Iran–Contra affair

855:, claiming power after an election full of irregularities. The dealings with the Iranians were conducted via the NSC with Admiral Poindexter and his deputy Colonel North, with the US historians Malcolm Byrne and Peter Kornbluh writing that Poindexter granted much power to North "who made the most of the situation, often deciding important matters on his own, striking outlandish deals with the Iranians, and acting in the name of the president on issues that were far beyond his competence. All of these activities continued to take place within the framework of the president's broad authorization. Until the press reported on the existence of the operation, nobody in the administration questioned the authority of Poindexter's and North's team to implement the president's decisions". North proposed a $ 15 million markup, while contracted arms broker Ghorbanifar added a 41-percent markup of his own. Other members of the NSC were in favor of North's plan; with large support, Poindexter authorized it without notifying President Reagan, and it went into effect. At first, the Iranians refused to buy the arms at the inflated price because of the excessive markup imposed by North and Ghorbanifar. They eventually relented, and, in February 1986, 1,000 TOW missiles were shipped to the country. From May to November 1986, there were additional shipments of miscellaneous weapons and parts. 1099:, which created the NSC, gave it the vague right to perform "such other functions and duties related to the intelligence as the National Security Council may from time to time direct." However, the NSC had usually, although not always, acted as an advisory agency until the Reagan administration when the NSC had "gone operational", a situation that was condemned by both the Tower Commission and by Congress as a departure from the norm. The American historian John Canham-Clyne asserted that the Iran–Contra affair and the NSC "going operational" were not departures from the norm, but were the logical and natural consequence of the existence of the "national security state", the plethora of shadowy government agencies with multi-million dollar budgets operating with little oversight from Congress, the courts or the media, and for whom upholding national security justified almost everything. Canham-Clyne argued that for the "national security state", the law was an obstacle to be surmounted rather than something to uphold and that the Iran–Contra affair was just "business as usual", something he asserted that the media missed by focusing on the NSC having "gone operational." 934:, head of the CIA, requested that the US authorize sending a shipment of small missile parts to Iranian military forces as a way of expressing gratitude. Casey also justified this request by stating that the contact in the Iranian government might otherwise lose face or be executed, and hostages might be killed. Reagan authorized the shipment to ensure that those potential events would not occur. North used this release to persuade Reagan to switch over to a "sequential" policy of freeing the hostages one by one, instead of the "all or nothing" policy that the Americans had pursued until then. By this point, the Americans had grown tired of Ghorbanifar who had proven himself a dishonest intermediary who played off both sides to his own commercial advantage. In August 1986, the Americans had established a new contact in the Iranian government, Ali Hashemi Bahramani, the nephew of Rafsanjani and an officer in the Revolutionary Guard. The fact that the Revolutionary Guard was deeply involved in international terrorism seemed only to attract the Americans more to Bahramani, who was seen as someone with the influence to change Iran's policies. 1166: 717:, Reagan claimed that he was deeply committed to securing the release of the hostages; it was this compassion that supposedly motivated his support for the arms initiatives. The president requested that the "moderate" Iranians do everything in their capability to free the hostages held by Hezbollah. Reagan always publicly insisted after the scandal broke in late 1986 that the purpose behind the arms-for-hostages trade was to establish a working relationship with the "moderate" faction associated with Rafsanjani to facilitate the reestablishment of the US–Iranian alliance after the soon to be expected death of Khomeini, to end the Iran–Iraq War and end Iranian support for Islamic terrorism while downplaying the importance of freeing the hostages in Lebanon as a secondary issue. By contrast, when testifying before the Tower Commission, Reagan declared that hostage issue was the main reason for selling arms to Iran. 661:

back within the US sphere of influence. It remains unclear if Rafsanjani really wanted a rapprochement with the US or was just deceiving Reagan administration officials who were willing to believe that he was a moderate who would effect a rapprochement. Rafsanjani, whose nickname is "the Shark", was described by the UK journalist Patrick Brogan as a man of great charm and formidable intelligence known for his subtlety and ruthlessness whose motives in the Iran–Contra affair remain completely mysterious. The Israeli government required that the sale of arms meet high-level approval from the US government, and, when McFarlane convinced them that the US government approved the sale, Israel obliged by agreeing to sell the arms.

1200:. The 200-page report was the most comprehensive of any released, criticizing the actions of Oliver North, John Poindexter, Caspar Weinberger, and others. It determined that President Reagan did not have knowledge of the extent of the program, especially about the diversion of funds to the Contras, although it argued that the president ought to have had better control of the National Security Council staff. The report heavily criticized Reagan for not properly supervising his subordinates or being aware of their actions. A major result of the Tower Commission was the consensus that Reagan should have listened to his National Security Advisor more, thereby placing more power in the hands of that chair. 70: 694:

Regan since the surgery. The meeting took place five days after the surgery and only three days after doctors gave the news that his polyp had been malignant. The three participants of this meeting had very different recollections of what was discussed during its 23-minute duration. Months later, Reagan even stated that he "had no recollection of a meeting in the hospital in July with McFarlane and that he had no notes which would show such a meeting". This does not come as a surprise considering the possible short and long-term effects of anesthesia on patients above the age of 60, in addition to his already weakened physical and mental state.

324:" After the weapon sales were revealed in November 1986, Reagan appeared on national television and stated that the weapons transfers had indeed occurred, but that the U.S. did not trade arms for hostages. The investigation was impeded when large volumes of documents relating to the affair were destroyed or withheld from investigators by Reagan administration officials. On 4 March 1987, Reagan made a further nationally televised address, saying he was taking full responsibility for the affair and stating that "what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into trading arms for hostages." 954:

politics decided to get all the groups involved and give them a role to play". Thus, all the factions in the Iranian government would be jointly responsible for the talks with the Americans and "there would not be an internal war". This demand of Behramani caused much dismay on the US side as it made clear to them that they would not be dealing solely with a "moderate" faction in the Islamic Republic, as the Americans liked to pretend to themselves, but rather with all the factions in the Iranian government—including those who were very much involved in terrorism. Despite this, the talks were not broken off.

1591:, who headed the investigation of Reagan administration officials' criminal conduct in the Iran–Contra scandal, stated that "the Iran-contra cover-up, which has continued for more than six years, has now been completed." Walsh noted that in issuing the pardons Bush appears to have been preempting being implicated himself in the crimes of Iran–Contra by evidence that was to come to light during the Weinberger trial, and noted that there was a pattern of "deception and obstruction" by Bush, Weinberger and other senior Reagan administration officials. 910:, which the US rejected. More importantly, McFarlane refused to ship spare parts for the Hawk missiles until the Iranians had Hezbollah release the US hostages, whereas the Iranians wanted to reverse that sequence with the spare parts being shipped first before the hostages were freed. The differing negotiating positions led to McFarlane's mission going home after four days. After the failure of the secret visit to Tehran, McFarlane advised Reagan not to talk to the Iranians anymore, advice that was disregarded. 1461:. A former CIA clandestine service officer. According to Special Prosecutor Walsh, he earned nearly $ 883,000 helping retired Air Force Maj. Gen. Richard V. Secord and Albert Hakim carry out the secret operations of "the Enterprise". He was indicted for concealing the full amount of his Enterprise profits for the 1985 and 1986 tax years, and for failing to declare his foreign financial accounts. He was convicted and served 16 months in prison, the only Iran–Contra defendant to have served a prison sentence. 9357: 1455:. A businessman, he pleaded guilty in November 1989 to supplementing the salary of North by buying a $ 13,800 fence for North with money from "the Enterprise," which was a set of foreign companies Hakim used in Iran–Contra. In addition, Swiss company Lake Resources Inc., used for storing money from arms sales to Iran to give to the Contras, plead guilty to stealing government property. Hakim was given two years of probation and a $ 5,000 fine, while Lake Resources Inc. was ordered to dissolve. 350:, who had been vice president at the time of the affair. Former Independent Counsel Walsh noted that, in issuing the pardons, Bush appeared to have been preempting being implicated himself by evidence that came to light during the Weinberger trial and noted that there was a pattern of "deception and obstruction" by Bush, Weinberger, and other senior Reagan administration officials. Walsh submitted his final report on 4 August 1993 and later wrote an account of his experiences as counsel, 906:, and a CIA communicator. They arrived in Tehran in an Israeli plane carrying forged Irish passports on 25 May 1986. This meeting also failed. Much to McFarlane's disgust, he did not meet ministers, and instead met in his words "third and fourth level officials". At one point, an angry McFarlane shouted: "As I am a Minister, I expect to meet with decision-makers. Otherwise, you can work with my staff." The Iranians requested concessions such as Israel's withdrawal from the 1264:

approved it. Enthusiastically." Handwritten notes by Defense Secretary Weinberger indicate that the President was aware of potential hostage transfers with Iran, as well as the sale of Hawk and TOW missiles to what he was told were "moderate elements" within Iran. Notes taken by Weinberger on 7 December 1985 record that Reagan said that "he could answer charges of illegality but he couldn't answer charge that 'big strong President Reagan passed up a chance to free hostages

1316: 798:. Two days later, Reagan met with his advisors at the White House, where a new plan was introduced. This called for a slight change in the arms transactions: instead of the weapons going to the "moderate" Iranian group, they would go to "moderate" Iranian army leaders. As each weapons delivery was made from Israel by air, hostages held by Hezbollah would be released. Israel would continue to be reimbursed by the US for the weapons. Though staunchly opposed by 10668: 9289: 9253: 1709: 9299: 9347: 678:

formally recognized by the White House. It was later revealed that this decision was made on the grounds that "Mr. Reagan and his advisors did not want his actions to establish a definition of incapacitation that would bind future presidents." Reagan expressed this transfer of power in two identical letters that were sent to the speaker of the House of Representatives, Representative

1449:. Former Air Force major general, who was involved in arms transfers to Iran and diversion of funds to Contras, he pleaded guilty in November 1989 to making false statements to Congress and was sentenced to two years of probation. As part of his plea bargain, Secord agreed to provide further truthful testimony in exchange for the dismissal of remaining criminal charges against him. 721: 882:

within the Iranian government, so, with the hope of the release of the hostages, Reagan approved this plan as well. Throughout February 1986, weapons were shipped directly to Iran by the US (as part of Oliver North's plan), but none of the hostages were released. Retired National Security Advisor McFarlane conducted another international voyage, this one to

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realization for Reagan. From seeing the recovery process of other patients, as well as medical “experts” on television predicting his death to be soon, Reagan's typical optimistic outlook was dampened. These factors were bound to contribute to psychological distress in the midst of an already distressing situation. Additionally, Reagan's invocation of the

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group of senior Reagan administration officials in the Senior Interdepartmental Group conducted a secret study on 21 July 1981 and concluded that the arms embargo was ineffective because Iran could always buy arms and spare parts for its U.S. weapons elsewhere, while, at the same time, the arms embargo opened the door for Iran to fall into the

832:] that 'big strong President Reagan passed up a chance to free hostages'." Now retired National Security Advisor McFarlane flew to London to meet with Israelis and Ghorbanifar in an attempt to persuade the Iranian to use his influence to release the hostages before any arms transactions occurred; this plan was rejected by Ghorbanifar. 441:, the name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984 aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to Contra militants. By 1984, funding for the Contras had run out; and, in October of that year, a total ban came into effect. The second Boland Amendment, in effect from 3 October 1984 to 3 December 1985, stated: 1123:

was aware of the operation as well and strongly opposed it, in particular the diversion of funds allotted to the Afghan operation. According to his Middle Eastern experts, the operation was pointless because the moderates in Iran were not in a position to challenge the fundamentalists. However, he was overruled by Clair George.

414:, a wide-ranging diplomatic effort to persuade other nations all over the world not to sell arms or spare parts for weapons to Iran. This was at least part of the reason the Iran–Contra affair proved so humiliating for the U.S. when the story first broke in November 1986 that the U.S. itself was selling arms to Iran. 555:

Administration secretly and abruptly changed United States policy." Secret Israeli arms sales and shipments to Iran began in that year, even as, in public, "the Reagan Administration" presented a different face, and "aggressively promoted a public campaign to stop worldwide transfers of military goods to Iran".

862:. Administration officials argued that, regardless of Congress restricting funds for the Contras, or any affair, the President (or in this case the administration) could carry on by seeking alternative means of funding such as private entities and foreign governments. Funding from one foreign country, 1525:

Although Bush publicly insisted that he knew little about the operation, his statements were contradicted by excerpts of his diary released by the White House in January 1993. An entry dated 5 November 1986 stated: "On the news at this time is the question of the hostages... I'm one of the few people

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In January 1987, Congress announced it was opening an investigation into the Iran–Contra affair. Depending upon one's political perspective, the Congressional investigation into the Iran–Contra affair was either an attempt by the legislative arm to gain control over an out-of-control executive arm, a

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What is involved is that in the course of the arms transfers, which involved the United States providing the arms to Israel and Israel in turn transferring the arms -- in effect, selling the arms to representatives of Iran. Certain monies which were received in the transaction between representatives

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explains: "Iran at that time was in dire need of arms and spare parts for its American-made arsenal to defend itself against Iraq, which had attacked it in September 1980", while "Israel was interested in keeping the war between Iran and Iraq going to ensure that these two potential enemies remained

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that supplied arms to the Contras. It was ostensibly a private sector operation, but in fact was controlled by the NSC. To fund "the Enterprise", the Reagan administration was constantly on the look-out for funds that came from outside the U.S. government in order not to explicitly violate the letter

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A few months ago I told the American people I did not trade arms for hostages. My heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and the evidence tell me it is not. As the Tower board reported, what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into

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First, let me say I take full responsibility for my own actions and for those of my administration. As angry as I may be about activities undertaken without my knowledge, I am still accountable for those activities. As disappointed as I may be in some who served me, I'm still the one who must answer

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President Reagan appeared before the Tower Commission on 2 December 1986, to answer questions regarding his involvement in the affair. When asked about his role in authorizing the arms deals, he first stated that he had; later, he appeared to contradict himself by stating that he had no recollection

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later wrote: "Independent Counsel obtained no documentary evidence showing Casey knew about or approved the diversion. The only direct testimony linking Casey to early knowledge of the diversion came from North." Gust Avrakodos, who was responsible for the arms supplies to the Afghans at this time,

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My purpose was to send a signal that the United States was prepared to replace the animosity between with a new relationship . At the same time we undertook this initiative, we made clear that Iran must oppose all forms of international terrorism as a condition of progress in our relationship. The

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who was seen as a leading potential successor to Khomeini and who was alleged to want a rapprochement with the US. The Americans believed that Rafsanjani had the power to order Hezbollah to free the US hostages and establishing a relationship with him by selling Iran arms would ultimately place Iran

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The Reagan administration's policy toward Nicaragua produced a major clash between the executive and legislative branches as Congress sought to limit, if not curb altogether, the ability of the White House to support the Contras. Direct U.S. funding of the Contras insurgency was made illegal through

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In 1994, just five years after leaving office, President Reagan announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Lawrence Walsh, who was appointed Independent Counsel in 1986 to investigate the transactions later implied Reagan's declining health may have played a role in his handling

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The reason I haven't spoken to you before now is this: You deserve the truth. And as frustrating as the waiting has been, I felt it was improper to come to you with sketchy reports, or possibly even erroneous statements, which would then have to be corrected, creating even more doubt and confusion.

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According to Reagan, these Iranians sought to establish a quiet relationship with the US, before establishing formal relationships upon the death of the aging Ayatollah. In Reagan's account, McFarlane told Reagan that the Iranians, to demonstrate their seriousness, offered to persuade the Hezbollah

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When the story broke, many legal and constitutional scholars expressed dismay that the NSC, which was supposed to be just an advisory body to assist the President with formulating foreign policy, had "gone operational" by becoming an executive body covertly executing foreign policy on its own. The

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On 7 January 1986, John Poindexter proposed to Reagan a modification of the approved plan: instead of negotiating with the "moderate" Iranian political group, the US would negotiate with "moderate" members of the Iranian government. Poindexter told Reagan that Ghorbanifar had important connections

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to pass on confidential information from what Reagan later described as the "moderate" Iranian faction headed by Rafsanjani opposed to the Ayatollah's hardline anti-US policies. The visit from McFarlane in Reagan's hospital room was the first visit from an administration official outside of Donald

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as a staging ground for operations against the FSLN and offering to train Contras in Panama, but this would later be overshadowed by the Iran–Contra affair itself. At around the same time, the Soviet Bloc also engaged in arms deals with ideologically opponent buyers, possibly involving some of the

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During the fiscal year 1985 no funds available to the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense or any other agency or entity of the United States involved in intelligence activities may be obligated or expended for the purpose of or which may have the effect of supporting directly or

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to the executive, its efforts to overthrow the government of Nicaragua were a presidential prerogative that Congress had no right to try to halt via the Boland Amendments. By contrast, Congressional leaders argued that the constitution had assigned Congress control of the budget, and Congress had

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and Iran desperately needed weapons and spare parts for its current weapons. After Ronald Reagan took office as president on 20 January 1981 and the hostages were released, he vowed to continue Carter's policy of blocking arms sales to Iran on the grounds that Iran supported terrorism. However, a

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wrote that "Ronald Reagan knew of and approved a great deal of what went on with both the Iranian initiative and private efforts on behalf of the contras and he received regular, detailed briefings on both...I have no doubt that he was told about the use of residuals for the Contras, and that he

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surgery. Reagan's recovery was nothing short of miserable, as the 74-year-old President admitted having little sleep for days in addition to his immense physical discomfort. While doctors seemed to be confident that the surgery was successful, the discovery of his localized cancer was a daunting

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Dynamic political evolution is taking place inside Iran. Instability caused by the pressures of the Iraq-Iran war, economic deterioration and regime in-fighting create the potential for major changes inside Iran. The Soviet Union is better positioned than the U.S. to exploit and benefit from any

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wrote, "U.S. willingness to engage in concessions with Iran and the Hezbollah not only signaled to its adversaries that hostage-taking was an extremely useful instrument in extracting political and financial concessions for the West but also undermined any credibility of U.S. criticism of other

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antitank missiles to Iran, claiming that this would aid the "moderate" Iranian faction, by demonstrating that the group actually had high-level connections to the US government. Reagan initially rejected the plan, until Israel sent information to the US showing that the "moderate" Iranians were

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issued its own report on 18 November 1987, stating that "If the president did not know what his national security advisers were doing, he should have." The Congressional report wrote that the president bore "ultimate responsibility" for wrongdoing by his aides, and his administration exhibited

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of Iraq and the establishment of "a non-hostile regime in Baghdad". In September and October 1986, three more Americans—Frank Reed, Joseph Cicippio, and Edward Tracy—were abducted in Lebanon by a separate terrorist group, who referred to them simply as "G.I. Joe", after the popular US toy. The

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prior to the surgery was a risky and unprecedented decision that smoothly flew under the radar for the duration of the complex situation. While it only lasted slightly longer than the length of the procedure (approximately seven hours and 54 minutes), this temporary transfer of power was never

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In violation of the Boland Amendment, senior officials of the Reagan administration continued to secretly arm and train the Contras and provide arms to Iran, an operation they called "the Enterprise". Given the Contras' heavy dependence on U.S. military and financial support, the second Boland

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During a secret meeting in Frankfurt in October 1986, North told Bahramani that: "Saddam Hussein must go". North also claimed that Reagan had told him to tell Bahramani that: "Saddam Hussein is an asshole." Behramani during a secret meeting in Mainz informed North that Rafsanjani "for his own

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A major legal debate at the center of the Iran–Contra affair concerned the question of whether the NSC was one of the "any other agency or entity of the United States involved in intelligence activities" covered by the Boland Amendment. The Reagan administration argued it was not, and many in

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in 1991, "continuing allegations that Reagan campaign officials made a deal with the Iranian Government of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the fall of 1980" led to "limited investigations". However "limited", those investigations established that "Soon after taking office in 1981, the Reagan

1220:"secrecy, deception and disdain for the law". It also read that "the central remaining question is the role of the President in the Iran–Contra affair. On this critical point, the shredding of documents by Poindexter, North and others, and the death of Casey, leave the record incomplete". 313:

on 7 December 1985 indicate that Reagan was aware of potential hostage transfers with Iran, by Israel, as well as the sale of Hawk and TOW missiles to "moderate elements" within that country. Weinberger wrote that Reagan said "he could answer charges of illegality but he couldn't answer

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There is some question and dispute about precisely the level at which he chose to follow the operation details. There is no doubt, however, ... the President set the US policy towards Nicaragua, with few if any ambiguities, and then left subordinates more or less free to implement

1303:, the leaker of the scandal, was executed in 1987, allegedly for activities unrelated to the scandal. Though Hashemi made a full video confession to numerous serious charges, some observers find the coincidence of his leak and the subsequent prosecution highly suspicious. 580:

power struggle that results in changes from the Iranian regime . The U.S. should encourage Western allies and friends to help Iran meet its import requirements so as to reduce the attractiveness of Soviet assistance . This includes provision of selected military equipment.

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reasons for their abduction are unknown, although it is speculated that they were kidnapped to replace the freed Americans. One more original hostage, David Jacobsen, was later released. The captors promised to release the remaining two, but the release never happened.

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of the Boland Amendment, though the efforts to find alternative funding for the Contras violated the spirit of the Boland Amendment. Ironically, military aid to the Contras was reinstated with Congressional consent in October 1986, a month before the scandal broke.

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from doing the same, was a beneficial move. Although Reagan claims that the arms sales were to a "moderate" faction of Iranians, the Walsh Iran–Contra Report states that the arms sales were "to Iran" itself, which was under the control of the Ayatollah.

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opposed to terrorism and had fought against it. Now having a reason to trust the "moderates", Reagan approved the transaction, which was meant to be between Israel and the "moderates" in Iran, with the US reimbursing Israel. In his 1990 autobiography

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in December 1986 to investigate possible criminal actions by officials involved in the scheme. In the end, several dozen administration officials were indicted, including Weinberger. Eleven convictions resulted, some of which were vacated on appeal.

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preoccupied with each other". Major General Avraham Tamir, a high-ranking Israeli Defense Ministry official in 1981, said there was an "oral agreement" to allow the sale of "spare parts" to Iran. This was based on an "understanding" with Secretary

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The short term dimension concerns the seven hostages; the long term dimension involves the establishment of a private dialogue with Iranian officials on the broader relations . They sought specifically the delivery from Israel of 100 TOW missiles

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in August 1987, Bush stated that he was denied information about the operation and did not know about the diversion of funds. Bush said that he had not advised Reagan to reject the initiative because he had not heard strong objections to it. The

938:, a US arms dealer, who was being used as a contact with Iran, wrote to North: "My judgment is that we have opened up a new and probably better channel into Iran". North was so impressed with Bahramani that he arranged for him to secretly visit 1074:

During the trial, North testified that on 21, 22 or 24 November, he witnessed Poindexter destroy what may have been the only signed copy of a presidential covert-action finding that sought to authorize CIA participation in the November 1985

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partisan "witch hunt" by the Democrats against a Republican administration or a feeble effort by Congress that did far too little to rein in the "imperial presidency" that had run amok by breaking numerous laws. The Democratic-controlled

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system under stress, and the manner in which that system has served eight different presidents since its inception in 1947". The Tower Commission was the first presidential commission to review and evaluate the National Security Council.

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admitted on 25 November that profits from weapons sales to Iran were made available to assist the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. On the same day, John Poindexter resigned, and President Reagan fired Oliver North. Poindexter was replaced by

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militants to release the seven US hostages. McFarlane met with the Israeli intermediaries; Reagan claimed that he allowed this because he believed that establishing relations with a strategically located country, and preventing the

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described the cake as a joke between North and Ghorbanifar. McFarlane met directly with Iranian officials associated with Rafsanjani, who sought to establish US–Iranian relations in an attempt to free the four remaining hostages.

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who was believed to be seeking a rapprochement with the US; after the transaction, the US would reimburse Israel with the same weapons, while receiving monetary benefits. McFarlane in a memo to Shultz and Weinberger wrote:

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Iran-Contra Investigation: Joint Hearings Before the Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition and the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with

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The plan was discussed with President Reagan on 18 July 1985 and again on 6 August 1985. Shultz at the latter meeting warned Reagan that "we were just falling into the arms-for-hostages business and we shouldn't do it".

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Domestically, the affair precipitated a drop in President Reagan's popularity. His approval ratings suffered "the largest single drop for any U.S. president in history", from 67% to 46% in November 1986, according to a

4165: 843:(NSC), proposed a new plan for selling arms to Iran, which included two major adjustments: instead of selling arms through Israel, the sale was to be direct at a markup; and a portion of the proceeds would go to the 10702: 4854: 398:

as the Kremlin could sell Iran weapons if the U.S. would not. The conclusion was that the U.S. should start selling Iran arms as soon as it was politically possible. This was made more difficult politically due to

498:, wrote that the weapons sales to Iran were used "for purposes prohibited by the elected representatives of the American people in a way that avoided accountability to the President and Congress. It was wrong." 463:

Congress argued that it was. The majority of constitutional scholars have asserted the NSC did indeed fall within the purview of the second Boland Amendment, though the amendment did not mention the NSC by name.

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The report published by the Tower Commission was delivered to the president on 26 February 1987. The commission had interviewed 80 witnesses to the scheme, including Reagan, and two of the arms trade middlemen:

526:, using various intermediaries to distance themselves from the deal. Noriega was apparently one of these intermediaries but backed out on the deal as the ship and weapons were seized at a Panamanian port. The 816:

trading arms for hostages, nor were we negotiating with terrorists". In his notes of a meeting held in the White House on 7 December 1985, Weinberger wrote he told Reagan that this plan was illegal, writing:

564:(which a Haig adviser denied). This account was confirmed by a former senior US diplomat with a few modifications. The diplomat claimed that " Sharon violated it, and Haig backed away". A former "high-level" 1400:

was indicted on 16 charges. A jury convicted him of accepting an illegal gratuity, obstruction of a Congressional inquiry, and destruction of documents. The convictions were overturned on appeal because his

991:, who was captured by Nicaraguan authorities after surviving the plane crash, initially alleged in a press conference on Nicaraguan soil that two of his coworkers, Max Gomez and Ramon Medina, worked for the 568:(CIA) official who saw reports of arms sales to Iran by Israel in the early 1980s estimated that the total was about $ 2 billion a year—but also said, "The degree to which it was sanctioned I don't know." 821:

I argued strongly that we have an embargo that makes arms sales to Iran illegal and President couldn't violate it and that 'washing' transactions through Israel wouldn't make it legal. Shultz, Don Regan

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Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, with supplemental minority and additional views, H. Doc 100–433, S. Doc 100–216, 00th Congress, 1st sess., 13 November 1987,

1157:. The main objectives of the commission were to inquire into "the circumstances surrounding the Iran–Contra matter, other case studies that might reveal strengths and weaknesses in the operation of the 773:

The first arms sales to Iran began in 1981, though the official paper trail has them beginning in 1985 (see above). On 20 August 1985, Israel sent 96 US-made TOW missiles to Iran through an arms dealer

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Reagan's role in these transactions is still not definitively known. It is unclear exactly what Reagan knew and when, and whether the arms sales were motivated by his desire to save the U.S. hostages.

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regarding a Senate inquiry into them. Bush added the briefing with Durenberger left him with the feeling he had "been deliberately excluded from key meetings involving details of the Iran operation".

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chronicled the role of the CIA in facilitating the transfer of funds from the Iran arms sales to the Nicaraguan Contras spearheaded by Oliver North. According to Woodward, then-Director of the CIA

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North frequently met with Bahramani in the summer and autumn of 1986 in West Germany, discussing arms sales to Iran, the freeing of hostages held by Hezbollah and how best to overthrow President

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on 4 March 1987, and in two other speeches. Reagan had not spoken to the American people directly for three months amidst the scandal, and he offered the following explanation for his silence:

433:. Almost from the time he took office in 1981, a major goal of the Reagan administration was the overthrow of the left-wing Sandinista government in Nicaragua and to support the Contra rebels. 2482: 10695: 10186: 9677: 3651: 1439:. An ex-CIA senior official, he was indicted in November 1991 on seven counts of perjury and false statements relating to a November 1985 shipment to Iran. Pardoned before trial by President 9343: 5309: 6642: 9535: 6216: 43: 10012: 4460: 3734: 1426: 478:

As part of the effort to circumvent the Boland Amendment, the NSC established "the Enterprise", an arms-smuggling network headed by a retired U.S. Air Force officer turned arms dealer

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release US hostages in Lebanon in exchange for Israelis shipping Iran US weapons. Having been designated a State Sponsor of Terrorism since January 1984, Iran was in the midst of the

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was highly negative, writing on his copy of McFarlane's paper: "This is almost too absurd to comment on like asking Qaddafi to Washington for a cozy chat." Secretary of State

9505: 5951: 4157: 2054: 5721: 10715: 1975: 1585: 1501:, stating that he began to develop misgivings about the Iran initiative. He wrote that he did not learn the full extent of the Iran dealings until he was briefed by Senator 4927: 4709: 2598: 1518:

told Bush that his unwillingness to speak about the scandal led "people to say 'either George Bush was irrelevant or he was ineffective, he set himself outside of the loop.

1118:, and, according to his wife, was unable to communicate. On 6 May 1987, William Casey died the day after Congress began public hearings on Iran–Contra. Independent Counsel 6568: 6184: 4846: 11126: 11076: 9833: 9558: 6920: 3302: 1936: 1814: 1405:

rights may have been violated by use of his immunized public testimony and because the judge had incorrectly explained the crime of destruction of documents to the jury.

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Jonathan Scott Royster, Liaison to Oliver North, was given immunity from prosecution on charges of conspiracy and destroying documents in exchange for his testimony.

1114:

admitted to him in February 1987 that he was aware of the diversion of funds to the Contras. The controversial admission occurred while Casey was hospitalized for a

630:

and could find few Western nations willing to supply it with weapons. The idea behind the plan was for Israel to ship weapons through an intermediary (identified as

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led to a small controversy, as the Panama and Peru governments in 1986 accused the U.S. and each other of being involved in the East Germany-originated shipment.

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The Iran-Contra Affair 30 Years Later: A Milestone in Post-Truth Politics: Declassified Records Recall Official Deception in the Name of Protecting a Presidency

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On 25 November 1986, President Reagan announced the creation of a Special Review Board to look into the matter; the following day, he appointed former Senator

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The broader constitutional question at stake was the power of Congress versus the power of the presidency. The Reagan administration argued that, because the

10952: 10860: 10497: 10154: 8819: 5590: 5066: 4747: 3712: 2685: 403:'s openly declared goal of exporting his Islamic revolution all over the Middle East and overthrowing the governments of Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the 5411: 4592: 4074: 3680: 1352:, National Security Adviser, convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years of probation. Later pardoned by President 303: 10562: 9490: 6628: 4381:

Pichirallo, Joe (12 March 1988). "McFarlane Enters Guilty Plea Arising From Iran-Contra Affair; Former Reagan Adviser Withheld Information From Congress".

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of Israel and representatives of Iran were taken and made available to the forces in Central America, which are opposing the Sandinista government there.

1028:

by concealing them in her boots and dress. North's explanation for destroying some documents was to protect the lives of individuals involved in Iran and

268:, an expatriate Iranian arms dealer. Some within the Reagan administration hoped the sales would influence Iran to get Hezbollah to release the hostages. 11208: 11150: 9747: 9707: 9530: 9525: 9520: 8542: 8532: 6732: 6309: 6126: 6080: 5700: 3007: 9828: 8338: 8185: 6480: 6193: 5824: 874:

account number. A Swiss businessperson, suddenly $ 10 million richer, alerted the authorities of the mistake. The money was eventually returned to the

374:

inherited in January 1979 were U.S.-made. To maintain this arsenal, Iran required a steady supply of spare parts to replace those broken and worn out.

4990: 4530: 4491: 3448: 11138: 10900: 10212: 9667: 9485: 9256: 5656: 4256: 2474: 1402: 1376:, Chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force, convicted of withholding evidence and sentenced to one year probation. Later pardoned by President 1020:, testified extensively about helping North alter and shred official US National Security Council (NSC) documents from the White House. According to 1008:

most significant step which Iran could take, we indicated, would be to use its influence in Lebanon to secure the release of all hostages held there.

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The Iran–Contra affair and the ensuing deception to protect senior administration officials (including President Reagan) was cast as an example of

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wrote a National Security Decision Directive which called for the US to begin a rapprochement with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The paper read:

572: 339: 4647: 2120: 1411:, Oliver North's secretary, was given immunity from prosecution on charges of conspiracy and destroying documents in exchange for her testimony. 9958: 9938: 9908: 9796: 9397: 9392: 9328: 8508: 7087: 5863: 2575: 4452: 3381: 2090: 1538:, President George H. W. Bush pardoned five administration officials who had been found guilty on charges relating to the affair. They were: 11131: 10884: 10104: 8495: 6053: 6046: 5967: 3927: 3049: 2150: 1743: 1612: 1429:

overturned the convictions on 15 November 1991 for the same reason the court had overturned Oliver North's, and by the same 2 to 1 vote. The

858:

Both the sale of weapons to Iran and the funding of the Contras attempted to circumvent not only stated administration policy, but also the

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The US delegation comprised McFarlane, North, Cave (a retired CIA officer who served as the group's translator), Teicher, Israeli diplomat

689:

While the President was recovering in the hospital, McFarlane met with him and told him that representatives from Israel had contacted the

665: 6773: 5458: 5416: 5407: 4614: 778:. Subsequently, on 14 September 1985, 408 more TOW missiles were delivered. On 15 September 1985, following the second delivery, Reverend 10577: 10469: 9768: 9699: 9443: 9174: 8522: 8284: 8099: 6323: 5498: 5161: 4815: 2631: 1804: 852: 1024:, enough documents were put into a government shredder to jam it. Hall also testified that she smuggled classified documents out of the 10572: 10557: 10522: 10492: 10262: 10129: 9970: 8865: 8811: 8775: 8348: 7737: 6258: 6002: 5707: 5484: 4553: 4199: 3790: 1689:

The Office of Independent Counsel/Walsh investigation produced four interim reports to Congress. Its final report was published as the

1268:". The Republican-written "Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair" made the following conclusion: 1045: 5517: 5471: 3343: 1497:

quoted him as stating, "We were not in the loop." The following month, Bush recounted meeting Nir in his September 1987 autobiography

1255:

trading arms for hostages. This runs counter to my own beliefs, to administration policy, and to the original strategy we had in mind.

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Robert McFarlane resigned on 4 December 1985, stating that he wanted to spend more time with his family, and was replaced by Admiral

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every right to use that power not to fund projects they disapproved of, such as attempting to overthrow the government of Nicaragua.

2043: 306:, the evidence is disputed as to whether he personally authorized the diversion of funds to the Contras. Handwritten notes taken by 11356: 10542: 8780: 8692: 8678: 8537: 8488: 8441: 8436: 8383: 8333: 8278: 7781: 7646: 7458: 6496: 6265: 5891: 5642: 5617: 5608: 5044: 1535: 1288:

poll. The "Teflon President", as Reagan was nicknamed by critics, survived the affair, however, and his approval rating recovered.

5137: 5105:

25 November 2016; National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 567; Edited by Malcolm Byrne, Retrieved 26 November 2016.

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that know fully the details, and there is a lot of flak and misinformation out there. It is not a subject we can talk about..."

331:. Neither investigation found evidence that President Reagan himself knew of the extent of the multiple programs. Additionally, 10257: 10114: 9843: 9722: 9625: 9417: 9407: 8431: 8270: 8255: 8180: 8163: 6119: 6110: 5663: 3294: 1733: 1566: 1250:

Finally, the president acknowledged that his previous assertions that the U.S. did not trade arms for hostages were incorrect:

983:

This was the first public report of the weapons-for-hostages deal. The operation was discovered only after an airlift of guns (

137: 5545: 3587: 2785: 1959: 1920: 1628:

1987–88). A closed Executive Session heard classified testimony from North and Poindexter; this transcript was published in a

1366:, convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years probation. Later pardoned by President 11203: 10599: 9995: 9965: 9292: 8860: 8757: 8665: 8410: 8292: 8249: 8114: 7082: 7077: 7064: 6785: 6561: 6300: 6237: 6177: 6062: 5734: 5535: 5375: 5288: 5255: 3099: 2551: 2316: 2173: 1839: 1634:

Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair With Supplemental, Minority, and Additional Views

1307:

of the situation. However, Walsh did note that he believed President Reagan's "instincts for the country's good were right".

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destroyed or hid pertinent documents between 21 November and 25 November 1986. During North's trial in 1989, his secretary,

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Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of How the Wildest Man in Congress and a Rogue CIA Agent Changed the History

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royster, North Trial Testimony, 3/22/89, pp. 5311–5317, and 3/23/89 pp. 5373–5380, 5386–5386; Chapter 6 Scott Royster 148

4337: 3229: 634:) to the Islamic Republic as a way of aiding a supposedly moderate, politically influential faction within the regime of 5649: 446:

indirectly military or paramilitary operations in Nicaragua by any nation, organization, group, movement, or individual.

133: 11301: 11296: 11291: 10547: 10409: 10072: 9500: 9277: 8764: 8527: 8388: 8320: 8260: 8054: 7557: 7547: 7463: 6763: 6726: 4777: 1723: 1430: 1331: 806: 307: 17: 1032:

operations. It was not until 1993, years after the trial, that North's notebooks were made public, and only after the

10237: 10217: 10180: 10099: 9985: 9980: 9861: 9372: 8426: 8416: 7952: 7589: 7426: 7009: 6797: 6510: 5923: 4037: 3050:"Letter Accepting the Resignation of Robert C. McFarlane as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs" 2458: 1969: 1930: 1683: 467: 261: 6904: 6899: 6839: 6834: 5114: 826:

Weinberger's notes have Reagan saying he "could answer charges of illegality but he couldn't answer charge [

9903: 9791: 9757: 9662: 9351: 8725: 7979: 7808: 7641: 7601: 7480: 7014: 6815: 6415: 6364: 6209: 5974: 5959: 5693: 4503:

Hall, North Trial Testimony, 3/22/89, pp. 5311–5316, and 3/23/89, pp. 5373–5380, 5385–5387; Chapter 5 Fawn Hall 147

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story, and, 10 days after the story was first published, President Reagan appeared on national television from the

799: 495: 6894: 6883: 4584: 4078: 3702: 2002: 11346: 11286: 10507: 10324: 9975: 9918: 9635: 8926: 8660: 8616: 8012: 7510: 7366: 6607: 6371: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5213: 4101: 3673: 2755: 1644: 543: 347: 6856: 5221:

Hicks, D. Bruce (1996). "Presidential Foreign Policy Prerogative after the Iran–Contra Affair: A Review Essay".

290:

government of Nicaragua. North later claimed that Ghorbanifar had given him the idea for diverting profits from

11336: 9913: 9898: 9642: 9402: 8396: 8265: 8032: 6779: 6443: 4308: 1473:, chose not to re-try North or Poindexter. In total, several dozen people were investigated by Walsh's office. 1080: 1063: 976:, an unnamed former military officer told him that the leak may have been orchestrated by a covert team led by 9448: 6878: 4333: 2851:

Gilbert, Robert E. (2014). "The politics of presidential illness: Ronald Reagan and the Iran-Contra Scandal".

1661:

Preliminary Inquiry into the Sale of Arms to Iran and Possible Diversion of Funds to the Nicaraguan Resistance

9848: 9776: 9453: 9111: 8720: 8705: 8640: 8630: 8601: 8591: 8129: 6538: 6524: 6408: 6378: 6230: 6140: 1096: 984: 1296:

states' deviation from the principles of no-negotiation and no concession to terrorists and their demands."

980:, assistant to the chair of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, due to fears the scheme had grown out of control. 282:(NSC) diverted a portion of the proceeds from the Iranian weapon sales to fund the Contras, a group of anti- 10680: 10109: 10094: 9752: 9480: 8710: 8684: 8670: 8645: 8635: 8586: 8502: 8109: 7619: 7393: 7287: 7072: 6998: 6767: 6582: 6436: 6039: 5944: 4522: 4487: 3434: 1793: 840: 332: 4252: 209:. Between 1981 and 1986, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the illegal sale of arms to 69: 10379: 10227: 10119: 9806: 9515: 9140: 9036: 8606: 7875: 7252: 7217: 6251: 6103: 6096: 5599: 5490: 992: 565: 4881: 3610: 3373: 1665:

Were Relevant Documents Withheld from the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair?

451:

Amendment threatened to break the Contra movement and led to President Reagan ordering in 1984 that the

11351: 11107: 10654: 10629: 10604: 9990: 9682: 9672: 8730: 8715: 8580: 8094: 7436: 7212: 7182: 7147: 6937: 6598: 6244: 5391: 1738: 783: 593: 539: 395: 5438: 2112: 10912: 10777: 10149: 10050: 9948: 9220: 9205: 9195: 9154: 9076: 9041: 8611: 7678: 7505: 7475: 7244: 6429: 6154: 6069: 5981: 5479: 5067:"William P. Barr Oral History, Assistant Attorney General; Deputy Attorney General; Attorney General" 1768: 1758: 1033: 11100: 2475:"Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega's complex US ties suggest lessons for Trump era, historians say" 706:

Following the Israeli–US meeting, Israel requested permission from the US to sell a small number of

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The official justification for the arms shipments was that they were part of an operation to free

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Reagan expressed regret with regard to the situation in a nationally televised address from the

1169:

President Reagan (center) receives the Tower Commission Report in the White House Cabinet Room;

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At the same time that the U.S. government was considering its options on selling arms to Iran,

378: 249: 238: 234: 165: 38: 6620: 5494: 5157: 4807: 2621: 995:. He later said he did not know whether they did or not. The Iranian government confirmed the 11029: 10552: 10502: 10374: 10089: 10084: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10022: 9781: 9727: 9031: 9026: 8901: 8624: 8175: 8158: 8134: 8027: 8022: 7969: 7791: 7759: 7567: 7552: 7142: 7117: 7102: 6466: 6161: 5995: 5187:

Canham-Clyne, John (1992). "Business as Usual: Iran–Contra and the National Security State".

3794: 2626: 1470: 367: 206: 4188: 1425:, defrauding the government, and the alteration and destruction of evidence. A panel of the 10474: 9953: 9943: 9737: 9510: 9438: 9302: 9121: 9086: 8991: 8966: 8655: 8152: 8104: 8044: 7880: 7801: 7661: 7584: 7542: 7421: 7371: 7356: 7339: 7239: 7127: 7097: 6931: 6844: 6687: 5900: 5870: 5751: 4748:"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Averting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'" 2591:"The Chinese and Soviets had a bigger role in supporting apartheid than we previously knew" 1656: 1193: 977: 775: 652:

The Americans believed that there was a moderate faction in the Islamic Republic headed by

631: 596:

in January 1984, how could the US possibly sell arms to Iran? Only the Director of the CIA

265: 157: 5568: 5468: 4523:"United States of America v. John M. Poindexter, Appellant, 951 F.2d 369 (D.C. Cir. 1992)" 4278: 1386:, Chief of Covert Ops-CIA, convicted on two charges of perjury, but pardoned by President 8: 11234: 10793: 9717: 9568: 9412: 9106: 9056: 9011: 9001: 8986: 8976: 8961: 8941: 8916: 8906: 8896: 8650: 8470: 8460: 7902: 7651: 7344: 7262: 7257: 7207: 7107: 6975: 6751: 6677: 5628: 3707: 1600: 1466: 1349: 5877: 5546:

Personal accounts of the U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon and other State Department officials

5040: 11341: 11186: 10877: 10748: 10711: 10619: 10594: 10429: 10404: 10389: 10364: 10354: 10304: 10274: 10159: 10134: 9712: 9563: 9126: 9101: 9006: 8946: 8921: 8891: 8881: 8480: 8475: 8465: 8455: 8168: 8146: 7666: 7525: 7500: 7470: 7431: 7314: 7157: 6850: 6681: 5743: 5304: 5230: 5196: 5145: 5134: 3992: 3903: 3276: 3268: 2876: 2569: 1522:" Bush replied, "May I explain what I mean by 'out of the loop'? No operational role." 550: 400: 363: 272: 217:

at the time. The administration hoped to use the proceeds of the arms sale to fund the

5020:

Doppler, Jack (January 1993). "No Longer News: The Trial of the Century That Wasn't".

11012: 10923: 10829: 10820: 10727: 10279: 10202: 10017: 9823: 9583: 9553: 9470: 9298: 9061: 9016: 8956: 8931: 8886: 8829: 8066: 7897: 7710: 7297: 7092: 7053: 5988: 5371: 5341: 5284: 5251: 5244: 4949: 3907: 3440: 3280: 2868: 2557: 2547: 2454: 1965: 1926: 1679: 1588: 1574: 1502: 1446: 1440: 1387: 1377: 1367: 1353: 1343: 1327: 848: 809: 635: 627: 585: 411: 390: 310: 202: 141: 75: 57: 5364: 3374:"Calls President Courageous but Weak : Iranian Exhibits Bible Signed by Reagan" 2880: 966:, a senior official in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, the Lebanese magazine 10772: 10647: 10624: 10614: 10587: 10582: 10532: 10527: 10439: 10359: 10242: 10077: 9881: 9853: 9615: 9465: 9433: 9091: 8971: 8936: 8834: 8749: 8744: 8235: 7673: 7636: 7562: 7520: 7416: 7376: 7177: 7172: 6861: 6826: 6693: 6223: 5402: 5279: 3982: 3895: 3583: 3430: 3260: 2860: 2781: 1801:(the transfer of PLO weapons which were seized by Israel in Lebanon to the Contras) 1788: 1510: 1458: 1184: 1154: 1132: 1111: 931: 875: 859: 713: 597: 438: 346:

The rest of those indicted or convicted were all pardoned in the final days of the

328: 230: 186: 178: 5531: 5487:– Middle East Review of International Affairs, June, 2007 article by Nathan Thrall 3429: 2181: 327:

The affair was investigated by Congress and by the three-person, Reagan-appointed

11064: 11057: 11048: 10965: 10841: 10731: 10339: 10319: 10299: 10289: 9886: 9816: 9762: 9630: 9159: 9096: 9051: 8951: 7957: 7890: 7786: 7747: 7631: 7574: 7446: 7349: 7247: 7167: 7162: 7112: 6671: 6665: 6503: 6330: 5833: 5539: 5525: 5502: 5475: 5462: 5447: 5398: 5333: 5209: 5141: 5121: 5102: 4842: 2541: 2210: 1863: 1843: 1834: 1578: 1548: 1436: 1418: 1292: 1197: 1146: 988: 795: 161: 4422:"North, Poindexter and 2 Others Indicted on Iran-Contra Fraud and Theft Charges" 3899: 2654: 11258: 11214: 11198: 11118: 10988: 10960: 10931: 10917: 10905: 10896: 10848: 10800: 10784: 10454: 10449: 10269: 9742: 8839: 7907: 7885: 7863: 7841: 7836: 7361: 7292: 7222: 6967: 6867: 2835:

The Fighting Never Stopped: A Comprehensive Guide To World Conflicts Since 1945

1542: 1359: 1280: 1119: 1088: 1037: 946: 935: 923: 895: 891: 683: 679: 604: 561: 510:

same players as the Iran–Contra affair. In 1986, a complex operation involving

502: 479: 407:, which led to the Americans perceiving Khomeini as a major threat to the U.S. 404: 335: 5337: 3225: 2561: 1581:

advised the President on these pardons, especially that of Caspar Weinberger.

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Fisher, Louis (1988). "Foreign Policy Powers of the President and Congress".

2142: 2082: 1373: 1300: 1174: 1142: 973: 963: 939: 907: 802: 779: 589: 522:

ultimately aimed to sell Soviet arms and military vehicles to South Africa's

299: 79: 34: 10710: 5345: 4654:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Journal wire services. 17 September 1991. p. A6 3444: 320:] that 'big strong President Reagan passed up a chance to free hostages. 11191: 11087: 10824: 10788: 10736: 10512: 10444: 10414: 10314: 8038: 7974: 7515: 5532:

Iran–Contra: Reagan's Scandal and the Unchecked Abuse of Presidential Power

5210:

Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran–Contra Affair

3703:"washingtonpost.com: Hall Testifies of Necessity 'To Go Above Written Law'" 3439:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 237. 2872: 2434:

Payton, Brenda (4 April 1988). "Is U.S. Backing Contras with Drug Funds?".

1714: 1560: 1452: 1393: 1383: 1319: 1260: 1107: 1013: 836: 699: 669: 619: 618:

for help in the sale of arms to Iran. Having talked to an Israeli diplomat

615: 511: 491: 386: 382: 275: 214: 153: 87: 5354: 4991:"Excerpts From the Portions of Bush's Diaries Released by the White House" 3251:

Fisher, Louis (1989). "How Tightly Can Congress Draw the Purse Strings?".

2896:"From the Archives: Ronald Regan first invoked the 25th Amendment in 1985" 1846:. The National Security Archive (George Washington University), 2006-11-24 1659:

for those bodies. The Senate Intelligence Committee produced two reports:

11222: 10984: 10889: 10537: 10464: 10434: 10419: 10384: 9475: 7930: 7858: 7774: 7594: 7319: 6873: 6698: 6355: 5506: 1485:

briefed Vice President Bush in Jerusalem about the weapon sales to Iran.

1229: 1083: 1076: 1066: 1000: 746: 295: 91: 5300:"Eight Important Days in November: Unraveling of the Iran–Contra Affair" 5234: 5200: 1315: 11246: 11179: 11155: 10853: 10459: 10284: 10232: 10000: 8017: 7925: 7831: 7764: 7537: 5325: 4985: 4983: 4961: 4876: 4874: 4872: 3272: 1998: 1554: 1515: 1482: 1170: 1138: 968: 903: 871: 736: 707: 291: 7853: 4837: 4835: 4833: 3996: 622:

and Ledeen, McFarlane learned that the Iranians were prepared to have

11143: 11068: 10943: 10640: 7683: 7302: 7152: 6286: 6023: 6016: 5431: 3396: 1636:(U.S. GPO 17 November 1987). The records of the committee are at the 1629: 1408: 1017: 919: 867: 786:. On 24 November 1985, 18 Hawk antiaircraft missiles were delivered. 623: 430: 287: 257: 226: 145: 6217:

Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

4980: 4869: 4238:

Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran

3264: 2864: 1708: 1421:

was convicted of five counts of conspiracy, obstruction of justice,

1203: 260:, an Islamist paramilitary group with Iranian ties connected to the 11041: 9678:

Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites

9573: 8059: 7997: 7769: 7688: 6009: 5840: 4830: 3987: 3970: 3584:"Why Secret 1986 U.S.–Iran "Arms for Hostages" Negotiations Failed" 3301:(National ed.). Associated Press. 22 July 1987. sec. A. p. 9. 3008:"Arms, Hostages and Contras: How a Secret Foreign Policy Unraveled" 2506:"Apartheid, guns and money: book lifts the lid on Cold War secrets" 2147:"Address to the Nation on the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy" 2087:"Address to the Nation on the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy" 1625: 1285: 422: 242: 83: 4453:"Civil Liberties Union Asks Court To Quash Iran-Contra Indictment" 3888:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

890:

with a handwritten inscription by Ronald Reagan and, according to

9891: 6925: 5267:

Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis

4360:"Pardons and Commutations Granted by President George H. W. Bush" 1422: 1335: 1029: 844: 418: 298:

missile sales to Iran to the Nicaraguan Contras. While President

253: 218: 205:

in the United States that occurred during the second term of the

149: 11240:

2020 election obstruction efforts and Trump classified materials

10125:

Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act

4621:. Bangor, Maine. Associated Press. 24 December 1992. p. 2. 3507: 3505: 2976: 2708: 2105: 1619:) and held hearings in mid-1987. Transcripts were published as: 379:

stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 52 Americans hostage

11017: 10013:

Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)

6888: 6650: 5355:

Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters

3809: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3156: 3154: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2346:

Corn, David (2 July 1988). "Is There Really A 'Secret Team'?".

2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2113:"Excerpts From the Iran-Contra Report: A Secret Foreign Policy" 1691:

Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters

1115: 883: 863: 812:, the plan was authorized by Reagan, who stated that, "We were 506: 4642: 4640: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3344:"McFarlane Took Cake and Bible to Teheran, Ex-C.I.A. Man Says" 9876: 6545: 5340:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 4240:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 162–166. 3100:"Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs - The Legal Aftermath" 2209:. U.S. Department of Justice. 12 January 2015. Archived from 1749:

Congressional committees investigating the Iran–Contra affair

1617:

Congressional committees investigating the Iran–Contra affair

1241:

Reagan then took full responsibility for the acts committed:

1210:

Congressional committees investigating the Iran–Contra affair

887: 515: 6569:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

6185:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

5357:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 4800: 3556: 3482: 3463: 3413: 3411: 3179: 3151: 2988: 2720: 2257: 2207:"Pardons Granted by President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)" 1922:

Saving the Reagan Presidency: Trust Is the Coin of the Realm

9346: 6921:

United States involvement in regime change in Latin America

5598: 5485:

How the Reagan Administration Taught Iran the Wrong Lessons

4637: 3821: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 1961:

Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War

1815:

United States involvement in regime change in Latin America

1188:, Reagan acknowledges authorizing the shipments to Israel. 942:

and gave him a guided tour at midnight of the White House.

9496:

Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani

5133:

The two Senate Intelligence Committee reports are online:

4724: 4401: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3030: 2954: 2952: 720: 600:

supported McFarlane's plan to start selling arms to Iran.

11058:

1992 Bush administration search of Clinton passport files

9802:

United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil

5518:

The Importance of the Iran–Contra Scandal, 25 Years Later

4920:"George H.W. Bush's Mixed Legacy in a Reagan-Era Scandal" 3852: 3544: 3532: 3408: 2937: 972:

exposed the arrangement on 3 November 1986. According to

828: 316: 264:. The idea to exchange arms for hostages was proposed by 10028:

Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections

9934:

December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria

6317:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

5478:: Documents Spotlight Role of Reagan, Top Aides. By the 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4702:"Albert Hakim, Figure in Iran-Contra Affair, Dies at 66" 3735:"Transcript of Attorney General Meese's News Conference" 3575: 3522: 3520: 3322: 3320: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3068: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2384: 592:

was also opposed, stating that having designated Iran a

366:, the U.S. was the largest seller of arms to Iran under 9461:

Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights

4675:"Hakim, one company plead guilty to Iran-Contra counts" 4389: 4217: 3840: 3650:(National ed.). 12 October 1986. p. 4004001. 3191: 2949: 2686:"U.S. Said to Have Allowed Israel to Sell Arms to Iran" 2374: 2372: 2359: 2357: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 1784:

List of federal political scandals in the United States

682:, and the president pro tempore of the senate, Senator 74:

Reagan meets with (left to right) Secretary of Defense

10145:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

6402:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

4362:. United States Department of Justice. 12 January 2015 3767:(National ed.). 26 November 1986. sec. A. p. 12. 3645:"Nicaragua Downs Plane and Survivor Implicates C.I.A." 3014:(National ed.). 19 November 1987. sec. A. p. 12. 1674:(U.S. GPO 26 February 1987). It was also published as 1069:, White House news conference on November 25, 1986 10498:

Academic relations between Iran and the United States

10155:

United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran

5542:) by Malcolm Byrne (University Press of Kansas, 2014) 4904: 3950: 3517: 3317: 3139: 3122: 3080: 2964: 2918: 2800: 1508:

In January 1988 during a live interview with Bush on

245:

by secretively using non-appropriated funds instead.

10563:

Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America

9491:

Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei

6287:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

5324: 3679:(National ed.). 3 November 1986. sec. A. p. 6. 3402: 2655:"The Pia Vesta Caper: A New Dimension To Contragate" 2369: 2354: 2284: 2241:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 290. 2017: 1704: 1534:

On 24 December 1992, after he had been defeated for

9708:

Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner

6733:

United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution

6310:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

5495:"The Secret Government: The Constitution in Crisis" 5158:"Records of Lawrence Walsh relating to Iran/Contra" 4143:

Landslide: The Unmaking of The President, 1984–1988

6481:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers 6194:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 5551: 5363: 5298:Shenon, Philip; Engelberg, Stephen (5 July 1987). 5243: 4009: 2201: 2199: 2135: 1887: 1885: 1603:by Malcolm Byrne of George Washington University. 1577:, who had not yet come to trial. Attorney General 1476: 1153:took effect on 1 December and became known as the 10213:Iranian Students Association in the United States 5421:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 5412:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 5246:The Iran–Contra Scandal: The Declassified History 5041:"Proclamation 6518 – Grant of Executive Clemency" 4954:"Text of Dan Rather's Interview With George Bush" 4741: 4739: 2622:"Danish Ship Caught Carrying Soviet-Made Weapons" 2317:"Secord Is Guilty of One Charge in Contra Affair" 2245: 2239:Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-up 1670:The Tower Commission Report was published as the 1481:On 27 July 1986, Israeli counterterrorism expert 1204:Congressional committees investigating the affair 352:Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up 11278: 9748:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 6997: 6518:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 6460:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 5548:—Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training 3925: 2543:Apartheid guns and money : a tale of profit 1649:House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence 370:, and the vast majority of the weapons that the 6576:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 6294:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 5427:The scandal that almost destroyed Ronald Reagan 5297: 3586:. Washington Report on Middle Eastern Affairs. 2758:. The American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 2196: 1882: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1810:United States foreign policy in the Middle East 1632:format. The joint committee's final report was 286:(FSLN) rebels, in their insurgency against the 9959:February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 9939:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad 9909:Deportation of Iranian students at US airports 9797:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq 9486:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush 9398:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz 9393:Interests Section of Iran in the United States 5338:Report of the President's Special Review Board 5207: 4736: 3436:Report of the President's Special Review Board 3036: 2405:"Ortega, Faulting Reagan, Warns of Coming War" 2077: 2075: 1672:Report of the President's Special Review Board 1346:on 24 December 1992, before he could be tried. 241:, but the Reagan administration figured out a 10696: 10105:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act 9329: 7268:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 6983: 6636: 5968:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 5584: 5241: 4158:"15 Years Later, the Remaking of a President" 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 3569: 3511: 3476: 3185: 3160: 2994: 2982: 2739: 2714: 2449:Powell, Colin L.; Persico, Joseph E. (1995). 2448: 2278: 1744:CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking 1613:Joint Committee of the United States Congress 1342:on 16 June 1992. However, he was pardoned by 1291:Internationally, the damage was more severe. 10223:Organization of Iranian American Communities 8192:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 6453:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 5208:Hamilton, Lee H.; Inouye, Daniel K. (1987). 5186: 5039:Bush, George H. W. (24 December 1992). 4693: 4681:. Modesto, CA. Associated Press. p. 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Official Charged on Iran Arms" 4475: 3986: 3341: 3332: 3226:"Irangate: Iran-Contra affair, 1985–1992" 2149:. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. 2089:. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 1957: 1594: 1246:to the American people for this behavior. 789: 455:"keep the Contras together 'body and soul 410:In the spring of 1983, the U.S. launched 377:In November 1979, after Iranian students 11144:Segal conflict of interest investigation 10543:International Conference on Hollywoodism 9769:America can't do a damn thing against us 9388:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran 9378:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States 6497:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 6266:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 5562:) is being considered for deletion. See 5361: 5264: 5242:Kornbluh, Peter; Byrne, Malcolm (1993). 4882:"Bush Barred From Iran Talks, He Writes" 4745: 4582: 4267:– via WGBH Educational Foundation. 4223: 4099: 4030: 3914: 3846: 3783: 3666: 3637: 3538: 3219: 3217: 3215: 2619: 2314: 2305: 2225: 2171: 1606: 1314: 1182:of doing so. In his 1990 autobiography, 1164: 957: 719: 11362:Political scandals in the United States 11332:1987 controversies in the United States 11327:1986 controversies in the United States 11322:1985 controversies in the United States 10263:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran 7871:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 6395:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 6345:Water Resources Development Act of 1988 6338:Water Resources Development Act of 1986 6148:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 5733: 5513:Condensed article outlining Iran–Contra 5019: 4309:"The Iran-Contra Affair • Levin Center" 4189:"Reagan Approval: Better in Retrospect" 4186: 4038:"Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs" 3753: 2850: 2837:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 253. 2652: 2453:. New York: Random House. p. 341. 2402: 1918: 1693:. 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Islamic Republic of Iran 10140:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act 9981:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 9373:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C. 7590:Assassination of William McKinley 6511:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 5566:to help reach a consensus. › 5509:special on the Iran–Contra Affair 5385: 5353:Walsh, Lawrence (4 August 1993). 4997:. 16 January 1993. sec. 1. p. 8. 4564:from the original on 13 June 2018 4533:from the original on 25 June 2023 4289:from the original on 8 March 2021 3971:"Teaching the Iran-Contra Affair" 3926:Church, George J (2 March 1987). 3771:from the original on 29 June 2019 3683:from the original on 19 July 2018 3654:from the original on 19 July 2018 3305:from the original on 30 June 2009 2696:from the original on 28 July 2018 2589:Plaut, Martin (3 November 2018). 2504:Plaut, Martin (30 October 2018). 2415:from the original on 19 July 2018 2093:from the original on 6 March 2016 1978:from the original on 5 April 2023 1640:, but many are still non-public. 1042:Office of the Independent Counsel 782:was released by his captors, the 742:14 September 1985 – 408 more TOWs 262:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 237:appropriations was prohibited by 10667: 10666: 10470:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees 9792:Disappearance of Robert Levinson 9663:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani 9653:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 9648:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 9355: 9345: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9252: 9251: 7809:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 7602:Nadir of American race relations 7481:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 6416:Expedited Funds Availability Act 6365:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 6210:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 5975:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 5960:We begin bombing in five minutes 5370:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 5150: 5127: 5108: 5089: 5059: 5047:from the original on 14 May 2008 5032: 5013: 4976:– via The Washington Post. 4942: 4930:from the original on 31 May 2019 4918:Welna, David (6 December 2018). 4770: 4666: 4607: 4576: 4545: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4444: 4420:Shenon, Philip (17 March 1988). 4374: 4352: 4326: 4301: 4271: 4244: 4229: 4187:Sussman, Dalia (6 August 2001). 3590:from the original on 7 July 2006 3581: 3431:President's Special Review Board 3232:from the original on 12 May 2011 3110:from the original on 17 May 2022 2762:from the original on 15 May 2008 2620:Guerrero, Alina (18 June 1986). 2060:from the original on 3 June 2010 2053:. 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W. Bush 10115:Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act 9914:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 9899:Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani 9559:United States support for Iraq 9403:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 6444:Dairy Export Incentive Program 5269:. 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(1997). 1958:Valentine, Douglas (2008). 1700: 1676:The Tower Commission Report 755:27 February 1986 – 500 TOWs 752:17 February 1986 – 500 TOWs 566:Central Intelligence Agency 544:Israel in the Iran–Iraq War 10: 11383: 11264:Hunter Biden investigation 11252:Biden classified materials 10806:DOJ corruption allegations 10655:Not for the Faint of Heart 10630:Saint Peter Church, Tehran 10605:American School of Isfahan 10568:State Sponsor of Terrorism 10150:Dames & Moore v. Regan 9991:2022 Erbil missile attacks 9683:Operation Martyr Soleimani 9673:Thirteen revenge scenarios 9643:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 8800: 8562: 8224: 8095:Killing of Osama bin Laden 7183:First Continental Congress 7028: 6895:1976 Argentine coup d'état 6884:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 6245:Medical Waste Tracking Act 6238:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 5722:Presidential proclamations 5451:. Monday 17 November 1986. 5135:senate.gov, 100th Congress 4075:"Speech about Iran Contra" 3611:"The Vice President's Men" 3609:Hersh, Seymour M. (2019). 3037:Hamilton & Inouye 1987 1739:Brokers of Death arms case 1529: 1417:National Security Advisor 1207: 1149:to serve as members. This 1130: 1046:Freedom of Information Act 784:Islamic Jihad Organization 764:28 October 1986 – 500 TOWs 594:State Sponsor of Terrorism 540:Brokers of Death arms case 537: 396:Soviet sphere of influence 213:, which was subject to an 11302:1987 in American politics 11297:1986 in American politics 11292:1985 in American politics 10778:Oregon land fraud scandal 10723: 10664: 10493:1998 FIFA World Cup match 10485: 10195: 10100:Iran Nonproliferation Act 10051:Maximum pressure campaign 10036: 9949:2021 Erbil rocket attacks 9698: 9546: 9426: 9365: 9273: 9239: 9183: 9147: 9135: 8874: 8848: 8810: 8806: 8795: 8568: 8557: 8230: 8219: 8085: 7988: 7916: 7817: 7728: 7679:Wall Street Crash of 1929 7610: 7491: 7476:Emancipation Proclamation 7407: 7330: 7278: 7245:Articles of Confederation 7198: 7083:Native American epidemics 7063: 7038: 7034: 7023: 7005: 6947: 6913: 6874:1971 Bolivian coup d'état 6857:1964 Bolivian coup d'état 6825: 6780:Second Occupation of Cuba 6742: 6707: 6658: 6592: 6430:Food Security Act of 1985 6354: 6331:Water Quality Act of 1987 6155:Armed Career Criminal Act 6079: 5823: 5760:Joint session of Congress 5607: 5480:National Security Archive 5265:Ranstorp, Magnus (1997). 3570:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3512:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3477:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3186:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3161:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2995:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2983:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2756:"The Iran-Contra Scandal" 2740:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2715:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2279:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2051:National Security Archive 1433:refused to hear the case. 1398:National Security Council 1159:National Security Council 1034:National Security Archive 1003:on 13 November, stating: 839:, a military aide to the 609:National Security Adviser 280:National Security Council 129: 121: 98: 67: 55: 10994:Pierce HUD mismanagement 10610:Community School, Tehran 10370:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil 10253:National Council of Iran 10248:Kingdom Assembly of Iran 10170:Bank Markazi v. Peterson 9929:2019 K-1 Air Base attack 9844:Strait of Hormuz dispute 9777:Beirut barracks bombings 9733:Operation Credible Sport 9609:Operation Praying Mantis 9449:1953 Iranian coup d'état 9165:Northern Mariana Islands 7738:Strike wave of 1945–1946 6879:1973 Chilean coup d'état 6768:Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty 6758:First Occupation of Cuba 6273:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 6201:Toxics Release Inventory 5564:templates for discussion 5474:19 February 2015 at the 5408:The Iranian Arms Scandal 5101:23 December 2021 at the 2833:Brogan, Patrick (1989). 1655:and can be found in the 928:Catholic Relief Services 691:National Security Agency 654:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 372:Islamic Republic of Iran 110:– 4 March 1987 102:20 August 1985 11037:Frederick Bernard Lacey 10842:Jordan drug allegations 10120:Kyl–Lieberman Amendment 9867:Nuclear program of Iran 9604:Operation Nimble Archer 9589:Operation Eager Glacier 8700:Middle Eastern American 8517:Technology and industry 7387:Seneca Falls Convention 7188:Continental Association 7088:Settlement of Jamestown 6786:Occupation of Nicaragua 6774:Occupations of Honduras 6599:← Carter administration 6033:American Homecoming Act 5917:Constructive engagement 5680:Administration scandals 5538:4 February 2015 at the 5397:17 January 2019 at the 5250:. New York: New Press. 1919:Abshire, David (2005). 1799:Operation Tipped Kettle 1151:Presidential Commission 197:and more rarely as the 31: 11347:CIA activities in Iran 11082:Whitewater controversy 11025:Malcolm Richard Wilkey 10866:Kraft drug allegations 10635:Tehran American School 10518:CIA activities in Iran 10196:Groups and individuals 10175:Certain Iranian Assets 10165:United States v. Banki 9904:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou 9688:2020 Camp Taji attacks 9599:Operation Prime Chance 9594:Operation Earnest Will 9454:Abadan Crisis Timeline 8820:Admission to the Union 8186:Afghanistan withdrawal 8181:January 6 insurrection 8100:Rise in mass shootings 8072:Virginia Tech shooting 7625:Paris Peace Conference 7399:Second Great Awakening 7138:American Enlightenment 6792:Occupation of Veracruz 6532:Tax Reform Act of 1986 5752:"Tear down this wall!" 5362:Woodward, Bob (1987). 4490: (D.C. Cir.), 3871:Crile, George (2003). 3615:London Review of Books 1663:(2 February 1987) and 1595:Modern interpretations 1340:obstruction of justice 1323: 1275: 1257: 1248: 1239: 1217:United States Congress 1178: 1059: 1010: 824: 790:Modifications in plans 745:24 November 1985 – 18 725: 646: 613:Israeli Prime Minister 582: 448: 190: 166:Manuel Antonio Noriega 44:considered for merging 11337:Nicaraguan Revolution 11030:House banking scandal 10854:Carter business loans 10553:Iranian frozen assets 10375:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan 10090:Executive Order 13876 10085:Executive Order 13780 10068:Executive Order 13769 10063:Executive Order 12172 10058:Executive Order 12170 10023:Tower 22 drone attack 9782:Khobar Towers bombing 9728:Guadeloupe Conference 8812:Territorial evolution 8176:George Floyd Protests 8159:Unite the Right rally 8028:Oklahoma City bombing 8023:Republican Revolution 7970:Space Shuttle program 7792:Civil Rights Movement 7760:North Atlantic Treaty 7568:Sherman Antitrust Act 7553:Chinese Exclusion Act 7143:French and Indian War 7133:Prelude to Revolution 7118:First Great Awakening 7078:European colonization 6608:Bush administration → 6162:Sentencing Reform Act 6070:Exon–Florio Amendment 5996:Executive Order 12333 5982:Goldwater–Nichols Act 5657:Judicial appointments 5643:Assassination attempt 5461:14 March 2021 at the 4652:The Milwaukee Journal 4615:"Iran-Contra Pardons" 4338:Department of Defense 3224:Avery, Steve (2005). 2627:Associated Press News 1842:20 March 2015 at the 1769:Iraq–Israel relations 1759:Iran–Israel relations 1607:Reports and documents 1488:In an interview with 1318: 1270: 1252: 1243: 1234: 1168: 1081:U.S. Attorney General 1064:U.S. Attorney General 1054: 1005: 958:Discovery and scandal 853:Sandinista government 819: 749:antiaircraft missiles 723: 641: 577: 443: 368:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 207:Reagan administration 134:Reagan administration 86:, and Chief of Staff 78:, Secretary of State 10716:independent counsels 10475:Abdul Majid Muhammed 10208:Iran–America Society 9954:2021 Natanz incident 9944:2020 Iran explosions 9738:Operation Eagle Claw 9700:Incidents after 1979 9511:Joint Plan of Action 9439:Persian Gulf Command 8726:Palestinian American 8153:Obergefell v. Hodges 8045:September 11 attacks 7881:Second-wave feminism 7802:Cuban Missile Crisis 7662:Bath School disaster 7580:Spanish–American War 7543:The Gospel of Wealth 7422:California Gold Rush 7382:Mexican–American War 7372:Nullification crisis 7340:Era of Good Feelings 7240:Confederation period 7148:Proclamation of 1763 7098:Atlantic slave trade 6932:Cuban Missile Crisis 6845:Bay of Pigs Invasion 6721:Spanish–American War 6715:Mexican–American War 6688:Good Neighbor policy 6090:AIDS crisis response 5864:Soviet Union summits 5524:27 July 2017 at the 5501:11 June 2007 at the 5465:) on History Commons 5336:(26 February 1987). 5189:World Policy Journal 5140:7 April 2011 at the 5120:19 July 2017 at the 4888:. 6 September 1987. 4784:. Brown University. 4488:910 F.2d 843 4279:"Iran-Contra Affair" 4253:"Alzheimer's Letter" 3928:"Tower of Judgement" 3433:(26 February 1987). 2085:(13 November 1986). 1866:. BBC. 6 June 2004. 1657:Congressional Record 1332:Secretary of Defense 1194:Manucher Ghorbanifar 1091:on 2 December 1986. 978:Arthur S. Moreau Jr. 807:Secretary of Defense 776:Manucher Ghorbanifar 769:First few arms sales 735:20 August 1985 – 96 632:Manucher Ghorbanifar 308:Secretary of Defense 266:Manucher Ghorbanifar 158:Manucher Ghorbanifar 10861:Gerald Gallinghouse 10794:Teapot Dome scandal 10712:Special prosecutors 10523:Copyright relations 9862:2016 Naval incident 9718:Iran hostage crisis 9569:Iran Air Flight 655 9481:Island of Stability 9413:Iranian Directorate 9175:U.S. Virgin Islands 8661:Lithuanian American 8617:Vietnamese American 7963:End of the Cold War 7953:Invasion of Grenada 7903:Iran hostage crisis 7652:Tulsa race massacre 7459:Election of Lincoln 7454:Dred Scott decision 7442:Kansas–Nebraska Act 7345:Missouri Compromise 7263:Northwest Ordinance 7253:Pennsylvania Mutiny 7248:and Perpetual Union 7208:American Revolution 7123:War of Jenkins' Ear 6798:Occupation of Haiti 6752:Paraguay expedition 6678:Roosevelt Corollary 6324:1982 VRA Amendments 5952:International trips 5924:Invasion of Grenada 5694:Impeachment efforts 5636:Second inauguration 5629:Release of hostages 5439:"The U.S. and Iran" 5073:. 27 October 2016. 4952:(25 January 1988). 4851:The Washington Post 4814:. 2 December 1988. 4383:The Washington Post 4285:. 17 January 2020. 4162:The Washington Post 3818:, pp. 623–624. 3739:The Washington Post 3708:The Washington Post 3553:, pp. 526–527. 3420:, pp. 520–521. 3380:. 28 January 1987. 3228:. U-S-History.com. 2985:, pp. 214–215. 2717:, pp. 213–214. 2451:My American Journey 2393:, pp. 966–967. 2213:on 23 December 2020 1754:Iran–Iraq relations 1601:post-truth politics 1586:Independent Counsel 1573:Bush also pardoned 1490:The Washington Post 1467:Independent Counsel 1350:Robert C. McFarlane 914:Subsequent dealings 488:My American Journey 486:In his 1995 memoir 421:militants based in 340:independent counsel 250:seven U.S. hostages 195:Iran–Contra scandal 82:, Attorney General 52: 11287:Iran–Contra affair 11187:Patrick Fitzgerald 10937:Iran–Contra affair 10749:Star Route scandal 10620:Iran Bethel School 10595:Alborz High School 10430:Abdolreza Shahlaei 10405:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh 10390:Mohammad Mosaddegh 10365:Amir Mirza Hekmati 10355:Mahmoud Reza Banki 10305:Erwin David Rabhan 10275:Howard Baskerville 10160:Oil Platforms case 10135:Public Law 113-100 9812:2008 Naval dispute 9713:Iranian Revolution 9579:Iran–Contra affair 9564:Bridgeton incident 8825:Historical regions 8781:Transgender people 8339:Capital punishment 8198:Support of Ukraine 8147:Black Lives Matter 8055:War in Afghanistan 7980:Invasion of Panama 7936:Iran–Contra affair 7797:Early–mid Cold War 7667:Harlem Renaissance 7526:Compromise of 1877 7501:Reconstruction era 7437:Fugitive Slave Act 7432:Compromise of 1850 7377:Westward expansion 7315:Louisiana Purchase 7158:Stamp Act Congress 7103:King William's War 6851:Operation Mongoose 6816:Invasion of Panama 6727:Mexican Border War 6682:Big Stick ideology 5931:Iran–Contra affair 5625:First inauguration 5437:Church, George J. 5305:The New York Times 5160:. 4 October 2012. 4995:The New York Times 4752:The New York Times 4706:The New York Times 4589:The New York Times 4558:The New York Times 4494:from the original. 4457:The New York Times 4426:The New York Times 4106:The New York Times 3765:The New York Times 3741:. 26 November 1986 3677:The New York Times 3648:The New York Times 3348:The New York Times 3299:The New York Times 3012:The New York Times 2690:The New York Times 2409:The New York Times 2321:The New York Times 2117:The New York Times 1898:The New York Times 1390:before sentencing. 1364:Secretary of State 1324: 1179: 1177:is at right, 1987. 1079:shipment to Iran. 1022:The New York Times 800:Secretary of State 726: 636:Ayatollah Khomeini 607:, a consultant of 584:Defense Secretary 557:The New York Times 551:The New York Times 534:Arms sales to Iran 401:Ayatollah Khomeini 364:Iranian Revolution 273:Lieutenant Colonel 183:ماجرای ایران-کنترا 175:Iran–Contra affair 51:Iran–Contra affair 50: 18:Iran-Contra affair 11352:Covert operations 11274: 11273: 11151:Carol Elder Bruce 11013:Nicholas John Bua 10924:Morrison v. Olson 10830:Watergate scandal 10821:Henry S. Ruth Jr. 10760:Charles Bonaparte 10728:John B. Henderson 10678: 10677: 10380:Mohammad Hosseini 10280:William J. Fallon 10203:Iran Action Group 10018:2024 Erbil attack 9824:Project Cassandra 9584:Operation Staunch 9471:Project Dark Gene 9311: 9310: 9269: 9268: 9265: 9264: 8830:American frontier 8791: 8790: 8721:Lebanese American 8706:Egyptian American 8641:Estonian American 8631:Albanian American 8625:European American 8602:Japanese American 8592:Filipino American 8553: 8552: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8164:COVID-19 pandemic 8067:Hurricane Katrina 8008:Los Angeles riots 7898:Watergate scandal 7743:Start of Cold War 7711:Manhattan Project 7298:Whiskey Rebellion 7128:King George's War 7093:Thirteen Colonies 7054:Pre-Columbian Era 6965: 6964: 6618: 6617: 5989:Montreal Protocol 5819: 5818: 5810:1988 SOTU Address 5803:1987 SOTU Address 5796:1986 SOTU Address 5789:1985 SOTU Address 5782:1984 SOTU Address 5775:1983 SOTU Address 5768:1982 SOTU Address 5708:Executive actions 5377:978-0-671-60117-1 5290:978-0-671-69198-1 5257:978-1-56584-024-9 4886:Los Angeles Times 4845:(6 August 1987). 4619:Bangor Daily News 4336:(Press release). 4255:(Press release). 3835:Canham-Clyne 1992 3816:Canham-Clyne 1992 3541:, pp. 98–99. 3378:Los Angeles Times 2553:978-1-78738-247-3 1695:National Archives 1678:by Bantam Books ( 1638:National Archives 1589:Lawrence E. Walsh 1575:Caspar Weinberger 1503:David Durenberger 1471:Lawrence E. Walsh 1447:Richard V. Secord 1441:George H. W. Bush 1388:George H. W. Bush 1378:George H. W. Bush 1368:George H. W. Bush 1354:George H. W. Bush 1344:George H. W. Bush 1338:and one count of 1328:Caspar Weinberger 926:, former head of 918:On 26 July 1986, 878:, with interest. 849:guerrilla warfare 810:Caspar Weinberger 739:antitank missiles 586:Caspar Weinberger 412:Operation Staunch 391:Iraq invaded Iran 381:, U.S. President 311:Caspar Weinberger 203:political scandal 171: 170: 142:Caspar Weinberger 76:Caspar Weinberger 16:(Redirected from 11374: 10953:Lawrence Wallace 10773:Francis J. Heney 10705: 10698: 10691: 10682: 10681: 10670: 10669: 10625:Iranzamin School 10615:Damavand College 10588:Alavi Foundation 10583:650 Fifth Avenue 10533:Dual containment 10528:Death to America 10440:Masoud Soleimani 10360:Haleh Esfandiari 10325:Michael R. White 10078:Trump travel ban 9882:Operation Merlin 9621:Yemeni Civil War 9616:Syrian civil war 9466:Exercise Delawar 9434:Persian Corridor 9366:Diplomatic posts 9360: 9359: 9350: 9349: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9315: 9314: 9301: 9291: 9290: 9255: 9254: 9184:Outlying islands 9141:Washington, D.C. 9136:Federal District 8835:Manifest destiny 8808: 8807: 8797: 8796: 8739:Native Americans 8711:Iranian American 8685:Mexican American 8671:Serbian American 8656:Italian American 8646:Finnish American 8636:English American 8587:Chinese American 8574:African American 8559: 8558: 8364:Direct democracy 8354:The Constitution 8313:Higher education 8236:American Century 8221: 8220: 7674:Great Depression 7647:Women's suffrage 7637:Roaring Twenties 7563:Haymarket affair 7521:Enforcement Acts 7310:Jeffersonian era 7258:Shays' Rebellion 7178:Intolerable Acts 7173:Boston Tea Party 7108:Queen Anne's War 7036: 7035: 7025: 7024: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6969: 6968: 6862:Operation Condor 6694:Dollar diplomacy 6645: 6638: 6631: 6622: 6621: 6611: 6602: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6224:Grace Commission 6219: 6212: 6203: 6196: 6187: 6180: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6072: 6065: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5910: 5908:Governors Island 5903: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5755: 5747: 5731: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5715:Executive orders 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5620: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5570: 5569: 5403:Brown University 5381: 5369: 5358: 5349: 5334:Scowcroft, Brent 5321: 5319: 5317: 5294: 5280:An American Life 5270: 5261: 5249: 5238: 5217: 5204: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5148: 5131: 5125: 5112: 5106: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4987: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4958:CBS Evening News 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4915: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4878: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4843:Broder, David S. 4839: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4743: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4644: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4398:, p. xxiii. 4393: 4387: 4386: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4193: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4071: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3990: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3934:. Archived from 3923: 3912: 3911: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3797:on 21 April 2010 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3515: 3509: 3480: 3474: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3406: 3405:, p. B-100. 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3339: 3330: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3056:on 20 March 2014 3052:. 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Archived from 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2145:(4 March 1987). 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2079: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2059: 2048: 2040: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1889: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1860: 1847: 1832: 1789:William Northrop 1717: 1712: 1711: 1567:Robert McFarlane 1521: 1511:CBS Evening News 1459:Thomas G. Clines 1396:, member of the 1267: 1185:An American Life 1155:Tower Commission 1133:Tower Commission 1127:Tower Commission 1112:William J. Casey 1070: 962:After a leak by 932:William J. Casey 876:Sultan of Brunei 860:Boland Amendment 714:An American Life 598:William J. Casey 573:Robert McFarlane 458: 439:Boland Amendment 329:Tower Commission 323: 314:charge [ 231:Boland Amendment 191:Caso Irán-Contra 184: 138:Robert McFarlane 117: 115: 109: 107: 72: 53: 49: 47: 21: 11382: 11381: 11377: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11277: 11276: 11275: 11270: 11163:Ralph Lancaster 11139:Curtis von Kann 11065:Robert B. Fiske 11049:Joseph diGenova 10966:Wedtech scandal 10901:Alexia Morrison 10890:Bechtel scandal 10732:James Broadhead 10719: 10709: 10679: 10674: 10660: 10481: 10340:Saeid Aboutaleb 10320:Craig Wadsworth 10300:Stephen D. Mull 10290:Joseph Macmanus 10191: 10032: 9887:Charming Kitten 9849:RQ-170 incident 9817:Filipino Monkey 9763:Algiers Accords 9694: 9631:Abraham Accords 9542: 9536:U.S. withdrawal 9422: 9361: 9354: 9344: 9342: 9312: 9307: 9261: 9235: 9179: 9143: 9131: 8870: 8844: 8802: 8787: 8693:Jewish American 8666:Polish American 8607:Korean American 8597:Indian American 8564: 8549: 8404:Merchant Marine 8374:Law enforcement 8226: 8207: 8081: 8077:Great Recession 7984: 7958:Reagan Doctrine 7912: 7891:Stonewall riots 7813: 7787:Project Mercury 7748:Truman Doctrine 7724: 7632:First Red Scare 7606: 7575:Progressive Era 7487: 7447:Bleeding Kansas 7403: 7350:Monroe Doctrine 7326: 7274: 7233:Treaty of Paris 7194: 7168:Boston Massacre 7163:Sons of Liberty 7059: 7030: 7019: 7001: 6996: 6966: 6961: 6943: 6909: 6821: 6745:and occupations 6744: 6738: 6703: 6672:Platt Amendment 6666:Monroe Doctrine 6654: 6649: 6619: 6614: 6605: 6596: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6504:Reagan tax cuts 6502: 6495: 6488: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6356:Economic policy 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6199: 6192: 6183: 6176: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6127:Cannabis policy 6125: 6118: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081:Domestic policy 6075: 6068: 6061: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5906: 5899: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5834:Reagan Doctrine 5832: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5758: 5750: 5742: 5729: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5701:Opinion polling 5699: 5692: 5687:Bush transition 5685: 5678: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5623: 5616: 5603: 5597: 5567: 5540:Wayback Machine 5526:Wayback Machine 5503:Wayback Machine 5476:Wayback Machine 5463:Wayback Machine 5399:Wayback Machine 5388: 5378: 5315: 5313: 5291: 5258: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5142:Wayback Machine 5132: 5128: 5122:Wayback Machine 5113: 5109: 5103:Wayback Machine 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5037: 5033: 5018: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4916: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4880: 4879: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4840: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4679:The Modesto Bee 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4646: 4645: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4249: 4245: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4164:. p. C01. 4154: 4150: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4081:on 2 March 2008 4073: 4072: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4008: 4004: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3938:on 8 March 2008 3924: 3915: 3884: 3880: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3483: 3475: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3265:10.2307/2203364 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3222: 3213: 3205: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3174:Washington Post 3171: 3167: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2892: 2888: 2865:10.2990/33_2_58 2849: 2842: 2831: 2820: 2812: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2587: 2583: 2567: 2566: 2554: 2538: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2447: 2443: 2436:Oakland Tribune 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2370: 2362: 2355: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2313: 2306: 2298: 2285: 2277: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2235: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2080: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1972: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1933: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1890: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1862: 1861: 1850: 1844:Wayback Machine 1833: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1713: 1706: 1703: 1609: 1597: 1579:William P. Barr 1549:Duane Clarridge 1532: 1519: 1499:Looking Forward 1479: 1437:Duane Clarridge 1419:John Poindexter 1403:Fifth Amendment 1313: 1293:Magnus Ranstorp 1265: 1226: 1212: 1206: 1198:Adnan Khashoggi 1173:is at left and 1147:Brent Scowcroft 1135: 1129: 1072: 1061: 1053: 989:Eugene Hasenfus 960: 916: 796:John Poindexter 792: 771: 548:As reported in 546: 536: 456: 360: 321: 225:rebel group in 199:Iran Initiative 162:John Poindexter 136:, particularly 113: 111: 105: 103: 94: 48: 32: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11380: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11268: 11267: 11266: 11259:David C. Weiss 11256: 11255: 11254: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11220: 11219: 11218: 11215:Mueller Report 11211: 11206: 11199:Robert Mueller 11196: 11195: 11194: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11172: 11171: 11170: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11127:Daniel Pearson 11124: 11123: 11122: 11119:Barrett Report 11115: 11105: 11104: 11103: 11093: 11092: 11091: 11084: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11053:Michael Zeldin 11046: 11045: 11044: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11018:Inslaw scandal 11010: 11009: 11008: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10989:Larry Thompson 10982: 10981: 10980: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10961:James C. McKay 10958: 10957: 10956: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10932:Lawrence Walsh 10929: 10928: 10927: 10920: 10918:Deaver perjury 10910: 10909: 10908: 10897:James C. McKay 10894: 10893: 10892: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10873:Leon Silverman 10870: 10869: 10868: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10849:Paul J. Curran 10846: 10845: 10844: 10837:Arthur Christy 10834: 10833: 10832: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10801:Newbold Morris 10798: 10797: 10796: 10785:Atlee Pomerene 10782: 10781: 10780: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10708: 10707: 10700: 10693: 10685: 10676: 10675: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10503:American Islam 10500: 10495: 10489: 10487: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10477: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10455:Karan Vafadari 10452: 10450:Kian Tajbakhsh 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10270:Elliott Abrams 10267: 10266: 10265: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10199: 10197: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10042: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9864: 9859: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9743:Canadian Caper 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9715: 9710: 9704: 9702: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9633: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9457: 9456: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9362: 9341: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9318: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9295: 9285: 9283:Historiography 9280: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9221:Navassa Island 9218: 9213: 9208: 9206:Johnston Atoll 9203: 9198: 9196:Howland Island 9193: 9187: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9155:American Samoa 9151: 9149: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9077:South Carolina 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9042:North Carolina 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8866:The West Coast 8863: 8858: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8840:Indian removal 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8804: 8803: 8793: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8761: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8747: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8731:Saudi American 8728: 8723: 8718: 8716:Iraqi American 8713: 8708: 8696: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8651:Irish American 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8581:Asian American 8577: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8509:Sexual slavery 8499: 8492: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8379:Postal service 8376: 8371: 8369:Foreign policy 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8324: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8246: 8239: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8161: 8156: 8149: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8097: 8091: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8047: 8042: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7994: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7945: 7943:Crack epidemic 7940: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7922: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7908:Moral Majority 7905: 7900: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7886:Gay liberation 7883: 7878: 7876:Counterculture 7873: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7864:Fall of Saigon 7861: 7856: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7842:Apollo program 7839: 7837:Project Gemini 7829: 7823: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7755:Early Cold War 7752: 7751: 7750: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7708: 7703: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7634: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7616: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7535: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7497: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7439: 7434: 7427:Prelude to War 7424: 7419: 7417:Antebellum Era 7413: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7362:Trail of Tears 7357:Jacksonian era 7354: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7336: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7293:Federalist Era 7290: 7288:Bill of Rights 7284: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7223:Lee Resolution 7220: 7215: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7050: 7042: 7040: 7032: 7031: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6995: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6972: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6868:Project FUBELT 6865: 6859: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6837: 6831: 6829: 6827:Covert actions 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6761: 6755: 6748: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6675: 6669: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6603: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6440: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6382: 6368: 6360: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6100: 6093: 6085: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6050: 6036: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6020: 6013: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5881: 5874: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5837: 5829: 5827: 5825:Foreign policy 5821: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5748: 5739: 5737: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5718: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5667: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5621: 5613: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5550: 5549: 5543: 5529: 5515: 5510: 5488: 5482: 5466: 5452: 5435: 5423: 5414: 5405: 5387: 5386:External links 5384: 5383: 5382: 5376: 5359: 5350: 5330:Muskie, Edmund 5322: 5295: 5289: 5275:Reagan, Ronald 5271: 5262: 5256: 5239: 5229:(4): 962–977. 5218: 5205: 5195:(4): 617–637. 5182: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5149: 5146:101st Congress 5126: 5107: 5088: 5058: 5031: 5012: 4979: 4941: 4903: 4868: 4829: 4799: 4769: 4735: 4723: 4692: 4665: 4636: 4606: 4575: 4544: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4474: 4443: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4373: 4351: 4340:. 16 June 1992 4325: 4300: 4270: 4243: 4228: 4226:, p. 203. 4216: 4179: 4148: 4133: 4123: 4092: 4059: 4029: 4002: 3988:10.2307/420797 3981:(4): 701–703. 3961: 3959:, p. 501. 3949: 3913: 3878: 3875:. Grove Press. 3863: 3851: 3849:, p. 580. 3839: 3837:, p. 623. 3820: 3808: 3782: 3752: 3726: 3694: 3665: 3636: 3601: 3582:Cave, George. 3574: 3572:, p. 251. 3555: 3543: 3531: 3529:, p. 523. 3516: 3514:, p. 250. 3481: 3479:, p. 249. 3462: 3422: 3407: 3395: 3365: 3331: 3329:, p. 516. 3316: 3286: 3259:(4): 758–766. 3243: 3211: 3190: 3188:, p. 217. 3178: 3165: 3163:, p. 216. 3150: 3148:, p. 512. 3138: 3136:, p. 510. 3121: 3091: 3089:, p. 509. 3079: 3067: 3041: 3029: 2999: 2997:, p. 215. 2987: 2975: 2973:, p. 506. 2963: 2948: 2936: 2934:, p. 505. 2917: 2886: 2840: 2818: 2816:, p. 504. 2799: 2773: 2744: 2742:, p. 214. 2719: 2707: 2676: 2645: 2612: 2581: 2552: 2527: 2496: 2466: 2459: 2441: 2426: 2395: 2383: 2381:, p. 964. 2368: 2366:, p. 966. 2353: 2338: 2304: 2302:, p. 965. 2283: 2281:, p. 213. 2256: 2244: 2224: 2195: 2172:Dwyer, Paula. 2164: 2143:Reagan, Ronald 2134: 2104: 2083:Reagan, Ronald 2071: 2028: 2026:, p. 542. 2016: 1989: 1970: 1950: 1931: 1911: 1881: 1848: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1702: 1699: 1608: 1605: 1596: 1593: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1543:Elliott Abrams 1531: 1528: 1478: 1475: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1434: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1391: 1381: 1371: 1360:Elliott Abrams 1357: 1347: 1312: 1309: 1281:New York Times 1225: 1222: 1208:Main article: 1205: 1202: 1131:Main article: 1128: 1125: 1120:Lawrence Walsh 1089:Frank Carlucci 1051: 1050: 1038:Public Citizen 959: 956: 947:Saddam Hussein 936:Richard Secord 924:Lawrence Jenco 915: 912: 896:Howard Teicher 892:George W. Cave 815: 791: 788: 770: 767: 766: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 743: 740: 733: 684:Strom Thurmond 675:25th Amendment 605:Michael Ledeen 562:Alexander Haig 535: 532: 503:Manuel Noriega 480:Richard Secord 359: 356: 338:was appointed 336:Lawrence Walsh 271:In late 1985, 252:being held in 169: 168: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 100: 96: 95: 73: 65: 64: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11379: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11317:1987 scandals 11315: 11313: 11312:1986 scandals 11310: 11308: 11307:1985 scandals 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11236: 11233: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11224: 11221: 11217: 11216: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11175:John Danforth 11173: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11128: 11125: 11121: 11120: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11108:David Barrett 11106: 11102: 11099: 11098: 11097: 11096:Donald Smaltz 11094: 11090: 11089: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11063: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11054: 11050: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11023: 11019: 11016: 11015: 11014: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11003: 11002: 10999: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10986: 10983: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10930: 10926: 10925: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10906:Olson perjury 10904: 10903: 10902: 10898: 10895: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10875: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10863: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10835: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10817:Leon Jaworski 10814: 10813:Archibald Cox 10811: 10807: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10799: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10786: 10783: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10774: 10771: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10757: 10756:Holmes Conrad 10754: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10722: 10717: 10713: 10706: 10701: 10699: 10694: 10692: 10687: 10686: 10683: 10673: 10663: 10657: 10656: 10652: 10650: 10649: 10645: 10642: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10476: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10425:Maryam Rajavi 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10400:Siamak Namazi 10398: 10396: 10395:Baquer Namazi 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10350:Sirous Asgari 10348: 10346: 10345:Shahram Amiri 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10335:Saeed Abedini 10333: 10331: 10330:Roxana Saberi 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10310:Jason Rezaian 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10295:Robert Malley 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10194: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10035: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10004: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9856:Maersk Tigris 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9771: 9770: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9697: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9554:Iran–Iraq War 9552: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9425: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9339: 9334: 9332: 9327: 9325: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9294: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9278:List of years 9276: 9275: 9272: 9258: 9250: 9248: 9247:Urban history 9245: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9226:Palmyra Atoll 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9201:Jarvis Island 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148:Insular areas 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9117:West Virginia 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9022:New Hampshire 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8982:Massachusetts 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8798: 8794: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8612:Thai American 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8560: 8556: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8450:Party Systems 8447: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8389:Voting rights 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8222: 8218: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8050:War on terror 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7948:Late Cold War 7946: 7944: 7941: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7827:Great Society 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7782:Post-war boom 7780: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6743:Overt actions 6741: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5938:Libya bombing 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5744:"Evil empire" 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5723: 5719: 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5076: 5072: 5071:Miller Center 5068: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4727: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4483:U.S. v. North 4478: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4392: 4384: 4377: 4361: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4224:Ranstorp 1997 4220: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4137: 4127: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4047: 4043: 4042:www.brown.edu 4039: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3874: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3847:Woodward 1987 3843: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3539:Ranstorp 1997 3535: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3404: 3399: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3336: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3187: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3109: 3105: 3104:www.brown.edu 3101: 3095: 3088: 3083: 3076: 3071: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2845: 2836: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2787: 2784:. State.gov. 2783: 2777: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2716: 2711: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2616: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2577: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2462: 2460:0-679-43296-5 2456: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2430: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2349: 2342: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2253: 2248: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2200: 2183: 2179: 2178:Business Week 2175: 2168: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2025: 2020: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1977: 1973: 1971:9780313352416 1967: 1963: 1962: 1954: 1938: 1934: 1932:9781603446204 1928: 1924: 1923: 1915: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1886: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1827: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1684:0-553-26968-2 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1667:(June 1989). 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1431:Supreme Court 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1374:Alan D. Fiers 1372: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1301:Mehdi Hashemi 1297: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1274: 1269: 1262: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1221: 1218: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1176: 1175:Edmund Muskie 1172: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143:Edmund Muskie 1140: 1134: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1106:, journalist 1105: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 974:Seymour Hersh 971: 970: 965: 964:Mehdi Hashemi 955: 951: 948: 943: 941: 940:Washington DC 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 911: 909: 908:Golan Heights 905: 900: 897: 893: 889: 885: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 831: 830: 823: 818: 813: 811: 808: 804: 803:George Shultz 801: 797: 787: 785: 781: 780:Benjamin Weir 777: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 744: 741: 738: 734: 731: 730: 729: 722: 718: 716: 715: 709: 704: 701: 695: 692: 687: 685: 681: 676: 671: 667: 662: 659: 655: 650: 645: 640: 637: 633: 629: 628:Iran–Iraq War 625: 621: 617: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 595: 591: 590:George Shultz 587: 581: 576: 574: 569: 567: 563: 558: 553: 552: 545: 541: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 484: 481: 476: 473: 470:assigned the 469: 464: 460: 454: 447: 442: 440: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 408: 406: 402: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 362:Prior to the 355: 353: 349: 344: 341: 337: 334: 330: 325: 319: 318: 312: 309: 305: 301: 300:Ronald Reagan 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 180: 176: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 128: 124: 122:Also known as 120: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 80:George Shultz 77: 71: 66: 63: 59: 58:Iran–Iraq War 54: 45: 41: 40: 39:Infobox event 36: 30: 19: 11213: 11192:Plame affair 11117: 11088:Starr Report 11086: 11077:Julie Thomas 11005: 11000: 10977: 10972: 10948:James Harper 10936: 10922: 10913:Mike Seymour 10825:Charles Ruff 10789:Owen Roberts 10744:William Cook 10737:Whiskey Ring 10653: 10646: 10513:Axis of evil 10445:Morad Tahbaz 10415:Noor Pahlavi 10315:Scott Ritter 10179: 10006: 10002: 9855: 9767: 9758:Negotiations 9578: 9506:Negotiations 9216:Midway Atoll 9211:Kingman Reef 9191:Baker Island 9170:Puerto Rico 9082:South Dakota 9072:Rhode Island 9067:Pennsylvania 9047:North Dakota 8763: 8756: 8737: 8698: 8691: 8677: 8623: 8579: 8572: 8515: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8448: 8422:Marine Corps 8409: 8402: 8395: 8359:Debt ceiling 8344:Civil Rights 8326: 8319: 8305: 8291: 8277: 8248: 8243:Antisemitism 8241: 8234: 8190: 8151: 8087:2008–present 8039:Bush v. Gore 8037: 7975:War on drugs 7935: 7849:Mid Cold War 7701:Pearl Harbor 7696:World War II 7516:Ku Klux Klan 7113:Dummer's War 7052: 7045: 7039:Pre-Colonial 6606: 6597: 5930: 5557: 5446: 5430: 5365: 5314:. Retrieved 5303: 5278: 5266: 5245: 5226: 5222: 5192: 5188: 5166:. Retrieved 5152: 5129: 5110: 5091: 5079:. Retrieved 5070: 5061: 5049:. Retrieved 5034: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5003:. Retrieved 4994: 4970:. Retrieved 4957: 4950:Bush, George 4944: 4932:. Retrieved 4923: 4894:. Retrieved 4885: 4859:. Retrieved 4850: 4820:. Retrieved 4811: 4802: 4790:. Retrieved 4781: 4772: 4760:. Retrieved 4751: 4726: 4714:. Retrieved 4705: 4695: 4683:. Retrieved 4678: 4668: 4656:. Retrieved 4651: 4627:. Retrieved 4618: 4609: 4597:. Retrieved 4588: 4578: 4566:. Retrieved 4557: 4547: 4535:. Retrieved 4526: 4517: 4508: 4499: 4482: 4477: 4465:. Retrieved 4456: 4446: 4434:. Retrieved 4425: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4382: 4376: 4364:. Retrieved 4354: 4342:. Retrieved 4328: 4316:. Retrieved 4313:Levin Center 4312: 4303: 4291:. Retrieved 4282: 4273: 4261:. Retrieved 4246: 4237: 4231: 4219: 4207:. Retrieved 4195: 4182: 4170:. Retrieved 4161: 4151: 4142: 4136: 4126: 4114:. Retrieved 4105: 4095: 4083:. Retrieved 4079:the original 4050:. Retrieved 4041: 4032: 4020:. Retrieved 4016:The Guardian 4015: 4005: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3952: 3940:. Retrieved 3936:the original 3931: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3872: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3811: 3799:. Retrieved 3795:the original 3785: 3773:. Retrieved 3764: 3755: 3743:. Retrieved 3738: 3729: 3717:. Retrieved 3706: 3697: 3685:. Retrieved 3676: 3668: 3656:. Retrieved 3647: 3639: 3627:. Retrieved 3618: 3614: 3604: 3592:. Retrieved 3577: 3546: 3534: 3453:. Retrieved 3435: 3425: 3398: 3386:. Retrieved 3377: 3368: 3356:. Retrieved 3347: 3307:. Retrieved 3298: 3289: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3234:. Retrieved 3181: 3176:at the time. 3173: 3168: 3141: 3112:. Retrieved 3103: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058:. Retrieved 3054:the original 3044: 3032: 3020:. 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Circuit 1394:Oliver North 1384:Clair George 1362:, Assistant 1305: 1298: 1290: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1261:Oliver North 1258: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1227: 1213: 1190: 1183: 1180: 1136: 1108:Bob Woodward 1103: 1101: 1093: 1077:Hawk missile 1073: 1060: 1055: 1021: 1014:Oliver North 1011: 1006: 996: 982: 967: 961: 952: 944: 917: 901: 880: 857: 851:against the 837:Oliver North 834: 827: 825: 820: 793: 772: 727: 712: 705: 700:Soviet Union 696: 688: 670:colon cancer 663: 657: 651: 647: 642: 620:David Kimche 616:Shimon Peres 602: 583: 578: 570: 556: 549: 547: 527: 519: 512:East Germany 500: 492:Colin Powell 487: 485: 477: 468:constitution 465: 461: 449: 444: 435: 416: 409: 387:arms embargo 383:Jimmy Carter 376: 361: 351: 345: 326: 315: 302:was a vocal 276:Oliver North 270: 247: 229:. Under the 215:arms embargo 198: 194: 174: 172: 154:Oliver North 130:Participants 88:Donald Regan 56:Part of the 37: 29: 11223:John Durham 10985:Arlin Adams 10885:Jacob Stein 10765:Post Office 10718:of the U.S. 10538:Great Satan 10465:Nizar Zakka 10435:Ali Shakeri 10420:Trita Parsi 10385:Esha Momeni 10038:Legislation 10001:Seizure of 9476:Safari Club 9231:Wake Island 8997:Mississippi 8912:Connecticut 8856:New England 8523:Agriculture 8442:Coast Guard 8437:Space Force 8285:Immigration 8013:WTC bombing 7931:Reaganomics 7859:Vietnam War 7775:McCarthyism 7657:Second Klan 7642:Prohibition 7620:World War I 7595:Square Deal 7585:Imperialism 7320:War of 1812 7047:Prehistoric 6928:(1979–1990) 6864:(1968–1989) 6812:(1965–1966) 6806:(1916–1924) 6800:(1915–1934) 6788:(1912–1933) 6782:(1906–1909) 6776:(1903–1925) 6760:(1899–1902) 6735:(1916–1919) 6729:(1910–1919) 6717:(1846–1848) 6699:Banana Wars 6674:(1901–1904) 5602:(1981–1989) 5552:‹ The 5507:Bill Moyers 5326:Tower, John 5316:15 November 5168:1 September 5028:(1): 56–59. 5022:ABA Journal 5005:14 November 4972:14 November 4934:14 November 4762:29 December 4733:, chpt. 11. 4716:28 December 4599:29 December 4568:29 December 4467:29 December 4436:29 December 4410:, chpt. 17. 4209:30 December 4172:30 December 3957:Reagan 1990 3894:: 148–159. 3861:, chpt. 15. 3621:(2): 9–12. 3551:Reagan 1990 3527:Reagan 1990 3418:Reagan 1990 3327:Reagan 1990 3146:Reagan 1990 3134:Reagan 1990 3087:Reagan 1990 2971:Reagan 1990 2946:, chpt. 24. 2932:Reagan 1990 2814:Reagan 1990 2700:15 November 2419:15 November 2217:22 December 2024:Reagan 1990 1999:"The Front" 1904:29 December 1311:Indictments 1230:Oval Office 1084:Edwin Meese 1067:Edwin Meese 1001:Oval Office 680:Tip O'Neill 494:, the U.S. 385:imposed an 296:MIM-23 Hawk 235:legislative 92:Oval Office 33:‹ The 11281:Categories 11247:Robert Hur 11235:Jack Smith 11180:Waco siege 11156:Wampumgate 11101:Espy trial 11073:Robert Ray 10460:Xiyue Wang 10285:Brian Hook 10233:Farashgard 10007:St Nikolas 10003:Suez Rajan 9112:Washington 9032:New Mexico 9027:New Jersey 8902:California 8397:Journalism 8349:Corruption 8328:Government 8279:Demography 8266:Newspapers 8115:Sandy Hook 8018:Waco siege 7926:Reagan era 7832:Space Race 7765:Korean War 7706:home front 7538:Gilded Age 7506:Amendments 5892:INF Treaty 5885:Washington 5618:Transition 5181:References 4962:Dan Rather 4896:5 November 4861:5 November 4822:5 November 4812:apnews.com 4792:18 January 4731:Walsh 1993 4685:14 January 4658:14 January 4629:14 January 4527:Justia Law 4408:Walsh 1993 4396:Walsh 1993 4116:9 February 3859:Walsh 1993 3775:20 January 3719:20 January 3687:20 January 3658:20 January 3629:18 January 3358:9 February 3207:Walsh 1993 3077:, chpt. 1. 3075:Walsh 1993 3060:4 December 2959:Walsh 1993 2944:Walsh 1993 2669:7 November 2638:7 November 2605:6 November 2562:1100767741 2520:7 November 2489:7 November 2391:Hicks 1996 2379:Hicks 1996 2364:Hicks 1996 2348:The Nation 2300:Hicks 1996 2252:Walsh 1993 1555:Alan Fiers 1536:reelection 1516:Dan Rather 1483:Amiram Nir 1171:John Tower 1139:John Tower 1044:under the 997:Ash-Shiraa 969:Ash-Shiraa 904:Amiram Nir 872:Swiss bank 708:BGM-71 TOW 538:See also: 490:, General 358:Background 292:BGM-71 TOW 223:Sandinista 221:, an anti- 114:1987-03-04 106:1985-08-20 11342:Cover-ups 11069:Ken Starr 10944:Carl Rauh 10648:Overthrow 10641:Bomb Iran 10243:Jundallah 10073:reactions 9668:reactions 9547:Conflicts 9531:Aftermath 9526:Criticism 9521:Reactions 9516:Framework 9427:Diplomacy 9122:Wisconsin 9087:Tennessee 8992:Minnesota 8967:Louisiana 8861:The South 8432:Air Force 8307:Education 8169:recession 8125:Las Vegas 8033:Columbine 7990:1991–2008 7918:1980–1991 7819:1964–1980 7730:1945–1964 7684:Dust Bowl 7612:1917–1945 7493:1865–1917 7471:Civil War 7464:Secession 7409:1849–1865 7332:1815–1849 7303:Quasi-War 7280:1789–1815 7200:1776–1789 7153:Sugar Act 6024:H-2B visa 6017:H-2A visa 5878:Reykjavík 5432:Salon.com 5419:from the 5410:from the 4366:20 August 4344:20 August 3908:153469115 3594:9 January 3281:147213452 3209:, vol. 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