretations of Ionic columns of the
1598:
foam coated with latex rubber, 1972, unknown location
2423:
2278:
1212:, inspired by those of the Erechtheum in Athens, by
2315:
2201:
1498:, Poster Collection of the Basel School of Design,
1228:Neoclassical Ionic columns of the Town Hall of the
543:, a practicing architect who worked in the time of
377:The Ionic anta capital is the Ionic version of the
343:resting on it that may be richly sculptural, and a
85:or platform while the cap is usually enriched with
2081:Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 104.
1793:
1280:Neoclassical Ionic pilasters on the façade of the
929:Ionic capital at the top of the base of a cup, by
902:Baroque Ionic columns on the garden façade of the
385:, which is the front edge of a supporting wall in
304:(essentially flat layout with straight horizontal
92:The ancient architect and architectural historian
2471:. Ordinul Arhitecților din România. p. 181.
1873:
1540:Art Deco and Neoclassical Ionic pilasters in the
606:, including an Ionic capital in the top left, by
73:The Ionic capital is characterized by the use of
2900:
555:, the architect of a famed temple of Artemis at
335:resting on the columns has three parts: a plain
2020:. Cambridge University Press. p. 258 (f).
1933:
1462:Conspicuous Greek Revival Ionic capital in the
200:Originally, the volutes lay in a single plane (
36:Les ruines plus beaux des monuments de la Grèce
1419:Beaux Arts Ionic columns and pilasters of the
1347:Beaux Arts Ionic columns on the facade of the
1284:, Paris, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff, 1861-1865
173:The major features of the Ionic order are the
2685:
2175:. Thames & Hudson. p. 61 & 239.
2040:
2013:
1031:Rococo Ionic pilasters on the facade of the
132:– capital (composed of abacus and volutes),
2469:Bucharest Architecture - an annotated guide
2103:
1800:(9th ed.). Thomson/Wadsworth. p.
933:, 1686-1687, jade and gilded silver, Louvre
2692:
2678:
474:, built about 570–560 BC by the architect
219:
2067:
789:, unknown architect, 2nd-3rd centuries AD
1992:
1567:Ionic columns of the Colonels' Quarter (
433:
255:, London, and when Beaux-Arts architect
156:
103:
29:
2589:
2195:
2168:
2041:Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (1995).
2014:Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (1995).
1906:
1867:
988:, unknown architect, early 17th century
14:
2901:
2404:
2358:
2299:Maya - Divine Kings of the Rain Forest
2244:
2219:
2143:
2118:
1839:The Classical Language of Architecture
1407:no. 23, Paris, unknown architect, 1908
1256:, part of the entrance portico of the
1059:Rococo pilasters on the facade of the
598:19th century illustration of multiple
2673:
2608:
2570:
2429:
2321:
2284:
2207:
1900:
1739:
300:: Characteristic design of the Ionic
2592:Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide
2541:
2521:. Thames & Hudson. p. 335.
2516:
2496:. Thames & Hudson. p. 466.
2491:
2249:(in French). Flammarion. p. 21.
438:Original polychromy in Ionic temples
2546:. Thames & Hudson. p. 65.
1668:Greek Revival Ionic columns in the
742:Ancient Greek Ionic columns of the
679:Ancient Greek Ionic columns in the
62:. There are two lesser orders: the
24:
2649:"Understanding buildings" website:
2385:"Serre-bijoux de Marie-Antoinette"
2108:(in French). Mazenod. p. 607.
1248:Neoclassical Ionic capital with a
959:Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach
488:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
446:(broadly equivalent to modern day
265:American Museum of Natural History
25:
2925:
2628:
2407:A History of Western Architecture
2361:A History of Western Architecture
2222:A History of Western Architecture
2146:A History of Western Architecture
2121:A History of Western Architecture
1641:Ionic column of the M2 Building,
659:Ancient Greek Ionic order of the
429:
1993:Banerjee, Gauranga Nath (1920).
1685:
1658:
1631:
1603:
1576:
1557:
1533:
1510:
1486:Neoclassical Ionic columns in a
1479:
1455:
1436:
1412:
1396:
1364:
1340:
1309:
1296:Beaux Arts Ionic columns of the
1289:
1273:
1241:
1221:
1201:
1169:
1146:
1107:
1080:
1061:Église Saint-Jacques de Tarascon
1052:
1024:
993:
965:
938:
919:
895:
872:
845:
810:
794:
770:
751:
735:
700:
672:
652:
614:
591:
287:
278:
2573:The Short Story of Architecture
2535:
2510:
2485:
2460:
2435:
2398:
2377:
2352:
2327:
2290:
2253:
2238:
2213:
2162:
2137:
2112:
2097:
2088:
2061:
2034:
2007:
1986:
1966:
1955:
1778:Denise Andrey and Mirko Galli,
366:
189:shaft (as in, for example, the
27:Order of classical architecture
2409:. Laurence King. p. 444.
2363:. Laurence King. p. 384.
2224:. Laurence King. p. 292.
1944:
1913:. Рипол Классик. p. 214.
1884:
1818:
1796:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
1785:
1762:
1733:
1075:, 2nd half of the 18th century
1013:Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille
761:Ionic corner capital from the
418:the Ionic order temple of the
99:
13:
1:
2665:Classical orders and elements
2564:
2148:. Laurence King. p. 38.
2123:. Laurence King. p. 40.
2074:The Ten Books on Architecture
1746:. p. 4.1. Archived from
1525:
1524:, France, unknown architect,
1388:
1099:
945:Baroque Ionic columns in the
692:
664:
632:
579:Les edifices antiques de Rome
381:, the crowning portion of an
235:Ionic columns are most often
2640:Ionic order, after Vitruvius
2611:Architecture The Whole Story
2575:. Laurence King Publishing.
2301:. h.f.ullmann. p. 385.
2104:Papaioannou, Kostas (1975).
641:Delphi Archaeological Museum
46:is one of the three canonic
7:
1709:
1694:Jacksonville Public Library
1230:1st arrondissement of Paris
801:Roman Ionic columns of the
505:Following the conquests of
253:Banqueting House, Whitehall
10:
2930:
2909:Ancient Greek architecture
2643:Archived from the original
2609:Jones, Denna, ed. (2014).
2544:Postmodern Design Complete
2519:Postmodern Design Complete
2494:Postmodern Design Complete
2172:Roman Art and Architecture
2169:Wheeler, Mortimer (1964).
1996:Hellenism in ancient India
1880:. D. Appleton. p. 25.
1874:Johann Georg Heck (1856).
1832:is briskly treated in Sir
1716:Ancient Greek architecture
1670:Gonville and Caius College
1620:Indianapolis Museum of Art
1618:, 1989, glazed porcelain,
1158:Metropolitan Museum of Art
978:Monastery of San Francisco
687:, Greece, illustration by
681:Temple of Apollo at Bassae
661:Temple of Artemis Agrotera
604:Ancient Greek architecture
584:
370:
152:
128:– architrave or epistyle,
54:, the other two being the
2783:
2747:
2711:
1594:, differentiated-density
1464:New Orleans Museum of Art
1447:no. 29), Paris, 1911, by
777:Roman Ionic columns of a
571:Temple of Fortuna Virilis
2443:"Immeuble France-Lanord"
1726:
1377:Washington Union Station
689:Charles Robert Cockerell
667:440 BC-destroyed in 1778
559:in Lydia (now Türkiye).
269:Delmar Boulevard station
2613:. Thames & Hudson.
1234:Jacques Ignace Hittorff
1037:Nymphenburg Palace Park
1011:, 1728, oil on canvas,
608:Jacques Ignace Hittorff
557:Magnesia on the Meander
220:Columns and entablature
2590:Hopkins, Owen (2014).
2405:Watkin, David (2022).
2359:Watkin, David (2022).
2335:"Eglise Saint-Jacques"
2245:Martin, Henry (1927).
2220:Watkin, David (2022).
2144:Watkin, David (2022).
2119:Watkin, David (2022).
1910:A handbook of ornament
1375:Ionic capitals in the
1321:France-Lanord Building
1123:Ferdinand Schwerdfeger
912:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
529:, especially with the
498:is exemplified in the
439:
170:
149:
52:classical architecture
39:
38:Paris, 1758 (Plate XX)
2571:Hodge, Susie (2019).
2542:Gura, Judith (2017).
2517:Gura, Judith (2017).
2492:Gura, Judith (2017).
2265:collections.louvre.fr
1780:Nexus Network Journal
1194:Pierre-Jules Pomateau
1190:Jean-Jacques Feuchère
1184:, Paris, designed by
1069:Jean-Baptiste Franque
1045:François de Cuvilliés
976:Ionic columns of the
882:Ionic columns in the
855:Ionic columns of the
820:Ionic capital in the
781:of the oval plaza in
691:, unknown architect,
627:Ionic capital of the
437:
202:illustration at right
161:Ionic capital at the
160:
107:
33:
1999:. Calcutta. p.
1135:Palace of Versailles
904:Palace of Versailles
884:Santi Luca e Martina
834:Anthemius of Tralles
553:Hermogenes of Priene
551:architects, such as
2447:pop.culture.gouv.fr
2339:pop.culture.gouv.fr
1472:Samuel Abraham Marx
1131:Chambre de la Reine
531:Pataliputra capital
507:Alexander the Great
2712:Greco-Roman orders
2645:on August 26, 2005
2247:Le Style Louis XIV
1895:Greek Architecture
1860:2007-12-14 at the
1849:2007-09-23 at the
1774:2005-12-28 at the
1702:Robert A. M. Stern
1421:Cantacuzino Palace
1357:Guillaume Tronchet
1349:Ducourneau Theater
1186:Alphonse Vigoureux
1162:Martin E. Thompson
1125:, 1787, mahogany,
838:Isidore of Miletus
763:Temple of Portunus
496:Athenian Acropolis
440:
261:Theodore Roosevelt
171:
150:
40:
2914:Orders of columns
2896:
2895:
2826:Intercolumniation
2620:978-0-500-29148-1
2594:. Laurence King.
2582:978-1-7862-7370-3
2553:978-0-500-51914-1
2528:978-0-500-51914-1
2503:978-0-500-51914-1
2478:978-973-0-23884-6
2416:978-1-52942-030-2
2370:978-1-52942-030-2
2308:978-3-8480-0034-0
2231:978-1-52942-030-2
2155:978-1-52942-030-2
2130:978-1-52942-030-2
2079:Morgan, Morris H.
1214:Theophilus Hansen
1210:Academy of Athens
1090:Ionic columns at
1003:Ionic columns in
888:Pietro da Cortona
575:Antoine Desgodetz
480:Temple of Artemis
257:John Russell Pope
210:Vincenzo Scamozzi
169:), 5th century BC
16:(Redirected from
2921:
2878:Solomonic column
2784:Related articles
2701:Classical orders
2694:
2687:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2624:
2605:
2601:978-178067-163-5
2586:
2558:
2557:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2077:. Translated by
2065:
2059:
2058:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1978:. 1907. p.
1970:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1904:
1898:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1865:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1750:on 31 March 2022
1737:
1689:
1662:
1635:
1607:
1590:and produced by
1580:
1561:
1550:Walker and Weeks
1537:
1527:
1514:
1483:
1459:
1440:
1416:
1400:
1390:
1381:Washington, D.C.
1368:
1344:
1313:
1293:
1277:
1245:
1225:
1205:
1188:and sculpted by
1173:
1150:
1119:Marie-Antoinette
1111:
1101:
1084:
1056:
1028:
1005:Vierges modernes
997:
969:
957:, 1715–1737, by
942:
923:
899:
876:
857:Villa La Rotonda
849:
814:
803:Temple of Saturn
798:
774:
755:
739:
704:
694:
676:
666:
656:
634:
618:
595:
291:
282:
206:Corinthian order
21:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2811:Egyptian column
2779:
2743:
2707:
2698:
2631:
2621:
2602:
2583:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2117:
2113:
2102:
2098:
2094:Summerson 1963.
2093:
2089:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2012:
2008:
1991:
1987:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1891:Lawrence, A. W.
1889:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1862:Wayback Machine
1851:Wayback Machine
1823:
1819:
1812:
1790:
1786:
1776:Wayback Machine
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1743:De architectura
1738:
1734:
1729:
1712:
1705:
1690:
1681:
1663:
1654:
1636:
1627:
1608:
1599:
1581:
1572:
1569:Șoseaua Panduri
1562:
1553:
1538:
1529:
1515:
1506:
1484:
1475:
1460:
1451:
1449:André Arfvidson
1441:
1432:
1429:Ion D. Berindey
1417:
1408:
1401:
1392:
1369:
1360:
1345:
1336:
1314:
1305:
1294:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1266:Charles Garnier
1246:
1237:
1226:
1217:
1206:
1197:
1182:Fontaine Cuvier
1174:
1165:
1151:
1142:
1127:mother-of-pearl
1115:Louis XVI style
1112:
1103:
1085:
1076:
1057:
1048:
1029:
1020:
998:
989:
970:
961:
943:
934:
924:
915:
900:
891:
877:
868:
865:Andrea Palladio
850:
841:
815:
806:
799:
790:
775:
766:
756:
747:
740:
731:
705:
696:
677:
668:
657:
648:
629:Sphinx of Naxos
619:
610:
596:
587:
535:Sarnath capital
432:
415:beads and reels
409:, and bands of
407:flame palmettes
401:of alternating
375:
369:
329:
328:
327:
326:
325:(circa 410 BC).
309:
294:
293:
292:
284:
283:
222:
155:
112:– entablature,
102:
68:composite order
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2841:Persian column
2838:
2833:
2831:Knotted column
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Engaged column
2813:
2808:
2806:Coupled column
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2637:
2630:
2629:External links
2627:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2606:
2600:
2587:
2581:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2534:
2527:
2509:
2502:
2484:
2477:
2459:
2434:
2432:, p. 294.
2422:
2415:
2397:
2376:
2369:
2351:
2326:
2314:
2307:
2289:
2287:, p. 230.
2277:
2252:
2237:
2230:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2182:978-0500200216
2181:
2161:
2154:
2136:
2129:
2111:
2096:
2087:
2060:
2053:
2033:
2026:
2006:
1985:
1965:
1954:
1943:
1932:
1919:
1899:
1883:
1866:
1834:John Summerson
1817:
1810:
1784:
1761:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1612:Michael Graves
1609:
1602:
1600:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1542:Severance Hall
1539:
1532:
1530:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1445:Avenue Bugeaud
1442:
1435:
1433:
1427:, Romania, by
1418:
1411:
1409:
1405:Rue de la Paix
1402:
1395:
1393:
1385:Daniel Burnham
1370:
1363:
1361:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1302:Charles Giraud
1295:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1258:Villa Eilenroc
1247:
1240:
1238:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1073:Antoine Damour
1058:
1051:
1049:
1043:, Germany, by
1030:
1023:
1021:
999:
992:
990:
971:
964:
962:
944:
937:
935:
931:Michel Debourg
925:
918:
916:
901:
894:
892:
878:
871:
869:
851:
844:
842:
816:
809:
807:
800:
793:
791:
776:
769:
767:
757:
750:
748:
741:
734:
732:
706:
699:
697:
678:
671:
669:
658:
651:
649:
620:
613:
611:
597:
590:
586:
583:
581:(Paris 1682).
515:Jandial temple
468:Temple of Hera
464:Archaic Period
448:İzmir Province
431:
430:History of use
428:
411:eggs and darts
371:Main article:
368:
365:
347:built up with
296:
295:
286:
285:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
271:in St. Louis.
221:
218:
154:
151:
101:
98:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2926:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2851:Compound pier
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Marian column
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Concatenation
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2324:, p. 95.
2323:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2266:
2262:
2261:"Coupe ronde"
2256:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2210:, p. 62.
2209:
2204:
2198:, p. 14.
2197:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2054:9780521376952
2050:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2027:9780521376952
2023:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1922:
1920:9781171715481
1916:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1811:0-15-503769-2
1807:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:New Classical
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:Greek Revival
1367:
1362:
1358:
1355:, France, by
1354:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1331:, France, by
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1264:, France, by
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:Greek Revival
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1094:, London, by
1093:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:, France, by
1066:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:, painted by
1006:
1002:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
936:
932:
928:
922:
917:
913:
910:, France, by
909:
905:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
848:
843:
840:, 6th century
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
813:
808:
804:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
768:
764:
760:
754:
749:
745:
738:
733:
730:
727:orders; with
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
698:
690:
686:
682:
675:
670:
662:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Naxian marble
630:
626:
623:
622:Ancient Greek
617:
612:
609:
605:
601:
594:
589:
588:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:, one of the
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
436:
427:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
374:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
299:
290:
281:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
217:
215:
214:Greek Revival
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
168:
164:
159:
147:
144:– stylobate,
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:Ionic order:
106:
97:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
18:Ionic columns
2748:Other orders
2723:
2610:
2591:
2572:
2543:
2537:
2518:
2512:
2493:
2487:
2468:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2446:
2437:
2425:
2406:
2400:
2390:21 September
2388:. Retrieved
2379:
2360:
2354:
2344:13 September
2342:. Retrieved
2338:
2329:
2317:
2298:
2292:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2221:
2215:
2203:
2196:Hopkins 2014
2191:
2171:
2164:
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2139:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2090:
2082:
2073:
2063:
2043:
2036:
2016:
2009:
1995:
1988:
1974:
1968:
1957:
1946:
1935:
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1909:
1907:Meyer, F.S.
1902:
1894:
1886:
1876:
1869:
1837:
1820:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1742:
1735:
1721:Aeolic order
1698:Jacksonville
1678:John Simpson
1624:Indianapolis
1596:polyurethane
1300:, Paris, by
1298:Petit Palais
1282:Gare du Nord
1252:between its
1088:Neoclassical
1004:
863:, Italy, by
822:Hagia Sophia
708:
602:elements of
578:
568:
561:
539:
504:
441:
399:
387:Greek temple
379:anta capital
376:
373:Anta capital
367:Anta capital
330:
315:anta capital
310:
302:anta capital
297:
246:
234:
223:
201:
199:
195:Castle Coole
191:neoclassical
172:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:– pediment,
117:
113:
109:
91:
87:egg-and-dart
77:. The Ionic
72:
43:
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2873:Robot order
2651:Ionic order
2270:6 September
1828:aspects of
1740:Vitruvius.
1616:Swid Powell
1504:Switzerland
1492:Franz Stuck
1490:poster, by
1488:Secessionit
1468:New Orleans
1431:, 1910-1916
1371:Polychrome
1359:, 1906-1908
1333:Émile André
1325:Avenue Foch
1317:Art Nouveau
1268:, 1860-1867
1236:, 1858-1860
1216:, 1859-1885
1196:, 1840-1846
1096:Robert Adam
1047:, 1734-1739
1033:Amalienburg
947:Karlskirche
914:, 1678–1688
890:, 1634-1669
886:, Rome, by
867:, 1567-1605
853:Renaissance
744:Erechtheion
709:Ionic order
563:Renaissance
549:Hellenistic
460:Ionic Greek
454:settled by
420:Erechtheion
391:entablature
333:entablature
323:Erechtheion
311:Right image
249:Inigo Jones
100:Description
44:Ionic order
2903:Categories
2775:Superposed
2729:Corinthian
2703:and other
2565:References
2430:Jones 2014
2322:Hodge 2019
2285:Jones 2014
2208:Hodge 2019
2106:L’art grec
1926:2016-11-16
1651:Kengo Kuma
1639:Postmodern
1584:Postmodern
1496:lithograph
1178:acanthuses
1139:Versailles
1092:Syon House
1009:Jean Raoux
908:Versailles
859:, outside
729:stereobate
721:Corinthian
695:429-400 BC
663:, Athens,
600:polychrome
500:Erechtheum
452:Asia Minor
357:bas-relief
337:architrave
313:: A Ionic
298:Left image
230:Antebellum
224:The Ionic
163:Erechtheum
124:– frieze,
116:– column,
60:Corinthian
2888:Waterleaf
2796:Colonnade
2739:Composite
2071:(1914) .
2069:Vitruvius
1700:, US, by
1674:Cambridge
1588:Studio 65
1565:Stalinist
1548:, US, by
1546:Cleveland
1383:, US, by
1327:no. 71),
1102:1761-1765
986:Guatemala
974:Solomonic
818:Byzantine
779:colonnade
725:Composite
707:Compared
541:Vitruvius
513:with the
492:Parthenon
361:triglyphs
183:Vitruvius
136:– shaft,
94:Vitruvius
83:stylobate
2858:Pilaster
2821:Estipite
2791:Caryatid
2760:Ammonite
1858:Archived
1847:Archived
1772:Archived
1754:25 April
1710:See also
1522:Bordeaux
1518:Art Deco
1494:, 1911,
1425:Florești
1141:, France
1065:Tarascon
1019:, France
972:Baroque
826:Istanbul
647:, Greece
635:560 BC,
545:Augustus
511:Pakistan
458:, where
395:pilaster
306:moldings
193:mansion
148:– krepis
140:– base,
58:and the
2868:Pulvino
2705:columns
2452:21 July
1826:Utopian
1262:Antibes
1254:volutes
1250:festoon
982:Antigua
955:Austria
927:Baroque
880:Baroque
861:Vicenza
625:Archaic
585:Gallery
484:Ephesus
476:Rhoikos
456:Ionians
424:friezes
403:lotuses
353:molding
349:dentils
345:cornice
321:at the
319:friezes
179:capital
177:of its
175:volutes
153:Capital
79:columns
75:volutes
2863:Piloti
2755:Aeolic
2734:Tuscan
2617:
2598:
2579:
2550:
2525:
2500:
2475:
2413:
2367:
2305:
2228:
2179:
2152:
2127:
2051:
2024:
1917:
1830:Ledoux
1808:
1704:, 2005
1680:, 1998
1672:Hall,
1653:, 1991
1592:Gufram
1552:, 1931
1474:, 1911
1335:, 1904
1304:, 1900
1164:, 1824
1041:Munich
1001:Rococo
951:Vienna
830:Turkey
787:Jordan
783:Jerash
717:Tuscan
685:Bassae
645:Delphi
519:Taxila
490:. The
341:frieze
237:fluted
226:column
187:fluted
167:Athens
64:Tuscan
48:orders
2770:Nonce
2765:Giant
2724:Ionic
2719:Doric
1727:Notes
1649:, by
1647:Japan
1643:Tokyo
1500:Basel
1391:1907
1329:Nancy
1232:, by
1121:, by
1017:Lille
832:, by
759:Roman
713:Doric
711:with
527:India
523:Patna
517:near
472:Samos
444:Ionia
241:arris
56:Doric
2883:Stoa
2846:Pier
2615:ISBN
2596:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2473:ISBN
2454:2024
2411:ISBN
2392:2023
2365:ISBN
2346:2023
2303:ISBN
2272:2024
2226:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2049:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1756:2020
1626:, US
1614:for
1528:1925
1353:Agen
1192:and
1071:and
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