1481:
1625:
935:
1023:
722:
blow toward the town at sunrise, if they bring with them mists from marshes and, mingled with the mist, the poisonous breath of the creatures of the marshes to be wafted into the bodies of the inhabitants, they will make the site unhealthy. Again, if the town is on the coast with southern or western exposure, it will not be healthy, because in summer the southern sky grows hot at sunrise and is fiery at noon, while a western exposure grows warm after sunrise, is hot at noon, and at evening all aglow.
1000:; and the design and use of machines in construction and warfare. He further divides building into public and private. Public building includes city planning, public security structures such as walls, gates and towers; the convenient placing of public facilities such as theatres, forums and markets, baths, roads and pavings; and the construction and position of shrines and temples for religious use. Later books are devoted to the understanding, design and construction of each of these.
1976:
1009:
1467:
3746:
2055:
1805:
1094:. This is the only location in the work where Vitruvius specifically addresses his personal breadth of knowledge. Similar to a modern reference section, the author's position as one who is knowledgeable and educated is established. The topics range across many fields of expertise reflecting that in Roman times as today construction is a diverse field. Vitruvius is clearly a well-read man.
822:
44:
569:
the physicians who had the care of them; and he regulated the expenses relative thereto. He had the charge of providing carriages, bathhouses and the proper tools for sawing and cutting wood, digging trenches, raising parapets, sinking wells and bringing water into the camp. He likewise had the care of furnishing the troops with wood and straw, as well as the rams,
1044:
fingers and toes. It is not alone by a circle, that the human body is thus circumscribed, as may be seen by placing it within a square. For measuring from the feet to the crown of the head, and then across the arms fully extended, we find the latter measure equal to the former; so that lines at right angles to each other, enclosing the figure, will form a square.
1910:(a general who was appointed in the late 1st century AD to administer the many aqueducts of Rome), writing a century later, gives much more detail of the practical problems involved in their construction and maintenance. Surely Vitruvius' book would have been of great assistance in this. Vitruvius was writing in the 1st century BC when many of the finest
1097:
In addition to providing his qualification, Vitruvius summarizes a recurring theme throughout the 10 books, a non-trivial and core contribution of his treatise beyond simply being a construction book. Vitruvius makes the point that the work of some of the most talented is unknown, while many of those
721:
For fortified towns the following general principles are to be observed. First comes the choice of a very healthy site. Such a site will be high, neither misty nor frosty, and in a climate neither hot nor cold, but temperate; further, without marshes in the neighbourhood. For when the morning breezes
980:
2. Wherefore the mere practical architect is not able to assign sufficient reasons for the forms he adopts; and the theoretic architect also fails, grasping the shadow instead of the substance. He who is theoretic as well as practical, is therefore doubly armed; able not only to prove the propriety
568:
The
Prefect of the camp, though inferior in rank to the , had a post of no small importance. The position of the camp, the direction of the entrenchments, the inspection of the tents or huts of the soldiers and the baggage were comprehended in his province. His authority extended over the sick, and
1043:
3. Just so the parts of
Temples should correspond with each other, and with the whole. The navel is naturally placed in the centre of the human body, and, if in a man lying with his face upward, and his hands and feet extended, from his navel as the centre, a circle be described, it will touch his
974:
1. Architecture is a science arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning; by the help of which a judgment is formed of those works which are the result of other arts. Practice and theory are its parents. Practice is the frequent and continued contemplation of the
3727:
975:
mode of executing any given work, or of the mere operation of the hands, for the conversion of the material in the best and readiest way. Theory is the result of that reasoning which demonstrates and explains that the material wrought has been so converted as to answer the end proposed.
902:. According to Vitruvius, architecture is an imitation of nature. As birds and bees built their nests, so humans constructed housing from natural materials, that gave them shelter against the elements. When perfecting this art of building, the Greeks invented the architectural orders:
1101:
Vitruvius illustrates this point by naming what he considers the most talented individuals in history. Implicitly challenging the reader that they have never heard of some of these people, Vitruvius goes on and predicts that some of these individuals will be forgotten and their works
342:). The first known Latin printed edition was by Fra Giovanni Sulpitius in Rome in 1486. Translations followed in Italian, French, English, German, Spanish, and several other languages. Though any original illustrations have been lost, the first illustrated edition was published in
1949:
Vitruvius is cited as one of the earliest sources to connect lead mining and manufacture, its use in drinking water pipes, and its adverse effects on health. For this reason, he recommended the use of clay pipes and masonry channels in the provision of piped drinking-water.
579:
and all the other engines of war under his direction. This post was always conferred on an officer of great skill, experience and long service, and who consequently was capable of instructing others in those branches of the profession in which he had distinguished
1961:
while relaxing in his bath. Having been asked to investigate the suspected adulteration of the gold used to make a crown, Archimedes realised that the crown's volume could be measured exactly by its displacement of water, and ran into the street with the cry
2042:. They were essential in all building operations, but especially in aqueduct construction, where a uniform gradient was important to the provision of a regular supply of water without damage to the walls of the channel. He also developed one of the first
950:
Vitruvius is the first Roman architect to have written surviving records of his field. He himself cites older but less complete works. He was less an original thinker or creative intellect than a codifier of existing architectural practice.
2636:
785:
was written by one author or is a compilation completed by subsequent librarians and copyists, remains an open question. The date of his death is unknown, which suggests that he had enjoyed only a little popularity during his lifetime.
757:(to give the building its Italian name) has disappeared so completely that its very site is a matter of conjecture, although various attempts have been made to visualise it. The early Christian practice of converting Roman
796:, ranks Vitruvius as one of the 12 persons whom he supposes to have excelled all men in the force of genius and invention; and might have given him first place if it was clear that he had set down his own discoveries.
841:
on architecture, dedicated to the emperor
Augustus. In the preface of Book I, Vitruvius dedicates his writings to giving personal knowledge of the quality of buildings to the emperor. Likely Vitruvius is referring to
1987:
in
Chapter X (without mentioning Archimedes by name). It was a device widely used for raising water to irrigate fields and drain mines. Other lifting machines he mentions include the endless chain of buckets and the
263:
Little is known about
Vitruvius' life, but by his own description he served as an artilleryman, the third class of arms in the Roman military offices. He probably served as a senior officer of artillery in charge of
2633:
1098:
of lesser talent but greater political position are famous. This theme runs through
Vitruvius's ten books repeatedly – echoing an implicit prediction that he and his works will also be forgotten.
955:
practised a wide variety of disciplines; in modern terms they would also be described as landscape architects, civil engineers, military engineers, structural engineers, surveyors, artists, and
390:
writes of "Vitruvius Polio aliique auctores"; this can be read as "Vitruvius Polio, and others" or, less likely, as "Vitruvius, Polio, and others". An inscription in Verona, which names a
2899:
877:
However, we know there was a significant body of writing about architecture in Greek, where "architects habitually wrote books about their work", including two we know of about the
682:
Mainly known for his writings, Vitruvius was himself an architect. In Roman times architecture was a broader subject than at present including the modern fields of architecture,
3853:
1926:
is described in detail, together with the problems of high pressures developed in the pipe at the base of the siphon, a practical problem with which he seems to be acquainted.
527:
The locations where he served can be reconstructed from, for example, descriptions of the building methods of various "foreign tribes". Although he describes places throughout
1572:, temples, theatres, triumphal arches and their reliefs and statues offered visual examples of the descriptions in the Vitruvian text. Printed and illustrated editions of
622:
in 52 BC. The women and children of the encircled city were evicted to conserve food, and then starved to death between the opposing walls of the defenders and besiegers.
1878:. As a practising engineer, Vitruvius must be speaking from personal experience rather than simply describing the works of others. He also describes the construction of
370:
and earlier architects are known to have studied the work of
Vitruvius, and consequently it has had a significant impact on the architecture of many European countries.
799:
James
Anderson's "The Constitutions of the Free-Masons" (1734), reprinted by Benjamin Franklin, describes Vitruvius as "the Father of all true Architects to this Day."
3838:
914:. It gave them a sense of proportion, culminating in understanding the proportions of the greatest work of art: the human body. This led Vitruvius in defining his
885:, Vitruvius "has recorded a most elaborate set of rules taken from Greek authors, who must have compiled them gradually in the course of the preceding centuries".
922:: the human body inscribed in the circle and the square (the fundamental geometric patterns of the cosmic order). In this book series, Vitruvius also wrote about
608:
commented that "the Romans did not conquer by valour nor in the field, but by a kind of art and skill in assault, with which they themselves were unacquainted."
315:
was well-known and widely copied in the Middle Ages and survives in many dozens of manuscripts, though in 1414 it was "rediscovered" by the
Florentine humanist
4013:
2070:
He describes the many innovations made in building design to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants. Foremost among them is the development of the
1035:, an illustration of the human body inscribed in the circle and the square derived from a passage about geometry and human proportions in Vitruvius' writings
3193:
1816:
Books VIII, IX and X form the basis of much of what we know about Roman technology, now augmented by archaeological studies of extant remains, such as the
3352:
5900:
1492:). Although built after Vitruvius' death, its excellent state of preservation makes it of great importance to those interested in Vitruvian architecture
556:
To place the role of
Vitruvius the military engineer in context, a description of "The Prefect of the camp" or army engineer is quoted here as given by
481:
under Caesar with the otherwise poorly identified Marcus Aurelius, Publius Minidius, and Gnaeus Cornelius. These names vary depending on the edition of
3212:
985:
He goes on to say that the architect should be versed in drawing, geometry, optics (lighting), history, philosophy, music, theatre, medicine, and law.
26:
3808:
2851:
3504:
2528:
Description of the First Discoveries of the Ancient City of Heraclea, Found Near Portici A Country Palace Belonging to the King of the Two Sicilies
2544:"Classical Sources, Greek and Roman Esthetics Reading: The Grand Tour Reader; Vitruvius Background: Life of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (c. 90–20 BC)"
2894:
2363:
3900:
1539:, 1543) and Spanish and several other languages. The original illustrations had been lost and the first illustrated edition was published in
5915:
4442:
3566:& Christiane Brodersen: Cetius Faventinus. Das römische Eigenheim / De architectura privata, Latin and German. Wiesbaden: Marix 2015,
4484:
4472:
2303:
2024:
That he must have been well practised in surveying is shown by his descriptions of surveying instruments, especially the water level or
4531:
487:. Publius Minidius is also written as Publius Numidicus and Publius Numidius, speculated as the same Publius Numisius inscribed on the
3817:
5880:
5920:
5865:
4447:
213:. As the only treatise on architecture to survive from antiquity, it has been regarded since the Renaissance as the first book on
5885:
5819:
4457:
5875:
5764:
4452:
4186:
3770:
3334:
3324:
3161:
1480:
5734:
4559:
4086:
3571:
3375:. Translated by Morgan, Morris Hicky. Illustrations prepared by Herbert Langford Warren. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3124:
2916:
2718:
2339:
3673:
Nichols, Marden Fitzpatrick. 2017".Author and Audience in Vitruvius’ De Architectura". Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
2573:
5895:
5824:
5699:
4852:
3267:
1624:
2531:
4405:
2119:
to adjust the ventilation. Although he does not suggest it himself, it is likely that his dewatering devices such as the
1559:'s commentary on Vitruvius, published in Italian and Latin versions. The most famous illustration is probably Da Vinci's
2740:
2590:
1531:). The first known Latin printed edition was by Fra Giovanni Sulpitius in Rome, 1486. Translations followed in Italian (
743:
placement in theaters. The only building, however, that we know Vitruvius to have worked on is one he tells us about, a
5890:
5860:
4076:
2615:
3518:
959:
combined. Etymologically the word architect derives from Greek words meaning 'master' and 'builder'. The first of the
5905:
5870:
5744:
4504:
4071:
4066:
4042:
3893:
3551:
2945:
2400:
173:
3045:
Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften – Festschrift für den Arabisten Paul Kunitzsch zum 70,
5759:
4432:
4081:
4008:
2669:
3828:
1851:
The work is important for its descriptions of the many different machines used for engineering structures such as
843:
386:. His full name is sometimes given as "Marcus Vitruvius Pollio", but both the first and last names are uncertain.
4025:
3958:
3779:
3583:
3242:
521:
303:
3759:
3190:
946:(reconstruction). However, many of the other things he did would not now be considered the realm of architecture
846:'s campaign of public repairs and improvements. This work is the only surviving major book on architecture from
5850:
5845:
4779:
4704:
4462:
3445:
3420:
3395:
3349:
2837:
5275:
733:: probably the role for which he was most widely respected in Roman times. He is often credited as father of
648:
416:) were from the same family; or were even the same individual. Neither association, however, is borne out by
3220:
776:, sponsored Vitruvius, entitling him with what may have been a pension to guarantee financial independence.
378:
Little is known about Vitruvius' life. Most inferences about him are extracted from his only surviving work
5115:
4719:
4171:
3886:
3764:
at the Perseus Classics Collection. Latin and English text. Latin text has hyperlinks to pop-up dictionary.
2818:
2120:
1989:
1088:
In the introduction to book seven, Vitruvius goes to great lengths to present why he is qualified to write
1053:
934:
816:
3805:
3655:
König, Alice. 2009. "From Architect to Imperator: Vitruvius and his Addressee in the De Architectura". In
2866:
5855:
5814:
5739:
5498:
4554:
4437:
3983:
3751:
2046:, consisting of a wheel of known circumference that dropped a pebble into a container on every rotation.
1509:
1295:
1106:, while other, less deserving political characters of history will be forever remembered with pageantry.
710:
consider him the first of their discipline, a specialization previously known as technical architecture.
320:
5925:
5910:
5774:
5438:
5330:
5100:
4872:
4694:
4602:
4467:
4410:
3844:
3659:. Edited by Liba Chaia Taub and Aude Doody, 31–52. Trier, Germany: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier.
3297:
3087:
3015:
2367:
2176:
431:
367:
243:
205:) was a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work titled
1992:. Remains of the water wheels used for lifting water were discovered when old mines were re-opened at
1906:
construction includes the way they are surveyed, and the careful choice of materials needed, although
5794:
4887:
4842:
4769:
4689:
4637:
4627:
4579:
3926:
3631:
3607:
2151:
1587:
1303:
707:
488:
3818:
Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian man as an algorithm for the approximation of the squaring of the circle
619:
585:
5395:
5305:
4814:
4794:
4789:
4774:
4727:
4667:
4622:
4424:
2198:
2013:
1958:
1777:
1656:
1645:
1181:
898:– that is, stability, utility, and beauty. These are sometimes termed the Vitruvian virtues or the
687:
557:
387:
3822:
3680:. Edited by Roger B. Ulrich and Caroline K. Quenemoen, 412–425. Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell.
2838:"Vitruvius Basilica in Fano, Italy, journey through the virtual space of the reconstructed memory"
5804:
5784:
5724:
5714:
5704:
5110:
4799:
4699:
4679:
4594:
4584:
4289:
4229:
4209:
3921:
3621:
3597:
2863:
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
2591:"Works that pre-date 1900 – Firmness, Commodity, and Delight – The University of Chicago Library"
1773:
1536:
1344:
1258:
1193:
734:
683:
221:. It is not clear to what extent his contemporaries regarded his book as original or important.
5809:
5799:
5749:
5729:
5543:
5518:
5483:
5365:
5090:
4737:
4499:
4030:
3648:
De Angelis, Francesco. 2015. "Greek and Roman Specialized Writing on Art and Architecture". In
2269:
1903:
1783:
1387:
964:
867:
506:
392:
284:
218:
2805:
2766:
5779:
5709:
5533:
5285:
5085:
5080:
4877:
4784:
4709:
4672:
4657:
4632:
4612:
4514:
3498:
2793:
1935:
1544:
1513:
1489:
992:), Vitruvius divides architecture into three branches, namely; building; the construction of
855:
695:
640:
571:
347:
324:
2708:
713:
In his work describing the construction of military installations, he also commented on the
246:. His discussion of perfect proportion in architecture and the human body led to the famous
5789:
5754:
5443:
5310:
5210:
5135:
5000:
4963:
4339:
4003:
2992:
2292:
2180:
2160:
1984:
1591:
1365:
1246:
699:
691:
214:
5433:
2713:. Translated by Morgan, Morris Hicky. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
8:
5719:
5568:
5370:
5240:
5190:
4509:
4106:
2470:
2297:
2128:
2081:
where hot air developed by a fire was channelled under the floor and inside the walls of
1613:
1519:
1161:
847:
652:
513:
330:
291:
2543:
2484:
Moore, Richard E. M. (January 1968). "A Newly Observed Stratum in Roman Floor Mosaics".
5769:
5493:
5300:
5155:
5095:
5015:
4958:
4822:
4058:
4037:
3486:
3478:
3370:
3112:
2509:
2501:
2438:
2430:
2357:
2237:
2187:
2115:
disc set into the roof under a circular aperture which could be raised or lowered by a
2111:. He also advises on using a type of regulator to control the heat in the hot rooms, a
1827:
1505:
1349:
1103:
952:
730:
612:
455:
316:
22:
5408:
5930:
5403:
5255:
5010:
4970:
4948:
4156:
3798:
3722:
3567:
3547:
3490:
3441:
3416:
3391:
3120:
2941:
2774:
2714:
2513:
2442:
2396:
2345:
2335:
2247:
2146:
2123:
were used in the larger baths to lift water to header tanks at the top of the larger
1993:
1809:
1687:
1470:
1057:
1032:
919:
859:
851:
660:
644:
257:
102:
1975:
1039:
In Book III, Chapter 1, Paragraph 3, Vitruvius writes about the proportions of man:
970:
In Book I, Chapter 1, titled The Education of the Architect, Vitruvius instructs...
5468:
5428:
5360:
5295:
5220:
5215:
4987:
4910:
4857:
4652:
4647:
4536:
4395:
4344:
4304:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4254:
4176:
4123:
4116:
4101:
4096:
4020:
3948:
3767:
3731:
3470:
3331:
3321:
3169:
3139:
2493:
2422:
2264:
2252:
1769:
1714:
1706:
1532:
1165:
1048:
It was upon these writings that Renaissance engineers, architects and artists like
911:
789:
672:
546:
135:
3839:
Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries
2974:
1894:) as an experiment to demonstrate the nature of atmospheric air movements (wind).
1069:
Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion.
5563:
5375:
5355:
5315:
5250:
5200:
5195:
5070:
5020:
4928:
4762:
4742:
4662:
4111:
3936:
3812:
3774:
3667:
3356:
3338:
3328:
3197:
2903:
2577:
2568:
2242:
2232:
2183:
and himself a noted architect of great houses, bridges, court houses and prisons.
2171:
2090:
2078:
2033:
1943:
1923:
1911:
1856:
1833:
1735:
1720:
1609:
1556:
1552:
1499:
1474:
1327:
1177:
899:
810:
664:
550:
534:
449:
381:
363:
355:
208:
119:
51:
3626:
3602:
3275:
5618:
5260:
4995:
4943:
4915:
4862:
4847:
4827:
4642:
4617:
4574:
4564:
4390:
4364:
4294:
4279:
4244:
4204:
3965:
3718:
2957:
2890:
2222:
2191:
2164:– 18th century work on Danish architecture – inspired by Vitruvius Britannicus.
2009:
1852:
1789:
1741:
1595:
1485:
1022:
882:
766:
703:
656:
187:
71:
3845:
digital scans in high resolution of 73 editions of Vitruvius from 1497 to 1909
3461:
Hodge, Trevor, A. (October 1981). "Vitruvius, Lead Pipes and Lead Poisoning".
717:– the idea that unhealthy air from wetlands was the cause of illness, saying:
5839:
5150:
5120:
5035:
4569:
4546:
4359:
4214:
4199:
4146:
3953:
3563:
2778:
2751:
2694:
2640:
2392:
2349:
2258:
2141:
1997:
1964:
1561:
1062:
1027:
915:
773:
714:
605:
495:
477:
Likely born a free Roman citizen, by his own account Vitruvius served in the
470:
413:
299:
273:
252:
1938:
used for a wide variety of different structures, as well as such details as
926:
in relation to housing architecture and how to choose locations for cities.
21:
This article is about the Roman architect. For the lunar impact crater, see
5628:
5488:
4933:
4882:
4837:
4832:
4684:
4494:
4380:
4324:
4319:
4091:
3975:
3909:
3708:. By Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, 144–210. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
1919:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1760:
1754:
1551:
illustrations based on descriptions in the text. Later in the 16th-century
1374:
1173:
1145:
997:
863:
749:
completed in 19 BC. It was built at Fanum Fortunae, now the modern town of
668:
359:
2697:. Carnegie Mellon University, Computer Science Department. Retrieved 2008.
5423:
5045:
4867:
4757:
4151:
3784:
3701:. By Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, 38–61. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
2918:
The Constitutions of the Free-Masons (1734). An Online Electronic Edition
2677:
2107:
2082:
1710:
1579:
1569:
1226:
1201:
907:
903:
626:
247:
3704:
Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. 2008. "Vitruvius: Building Roman Identity". In
2681:
5648:
5588:
5553:
5345:
5280:
5270:
5165:
5050:
4938:
4521:
4489:
4234:
4161:
3993:
3988:
3872:
3833:
2413:
Krinsky, Carol Herselle (1967). "Seventy-Eight Vitruvius Manuscripts".
2101:
2039:
2026:
2001:
1954:
1817:
1335:
1278:
1213:
1209:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1072:
The drawing itself is often used as an implied symbol of the essential
593:
478:
448:
status group (a branch of the Roman civil service). He is mentioned in
3878:
3841:
High resolution images of works by Vitruvius in .jpg and .tiff format.
3482:
2771:
New Scientist Careers Guide: The Employer Contacts Book for Scientists
2505:
2434:
2089:. He gives explicit instructions how to design such buildings so that
850:. According to Petri Liukkonen, this text "influenced deeply from the
520:. It is speculated that Vitruvius served with Caesar's chief engineer
5678:
5673:
5633:
5558:
5528:
5508:
5325:
5235:
5185:
5180:
5105:
5065:
4953:
4923:
4732:
4607:
4400:
4284:
4259:
4138:
3793:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2095:
2072:
2059:
1907:
1887:
1869:
1431:
1427:
1339:
1319:
1266:
1230:
1205:
1141:
1008:
878:
726:
510:
465:
444:
288:
3859:
3848:
2190:
has been named after Vitruvius and also an elongated lunar mountain
1466:
242:("strength", "utility", and "beauty"), principles reflected in much
5638:
5623:
5613:
5598:
5513:
5503:
5473:
5463:
5458:
5448:
5350:
5265:
5145:
5130:
5060:
5040:
5030:
5025:
5005:
4804:
4385:
4349:
4239:
4166:
3998:
3740:
3736:
3697:
Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. 1994. "The Articulation of the House". In
3664:
Gender, Domesticity and the Age of Augustus: Inventing Private Life
3474:
2852:"Vitruvius' basilica at Fano: the drawings of a lost building from
2651:
Vitruvius mentions Massilia several times, and the siege itself in
2497:
2426:
2043:
1879:
1864:
1821:
1599:
1516:(1404–1472) publicised it in his seminal treatise on architecture,
1357:
1353:
1331:
1311:
1307:
1250:
1149:
1133:
1077:
1073:
939:
745:
601:
538:
500:
437:
423:
278:
57:
3075:
Vincenzo Scamozzi and the Chorography of Early Modern Architecture
2156:– 18th century work on British architecture named after Vitruvius.
2131:. The one which was used in Bath of Caracalla for grinding flour.
5658:
5653:
5643:
5608:
5603:
5593:
5538:
5523:
5340:
5335:
5320:
5290:
5245:
5225:
5205:
5160:
4892:
4747:
4526:
4334:
4329:
4219:
2530:
published by R. Baldwin, translated by Wickes Skurray, 1750. p62
1915:
1693:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1583:
1548:
1443:
1270:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1157:
1049:
993:
956:
923:
468:
refers to "Vitruvius the architect" in his late 1st-century work
405:
397:
351:
3652:. Edited by Clemente Marconi, 41–69. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
2296:
1083:
5668:
5548:
5478:
5418:
5413:
5380:
5140:
5125:
5075:
5055:
4477:
4354:
4249:
2921:(25 ed.). Faculty Publications, UNL Libraries. p. 25.
2319:
A History of Architectural Theory from Vitruvius to the Present
2116:
2112:
2063:
1939:
1860:
1540:
1447:
1369:
1274:
1189:
1113:
635:
589:
461:
343:
3556:
B. Baldwin, "The Date, Identity, and Career of Vitruvius". In
2054:
533:, he does not say he was present. His service likely included
27:
List of The Lego Movie (franchise) characters § Vitruvius
5453:
5175:
4902:
4194:
3043:
Folkrets, M., and Lorch, R., (Editors), "Sic itur ad astra",
2086:
2005:
1804:
1137:
838:
739:
517:
295:
153:
1018:
by Vitruvius; illustrated edition by Cesare Cesariano (1521)
821:
729:
mentions Vitruvius in connection with the standard sizes of
43:
5663:
5230:
5170:
4752:
4128:
3683:
Sear, Frank B. 1990. "Vitruvius and Roman Theater Design".
3676:
Rowland, Ingrid D. 2014. "Vitruvius and His Influence". In
3650:
The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture
3117:
Leonardo da Vinci Spirits of Invention. A Search for Traces
2567:
Flavius Vegetius Renatus (390 BC). John Clarke (tr. 1767).
2332:
The Oxford handbook of Greek and Roman art and architecture
963:
deals with many subjects which are now within the scope of
943:
938:
Vitruvius designed and supervised the construction of this
750:
542:
224:
He states that all buildings should have three attributes:
162:
159:
2827:
but with link to English translation, accessed August 2008
1598:
to lift the large stones for the dome of the cathedral in
4224:
3298:"LacusCurtius • Vitruvius de Architectura — Liber Primus"
2932:
2930:
2928:
2764:
1795:
Thomas Gordon Smith, The Monacelli Press (5 January 2004)
981:
of his design, but equally so to carry it into execution.
584:
At various locations described by Vitruvius, battles and
141:
3010:
3008:
3006:
1824:
in France. The other major source of information is the
772:
In later years the emperor Augustus, through his sister
3756:
online: cross-linked Latin text and English translation
2936:
Vitruvius, Pollio (transl. Morris Hicky Morgan, 1960),
2925:
1953:
Vitruvius is the source for the anecdote that credits
1914:
were built, and survive to this day, such as those at
1535:, 1521), French (Jean Martin, 1547), English, German (
1504:
was "rediscovered" in 1414 by the Florentine humanist
854:
onwards artists, thinkers, and architects, among them
327:
published it in his seminal treatise on architecture,
3359:, Architectura website. Retrieved on 18 January 2020.
3088:"LacusCurtius • Vitruvius on Architecture — Book III"
3003:
2865:. vol. XXXIV, part 5/W12, pp. 121–126. Archived from
2395:, "The Imperial Roman Army", Routledge, p. 49, 2000,
2201:(DQI) tool for buildings uses Vitruvius's principles.
2062:
under the floor of a Roman villa. The part under the
894:
that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of
174:
165:
3802:(Morris Hicky Morgan translation with illustrations)
2483:
156:
150:
147:
138:
3469:(4). Archaeological Institute of America: 486–491.
3016:"LacusCurtius • Vitruvius on Architecture — Book I"
2471:
Ricerche sulla storia e sul diritto publico di Roma
1766:
Bill Thayer transcription of the Gwilt 1826 Edition
866:(1475–1564)." The next major book on architecture,
404:have been suggested as evidence that Vitruvius and
144:
3662:Milnor, Kristina L. 2005. "Other Men's Wives". In
3111:
600:The siege and massacre of the 40,000 residents at
3657:Authorial Voices in Greco-Roman Technical Writing
3511:
3460:
2492:(1). Archaeological Institute of America: 57–68.
2307:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 150–151.
1608:as well as surviving Roman monuments such as the
588:occurred. He is the only source for the siege of
354:illustrations based on descriptions in the text.
48:A 1684 depiction of Vitruvius (right) presenting
5837:
3849:Werner Oechslin Library, Einsiedeln, Switzerland
3332:http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~wulfric/vitruve/
3322:http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~wulfric/vitruve/
2840:. GISdevelopment.net last accessed 3 August 2008
2614:Mary Corbin Sies and Christopher Silver (1996).
2379:
2377:
2321:(New York, Princeton Architectural Press: 1994).
1012:"Vitruvian Man", illustration in the edition of
671:that fits the same sequence of locations is the
3060:Galison, Peter, and Thompson, Emily (Editors),
2964:, p. 169, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art
2758:
2415:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
761:(public buildings) into cathedrals implies the
426:), nor by the little that is known of Mamurra.
3825:– a learning resource from the British Library
3785:An Abridgment of the Architecture of Vitruvius
3641:Clarke, Georgia. 2002. "Vitruvian Paradigms".
2765:Reed Business Information (21 November 1974).
888:Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his book
3894:
3699:Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum
2374:
2170:– 20th century work on civil architecture by
1084:Lists of names given in Book VII Introduction
3503:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2617:Planning the twentieth-century American city
2334:. Marconi, Clemente, 1966–. New York. 2015.
1661:(in Latin). Strasbourg: Georg Messerschmidt.
1568:The surviving ruins of Roman antiquity, the
1076:of the human body, and by extension, of the
298:. It is possible that Vitruvius served with
217:, as well as a major source on the canon of
3544:Vitruvius: Writing the Body of Architecture
3415:. Cambridge University Press. p. 352.
1825:
1719:Danielle Barbaro, includes illustration by
1628:
1603:
1573:
1517:
1497:
1089:
1013:
889:
780:
528:
482:
453:
417:
379:
328:
310:
237:
231:
225:
206:
117:
49:
16:1st century BC Roman architect and engineer
5901:Classical antiquarian architecture writers
3901:
3887:
3213:"Architectura – Les livres d'Architecture"
2362:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2008:. The Rio Tinto wheel is now shown in the
272:who actually operated the machines. As an
42:
3834:Discussion of the inventions of Vitruvius
3390:. Harvard University Press. p. 368.
3368:
3362:
2993:"Vitruvius The Ten Books On Architecture"
2896:Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary
2706:
2291:
3350:Books on architecture by Claude Perrault
3191:Architectura – Les livres d'Architecture
2914:
2663:
2661:
2541:
2287:
2285:
2179:(1794–1838), the son of Irish architect
2053:
2019:
1974:
1803:
1623:
1479:
1465:
1021:
1007:
933:
820:
765:may be incorporated into the Romanesque
3908:
3410:
3385:
3162:"CPSA Palladio's Literary Predecessors"
2570:The Military Institutions of the Romans
2412:
2093:is maximised, so that for example, the
1692:Bill Thayer, transcription of the 1912
562:The Military Institutions of the Romans
5838:
3413:Vitruvius: 'Ten Books on Architecture'
2457:Vitruvian Man: Rome under Construction
2406:
2031:which he compares favourably with the
1970:
1650:(in Latin). Venezia: Cristoforo Pensi.
1594:, for example, invented a new type of
592:in 56 BC. Of the battlegrounds of the
498:he specialized in the construction of
460:(Natural History), in the heading for
276:he specialized in the construction of
3882:
3670:, 94–139. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
3435:
2849:
2667:
2658:
2282:
2012:, and the Dolaucothi specimen in the
1979:Design for an Archimedean water-screw
1003:
633:These are all sieges of large Gallic
186:
3643:Papers of the British School at Rome
3440:. The Monacelli Press. p. 224.
3047:Harrassowitz Verlag, 2000, p.563 ff.
2383:De Arch. Book 1, preface. section 2.
1285:List of writers on laws of symmetry:
5916:Military personnel of Julius Caesar
2979:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2773:. Reed Business Information: 552–.
2674:Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)
2548:An Epitome of Book III of Vitruvius
1799:
1619:
1421:List of greatest temple architects:
429:Vitruvius was a military engineer (
25:. For the fictional character, see
13:
3577:
3546:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.
2836:Fausto Pugnaloni and Paolo Clini.
2049:
1863:, as well as war machines such as
1488:(from an 18th-century painting by
1473:as depicted in an engraving after
896:firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis
802:
659:of 47 BC (modern Turkey), and the
373:
14:
5942:
3829:Animation: The Odometer of Vitruv
3712:
3678:A Companion to Roman Architecture
1983:He describes the construction of
1772:, with illustrations prepared by
1199:On divergence of the visual rays:
5881:Ancient Roman military engineers
3768:Palladio's Literary Predecessors
3744:
1381:List of writers on architecture:
825:Roman house plan after Vitruvius
737:for describing the technique of
655:in 48 BC (Hellas – Greece), the
134:
5921:Roman people of the Gallic Wars
5866:1st-century BC writers in Latin
3685:American Journal of Archaeology
3463:American Journal of Archaeology
3454:
3429:
3404:
3379:
3343:
3315:
3290:
3260:
3235:
3217:architectura.cesr.univ-tours.fr
3205:
3184:
3154:
3132:
3105:
3080:
3067:
3050:
3033:
2985:
2967:
2951:
2908:
2884:
2843:
2830:
2812:
2734:
2700:
2688:
2645:
2623:
2608:
2583:
2561:
2535:
2520:
2486:American Journal of Archaeology
1946:receive in-depth descriptions.
990:The Departments of Architecture
651:of 48 BC (modern Albania), the
400:in North Africa, which names a
5886:Ancient Roman military writers
3077:, Routledge, 2014, pp. 85, 179
2940:. Courier Dover Publications.
2730:– via Project Gutenberg.
2680:Public Library. Archived from
2477:
2462:
2449:
2386:
2324:
2311:
1461:
1060:based the illustration of the
874:, was not written until 1452.
647:in 49 BC (modern France), the
422:(which Vitruvius dedicated to
1:
5876:Ancient Roman civil engineers
3865:
3823:Vitruvius' theories of beauty
3761:The Ten Books on Architecture
3753:The Ten Books on Architecture
3436:Smith, Thoma Granger (2004).
3372:The Ten Books on Architecture
2938:The Ten Books on Architecture
2915:Anderson, James A.M. (1734).
2710:The Ten Books on Architecture
2276:
1837:
1525:
1325:List of writers on machinery:
835:The Ten Books on Architecture
336:
199:
192:
4473:Frontiers and fortifications
3694:. New York: Monacelli Press.
3690:Smith, Thomas Gordon. 2004.
3632:Resources in other libraries
3608:Resources in other libraries
3064:, The MIT Press, 1999, p. 81
2975:"Philosophy of Architecture"
2749:ebook of work also known as
2121:reverse overshot water-wheel
1990:reverse overshot water-wheel
1934:He describes many different
1929:
1897:
1713:, includes illustrations by
1054:Francesco di Giorgio Martini
831:De architectura, libri decem
817:Mathematics and architecture
679:would be an auxiliary unit.
7:
5896:Architectural theoreticians
4532:Decorations and punishments
3743:(public domain audiobooks)
3728:Works by or about Vitruvius
3062:The Architecture of Science
2854:De architectura libri decem
2205:
1846:
1555:provided illustrations for
1510:library of Saint Gall Abbey
1219:List of writers on temples:
1052:, Pellegrino Prisciani and
829:Vitruvius is the author of
639:. Of the sites involved in
321:library of Saint Gall Abbey
10:
5947:
5439:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
4014:historiography of the fall
3706:Rome's Cultural Revolution
3536:
3388:Vitruvius: On Architecture
3369:Vitruvius, Pollio (1914).
2177:William Vitruvius Morrison
1957:with the discovery of the
1665:1800 Augustus Rode, Berlin
1392:Publius Septimius (writer)
814:
808:
698:, mechanical engineering,
396:, and an inscription from
244:Ancient Roman architecture
20:
5891:Roman Republican soldiers
5861:1st-century BC architects
5820:External wars and battles
5687:
5581:
5394:
4986:
4979:
4901:
4813:
4718:
4593:
4545:
4423:
4373:
4312:
4303:
4185:
4137:
4057:
3974:
3944:
3935:
3917:
3794:Ten Books on Architecture
3692:Vitruvius on Architecture
3627:Resources in your library
3603:Resources in your library
3438:Vitruvius on Architecture
3142:. The Whole Universe Book
3140:"Bibliographic reference"
2620:. JHU Press, 1996, p. 42.
2459:, Oxford UP (2019), p. 33
2134:
1588:Neoclassical architecture
1050:Mariano di Jacopo Taccola
596:there are references to:
489:Roman Theatre at Heraclea
452:'s table of contents for
440:architectus armamentarius
111:
86:
78:
64:
41:
34:
5906:Golden Age Latin writers
5871:Ancient Roman architects
3773:17 December 2018 at the
3411:Rowland, Ingrid (2001).
2542:Trumbull, David (2007).
2526:Niccolò Marcello Venuti
2199:Design Quality Indicator
2014:National Museum of Wales
1778:Harvard University Press
1672:Edition by Valentin Rose
1187:On abusing dead authors:
929:
837:, a treatise written in
688:construction engineering
618:The circumvallation and
558:Flavius Vegetius Renatus
402:Marcus Vitruvius Mamurra
388:Marcus Cetius Faventinus
268:(artillery experts) and
82:after 15 BC (aged 55–65)
5815:Roman–Iranian relations
4290:Optimates and populares
3386:Granger, Frank (1931).
3272:www.thelatinlibrary.com
3243:"bibliotheca Augustana"
3166:www.palladiancenter.org
2695:The "Vitruvius Project"
2304:Encyclopædia Britannica
1942:painting. Concrete and
1774:Herbert Langford Warren
1194:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
735:architectural acoustics
708:architectural engineers
684:construction management
522:Lucius Cornelius Balbus
304:Lucius Cornelius Balbus
5825:Civil wars and revolts
5091:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4738:Conflict of the Orders
4097:Legislative assemblies
3519:"Den Danske Vitruvius"
3355:7 October 2022 at the
2755:, accessed August 2008
2270:Lucius Vitruvius Cordo
2168:The American Vitruvius
2067:
1980:
1936:construction materials
1826:
1813:
1634:
1629:
1604:
1574:
1518:
1498:
1493:
1477:
1090:
1046:
1036:
1019:
1014:
988:In Book I, Chapter 3 (
983:
977:
965:landscape architecture
947:
890:
826:
781:
724:
582:
529:
483:
454:
418:
393:Lucius Vitruvius Cordo
380:
329:
311:
238:
232:
226:
219:classical architecture
207:
188:[wɪˈtruːwi.ʊs]
118:
50:
5851:1st-century BC Romans
5846:1st-century BC births
5534:Simplicius of Cilicia
5286:Quintus Curtius Rufus
4515:Siege in Ancient Rome
4124:Executive magistrates
3811:18 March 2011 at the
3780:Latin text, version 2
3337:15 March 2023 at the
3327:15 March 2023 at the
3302:penelope.uchicago.edu
3196:18 March 2011 at the
3092:penelope.uchicago.edu
3020:penelope.uchicago.edu
2997:The Project Gutenberg
2576:21 April 2020 at the
2366:) CS1 maint: others (
2317:Kruft, Hanno-Walter.
2293:Middleton, John Henry
2153:Vitruvius Britannicus
2057:
2020:Surveying instruments
1978:
1807:
1627:
1545:Fra Giovanni Giocondo
1514:Leon Battista Alberti
1483:
1469:
1436:Paeonius the Milesian
1424:Chersiphron of Gnosus
1243:Theodorus the Phocian
1131:List of philosophers:
1041:
1025:
1011:
978:
972:
937:
856:Leon Battista Alberti
824:
815:Further information:
719:
696:materials engineering
694:, civil engineering,
663:in 46 BC in Caesar's
649:Battle of Dyrrhachium
566:
348:Fra Giovanni Giocondo
325:Leon Battista Alberti
5544:Stephanus Byzantinus
5449:Eusebius of Caesaria
5311:Sidonius Apollinaris
5001:Ammianus Marcellinus
4340:Tribune of the plebs
3542:Indra Kagis McEwen,
3119:, Hamburg: A.TE.M.,
2595:www.lib.uchicago.edu
2181:Sir Richard Morrison
2161:Den Danske Vitruvius
1959:mass-to-volume ratio
1886:, and the use of an
1808:Drainage wheel from
1602:and was inspired by
1592:Filippo Brunelleschi
1484:The interior of the
1366:Polyidus of Thessaly
918:, as drawn later by
794:De subtilitate rerum
700:military engineering
692:chemical engineering
611:The broken siege at
408:(who was a military
266:doctores ballistarum
215:architectural theory
5720:Distinguished women
5371:Velleius Paterculus
5211:Nicolaus Damascenus
5191:Marcellus Empiricus
4580:Republican currency
3172:on 17 December 2018
2902:5 June 2011 at the
2684:on 13 January 2015.
2129:Baths of Diocletian
1971:Dewatering machines
1902:His description of
1614:Baths of Diocletian
1520:De re aedificatoria
1397:List of architects:
1257:and a person named
1190:Zoilus Homeromastix
1162:Alexander the Great
1111:List of physicists:
848:classical antiquity
792:, in his 1552 book
653:Battle of Pharsalus
331:De re aedificatoria
5856:1st-century deaths
5494:Phlegon of Tralles
5301:Seneca the Younger
4775:Naming conventions
4505:Personal equipment
4038:Later Roman Empire
3737:Works by Vitruvius
3719:Works by Vitruvius
3560:49 (1990), 425–34.
3247:www.hs-augsburg.de
3113:Marc van den Broek
3073:Borys, Ann Marie,
2962:Greek Architecture
2850:Clini, P. (2002).
2804:has generic name (
2707:Vitruvius (1914).
2668:Liukkonen, Petri.
2238:Roman architecture
2068:
1981:
1828:Naturalis Historia
1814:
1635:
1506:Poggio Bracciolini
1494:
1478:
1350:Philo of Byzantium
1037:
1020:
1004:Proportions of man
948:
827:
641:Caesar's civil war
456:Naturalis Historia
317:Poggio Bracciolini
302:'s chief engineer
23:Vitruvius (crater)
5926:Technical writers
5911:History of mining
5833:
5832:
5795:Pontifices maximi
5577:
5576:
5434:Diogenes Laërtius
5256:Pliny the Younger
5011:Asconius Pedianus
4971:Romance languages
4843:Civil engineering
4585:Imperial currency
4458:Political control
4419:
4418:
4053:
4052:
3854:Vitruvius Summary
3799:Project Gutenberg
3723:Project Gutenberg
3584:Library resources
3572:978-3-7374-0998-8
3126:978-3-00-063700-1
3056:Long, Pamela O.,
2720:978-0-486-20645-5
2341:978-0-19-978330-4
2298:"Vitruvius"
2248:Roman engineering
2147:Leonardo da Vinci
1985:Archimedes' screw
1922:. The use of the
1841: 75 AD
1732:Jean Martin, 1547
1688:The Latin Library
1471:Battle of Thapsus
1302:, a person named
1294:, a person named
1180:, a person named
1058:Leonardo da Vinci
1033:Leonardo da Vinci
920:Leonardo da Vinci
870:reformulation of
862:(1452–1519), and
860:Leonardo da Vinci
852:Early Renaissance
833:, known today as
661:Battle of Thapsus
645:Siege of Massilia
432:praefectus fabrum
410:praefectus fabrum
258:Leonardo da Vinci
203: 15 BC
127:
126:
103:military engineer
5938:
5785:Magistri equitum
5700:Cities and towns
5693:
5619:Constantinopolis
5429:Diodorus Siculus
5361:Valerius Maximus
5296:Seneca the Elder
5216:Nonius Marcellus
4984:
4983:
4537:Hippika gymnasia
4500:Infantry tactics
4406:Consular tribune
4396:Magister equitum
4345:Military tribune
4310:
4309:
4270:Pontifex maximus
4265:Princeps senatus
4255:Magister militum
4021:Byzantine Empire
3942:
3941:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3870:
3867:
3806:Vitruvius online
3801:
3748:
3747:
3732:Internet Archive
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3494:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3360:
3347:
3341:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3274:. Archived from
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3219:. Archived from
3209:
3203:
3202:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3168:. Archived from
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3084:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3054:
3048:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3012:
3001:
3000:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2971:
2965:
2955:
2949:
2934:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2906:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2860:
2847:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2762:
2756:
2748:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2665:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2631:De bello Gallico
2627:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2587:
2581:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2539:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2481:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2410:
2404:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2353:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2289:
2265:Vitruvian scroll
2253:Roman technology
2105:followed by the
1842:
1839:
1831:
1800:Roman technology
1770:Morris H. Morgan
1715:Cesare Cesariano
1707:Cesare Cesariano
1662:
1651:
1632:
1620:Notable editions
1607:
1577:
1533:Cesare Cesariano
1530:
1527:
1523:
1503:
1440:Ephesian Daphnis
1264:List of artists:
1093:
1017:
953:Roman architects
893:
790:Gerolamo Cardano
784:
755:Basilica di Fano
673:Legio VI Ferrata
620:Battle of Alesia
532:
486:
459:
421:
385:
341:
338:
334:
314:
241:
235:
229:
212:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
185:
178:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
123:
114:
55:
46:
32:
31:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5691:
5689:
5683:
5573:
5409:Aëtius of Amida
5390:
5376:Verrius Flaccus
5356:Valerius Antias
5316:Silius Italicus
5251:Pliny the Elder
5196:Marcus Aurelius
5071:Cornelius Nepos
5021:Aurelius Victor
4975:
4897:
4809:
4743:Secessio plebis
4714:
4589:
4541:
4415:
4369:
4299:
4181:
4133:
4049:
3970:
3931:
3913:
3907:
3868:
3861:De architectura
3813:Wayback Machine
3791:
3775:Wayback Machine
3745:
3715:
3668:Kristina Milnor
3638:
3637:
3636:
3613:
3612:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3578:Further reading
3539:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3496:
3495:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3384:
3380:
3367:
3363:
3357:Wayback Machine
3348:
3344:
3339:Wayback Machine
3329:Wayback Machine
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3278:on 13 June 2017
3266:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3223:on 21 July 2011
3211:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3198:Wayback Machine
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3068:
3055:
3051:
3039:Turner, A. J.,
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3004:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:Lawrence, A. W.
2956:
2952:
2935:
2926:
2913:
2909:
2904:Wayback Machine
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2858:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2801:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2767:"New Scientist"
2763:
2759:
2746:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2666:
2659:
2650:
2646:
2639:8 July 2012 at
2629:Julius Caesar,
2628:
2624:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2578:Wayback Machine
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2540:
2536:
2525:
2521:
2482:
2478:
2467:
2463:
2455:John Oksanish,
2454:
2450:
2411:
2407:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2355:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2243:Roman aqueducts
2233:Pliny the Elder
2208:
2172:Werner Hegemann
2145:– a drawing by
2137:
2099:is next to the
2091:fuel efficiency
2079:central heating
2052:
2050:Central heating
2038:a device using
2022:
2000:in Romania and
1973:
1932:
1924:inverted siphon
1912:Roman aqueducts
1900:
1849:
1840:
1834:Pliny the Elder
1802:
1782:Frank Granger,
1736:Claude Perrault
1721:Andrea Palladio
1658:De architectura
1655:
1647:De architectura
1644:
1630:De architectura
1622:
1605:De Architectura
1575:De Architectura
1557:Daniele Barbaro
1553:Andrea Palladio
1537:Walther H. Ryff
1528:
1500:De architectura
1475:Andrea Palladio
1464:
1388:Terentius Varro
1328:Diades of Pella
1178:Ptolemy I Soter
1091:De Architectura
1086:
1015:De architectura
1006:
932:
900:Vitruvian Triad
891:De architectura
819:
813:
811:De architectura
807:
804:De architectura
782:De architectura
530:De Architectura
484:De architectura
450:Pliny the Elder
419:De Architectura
382:De Architectura
376:
374:Life and career
339:
312:De architectura
250:drawing of the
209:De architectura
202:
198:–70 BC – after
195:
183:
176:
137:
133:
120:De architectura
112:
107:
74:
69:
60:
52:De Architectura
37:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5944:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:Pomponius Mela
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4996:Aelius Donatus
4992:
4990:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4964:Ecclesiastical
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4705:Toys and games
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4245:Vigintisexviri
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Cursus honorum
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4004:Western Empire
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3856:
3851:
3842:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3815:
3803:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3734:
3725:
3714:
3713:External links
3711:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3687:94.2: 249–258.
3681:
3674:
3671:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3561:
3554:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3510:
3475:10.2307/504874
3453:
3446:
3428:
3421:
3403:
3396:
3378:
3361:
3342:
3314:
3289:
3259:
3234:
3204:
3183:
3153:
3131:
3125:
3104:
3079:
3066:
3049:
3032:
3002:
2984:
2966:
2950:
2924:
2907:
2891:Charles Hutton
2883:
2872:on 17 May 2012
2842:
2829:
2823:, Book V.i.6)
2811:
2757:
2733:
2719:
2699:
2687:
2657:
2644:
2622:
2607:
2582:
2560:
2534:
2519:
2498:10.2307/501823
2476:
2461:
2448:
2427:10.2307/750736
2405:
2385:
2373:
2340:
2323:
2310:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Colen Campbell
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2192:Mons Vitruvius
2184:
2174:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2136:
2133:
2127:, such as the
2051:
2048:
2021:
2018:
2010:British Museum
1972:
1969:
1931:
1928:
1899:
1896:
1848:
1845:
1836:much later in
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1790:Ingrid Rowland
1787:
1780:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1746:
1745:
1742:Auguste Choisy
1739:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1652:
1621:
1618:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1456:Gaius Mucianus
1418:
1394:
1378:
1322:
1282:
1261:
1216:
1196:
1184:
1171:On plagiarism:
1168:
1155:List of kings:
1152:
1128:
1085:
1082:
1005:
1002:
931:
928:
883:A. W. Lawrence
844:Marcus Agrippa
809:Main article:
806:
801:
767:Fano Cathedral
704:urban planning
657:Battle of Zela
643:, we find the
631:
630:
623:
616:
609:
375:
372:
125:
124:
115:
109:
108:
106:
105:
100:
99:civil engineer
97:
94:
90:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
72:Roman Republic
70:
66:
62:
61:
47:
39:
38:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5943:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Julius Paulus
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:Fabius Pictor
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Amphitheatres
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Deforestation
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:Siege engines
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Establishment
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:Extraordinary
4372:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:Promagistrate
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Twelve Tables
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3874:
3863:
3862:
3858:VITRUVII, M.
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3564:Kai Brodersen
3562:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3552:0-262-63306-X
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3520:
3514:
3506:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3141:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2946:0-486-20645-9
2943:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2807:
2802:|author=
2795:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2752:De aquaeductu
2744:
2743:
2737:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2641:archive.today
2638:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2474:(Rome, 1916).
2473:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2401:0-415-22295-8
2398:
2394:
2393:Yann Le Bohec
2389:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:Vitruvian Man
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2142:Vitruvian Man
2139:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2058:Ruins of the
2056:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:Rosia Montana
1995:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:siege engines
1873:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1786:Edition, 1931
1785:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1562:Vitruvian Man
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1063:Vitruvian Man
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1028:Vitruvian Man
1024:
1016:
1010:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
986:
982:
976:
971:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
945:
941:
936:
927:
925:
921:
917:
916:Vitruvian Man
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
886:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:(1404–1472),
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
823:
818:
812:
805:
800:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
777:
775:
774:Octavia Minor
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
741:
736:
732:
728:
723:
718:
716:
715:miasma theory
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:
628:
625:The siege of
624:
621:
617:
614:
610:
607:
606:Vercingetorix
603:
599:
598:
597:
595:
591:
587:
581:
578:
575:
573:
565:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
512:
509:
508:
503:
502:
497:
496:army engineer
492:
490:
485:
480:
475:
473:
472:
471:De aquaeductu
467:
463:
458:
457:
451:
447:
446:
441:
439:
434:
433:
427:
425:
420:
415:
414:Julius Caesar
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:
389:
384:
383:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
333:
332:
326:
322:
318:
313:
307:
305:
301:
300:Julius Caesar
297:
293:
290:
287:
286:
281:
280:
275:
274:army engineer
271:
267:
261:
259:
255:
254:
253:Vitruvian Man
249:
245:
240:
234:
228:
222:
220:
216:
211:
210:
189:
181:
180:
170:
131:
122:
121:
116:
110:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
63:
59:
54:
53:
45:
40:
33:
28:
24:
19:
5765:Institutions
5629:Leptis Magna
5582:Major cities
5489:Philostratus
5385:
5276:Quadrigarius
5096:Rufus Festus
4959:Contemporary
4680:Romanization
4603:Architecture
4210:Collegiality
4059:Constitution
3910:Ancient Rome
3860:
3792:
3760:
3752:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3622:Online books
3616:By Vitruvius
3615:
3598:Online books
3588:
3557:
3543:
3523:. Retrieved
3513:
3499:cite journal
3466:
3462:
3456:
3437:
3431:
3412:
3406:
3387:
3381:
3371:
3364:
3345:
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3301:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3276:the original
3271:
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3246:
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3221:the original
3216:
3207:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3170:the original
3165:
3156:
3144:. Retrieved
3134:
3116:
3107:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2937:
2917:
2910:
2895:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2862:
2853:
2845:
2832:
2819:
2814:
2794:cite journal
2782:. Retrieved
2770:
2760:
2750:
2741:
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2709:
2702:
2690:
2682:the original
2673:
2652:
2647:
2630:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:
2585:
2569:
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2547:
2537:
2527:
2522:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2388:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2302:
2257:
2188:lunar crater
2167:
2159:
2152:
2140:
2124:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2083:public baths
2071:
2069:
2032:
2025:
2023:
1982:
1963:
1952:
1948:
1933:
1920:Pont du Gard
1901:
1892:steam engine
1884:water clocks
1868:
1850:
1832:compiled by
1815:
1761:Joseph Gwilt
1755:Henry Wotton
1748:
1747:
1726:
1725:
1700:
1699:
1657:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1567:
1560:
1495:
1455:
1451:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1408:Antimachides
1407:
1404:Callaeschrus
1403:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1380:
1375:Agesistratus
1373:
1361:
1343:
1324:
1315:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1263:
1242:
1222:
1218:
1198:
1186:
1174:Aristophanes
1170:
1154:
1130:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1080:as a whole.
1071:
1068:
1061:
1056:and finally
1047:
1042:
1038:
1026:
998:water clocks
989:
987:
984:
979:
973:
969:
960:
949:
895:
887:
876:
871:
864:Michelangelo
834:
830:
828:
803:
798:
793:
788:
778:
771:
762:
758:
754:
744:
738:
725:
720:
712:
681:
676:
667:campaign. A
634:
632:
583:
576:
570:
567:
561:
555:
535:north Africa
526:
514:war machines
505:
499:
493:
476:
469:
464:techniques.
443:
436:
430:
428:
409:
401:
391:
377:
360:Michelangelo
308:
292:war machines
283:
277:
269:
265:
262:
251:
223:
129:
128:
113:Notable work
18:
5760:Geographers
5444:Dioscorides
5424:Cassius Dio
5046:Cassiodorus
4949:Renaissance
4555:Agriculture
4527:Auxiliaries
4468:Engineering
4305:Magistrates
4157:Citizenship
4152:Mos maiorum
4087:Late Empire
3869: 1480
3864:. Naples, (
3645:70:319–346.
3268:"Vitruvius"
3201:(in French)
3146:30 November
2726:26 February
2678:Kuusankoski
2676:. Finland:
2670:"Vitruvius"
2553:18 November
2108:frigidarium
2066:is covered.
2040:plumb lines
1890:(the first
1818:water mills
1711:Como, Italy
1686:edition at
1580:Renaissance
1570:Roman Forum
1543:in 1511 by
1529: 1450
1496:Vitruvius'
1462:Rediscovery
1345:Nymphodorus
1281:, Timotheos
1227:Chersiphron
1202:Agatharchus
675:, of which
627:Uxellodunum
545:(including
346:in 1511 by
340: 1450
309:Vitruvius'
248:Renaissance
87:Occupations
5840:Categories
5649:Mediolanum
5589:Alexandria
5554:Themistius
5519:Porphyrius
5346:Tertullian
5281:Quintilian
5271:Propertius
5166:Lactantius
5116:Fulgentius
5051:Censorinus
4873:Sanitation
4858:Metallurgy
4815:Technology
4780:Demography
4728:Patricians
4695:Spectacles
4653:Literature
4648:Hairstyles
4485:Technology
4235:Praefectus
4187:Government
4177:Litigation
4162:Auctoritas
4107:Centuriate
3994:Principate
3989:Pax Romana
3949:Foundation
3447:1885254989
3422:0521002923
3397:0674992776
2876:3 February
2825:(in Latin)
2747:(in Latin)
2277:References
2102:tepidarium
2077:a type of
2027:chorobates
2002:Dolaucothi
1996:in Spain,
1955:Archimedes
1643:1495–1496
1400:Antistates
1336:Archimedes
1296:Demophilus
1279:Praxiteles
1247:Hermogenes
1214:Anaxagoras
1210:Democritus
1126:Xenophanes
1122:Anaxagoras
1118:Democritus
912:Corinthian
881:alone. To
604:in 52 BC.
594:Gallic War
479:Roman army
270:libratores
5805:Quaestors
5735:Empresses
5725:Dynasties
5715:Dictators
5690:and other
5679:Volubilis
5674:Vindobona
5634:Londinium
5559:Theodoret
5529:Procopius
5509:Polyaenus
5484:Pausanias
5386:Vitruvius
5331:Symmachus
5326:Suetonius
5236:Petronius
5221:Obsequens
5186:Macrobius
5181:Lucretius
5106:Frontinus
5081:Eutropius
5066:Columella
5016:Augustine
5006:Appuleius
4954:Neo-Latin
4929:Classical
4920:Versions
4828:Aqueducts
4770:Patronage
4690:Sexuality
4663:Mythology
4638:Education
4628:Cosmetics
4453:Campaigns
4448:Structure
4401:Decemviri
4260:Imperator
3959:overthrow
3847:from the
3589:Vitruvius
3491:193094209
2779:0262-4079
2514:191364921
2468:Pais, E.
2443:195019013
2421:: 36–70.
2358:cite book
2350:881386276
2228:Frontinus
2218:Ctesibius
2213:Aristotle
2194:close by.
2096:caldarium
2073:hypocaust
2060:hypocaust
2044:odometers
1994:Rio Tinto
1930:Materials
1908:Frontinus
1898:Aqueducts
1888:aeolipile
1870:ballistae
1865:catapults
1810:Rio Tinto
1578:inspired
1452:Cossutius
1432:Demetrius
1428:Metagenes
1416:Cossutius
1340:Ctesibius
1320:Euphranor
1292:Theocydes
1267:Leochares
1231:Metagenes
1223:Theodorus
1221:Silenus,
1206:Aeschylus
1142:Aristotle
961:Ten Books
957:craftsmen
879:Parthenon
872:Ten Books
868:Alberti's
759:basilicae
727:Frontinus
629:in 51 BC.
615:in 52 BC.
547:Aquitaine
511:artillery
466:Frontinus
445:apparitor
398:Thilbilis
289:artillery
196: 80
130:Vitruvius
96:architect
36:Vitruvius
5931:Vitruvii
5810:Tribunes
5800:Praetors
5750:Generals
5730:Emperors
5639:Lugdunum
5624:Eboracum
5614:Carthage
5599:Aquileia
5514:Polybius
5504:Plutarch
5474:Libanius
5464:Josephus
5459:Herodian
5351:Tibullus
5266:Priscian
5241:Phaedrus
5201:Manilius
5146:Jordanes
5131:Hydatius
5061:Claudian
5041:Catullus
5031:Boëthius
5026:Ausonius
4944:Medieval
4916:Alphabet
4888:Theatres
4863:Numerals
4848:Concrete
4838:Circuses
4805:Bagaudae
4795:Adoption
4790:Marriage
4763:Assembly
4668:Religion
4643:Folklore
4623:Clothing
4618:Calendar
4575:Currency
4565:Commerce
4463:Strategy
4425:Military
4411:Triumvir
4391:Dictator
4386:Interrex
4365:Governor
4350:Quaestor
4313:Ordinary
4295:Province
4285:Tetrarch
4275:Augustus
4240:Vicarius
4230:Officium
4167:Imperium
4117:Plebeian
4077:Republic
3999:Dominate
3966:Republic
3927:Timeline
3809:Archived
3771:Archived
3741:LibriVox
3353:Archived
3335:Archived
3325:Archived
3194:Archived
3115:(2019),
2900:Archived
2893:(1795),
2820:De Arch.
2742:De Aquis
2637:Archived
2574:Archived
2295:(1911).
2206:See also
2186:A small
2004:in west
1918:and the
1904:aqueduct
1880:sundials
1847:Machines
1822:Barbegal
1776:, 1914,
1709:, 1521,
1612:and the
1610:Pantheon
1600:Florence
1486:Pantheon
1384:Fuficius
1358:Democles
1354:Diphilus
1332:Archytas
1316:Sarnacus
1312:Melampus
1308:Silanion
1304:Leonidas
1251:Arcesius
1150:Epicurus
1134:Socrates
1078:universe
1074:symmetry
994:sundials
940:basilica
779:Whether
763:basilica
746:basilica
677:ballista
613:Gergovia
602:Avaricum
590:Larignum
580:himself.
577:balistae
539:Hispania
501:ballista
438:praefect
435:), or a
424:Augustus
364:Palladio
356:Bramante
279:ballista
239:venustas
233:utilitas
227:firmitas
68:80–70 BC
58:Augustus
5780:Legions
5740:Fiction
5710:Consuls
5705:Climate
5659:Ravenna
5654:Pompeii
5644:Lutetia
5609:Bononia
5604:Berytus
5594:Antioch
5569:Zosimus
5564:Zonaras
5539:Sozomen
5524:Priscus
5499:Photius
5341:Terence
5336:Tacitus
5321:Statius
5306:Servius
5291:Sallust
5246:Plautus
5226:Orosius
5206:Martial
5161:Juvenal
5136:Hyginus
5121:Gellius
4980:Writers
4911:History
4893:Thermae
4883:Temples
4833:Bridges
4800:Slavery
4748:Equites
4720:Society
4700:Theatre
4673:Deities
4633:Cuisine
4613:Bathing
4595:Culture
4570:Finance
4547:Economy
4438:Borders
4433:History
4335:Tribune
4330:Praetor
4220:Legatus
4215:Emperor
4102:Curiate
4072:Kingdom
4067:History
4043:History
4026:decline
3984:History
3954:Kingdom
3937:History
3922:Outline
3730:at the
3558:Latomus
3537:Sources
3525:23 June
3307:20 June
3282:20 June
3252:20 June
3227:20 June
3176:20 June
3097:20 June
3025:20 June
2981:. 2015.
2745:, I.25
2600:6 April
2125:thermae
1965:Eureka!
1916:Segovia
1861:pulleys
1749:English
1701:Italian
1696:Edition
1694:Teubner
1684:Teubner
1679:Edition
1677:Teubner
1670:Teubner
1584:Baroque
1549:woodcut
1547:, with
1508:in the
1444:Ictinus
1362:Charias
1288:Nexaris
1271:Bryaxis
1259:Pytheos
1255:Satyrus
1239:Carpion
1235:Ictinus
1182:Attalus
1158:Croesus
924:climate
665:African
549:), and
507:scorpio
442:of the
406:Mamurra
368:Vignola
352:woodcut
350:, with
319:in the
285:scorpio
179:-vee-əs
5790:Nomina
5775:Legacy
5755:Gentes
5692:topics
5688:Lists
5669:Smyrna
5549:Strabo
5479:Lucian
5469:Julian
5419:Arrian
5414:Appian
5404:Aelian
5381:Vergil
5156:Justin
5141:Jerome
5126:Horace
5111:Fronto
5101:Florus
5076:Ennius
5056:Cicero
5036:Caesar
4934:Vulgar
4758:Tribes
4685:Romans
4495:Legion
4478:castra
4355:Aedile
4325:Censor
4320:Consul
4280:Caesar
4250:Lictor
4172:Status
4112:Tribal
4092:Senate
4082:Empire
3976:Empire
3912:topics
3871:). At
3586:about
3570:
3550:
3489:
3483:504874
3481:
3444:
3419:
3394:
3123:
2944:
2777:
2717:
2653:Book X
2512:
2506:501823
2504:
2441:
2435:750736
2433:
2399:
2348:
2338:
2135:Legacy
2117:pulley
2113:bronze
2087:villas
2064:exedra
1940:stucco
1857:cranes
1853:hoists
1792:, 2001
1763:, 1826
1757:, 1624
1744:, 1909
1738:, 1673
1727:French
1633:, 1543
1541:Venice
1490:Panini
1412:Pormus
1370:Pyrrus
1300:Pollis
1275:Scopas
1166:Darius
1114:Thales
753:. The
740:echeas
669:legion
636:oppida
586:sieges
572:onagri
551:Pontus
518:sieges
494:As an
462:mosaic
412:under
344:Venice
296:sieges
236:, and
184:Latin:
93:Author
5454:Galen
5396:Greek
5366:Varro
5176:Lucan
4988:Latin
4903:Latin
4878:Ships
4868:Roads
4853:Domes
4785:Women
4733:Plebs
4658:Music
4200:Forum
4195:Curia
3873:Somni
3666:. By
3521:. AOK
3487:S2CID
3479:JSTOR
2870:(PDF)
2859:(PDF)
2784:6 May
2510:S2CID
2502:JSTOR
2439:S2CID
2431:JSTOR
2034:groma
2006:Wales
1812:mines
1682:1912
1675:1899
1668:1857
1654:1543
1638:Latin
1596:hoist
1448:Philo
1138:Plato
930:Scope
908:Ionic
904:Doric
839:Latin
731:pipes
5770:Laws
5745:Film
5664:Roma
5231:Ovid
5171:Livy
4939:Late
4753:Gens
4710:Wine
4522:Navy
4490:Army
4129:SPQR
4031:fall
4009:fall
3568:ISBN
3548:ISBN
3527:2009
3505:link
3442:ISBN
3417:ISBN
3392:ISBN
3309:2017
3284:2017
3254:2017
3229:2017
3178:2017
3148:2011
3121:ISBN
3099:2017
3027:2017
2942:ISBN
2878:2016
2806:help
2786:2013
2775:ISSN
2728:2021
2715:ISBN
2634:7.29
2602:2022
2555:2009
2397:ISBN
2368:link
2364:link
2346:OCLC
2336:ISBN
2197:The
2085:and
1944:lime
1882:and
1874:and
1859:and
1784:Loeb
1586:and
1237:and
1229:and
1146:Zeno
1104:lost
996:and
944:Fano
910:and
751:Fano
702:and
543:Gaul
516:for
504:and
294:for
282:and
177:TROO
79:Died
65:Born
4924:Old
4608:Art
4381:Rex
4225:Dux
4139:Law
3797:at
3739:at
3721:at
3471:doi
2494:doi
2423:doi
1820:at
1031:by
942:in
560:in
256:by
175:vi-
56:to
5842::
3866:c.
3501:}}
3497:{{
3485:.
3477:.
3467:85
3465:.
3300:.
3270:.
3245:.
3215:.
3164:.
3090:.
3058:in
3041:in
3018:.
3005:^
2995:.
2977:.
2960:,
2927:^
2861:.
2798::
2796:}}
2792:{{
2769:.
2672:.
2660:^
2593:.
2546:.
2508:.
2500:.
2490:72
2488:.
2437:.
2429:.
2419:30
2417:.
2376:^
2360:}}
2356:{{
2344:.
2301:.
2284:^
2016:.
1962:of
1867:,
1855:,
1843:.
1838:c.
1616:.
1590:.
1582:,
1565:.
1526:c.
1512:.
1454:,
1450:,
1446:,
1442:,
1438:,
1434:,
1430:,
1426:,
1414:,
1410:,
1406:,
1402:,
1390:,
1386:,
1372:,
1368:,
1364:,
1360:,
1356:,
1352:,
1348:,
1342:,
1338:,
1334:,
1330:,
1318:,
1314:,
1310:,
1306:,
1298:,
1290:,
1277:,
1273:,
1269:,
1253:,
1249:,
1245:,
1241:,
1233:,
1225:,
1212:,
1208:,
1204:,
1192:,
1176:,
1164:,
1160:,
1148:,
1144:,
1140:,
1136:,
1124:,
1120:,
1116:,
1066:.
967:.
906:,
769:.
706:;
690:,
686:,
564::
553:.
541:,
537:,
524:.
491:.
474:.
366:,
362:,
358:,
337:c.
323:.
306:.
260:.
230:,
200:c.
193:c.
191:;
182:,
154:uː
3902:e
3895:t
3888:v
3875:.
3529:.
3507:)
3493:.
3473::
3450:.
3425:.
3400:.
3311:.
3286:.
3256:.
3231:.
3180:.
3150:.
3101:.
3029:.
2999:.
2948:.
2880:.
2856:"
2808:)
2788:.
2655:.
2604:.
2580:.
2557:.
2516:.
2496::
2445:.
2425::
2403:.
2370:)
2352:.
2075:,
2036:,
2029:,
1872:,
1524:(
574:,
335:(
169:/
166:s
163:ə
160:i
157:v
151:r
148:t
145:ˈ
142:ɪ
139:v
136:/
132:(
29:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
