Irish language - Knowledge

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and slender consonants, which is fundamental to Irish phonology and grammar, is not fully or consistently observed in urban Irish. This and other changes make it possible that urban Irish will become a new dialect or even, over a long period, develop into a creole (i.e. a new language) distinct from Gaeltacht Irish. It has also been argued that there is a certain elitism among Irish speakers, with most respect being given to the Irish of native Gaeltacht speakers and with "Dublin" (i.e. urban) Irish being under-represented in the media. This, however, is paralleled by a failure among some urban Irish speakers to acknowledge grammatical and phonological features essential to the structure of the language.

2077: 1578: 2091:(Irish Language Commissioner) which was established in 2004 and any complaints or concerns pertaining to the Act are brought to them. There are 35 sections included in the Act all detailing different aspects of the use of Irish in official documentation and communication. Included in these sections are subjects such as Irish language use in official courts, official publications, and placenames. The Act was recently amended in December 2019 in order to strengthen the already preexisting legislation. All changes made took into account data collected from online surveys and written submissions. 4072: 14330: 6069: 2308:. This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English was establishing itself as the primary language. Irish speakers had first arrived in Australia in the late 18th century as convicts and soldiers, and many Irish-speaking settlers followed, particularly in the 1860s. New Zealand also received some of this influx. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to receive large numbers of Irish emigrants, and there were few Irish speakers among them. 509: 1494: 466: 17073: 11586: 10918: 14375: 2255:, only co-decision regulations were available until 2022, due to a five-year derogation, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language's new official status. The Irish government had committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs. This derogation ultimately came to an end on 1 January 2022, making Irish a fully recognised EU language for the first time in the state's history. 1434:

insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards, the language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language.

12575: 1120: 1418:(monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By the mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the Catholic Church and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, parents sanctioned the prohibition of Irish in schools. Increasing interest in emigrating to the 1692: 4261:, writing in the last years of the 16th century, said that "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us". In Galway, a city dominated by Old English merchants and loyal to the Crown up to the 3757:, as well as having many characteristic words and shades of meanings. However, since the demise of those Irish dialects spoken natively in what is today Northern Ireland, it is probably an exaggeration to see present-day Ulster Irish as an intermediary form between Scottish Gaelic and the southern and western dialects of Irish. Northern Scottish Gaelic has many non-Ulster features in common with Munster Irish. 2716: 2706: 2676: 2668: 2646: 2638: 2616: 2608: 2586: 2578: 2556: 2548: 2526: 2518: 2496: 2488: 2466: 2458: 1403: 2336:

strengthened in the second half of the 20th century. Today the language is taught at tertiary level in North America, Australia and Europe, and Irish speakers outside Ireland contribute to journalism and literature in the language. There are significant Irish-speaking networks in the United States and Canada; figures released for the period 2006–2008 show that 22,279

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the language. The proportion of Irish-speaking children in Leinster went down as follows: 17% in the 1700s, 11% in the 1800s, 3% in the 1830s, and virtually none in the 1860s. The Irish census of 1851 showed that there were still a number of older speakers in County Dublin. Sound recordings were made between 1928 and 1931 of some of the last speakers in

4179:(1547–1618) lamented that "When their posterity became not altogether so wary in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker took such deep root, as the body that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified". 2201:(UUP), was hostile to the language. The context of this hostility was the use of the language by nationalists. In broadcasting, there was an exclusion on the reporting of minority cultural issues, and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the previous devolved government. After the 1998 4366:

provide audio files in the three major dialects. The differences between dialects are considerable, and have led to recurrent difficulties in conceptualising a "standard Irish." In recent decades contacts between speakers of different dialects have become more frequent and the differences between the

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It has been suggested that the comparative standard is still the Irish of the Gaeltacht, but other evidence suggests that young urban speakers take pride in having their own distinctive variety of the language. A comparison of traditional Irish and urban Irish shows that the distinction between broad

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The language saw its most rapid initial decline in counties Dublin, Kildare, Laois, Wexford, and Wicklow. In recent years, County Wicklow has been noted as having the lowest percentage of Irish speakers of any county in Ireland, with only 0.14% of its population claiming to have passable knowledge of

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With the strengthening of English cultural and political control, language change began to occur but this did not become clearly evident until the 18th century. Even then, in the decennial period 1771–81, the percentage of Irish speakers in Meath was at least 41%. By 1851 this had fallen to less than

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in County Meath to the north. In this area of "Englyshe tunge" English had never actually been a dominant language – and was moreover a relatively late comer; the first colonisers were Normans who spoke Norman French, and before these Norse. The Irish language had always been the language of the bulk

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Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation" of any law in one official language be provided immediately in

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For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in English-medium schools to achieve competence in Irish, even after fourteen years of teaching as one of the three main subjects. The concomitant decline in the number of

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Of the 1.76 million who said they could speak Irish, 73,803 said they speak it daily outside the education system, a fall of 3,382 on the 2011 figure. ... (421,274) said they never spoke Irish. ... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht

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Sir CHARLES OMAN asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he has protested against the recent attempt of the Provisional Government in Ireland to force compulsory Erse into all official correspondence, in spite of the agreement that Erse and English should be equally permissible .. MR

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is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of the vacancy to which they are appointed. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3). In 2016, the university faced controversy

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The total number of people (aged 3 and over) in Ireland who declared they could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it and a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within the education system. Linguistic analyses of

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The demise of native cultural institutions in the seventeenth century saw the social prestige of Irish diminish, and the gradual Anglicisation of the middle classes followed. The census of 1851 showed, however, that the towns and cities of Munster still had significant Irish-speaking populations.

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Irish was sufficiently strong in early 18th century Dublin to be the language of a coterie of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain, both poets of note. Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century. An outstanding example was Muiris Ó Gormáin (Maurice

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English authorities of the Cromwellian period, aware that Irish was widely spoken in Dublin, arranged for its official use. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to

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The Irish of Dublin, situated as it was between the east Ulster dialect of Meath and Louth to the north and the Leinster-Connacht dialect further south, may have reflected the characteristics of both in phonology and grammar. In County Dublin itself the general rule was to place the stress on the

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It has been suggested that Ireland's towns and cities are acquiring a critical mass of Irish speakers, reflected in the expansion of Irish language media. Many are younger speakers who, after encountering Irish at school, made an effort to acquire fluency, while others have been educated through

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Down to the early 19th century and even later, Irish was spoken in all twelve counties of Leinster. The evidence furnished by placenames, literary sources and recorded speech indicates that there was no Leinster dialect as such. Instead, the main dialect used in the province was represented by a

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Ulster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht regions of Donegal. These regions contain all of Ulster's communities where Irish has been spoken in an unbroken line back to when the language was the dominant language of Ireland. The Irish-speaking communities in other parts of Ulster are a

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is a collective term for the Goidelic languages, and when the context is clear it may be used without qualification to refer to each language individually. When the context is specific but unclear, the term may be qualified, as Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic. Historically the name

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praise'). The ratio of analytic to synthetic forms in a given verb paradigm varies between the various tenses and moods. The conditional, imperative and past habitual forms prefer synthetic forms in most persons and numbers, whereas the subjunctive, past, future and present forms prefer mostly

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The decline of Irish in Ireland and a slowing of emigration helped to ensure a decline in the language abroad, along with natural attrition in the host countries. Despite this, small groups of enthusiasts continued to learn and cultivate Irish in diaspora countries and elsewhere, a trend which

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Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as is often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them a cultural and social force. Irish speakers often

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The total number of people who answered 'yes' to being able to speak Irish in April 2016 was 1,761,420, a slight decrease (0.7 per cent) on the 2011 figure of 1,774,437. This represents 39.8 per cent of respondents compared with 41.4 in 2011... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the

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at primary level. These Irish-medium schools report some better outcomes for students than English-medium schools. In 2009, a paper suggested that within a generation, non-Gaeltacht habitual users of Irish might typically be members of an urban, middle class, and highly educated minority.

4381:, is a standard for the spelling and grammar of written Irish, developed and used by the Irish government. Its rules are followed by most schools in Ireland, though schools in and near Irish-speaking regions also use the local dialect. It was published by the translation department of 1828:, quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish-speaking or semi Irish-speaking areas, but the number now is between 20,000 and 30,000." 1791:). While the fluent Irish speakers of these areas, whose numbers have been estimated at 20–30,000, are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it is only in 4183:

initial vowel of words. With time it appears that the forms of the dative case took over the other case endings in the plural (a tendency found to a lesser extent in other dialects). In a letter written in Dublin in 1691 we find such examples as the following:

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English expanded strongly in Leinster in the 18th century but Irish speakers were still numerous. In the decennial period 1771–81 certain counties had estimated percentages of Irish speakers as follows (though the estimates are likely to be too low):

4159:, County Louth (now available in digital form). The last known traditional native speaker in Omeath, and in Leinster as a whole, was Annie O'Hanlon (née Dobbin), who died in 1960. Her dialect was, in fact, a branch of the Irish of south-east Ulster. 1643:

Irish or English, and receive lessons in Irish during their two years of training. Official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by

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Relatively few of the emigrants were literate in Irish, but manuscripts in the language were brought to both Australia and the United States, and it was in the United States that the first newspaper to make significant use of Irish was established:

1468:, was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising' the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival. 2748:

and by various varieties of "urban" Irish. The latter have acquired lives of their own and a growing number of native speakers. Differences between the dialects make themselves felt in stress, intonation, vocabulary and structural features.

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Item, that every inhabitant within oure said towne endeavour themselfes to speake English, and to use themselfes after the English facon; and, speciallye, that you, and every one of you, doe put your children to scole, to lerne to speke

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details the objectives it plans to work towards in an attempt to preserve and promote both the Irish language and the Gaeltacht. It is divided into four separate phases with the intention of improving 9 main areas of action including:

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of the population. An English official remarked of the Pale in 1515 that "all the common people of the said half counties that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit and of Irish language".

664:, 43,557 individuals stated they spoke Irish on a daily basis, 26,286 spoke it on a weekly basis, 47,153 spoke it less often than weekly, and 9,758 said they could speak Irish, but never spoke it. From 2006 to 2008, over 22,000 2839:). There are a number of differences between the popular South Connemara form of Irish, the Mid-Connacht/Joyce Country form (on the border between Mayo and Galway) and the Achill and Erris forms in the north of the province. 8861: 8883: 3870:

The main dialect had characteristics which survive today only in the Irish of Connacht. It typically placed the stress on the first syllable of a word, and showed a preference (found in placenames) for the pronunciation

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The Act was passed 14 July 2003 with the main purpose of improving the number and quality of public services delivered in Irish by the government and other public bodies. Compliance with the Act is monitored by the

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it is meant to "develop a sustainable economy and a successful society, to pursue Ireland's interests abroad, to implement the Government's Programme and to build a better future for Ireland and all her citizens."

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Historically, Connacht Irish represents the westernmost remnant of a dialect area which once stretched from east to west across the centre of Ireland. The strongest dialect of Connacht Irish is to be found in

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See the discussion and the conclusions reached in 'Language and Occupational Status: Linguistic Elitism in the Irish Labour Market,' The Economic and Social Review, Vol. 40, No. 4, Winter, 2009, pp. 435–460:

2874:("mountain") is in Connacht and Ulster as opposed to in the south. In addition Connacht and Ulster speakers tend to include the "we" pronoun rather than use the standard compound form used in Munster, e.g. 9107:, An Electronic Edition: Chapter 1 (The Names of Ireland, with the Compasse of the Same, also what Shires or Counties it Conteineth, the Diuision or Partition of the Land, and of the Language of the People) 1688:, a fluent Irish speaker, would be its 13th president. He assumed office in January 2018; in June 2024, he announced he would be stepping down as president at the beginning of the following academic year. 9007: 7740: 1831:

In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas. In the 1930s, areas where more than 25% of the population spoke Irish were classified as

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Saolaítear gach duine den chine daonna saor agus comhionann i ndínit agus i gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus ba cheart dóibh gníomhú i dtreo a chéile i spiorad an bhráithreachais.

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There is contemporary evidence of the use of Irish in other urban areas at the time. In 1657 it was found necessary to have an Oath of Abjuration (rejecting the authority of the Pope) read in Irish in

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There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in urban areas, particularly in Dublin. Many have been educated in schools in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools are known as

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CHURCHILL .. I do not anticipate that Irish Ministers will willingly incur the very great confusion which would inevitably result from the use of Irish for the material parts of their correspondence.

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The Strategy was produced on 21 December 2010 and will stay in action until 2030; it aims to target language vitality and revitalization of the Irish language. The 30-page document published by the

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Irish was spoken as a community language in Irish towns and cities down to the 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was widespread even in Dublin and the Pale. The English administrator

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and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages.

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methods employed depending on tense, number, mood and person. For example, in the official standard, present tense verbs have conjugated forms only in the 1st person and autonomous forms (i.e.

9724: 6470:(in Munster), which were previously represented by the pre-reformed spellings. For this reason, the pre-reform spellings are used by some speakers to reflect the dialectal pronunciations. 4305:

The late 18th and 19th centuries saw a reduction in the number of Dublin's Irish speakers, in keeping with the trend elsewhere. This continued until the end of the 19th century, when the

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have three forms: abstract, general and ordinal. The numbers from 2 to 10 (and these in combination with higher numbers) are rarely used for people, numeral nominals being used instead:

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The general goal for this strategy was to increase the number of daily speakers from 83,000 to 250,000 by the end of its run. By 2022, the number of such speakers had fallen to 71,968.

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and so on, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant, some short vowels are lengthened while others are

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In the 2016 census, 10.5% of respondents stated that they spoke Irish, either daily or weekly, while over 70,000 people (4.2%) speak it as a habitual daily means of communication.

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This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the

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was also a driver, as fluency in English allowed the new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. An estimated one quarter to one third of US immigrants during the

8269: 9567: 9365:"Gá le doirse a oscailt do nuachainteoirí na Gaeilge: Cén chaoi gur féidir cainteoirí gníomhacha, féinmhuiníneacha a dhéanamh astu seo a fhoghlaimíonn an Ghaeilge ar scoil?" 2864:

with lengthened vowels and heavily reduced endings gives it a distinct sound. Distinguishing features of Connacht and Ulster dialect include the pronunciation of word-final

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

9315: 7593: 14984: 7904: 7705: 12535: 9537: 9057:"Cur síos ar an chainteoir ó dhúchas deireannach ón Ó Méith, Co Lú, Anna Uí AnnluainCur síos ar an chainteoir ó dhúchas deireannach ón Ó Méith, Co Lú, Anna Uí Annluain" 8495: 8131: 7024: 4231:. In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken". 1449:), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature. 2228:

The Irish language has often been used as a bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, prompting protests from organisations and groups such as

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Before Irish became an official language it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest-level documents of the EU were made available in Irish.

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examinations. Exemptions are made from this requirement for students who were born or completed primary education outside of Ireland, and students diagnosed with

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is generally on the second syllable of a word when the first syllable contains a short vowel, and the second syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, or is -

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officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project".

8831: 3863:, though with many local variations. Two smaller dialects were represented by the Ulster speech of counties Meath and Louth, which extended as far south as the 3557:

in Munster; there is a subtle difference in meaning, however, the first choice being a simple statement of fact, while the second brings emphasis onto the word

8624: 6792: 6664: 4423:, pronounced with the middle of the tongue pushed up towards the hard palate). While broad–slender pairs are not unique to Irish (being found, for example, in 1441:

in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language. The vehicle of the revival was the Gaelic League (

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In 1996, the three electoral divisions in the State where Irish had the most daily speakers were An Turloch (91%+), Scainimh (89%+), Min an Chladaigh (88%+).

1718:, and faced incredulity when trying to get by speaking only Irish in Dublin. He was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary 9364: 4091:) was an area around late medieval Dublin under the control of the English government. By the late 15th century it consisted of an area along the coast from 2117: 8153: 9982: 9464: 2189:

Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic" in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972,

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Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117–1781 to 1861–1871,' Volume 84,

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Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117-1781 to 1861–1871,' Volume 84,

2210: 16993: 15452: 7621: 4297:, provisions are sold in the markets, and cried in the streets, in Irish". Irish speakers constituted over 40% of the population of Cork even in 1851. 16004: 9392:

Nic Fhlannchadha, S.; Hickey, T.M. (12 January 2016). "Minority Language Ownership and Authority: Perspectives of Native Speakers and New Speakers".

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Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant

6969:... between Foras na Gaeilge and Bòrd na Gàidhlig, promoting the use of Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic in Ireland and Scotland ...' 6833:... between Foras na Gaeilge and Bòrd na Gàidhlig, promoting the use of Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic in Ireland and Scotland ...' 3041:

and a similar approach to pronunciation of vowels and consonants but there are noticeable differences in vocabulary, with certain words such as

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requires all students wishing to embark on a degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or

17127: 14363: 9367:[Need to open doors for new speakers of Irish: How can active, self-confident speakers be made from those who learn Irish at school?]. 3128:

essentially a Connacht dialect but shows some similarities to Ulster Irish due to large-scale immigration of dispossessed people following the

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are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to

1619:(police), etc., were required to have some proficiency in Irish. By law, a Garda who was addressed in Irish had to respond in Irish as well. 9083:

Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century

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and simplifying vowel combinations. Where multiple versions existed in different dialects for the same word, one was selected, for example:

2304:. Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from 1769: 17022: 8569: 8525: 7969: 7441: 7404: 6258:). Extending the use of the overdot to Roman type would theoretically have the advantage of making Irish texts significantly shorter, e.g. 8105: 1547:(English being the other official language). Despite this, almost all government business and legislative debate is conducted in English. 16189: 15613: 15525: 14398: 9056: 8310: 8681: 7617:"Is there an educational advantage to speaking Irish? An investigation of the relationship between education and ability to speak Irish" 7072:"1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006–2008" 1456:

also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in a religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament by Leinsterman

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result of language revival – English-speaking families deciding to learn Irish. Census data shows that 4,130 people speak it at home.

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Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the

15957: 15835: 14266: 12233: 12204: 8547: 823:, the standard written form, is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input. 14371: 5261:-free; the 3rd person singular acts as a person-free personal form that can be followed or otherwise refer to any person or number. 17142: 16855: 15491: 14466: 10313: 6653: 1604: 1071:

may be seen when English speakers discuss the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx).

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reported speaking Irish as their first language at home, with several times that number claiming "some knowledge" of the language.

9559: 8737:"An Analysis of the Irish-Speaking Communities of North America: Who are they, what are their opinions, and what are their needs?" 7428:

Modern Irish (MI), sometimes called Late Modern Irish (LMI), is regarded as beginning about 1600 and extending to the present day.

6769: 1848:, and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as the 17027: 16051: 15840: 14286: 14276: 10202: 6598: 1629:

Nevertheless, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools in the Republic of Ireland that receive public money (see

3903:) in Carlow. East Leinster showed the same diphthongisation or vowel lengthening as in Munster and Connacht Irish in words like 17117: 16201: 16085: 15745: 15416: 14306: 14291: 14281: 11032: 10079: 10044: 9970: 9305: 8329: 7583: 4338:("new speakers") and use whatever opportunities are available (festivals, "pop-up" events) to practise or improve their Irish. 9529: 8468: 7885: 7863: 7695: 17003: 16034: 14296: 12680: 10019: 10001: 9953: 9945: 9934: 9612: 9503: 8522:"CAIN: Issues: Language: O'Reilly, C. (1997) Nationalists and the Irish Language in Northern Ireland: Competing Perspectives" 8121: 7558: 7485: 7451: 7414: 7098: 6669: 6539: 4870: 1184: 9338: 16905: 16288: 16174: 14969: 11536: 10502: 5969:

Mutations are often the only way to distinguish grammatical forms. For example, the only non-contextual way to distinguish

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Ulster Irish sounds quite different from the other two main dialects. It shares several features with southern dialects of

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The percentage of respondents who said they spoke Irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 census in the State.

1630: 1156: 8451: 8424: 3065:. Another interesting aspect of this sub-dialect is that almost all vowels at the end of words tend to be pronounced as : 644:, particularly in the last decades of the century. Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as a first language in Ireland's 470:

Proportion of respondents who said they could speak Irish in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland censuses of 2011

16243: 16156: 16113: 15111: 14721: 14301: 4674: 2827:. Much closer to the larger Connacht Gaeltacht is the dialect spoken in the smaller region on the border between Galway ( 1811: 488: 7767: 4171:(1518–1581) commented as follows: "All English, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irish," while the 17008: 16772: 16675: 16169: 16080: 15855: 15658: 15618: 15606: 15601: 15589: 15517: 14356: 10903: 10433: 10072: 9090: 6679: 6244:

The use of Gaelic type and the overdot today is restricted to when a traditional style is consciously being used, e.g.

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from the United Kingdom, and then, in 2003, by the British government's ratification in respect of the language of the

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The Official Languages Scheme was enacted 1 July 2019 and is an 18-page document that adheres to the guidelines of the

1600: 9694: 1360:, dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and Gaelic-speaking Scotland. 1163: 26:"Gaoidhealg" redirects here. For the shared literary form that was in use from the 13th to the 16th–18th century, see 15865: 15584: 15046: 14991: 13764: 13577: 10172: 10143: 10129: 9890: 9821: 9792: 9763: 9656: 8823: 7843: 7163: 7134: 3950:(1547), by the English physician and traveller Andrew Borde. The illustrative phrases he uses include the following: 2177: 1203: 1093: 600: 7986: 7834:Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1993). "Aspects of the societal status of Modern Irish". In Ball, Martin J.; Fife, James (eds.). 6288: 1459: 17031: 16055: 15687: 15630: 15570: 14828: 12115: 11770: 8908: 7809:"Census of Population 2016 – Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 7794: 6613: 4637: 1658: 9592: 5206: 4320:

Urban Irish has been the beneficiary, from the last decades of the 20th century, of a rapidly expanding system of

17132: 16668: 16295: 15741: 15447: 15318: 15131: 14842: 14489: 12756: 12166: 10954: 5337:

is largely conveyed through the autonomous verb form, however there also exist other structures analogous to the

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Irish and some have been raised with Irish. Those from an English-speaking background are now often described as

2974:" in the other areas). This placing of the B-sound is also present at the end of words ending in vowels, such as 2297: 2252: 2103:. The purpose of the Scheme is to provide services through the mediums of Irish and/or English. According to the 2076: 1137: 810: 478: 20: 8355: 6174:"long (sign)"), but it is ignored for purposes of alphabetisation. It is used, among other conventions, to mark 6054:; the beginning, core, and end of words can each change radically and even simultaneously depending on context. 5163: 5159: 5155: 2842:

Features in Connacht Irish differing from the official standard include a preference for verbal nouns ending in

1170: 16300: 16196: 15870: 15850: 15805: 15503: 15406: 15156: 14714: 14657: 11615: 10443: 10439: 10222: 9912: 6674: 6639: 6251: 5014: 4907: 2387: 2271: 2267: 2194: 1654: 1626:, the requirement for entrance to the public service was changed to proficiency in just one official language. 1141: 277: 5214: 5041: 3164:

respectively. In addition to a vocabulary typical of other area of Connacht, one also finds Ulster words like

533:

The first chapter of Mo Sgéal Féin, read by native Irish speaker Mairéad Uí Lionáird in the Muskerry Gaeltacht

17122: 16278: 15987: 15901: 15328: 14685: 14349: 13747: 11411: 10873: 10729: 10394: 10330: 9439:"'I'm gonna speak Irish the way that's natural for me' – craoltóir buartha faoi éilíteachas shaol na Gaeilge" 9102: 7247:

An example of the use of the word "Gaelic" to describe the language, seen throughout the text of the article.

6624: 6133:. However, contemporary Irish uses the full Latin alphabet, with the previously unused letter used in modern 1640: 1109: 806: 363: 9278: 5284:, with a full complement of forms except for the verbal adjective. The two verbs share the one verbal noun. 414: 381: 16935: 16253: 16179: 16029: 15962: 15886: 15760: 15717: 15484: 15421: 15373: 15243: 15238: 15039: 14020: 11658: 11007: 10577: 10429: 10306: 7050: 6694: 6684: 5973:"her", "his" and "their", is through initial mutations since all meanings are represented by the same word 5384: 4935: 1814:, described the Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster". 1529: 1152: 456: 438: 8962: 6496: 6480: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6437: 6428: 6419: 6191: 6183: 5908: 4976: 4412: 2987: 2947: 2943: 2865: 17112: 17107: 16273: 15646: 13220: 12480: 11967: 11793: 10565: 10480: 10077:

Ní Mhunghaile, Lesa. 'An Eighteenth Century Irish scribe's private library: Muiris Ó Gormáin's books' in

7519: 6316: 4928: 4877: 4658: 4651: 4351: 4317:, and accompanied by renewed literary activity. By the 1930s Dublin had a lively literary life in Irish. 3008:, a characteristic also of other Connacht dialects. All these pronunciations are distinctively regional. 2071: 839: 817:

is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but

761: 246: 7550:

An Irish-Speaking Island: State, Religion, Community, and the Linguistic Landscape in Ireland, 1770–1870

5374: 1810:

areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the

16978: 16617: 16283: 15977: 15378: 15203: 15012: 14863: 13791: 13666: 13271: 13240: 12620: 11310: 11147: 11143: 10880: 10553: 10451: 9855: 9725:"Irish 'fada' to get legal protection – and must appear in all State IT systems and computer keyboards" 9680: 8708: 8283: 6914: 6702: 6689: 4953: 4787: 4746: 4732: 4709: 4695: 4681: 4623: 4579: 4565: 4526: 4512: 4485: 4475: 4465: 4420: 4356:

There is no single official standard for pronouncing the Irish language. Certain dictionaries, such as

2800:, in eastern Canada, had a form of Irish derived from the Munster Irish of the later 18th century (see 1380:

From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this

11482: 7808: 6906: 1100:) was also sometimes used in Scots and then in English to refer to Irish; as well as Scottish Gaelic. 16685: 16541: 16261: 16075: 15997: 15982: 15967: 15815: 15750: 15712: 15702: 15692: 15552: 15383: 15345: 14737: 14663: 13752: 13587: 13215: 11608: 11452: 10011: 8767: 5378: 5045: 4962: 4644: 4540: 2793: 2752:

Roughly speaking, the three major dialect areas which survive coincide roughly with the provinces of

2217:

the British government promised to enact legislation to promote the language and in 2022 it approved

1623: 1504: 1475:

Irish speakers in 1800, which dropped to 320,000 by the end of the famine, and under 17,000 by 1911.

1415: 1372:, is said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on. 708: 16703: 14937: 13552: 8239: 7299: 7183: 16930: 16060: 15674: 15303: 14998: 14092: 13526: 13502: 12828: 12004: 11947: 11732: 11691: 11212: 10700: 9034: 7662: 7226: 6051: 6035: 5407: 5399: 5350: 4893: 3125: 783: 450: 178: 11517: 11477: 9438: 8591: 8408: 8381: 8044: 7315:"Interinstitutional Style Guide: Section 7.2.4. Rules governing the languages of the institutions" 2181:

A sign for the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure in Northern Ireland, in English, Irish and

2087: 17097: 16998: 16947: 16663: 16415: 16164: 16024: 15830: 15775: 15765: 15732: 15565: 15477: 15273: 15233: 15213: 15193: 15096: 15019: 13803: 13451: 12997: 12711: 12530: 12420: 11109: 11042: 11027: 10921: 10842: 10487: 10299: 9882: 8214: 6883: 6012: 5791: 5250: 5182: 5128: 4533: 4419:, pronounced with the back of the tongue pulled back towards the soft palate) and one "slender" ( 4328:, teaching entirely through Irish. As of 2019 there are 37 such primary schools in Dublin alone. 4309:

saw the creation of a strong Irish–speaking network, typically united by various branches of the

1540: 1414:(two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and 1130: 794: 621: 168: 14540: 9837: 8565: 8521: 7966: 7003:""Reawakening the Irish Language through the Irish Education System: Challenges and Priorities"" 4257:, were Irish-speaking or bilingual by the 16th century. The English administrator and traveller 3760:

One noticeable trait of Ulster Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx is the use of the negative particle

17018: 16895: 16521: 16041: 15896: 15785: 15736: 15411: 15208: 14849: 14271: 14190: 14153: 13225: 12510: 12505: 12120: 11433: 11305: 11139: 11052: 10992: 10548: 10240: 9651:. L. A. Ó hAnluain, Christian Brothers (Eagrán nua ed.). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. 1999. 8566:"Belfast Agreement – Full text – Section 6 (Equality) – "Economic, Social and Cultural issues"" 8102: 7294: 6648: 5519: 4702: 4593: 4262: 3943:, which generally became in east Leinster (as in Munster), and in the west (as in Connacht). 3300: 2383: 2305: 1858:), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50% of the population spoke Irish. 1577: 1427: 731: 707:, with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890. On the island of 641: 617: 518: 8684:[Irish is the 21st official language of the European Union] (in Irish). Archived from 8188:

Siggins, Lorna (6 January 2003). "Only 25% of Gaeltacht households fluent in Irish – survey".

8076: 6953: 6817: 6072:

The official symbol of the Irish Defence Forces, showing a Gaelic typeface with dot diacritics

3320: 16680: 16651: 16184: 15431: 15363: 15333: 15288: 15283: 15258: 15116: 14835: 14775: 14746: 14690: 14680: 14647: 14037: 13852: 13597: 13497: 12868: 12706: 12685: 12097: 11646: 11462: 11182: 11120: 8685: 6765: 5441:"I have a book." (Literally, "there is a book at me", cf. Russian У меня есть книга, Finnish 5338: 5281: 4266: 2797: 2202: 2198: 2182: 2123: 1368:

Modern Irish, sometimes called Late Modern Irish, as attested in the work of such writers as

15401: 11502: 11187: 6321:, which simplified and standardised the orthography and grammar by removing inter-dialectal 4071: 1177: 17050: 16817: 16588: 16565: 16350: 16236: 16090: 16065: 15934: 15755: 15727: 15323: 15313: 15263: 15223: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15161: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15121: 15106: 15101: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 14909: 14856: 14590: 14562: 14419: 14379: 14180: 14052: 13786: 13436: 12833: 12751: 12560: 12485: 11698: 11566: 11487: 11298: 11293: 11047: 11022: 10987: 8786: 8204:

Hindley 1991, Map 7: Irish speakers by towns and distinct electoral divisions, census 1926.

7359: 6865:

For the Tongue of the Gael: a Selection of Essays and Philological on Irish-Gaelic Subjects

5346: 4760: 4603: 4586: 3681: 3536: 3129: 2391: 2214: 2057:

and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged.

1563: 798: 14545: 10810: 10738: 9628: 8551: 1239:. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. 8: 16925: 16827: 16723: 16611: 16456: 16146: 16136: 16046: 15722: 15579: 15560: 15514: 15426: 15368: 15308: 15298: 15278: 15268: 15253: 15248: 15228: 15198: 15166: 15151: 15126: 15062: 14870: 14768: 14652: 14442: 14374: 14329: 14067: 13936: 13866: 13847: 13826: 13759: 13582: 13456: 13276: 13261: 13256: 13210: 13185: 12858: 12746: 12731: 12545: 12364: 12159: 12109: 11999: 11992: 11975: 11741: 11705: 11325: 11207: 11130: 11062: 11017: 10947: 10835: 10770: 10338: 10278: 6729: 6658: 6198: 5891:"John!" (lenition as part of the vocative case, the vocative lenition being triggered by 5826: 5010: 4294: 4265:(1641–1653), the use of the Irish language had already provoked the passing of an Act of 4120: 3822:. Another noticeable trait is the pronunciation of the first person singular verb ending 2390:. Certain Irish vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features are still used in modern 2245: 2005: 1616: 1544: 1331:. From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, into 802: 653: 625: 334: 16752: 13466: 11177: 6724:

Irish is the first official language of the Irish state. Irish is not widely used as an

4253:

In other urban centres the descendants of medieval Anglo-Norman settlers, the so-called

4242:

Gorman), a prolific producer of manuscripts who advertised his services (in English) in

3382:

etc. are used in the West and North, particularly when the words are last in the clause.

1684:

staged protests against this decision. The following year the university announced that

16952: 16885: 16880: 16807: 16790: 16708: 16395: 16390: 16323: 15952: 15820: 15770: 15707: 15682: 15678: 15596: 15540: 15338: 15293: 15218: 15188: 14695: 14233: 13964: 13857: 13821: 13742: 13697: 13592: 13418: 13309: 13266: 13195: 13002: 12777: 12540: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12425: 12282: 12238: 12062: 11898: 11856: 11561: 11472: 11222: 10756: 10558: 10414: 10373: 10251: 9674: 9458: 9419: 7667: 7644: 7114: 6028: 5797: 5395: 5391: 5313:'is praised, one praises' ), whereas all other persons are conveyed analytically (i.e. 5292: 5254: 5202: 5136: 5132: 5101: 5059: 5037: 4753: 4312: 4254: 4176: 4172: 4116: 4112: 2801: 2348: 2327: 2218: 1777:

There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish is still spoken daily to some extent as a

1752: 1553: 1444: 1357: 1352: 923: 712: 672: 637: 609: 225: 183: 9942:

Scriptural Instruction in the Vernacular: The Irish Society and its Teachers 1818–1827

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As in Munster Irish, some short vowels are lengthened and others diphthongised before

430: 16983: 16913: 16633: 16495: 16360: 16266: 16216: 16131: 15992: 15906: 14923: 14916: 14097: 14072: 14062: 13798: 13771: 13652: 13507: 13492: 13487: 13446: 13441: 13346: 13235: 13190: 13180: 13172: 12843: 12797: 12787: 12628: 12455: 12435: 12394: 11714: 11682: 11668: 11532: 11172: 11135: 10648: 10528: 10497: 10168: 10139: 10125: 10068: 10064: 10015: 9997: 9949: 9930: 9926: 9908: 9904: 9886: 9817: 9788: 9759: 9662: 9652: 9608: 9507: 9086: 9077:

See "Tony Crowley, "The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366–1922: A Sourcebook" and

7839: 7648: 7588: 7554: 7481: 7447: 7410: 7159: 7130: 7094: 6298: 6118: 6063: 5800:, which express grammatical relationship and meaning in verbs, nouns and adjectives: 5288: 5186: 5006: 4996: 4921: 4667: 4609: 4551: 4498: 4453: 4443: 4384: 3331: 3296: 3268: 2193:

had devolved government. During those years the political party holding power in the

2017: 1979: 1453: 845: 779: 767: 16489: 16226: 10747: 10036: 9423: 7762: 6984: 6068: 3023:) is quite similar to that of South Connemara, with a similar approach to the words 1993: 1931: 484: 16842: 16822: 16643: 16598: 15972: 15653: 15635: 15522: 14877: 14796: 14620: 14508: 14503: 14126: 14087: 14042: 14029: 13949: 13928: 13831: 13776: 13461: 13281: 13200: 13012: 12792: 12726: 12616: 12495: 12490: 12460: 12430: 12384: 12346: 12212: 11980: 11955: 11923: 11904: 11865: 11841: 11783: 11759: 11631: 11512: 11457: 11252: 11012: 10763: 10492: 9600: 9409: 9401: 7889: 7859: 7634: 7626: 7515:""The unadulterated Irish language": Irish Speakers in Nineteenth Century New York" 7002: 6294: 6279: 5403: 5370: 5358: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5140: 5063: 4992: 4739: 4572: 4519: 4448: 4438: 4424: 3258: 2324:, which started in Ireland in the 1890s, found a response abroad, with branches of 2190: 1967: 1845: 1596: 1571: 1369: 1079: 877: 814: 661: 574: 338: 173: 27: 14458: 12068: 11077: 10851: 10191: 9405: 6935: 6590: 5877:"lack of the requirement" (lenition marking the genitive case of a masculine noun) 4223:

preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at

2296:. The first large movements began in the 17th century, largely as a result of the 1795:

areas that Irish continues to be spoken as a community vernacular to some extent.

1711: 1025:, as well as of Ireland. When required by the context, these are distinguished as 16942: 16870: 16865: 16695: 16573: 16500: 16141: 15825: 15800: 14930: 14631: 14595: 14569: 14528: 14169: 14107: 14047: 14010: 13982: 13944: 13909: 13889: 13672: 13662: 13647: 13534: 13341: 13205: 12968: 12823: 12782: 12772: 12611: 12550: 12470: 12465: 12450: 12445: 12358: 12023: 11917: 11877: 11778: 11547: 11507: 11315: 11268: 11231: 11151: 11103: 11098: 11002: 10507: 10358: 9809: 9780: 9751: 9369: 9310: 9210: 8654: 8473: 8190: 8158: 8109: 7973: 7548: 7475: 7187: 7151: 6725: 6165: 5362: 5258: 5238: 5226: 5115: 4404: 4398: 3750: 2337: 1816: 1676:

when it announced the planned appointment of a president who did not speak Irish.

1392: 1332: 1236: 1222: 1052: 1018: 770:

written form devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional

696: 665: 210: 160: 144: 11378: 10122:

Multilingualism in European Bilingual Contexts : Language Use and Attitudes

7860:"NUI Entry Requirements – Ollscoil na hÉireann – National University of Ireland" 7071: 2411: 1747:

reported that over 2.3 million people worldwide were learning Irish through the

443: 17077: 16973: 16812: 16800: 15641: 15625: 15575: 14761: 14574: 14557: 14414: 14208: 14198: 14174: 14121: 14077: 13992: 13954: 13899: 13894: 13862: 13707: 13687: 13512: 13413: 13392: 13387: 13024: 12958: 12953: 12942: 12923: 12917: 12913: 12721: 12716: 12675: 12602: 12588: 12500: 12475: 12440: 12399: 12389: 12325: 12312: 12252: 12196: 12188: 12179: 12152: 12135: 12091: 12044: 12015: 11808: 11721: 11589: 11467: 11349: 11197: 11162: 11115: 11067: 11057: 10977: 10940: 10419: 10404: 10353: 10348: 9918: 9896: 9879:

Spenser's Monstrous Regiment: Elizabethan Ireland and the Poetics of Difference

9859: 9206: 7905:"University of Galway president Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh to step down from his role" 7477:

The Great Silence: The Study of a Relationship Between Language and Nationality

7318: 7285:

Dalton, Martha (July 2019). "Nuclear Accents in Four Irish (Gaelic) Dialects".

7125:] (in Irish) (2d ed.). Dublin: Irish Texts Society. pp. 507 s.v. 6633: 6605: 6077: 4770: 4492: 4306: 4168: 3699: 3564: 3290: 2861: 2813: 2376: 2321: 2231: 1943: 1778: 1740:

the other official language, if not already passed in both official languages.

1582: 1484: 1465: 1438: 1381: 1274: 1258: 989: 964: 935: 775: 771: 739: 735: 719: 680: 633: 613: 554: 342: 307: 296: 261: 129: 96: 89: 82: 64: 11397: 11382: 9604: 3237:

Munster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht areas of the counties of

2332:

being established in all the countries to which Irish speakers had emigrated.

1633:). Teachers in primary schools must also pass a compulsory examination called 726:, dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by 17091: 16628: 16461: 16335: 15810: 15795: 14626: 14613: 14523: 14005: 13977: 13884: 13876: 13618: 13570: 13356: 13304: 13033: 12973: 12963: 12863: 12838: 12624: 12074: 11912: 11571: 11551: 11428: 11337: 11263: 11125: 10543: 10470: 10409: 9078: 8713: 8709:"Irish to be fully recognised as an official EU language from New Year's Day" 6629: 6322: 6146: 5354: 5334: 5194: 5167: 5148: 5105: 4988: 4815: 4408: 4258: 4247: 3754: 3232: 3012: 2382:

Irish was spoken as a community language until the early 20th century on the

2344: 2281: 1869: 1700: 1612: 1608: 1419: 1336: 1022: 1006: 994: 867: 743: 700: 652:

Irish speakers are therefore based primarily on the number of daily users in

407: 317: 272: 11365: 10691: 9666: 7158:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. pp. 423k. 6580: 5970: 4289:

lay preacher in Irish, wrote: "In some of the largest southern towns, Cork,

920:, used to refer to the language family, is derived from the Old Irish term. 16782: 16718: 16713: 16623: 16606: 16431: 16370: 15860: 15845: 14323: 14116: 13904: 13428: 13382: 13321: 13230: 13007: 12985: 12978: 12415: 12340: 12330: 12262: 11891: 11821: 11555: 11497: 11245: 11192: 10512: 10424: 10378: 10368: 10343: 10273: 10124:, ed. David Lasagabaster and Ángel Huguet. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2007. 10061:

Irish and English: Essays on the Linguistic and Cultural Frontier 1600–1900

9702: 8811:

areas. The total population of all Gaeltacht areas in April 2016 was 96,090

8049: 7332: 7179: 6661:, a subject of the Junior Cycle examination in Secondary schools in Ireland 6636:

used in Irish monasteries. It included Greek, Hebrew and Celtic neologisms.

6458:

despite the reformed spellings only reflecting South Connacht realisations

6175: 6157: 6142: 6085: 5918: 5210: 5198: 5022: 5018: 5000: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4780: 4725: 4630: 4616: 4558: 4505: 4480: 4470: 4460: 4416: 3856: 3713: 3248: 3216: 3016: 2942:

In South Connemara, for example, there is a tendency to replace word-final

2824: 2222: 1955: 1893: 1559: 1328: 1316: 1310: 969: 747: 727: 692: 676: 660:

and 51,707 outside it, totalling 71,968. In response to the 2021 census of

303: 285: 220: 117: 12607: 11405: 11374: 11341: 10997: 9816:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 432. 9787:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 412. 9758:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 417. 7630: 7257: 5287:

Irish verb formation employs a mixed system during conjugation, with both

3389:

that are not included in the Standard. For example, "I see" in Munster is

1720: 1257:

through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the

398: 16919: 16832: 16531: 16475: 16436: 15697: 14782: 14238: 14223: 13624: 13543: 13351: 13336: 13326: 13299: 13125: 13078: 12990: 12736: 12353: 12257: 12144: 11355: 11345: 11285: 11157: 10792: 10621: 10538: 10212: 9963:

A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence

9958: 9646: 7443:

A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence

7406:

A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence

6208: 6097: 5822: 5366: 5342: 4864: 4810: 4235: 3864: 3801: 3726:

dialects today is that which is spoken, with slight differences, in both

3648:

after preposition + singular article, with all prepositions except after

3238: 2372: 2301: 2289: 1340: 1320: 1265:

to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some

755: 688: 465: 34: 14706: 12893: 12659: 10819: 8904: 8854:"Census of Population 2022 Profile 8 - The Irish Language and Education" 8824:"Census 2016 Summary Results – Part 1 – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 7790: 7735: 5241:; 2 relative forms, the present and future relative; and in some verbs, 3612:(the Standard lenites only feminine nouns in the dative in these cases). 3395:, which is the independent form; Ulster Irish also uses a similar form, 1493: 715:

of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century.

17013: 16536: 16446: 16410: 16400: 16206: 14895: 14550: 14161: 14149: 13602: 13566: 13366: 13331: 13291: 12883: 12645: 12636: 11037: 10898: 10612: 8625:"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law" 6793:"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law" 6644: 6101: 6089: 6047: 6031: 5836: 5387: 5190: 5071: 5067: 5033: 4972: 4943: 4820: 4719: 3946:

Early evidence regarding colloquial Irish in east Leinster is found in

3737: 3376:

in other dialects. These are strong tendencies, and the personal forms

3310: 3020: 1672: 1622:

In 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the

1262: 1235:

inscriptions from the 4th century AD, a stage of the language known as

1144: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 542: 16657: 15031: 10684: 9414: 7639: 7378: 4403:

In pronunciation, Irish most closely resembles its nearest relatives,

3431:

in the Standard. Similarly, the traditional form preserved in Munster

2051: 1820:, referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper 17045: 16766: 16550: 16405: 16380: 16355: 15780: 14976: 14951: 14534: 13561: 12668: 12103: 12056: 11884: 11814: 11492: 11401: 11333: 11238: 11072: 10828: 10363: 10248: – Irish Gaelic Arts, Culture, And History Alive Worldwide Today 10111:

Labhrann Laighnigh: Téacsanna agus Cainteanna ó Shean-Chúige Laighean

9993: 9127:

Hell or Connnaught! The Cromwellian Colonisation of Ireland 1652–1660

8808:. Dublin, Ireland: Central Statistics Office. 2017. pp. 66, 69. 6505:), realised and in Munster, reflecting the pre-Caighdeán spellings 6153: 5818: 5411: 5151: 5125: 4901: 4323: 4286: 4162: 3487: 3334:

verbs in parallel with a pronominal subject system, thus "I must" is

3220: 3136:

have a much softer sound, with a tendency to terminate words such as

2820: 2293: 2285: 2276:

The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast

1881: 1841: 1764: 1730: 1411: 1270: 1254: 1248: 913: 787: 657: 645: 423: 391: 373: 355: 215: 16731: 16451: 12873: 12574: 11167: 10801: 10677: 10459: 10216: 8496:"Irish Language and the Gaeltacht – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 7025:"Irish Language and the Gaeltacht – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 6618: 2111: 1707:

traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern.

1327:. It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the 1119: 16957: 16890: 16555: 16441: 16385: 15790: 14803: 14218: 13682: 13135: 13090: 13054: 13042: 12888: 12848: 12663: 12655: 12650: 12632: 12555: 12292: 12287: 12272: 12050: 11600: 9255:Ó Conluain & Ó Céileachair 1976, pp. 148–153, 163–169, 210–215. 8596: 6313:

standard was subsequently approved by the State and developed into

6310: 6302: 6212: 6134: 6108: 6093: 5857:"I threw" (lenition as a past-tense marker, caused by the particle 5804: 5171: 5091: 5081: 4224: 4082: 4075: 3797: 3727: 3278: 2783: 2753: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2277: 2030: 1905: 1748: 1666: 1472: 1324: 917: 908: 897: 857: 684: 496: 12903: 11359: 11202: 10008:

Grand Opportunity: The Gaelic Revival and Irish Society, 1893–1910

8884:"Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media" 7615:

Watson, Iarfhlaith; Nic Ghiolla Phádraig, Máire (September 2009).

5414:; this has disappeared in Modern Irish except in fossilised form. 5178:

by convention, though it originates in the Proto-Celtic ablative.

3855:

broad central belt stretching from west Connacht eastwards to the

16875: 16860: 16759: 16546: 16526: 15500: 15469: 14944: 14902: 14607: 14601: 14228: 14203: 14082: 14057: 13692: 13657: 13630: 13557: 13539: 13130: 13066: 12690: 12320: 12297: 11987: 11960: 11802: 11675: 10639: 10291: 9337:

Walsh, John; OʼRourke, Bernadette; Rowland, Hugh (October 2015).

6306: 6039: 5814: 5423:("at", etc.) is used in conjunction with the transient "be" verb 5265: 4290: 4108: 4100: 3860: 3545:"it" is frequently used. Thus "I am an Irish person" can be said 2763: 2745: 2352: 2315: 1917: 1691: 629: 492: 107: 14446: 10234: 8941:. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast. 8926:. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast. 7350:"House of Commons, 1 August 1922: Ireland: Erse language (18)". 3834:, also common to the Isle of Man and Scotland (Munster/Connacht 3570:

Both masculine and feminine words are subject to lenition after

3413:

being the dependent form, which is used after particles such as

2320:. In Australia, too, the language found its way into print. The 16745: 16738: 16583: 16516: 16375: 14789: 14426: 14213: 14000: 13782:

Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

13702: 13677: 13641: 13635: 13548: 13471: 13397: 13316: 12818: 12302: 12247: 12028: 11388: 11370: 10603: 10594: 9842:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

9478: 8785:

Clarke, Sandra; Paddock, Harold; MacKenzie, Marguerite (1999).

8154:"Ar fheabhas! President praises volunteer Duolingo translators" 6043: 6024: 6020: 6016: 5218: 5175: 5144: 5055: 5026: 4156: 4096: 4092: 3723: 3115: 2773: 1823: 1781:. These regions are known individually and collectively as the 1715: 1696: 1586: 1423: 751: 704: 10630: 7700: 4362:, provide a single pronunciation. Online dictionaries such as 4246:. There were still an appreciable number of Irish speakers in 1744: 1402: 926:

of the language in the various modern Irish dialects include:

880:. The modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent 656:

outside the education system, which in 2022 was 20,261 in the

16795: 16365: 14810: 13102: 12908: 12853: 12741: 12335: 12277: 12267: 12225: 12175: 11542: 11393: 11093: 10963: 10533: 9394:

International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism

8682:"Is í an Ghaeilge an 21ú teanga oifigiúil den Aontas Eorpach" 6081: 3105: 2412:

Daily Irish speakers in Gaeltacht areas between 2011 and 2022

2360: 1266: 1230: 891: 723: 648:

regions, in which 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2022.

312: 15006:

First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland

10185: 8924:

A Phonetic Study of the Irish of Tory Island, County Donegal

8650:"Thousands call for Irish Language Act during Belfast rally" 6901: 6899: 6897: 5143:. Adjectives generally follow nouns, though some precede or 1388:

Discouragement of its use by the Anglo-Irish administration.

1082: 866:

prior the spelling reform of 1948, which was originally the

14985:

President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey

13361: 12898: 12878: 12813: 12641: 10708: 10159:

Williams, Nicholas. 'Na Canúintí a Theacht chun Solais' in

9979:

Preventing the Future: Why was Ireland so poor for so long?

9268:, pp. 168–181, Seán Ó Mórdha (ed.), An Clóchomhar Tta 1981. 9212:

The History of the Town and Country of the County of Galway

9194:

The Irish Sections of Fynes Moryson's unpublished itinerary

7930:"Academic claims the forced learning of Irish 'has failed'" 7008:. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education. 4228: 4104: 3939:(crowd). A feature of the dialect was the pronunciation of 3867:, and a Munster dialect found in Kilkenny and south Laois. 2407:

education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas.

1662: 583: 10283: 10148:

Williams, J. E. Caerwyn & Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín (ed.).

8003:

Nollaig Ó Gadhra, 'The Gaeltacht and the Future of Irish,

7614: 6697:, a detailed account of the current state of the language. 2141:"Family Transmission of the Language – Early Intervention" 495:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

134:

People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish "very well":

16483: 10668: 10196: 9533: 9264:

Máirín Ní Mhuiríosa, "Cumann na Scríbhneoirí: Memoir" in

8126: 7965:

Donncha Ó hÉallaithe: "Litir oscailte chuig Enda Kenny":

7696:"Douglas Hyde's inauguration – a signal of a new Ireland" 6894: 2043:

parish in Ireland. Irish language summer colleges in the

589: 580: 10932: 9030: 6462:, failing to represent the other dialectal realisations 6084:, was used to write Primitive Irish and Old Irish until 902: 738:. On the island, the language has three major dialects: 15912:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

10263: 9279:"Dublin : Gaelscoileanna – Irish Medium Education" 8330:"Official Languages Act 2003 (and related legislation)" 7949:"End compulsory Irish, says FG, as 14,000 drop subject" 6413:

does not reflect all dialects to the same degree, e.g.

5417:

Irish has no verb to express having; instead, the word

2343:

The Irish language is also one of the languages of the

2080:

Dublin airport sign in both English and Irish languages

1574:

Irish is one of only a few recordings of that dialect.

9599:. De Gruyter Mouton. 11 April 2014. pp. 235–316. 9391: 8784: 8410:

Official Languages Act 2003: Language Scheme 2019–2022

8267: 6665:

List of artists who have released Irish-language songs

2219:

legislation to recognise Irish as an official language

2094: 13094: 10252:

Trinity College Dublin The Irish Language Synthesiser

9990:

The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary

8979:"State of Ireland & Plan for its Reformation" in 8469:"Plan could treble number speaking Irish, says Cowen" 8449: 8031:

The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary

8016:

Welsh Robert and Stewart, Bruce (1996). 'Gaeltacht,'

6529:

despite not representing the Munster pronunciations.

1639:. As of 2005, Garda Síochána recruits need a pass in 1471:

It has been estimated that there were around 800,000

1094: 1085: 1026: 601: 592: 15642:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

13480: 9901:

The Dialects of Irish: Study of a Changing Landscape

9336: 8122:"Over 2.3m people using language app to learn Irish" 8077:"Why choose Irish-medium education? | Gaeloideachas" 6125:

a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u

5345:

constructions. There are also a number of preverbal

1840:

areas, numerically and socially, are those of South

586: 280: 267: 14488: 8215:"The Gaeltacht | Our Language & the Ghaeltacht" 6092:. Since the introduction of Latin script, the main 2211:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1384:were complex but came down to a number of factors: 577: 9156:Williams & Uí Mhuiríosa 1979, pp. 279 and 284. 7622:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 7019: 7017: 7015: 4163:Urban use from the Middle Ages to the 19th century 1398:The spread of bilingualism from the 1750s onwards. 703:. It was also, for a period, spoken widely across 16005:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 10059:Kelly, James & Mac Murchaidh, Ciarán (eds.). 8453:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 8406: 8308: 7273:Alternate names: Erse, Gaelic Irish, Irish Gaelic 6985:"Gaelic: Definition of Gaelic by Merriam-Webster" 5782:The latter is most commonly used in mathematics. 4411:. One notable feature is that consonants (except 2860:, "weakening". The non-standard pronunciation of 2118:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 2112:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 17089: 9463:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9445:. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019 4285:Much earlier, in 1819, James McQuige, a veteran 2347:, a non-governmental organisation that promotes 1315:By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into 16851:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 10983:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups 8965:The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge 7178: 7091:Míle Míle i gCéin: The Irish Language in Canada 7012: 6847: 3948:The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge 3267:). The Gaeltacht areas of Cork can be found in 2968:(pronounced respectively as "shiv," "liv" and " 1543:as the national and first official language of 14917:Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages 10167:, ed. Kim McCone and others. Maigh Nuad 1994. 10118:Language Use and Language Attitudes in Ireland 9436: 9085:, University of Notre Dame Press 1997, p. 51. 7763:"Allocution en irlandais, par M. Douglas Hyde" 7584:"The Irish language and the Church of Ireland" 6756: 6754: 6732:, but its use is encouraged by the government. 5577:Irish has both decimal and vigesimal systems: 4427:), in Irish they have a grammatical function. 4375:("The Official Standard"), often shortened to 2868:as , rather than as in Munster. For example, 2205:, the language gradually received a degree of 2065: 1406:The distribution of the Irish language in 1871 149:People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish: 33:For the Niger–Congo language called "Ga", see 15485: 15047: 14722: 14474: 14357: 13058: 12160: 11971:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European) 11616: 10948: 10307: 9807: 9778: 9749: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8961:Borde, Andrew (1870). Furnivall, F.J. (ed.). 8797: 7149: 6862: 6432: 5917:) covers the voicing of voiceless stops, and 3772:. Though southern Donegal Irish tends to use 3219:was possibly one of the last speakers of the 1566:. The record of his delivering his inaugural 13046: 10228: 10213:Irish Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words 9629:"Celtic languages – Irish | Britannica" 9430: 8584: 8183: 8181: 7512: 7287:International Conference of Phonetic Science 3326:Some typical features of Munster Irish are: 2744:Irish is represented by several traditional 15614:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 13106: 13070: 10878: 10849: 10840: 10826: 10817: 10808: 10799: 10790: 10768: 10754: 10745: 10736: 10727: 10689: 10675: 10666: 10646: 10637: 10628: 10619: 10610: 10601: 10592: 10563: 10478: 10449: 10396: 10264: 10241: 10203: 10161: 10150: 10101: 10094: 10087: 10025: 9814:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 9785:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 9756:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 9129:, p. 156. Hamish Hamilton. SBN 241-89071-3. 9031:"The Doegen Records Web Project | DHO" 7446:. Oxford University Press. pp. 75–77. 7156:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 6751: 6700: 6603: 6588: 6578: 6553: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6490: 6484: 6474: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6423: 6414: 6408: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6349: 6343: 6335: 6329: 6314: 6265: 6259: 6245: 6220: 6219:for this purpose, i.e. the dotted letters ( 6207:"dot of lenition") was used in traditional 6202: 6169: 6112: 6002: 5993: 5984: 5974: 5958: 5952: 5944: 5938: 5930: 5924: 5912: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5872: 5866: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5830: 5808: 5796:In Irish, there are two classes of initial 5774: 5766: 5758: 5750: 5742: 5734: 5726: 5718: 5708: 5702: 5694: 5688: 5680: 5674: 5666: 5660: 5652: 5646: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5617: 5611: 5603: 5597: 5589: 5581: 5568: 5562: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5534: 5526: 5507: 5496: 5485: 5474: 5463: 5452: 5433: 5424: 5418: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5275: 5269: 5119: 5109: 5095: 5085: 5075: 5049: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4357: 4333: 4321: 4310: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4086: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3741: 3731: 3689: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3563:. In effect the construction is a type of " 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3314: 3304: 3288: 3282: 3272: 3262: 3252: 3242: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3143: 3137: 3119: 3109: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2934: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2834: 2828: 2787: 2777: 2767: 2757: 2325: 2313: 2229: 2049: 2034: 2021: 2009: 1997: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1947: 1935: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1849: 1821: 1786: 1728: 1677: 1645: 1634: 1551: 1457: 1442: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1228: 1038: 1012: 999: 982: 974: 957: 949: 941: 928: 885: 871: 861: 850: 837: 818: 786:(albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in 759: 558: 244: 68: 17037:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 15492: 15478: 15054: 15040: 14843:Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey 14729: 14715: 14481: 14467: 14364: 14350: 13082: 12174: 12167: 12153: 11623: 11609: 10955: 10941: 10314: 10300: 9504:"Irish Dialects copy of Irishlanguage.net" 9299: 9297: 9295: 8986: 8939:Grammar of Ros Goill Irish, County Donegal 8268:Trinity College Dublin (5 November 2020). 7987:"Study sees decline of Irish in Gaeltacht" 7499: 7497: 6843: 6841: 6297:), issued his own guidelines about how to 4201:(accusative case, the standard form being 4189:(accusative case, the standard form being 3891:. Examples are the placenames Crooksling ( 3722:Linguistically, the most important of the 2933:, when occurring at the end of words like 1055:), the language is usually referred to as 1032: 464: 14736: 9413: 8622: 8425:"20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language" 8178: 7638: 7473: 7343: 7298: 7206: 6790: 5264:There are two verbs for "to be", one for 1204:Learn how and when to remove this message 1005:in mid and East Kerry/Cork and Waterford 675:, Irish was the dominant language of the 632:and was the majority of the population's 16856:Association football in Northern Ireland 9356: 9339:Research Report on New Speakers of Irish 8969:. N. Trubner & Co. pp. 131–135. 8921: 8018:The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature 7833: 6654:Irish words used in the English language 6067: 5406:. In Old and Middle Irish, prepositions 4982: 4213:(genitive case, the standard form being 4070: 3606:"in the shop", compared to the Standard 3340:in Munster, while other dialects prefer 3206:(to be able to – i.e. a form similar to 2176: 2144:"Administration, Services and Community" 2075: 1768: 1690: 1605:Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland 1576: 1401: 1253:Primitive Irish underwent a change into 1017:also has a wider meaning, including the 732:one of the oldest vernacular literatures 17103:Languages attested from the 4th century 16052:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 15061: 10269:– Dictionaries and terminology resource 10205:Giotaí and Top 40 Offigiúla na hÉireann 9856:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9838:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9479:"Leabharlann Teanga agus Foclóireachta" 9362: 9303: 9292: 8765: 8558: 8187: 7984: 7731:"Douglas Hyde Opens 2RN 1 January 1926" 7725: 7723: 7494: 7113: 7093:. Ottawa: Borealis Press. p. 196. 6878: 6876: 6874: 6838: 6599:Comparison of Scottish Gaelic and Irish 6473:Other examples include the genitive of 5715:A number such as 35 has various forms: 5114:), with fossilised traces of the older 4103:, with an inland boundary encompassing 3352:means "I"). "I was" and "you were" are 1319:, which was spoken throughout Ireland, 750:. All three have distinctions in their 489:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 17090: 13023: 11033:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 10284:Articles related to the Irish language 10083:, Volume 110C, 2010, pp. 239–276. 10080:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 9971:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 9648:Graiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críostai 9437:Ní Thuathaláin, Méabh (23 July 2019). 9244:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 8911:from the original on 8 September 2018. 8706: 8356:"Review of Official Language Act 2003" 8312:Official Languages Act 2003: Guidebook 8263: 8261: 7902: 7886:"Obligation to appoint Irish speakers" 7838:. London: Routledge. pp. 471–90. 7797:from the original on 7 September 2018. 7693: 7409:. Oxford University Press. p. 4. 7284: 7066: 7064: 6946: 6810: 6131:⟨j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z⟩ 5410:different cases depending on intended 5280:"past" and "conditional", and one for 4389:in 1953 and updated in 2012 and 2017. 2239: 2207:formal recognition in Northern Ireland 1800:Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, 907: 896: 805:, and is also an official language of 16321: 16111: 15932: 15538: 15473: 15035: 14710: 14462: 14345: 14255: 14147: 13926: 13728: 13160: 12940: 12586: 12223: 12148: 11604: 10936: 10295: 10282: 10136:Irish Word Forms / Irische Wortformen 9946:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 9522: 9318:from the original on 16 February 2018 8960: 8936: 8772:Heritage: Newfoundland & Labrador 8662:from the original on 15 November 2017 8572:from the original on 22 November 2013 8134:from the original on 4 September 2017 8042: 7946: 7815:from the original on 12 February 2018 7708:from the original on 7 September 2018 7663:"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic" 7439: 7402: 7227:"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic" 7088: 6979: 6977: 6670:List of English words of Irish origin 6540:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5048:(only in conjunction with the number 4435: 4300: 3885:(hill) would therefore be pronounced 3766:in place of the Munster and Connacht 3698: 2986:(). There is also a tendency to omit 2221:alongside English. The bill received 1346: 988: 963: 934: 138:Daily users outside education system: 95: 88: 81: 17138:Languages of the Republic of Ireland 14970:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 11630: 11284: 10237:Grammar with audio and pronunciation 10103:Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Tta 10047:from the original on 11 October 2017 8806:Report of the 2016 Census of Ireland 8166:from the original on 11 October 2017 8057:from the original on 29 January 2017 7720: 7546: 6871: 6141:occurs in a small number of (mainly 5785: 4238:so that people could understand it. 3387:independent/dependent forms of verbs 2929:"a wonder, a marvel", etc. The form 1631:Education in the Republic of Ireland 1523: 1488: 1142:adding citations to reliable sources 1113: 799:national and first official language 730:since the 5th century AD, Irish has 14148: 12053:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh) 11324: 9923:The Sound Structure of Modern Irish 9597:The Sound Structure of Modern Irish 9008:"The Irish Language in Co. Wicklow" 8791:Heritage: Newfoundland and Labrador 8734: 8707:Boland, Lauren (31 December 2021). 8623:Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022). 8528:from the original on 9 October 2015 8466: 8443: 8258: 7743:from the original on 6 January 2013 7675:from the original on 8 January 2014 7237:from the original on 8 January 2014 7061: 6791:Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022). 6293:(The Translation Department of the 3703:opposed to in Connacht and Ulster. 3011:The pronunciation prevalent in the 2300:, which saw many Irish sent to the 2166: 2095:Official Languages Scheme 2019–2022 1865:regions in the following counties: 1812:Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology 1227:Written Irish is first attested in 13: 16081:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 15856:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 15654:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 15499: 10321: 9573:from the original on 25 April 2018 9304:Ó Broin, Brian (16 January 2010). 9233:Quoted in de Brún 2009, pp. 11–12. 9037:from the original on 19 March 2016 8604:from the original on 15 March 2007 7513:O'Reilly, Edward (17 March 2015). 7376: 7307: 6974: 6680:List of Irish-language given names 6273: 6264:"you (pl.) will get" would become 6237:bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th 6088:was introduced in the 5th century 4345: 4131: 3053:being preferred to the more usual 2261: 2173:Irish language in Northern Ireland 2039:), County Donegal, is the largest 1798:According to data compiled by the 1601:History of the Republic of Ireland 1216: 681:took it with them to other regions 507: 14: 17154: 15866:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 15453:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 14992:Chief Minister of the Isle of Man 13578:Festival Interceltique de Lorient 10179: 9540:from the original on 3 March 2009 9363:Seoighe, Stiofán (22 July 2019). 8864:from the original on 17 July 2024 8834:from the original on 30 July 2017 8592:"Irish language future is raised" 8043:Magan, Manchán (9 January 2007). 7694:Murphy, Brian (25 January 2018). 7596:from the original on 10 July 2017 7553:. University of Wisconsin Press. 7527:from the original on 29 July 2017 4961: 4952: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4892: 4885: 4876: 4869: 4786: 4779: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 3484:⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩ 2891:⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩ 2880:is used for "we were" instead of 2351:, Celtic identity and culture in 1650:, the Irish language ombudsman). 1478: 1395:'s support of English over Irish. 16:Celtic language native to Ireland 17071: 16035:Tallest buildings and structures 14829:Government of the United Kingdom 14373: 14328: 12941: 12573: 12116:Scottish Gaelic-medium education 11585: 11584: 10917: 10916: 9848: 9830: 9801: 9772: 9743: 9717: 9687: 9639: 9621: 9585: 9562:[The Official Standard] 9552: 9496: 9471: 9385: 9330: 9271: 9258: 9249: 9236: 9227: 9218: 9199: 9186: 9177: 9168: 9165:Ní Mhunghaile 2010, pp. 239–276. 9159: 9150: 9141: 9132: 9125:Berresford Ellis, Peter (1975). 9119: 9110: 9095: 9071: 8905:"The Doegen Records Web Project" 8747:from the original on 10 May 2012 7866:from the original on 5 July 2012 7791:"The Doegen Records Web Project" 7768:Bibliothèque nationale de France 6991:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 6621:, a lapel pin for Irish speakers 6614:Dictionary of the Irish Language 6595:, a course in basic spoken Irish 6255: 6215:; An Caighdeán uses a following 5257:and an impersonal form which is 4293:and even the Protestant town of 4250:at the time of the 1851 census. 4028:Gath haad o showh go part laarg? 3897:) in County Dublin and Crukeen ( 3736:= Inlet of Streaming Water) and 3083:(done) tend to be pronounced as 2715: 2714: 2705: 2704: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2666: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2636: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2606: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2576: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2546: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2516: 2495: 2494: 2487: 2486: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2456: 2340:claimed to speak Irish at home. 1492: 1410:The change was characterised by 1118: 1078: 1009:to reflect local pronunciation. 573: 541:Problems playing this file? See 523: 17143:Definitely endangered languages 14490:Languages of the United Kingdom 10503:Dependent and independent forms 10257: 10223:The First Printed Book in Irish 9870: 9593:"III the morphonology of Irish" 9049: 9023: 9014: 9000: 8973: 8954: 8945: 8930: 8915: 8897: 8876: 8846: 8816: 8778: 8766:Mannion, John (February 2003). 8759: 8728: 8700: 8674: 8642: 8616: 8540: 8514: 8488: 8460: 8417: 8400: 8374: 8348: 8322: 8302: 8276: 8232: 8207: 8198: 8146: 8114: 8094: 8069: 8036: 8023: 8010: 7997: 7985:Siggins, Lorna (16 July 2007). 7978: 7959: 7940: 7922: 7896: 7878: 7852: 7827: 7801: 7783: 7755: 7687: 7655: 7608: 7576: 7567: 7539: 7506: 7467: 7433: 7396: 7370: 7325: 7278: 7250: 7219: 7200: 7172: 7143: 7107: 7082: 7043: 6995: 6884:"Gaelic definition and meaning" 5377:, many grammars recognise only 4053:When shall I go to sleep, wife? 3875:where the standard spelling is 3796:in northernmost dialects (e.g. 3319:), both of which together form 2782:). Records of some dialects of 2298:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 2284:and North America, but also to 1562:, was inaugurated as the first 1363: 1304: 1129:needs additional citations for 848:") the name of the language is 811:languages of the European Union 21:Irish language (disambiguation) 15871:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 12065:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic) 10089:Cumann na Scríbhneoirí: Memoir 9988:Hindley, Reg (1991, new ed.). 9306:"Schism fears for Gaeilgeoirí" 9147:Berresford Ellis 1975, p. 190. 9138:Berresford Ellis 1975, p. 193. 8450:Government of Ireland (2010). 8045:"Cá Bhfuil Na Gaeilg eoirí? *" 7207:Ó Dónaill, Niall, ed. (1977). 6928: 6856: 6784: 6718: 6675:List of Ireland-related topics 6640:Irish language outside Ireland 6532: 6282:, Séamas Daltún, in charge of 6252:Irish Defence Forces cap badge 6057: 5015:nominative-accusative language 4415:) come in pairs, one "broad" ( 4367:dialects are less noticeable. 4269:(1536), ordaining as follows: 4078:– According to Statute of 1488 3804:), though even in these areas 2939:, tends to be pronounced as . 2272:Irish language in Newfoundland 2268:Irish language outside Ireland 2253:language of the European Union 1655:National University of Ireland 1: 17128:Verb–subject–object languages 17118:Languages of Northern Ireland 15933: 14297:Celtic place names in Galicia 13927: 12136:extinct or ancestor languages 10152:Traidisiún Liteartha na nGael 9406:10.1080/13670050.2015.1127888 8284:"Official Languages Act 2003" 8270:"Official Languages Act 2003" 7903:Wilson, Jade (26 June 2024). 7119:Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla 7051:"Frequency of Speaking Irish" 6863:Ó Flannghaile, Tomás (1896). 6768:. 1 July 1937. Archived from 6739: 6625:Goidelic substrate hypothesis 6517:, which were standardised as 6440:"beach" were standardised as 6162:⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩ 6104:during the mid-20th century. 5897:, the vocative marker before 5460:"You (singular) have a book." 5062:: masculine, feminine; and 4 3810:"is not" is more common than 3364:in Munster but more commonly 3132:. For example, words ending - 3104:The northern Mayo dialect of 1636:Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge 1261:and is attested primarily in 1110:History of the Irish language 1046: 636:until the 19th century, when 622:Indo-European language family 16936:Northern Ireland flags issue 16112: 15887:List of conflicts in Ireland 15631:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 13729: 12234:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups 9192:Quoted in Graham Kew (ed.), 9033:. Dho.ie. 5 September 1928. 8922:Hamilton, John Noel (1974). 7362:. 1240–1242. 1 August 1922. 7123:Irish and English dictionary 6911:Cambridge English Dictionary 6744: 6695:Status of the Irish language 6685:List of Irish-language media 4392: 3631:, "in the farm", instead of 3401:, whereas "I do not see" is 3299:; and those of Waterford in 2683: 2653: 2623: 2593: 2563: 2533: 2503: 2473: 2443: 2375:, known collectively as the 2105:Department of the Taoiseach, 1806:, only 1/4 of households in 1758: 1714:found few Irish speakers in 1530:Status of the Irish language 1242: 782:, has been succeeded by the 7: 16322: 15907:Gaelic clothing and fashion 15539: 13221:Welsh literature in English 13161: 12587: 12313:Modern Celtic ethnic groups 12224: 10274:General Gaelic Dictionaries 9196:(IMC, Dublin, 1998), p. 50. 8951:Williams 1994, pp. 467–478. 8768:"The Irish in Newfoundland" 7520:New-York Historical Society 7480:. Irish Books & Media. 6571: 5504:"You (plural) have a book." 5025:, and makes liberal use of 4066: 4024:How far is it to Waterford? 3849: 2807: 2739: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2402:The 2016 census data shows: 2159:"Cross-cutting Initiatives" 2101:Official Languages Act 2003 2072:Official Languages Act 2003 2066:Official Languages Act 2003 1615:, agricultural inspectors, 1595:From the foundation of the 1539:Irish is recognised by the 831: 10: 17159: 15013:First Minister of Scotland 14864:Northern Ireland Executive 13241:Scottish Gaelic literature 12621:Brigantia (ancient region) 10881:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge 9566:(in Irish). January 2012. 9344:(Report). Foras na Gaeilge 9104:The Description of Ireland 8407:Roinn an Taoisigh (2019). 8020:. Oxford University Press. 7947:Regan, Mary (4 May 2010). 7573:McMahon 2008, pp. 130–131. 7547:Wolf, Nicholas M. (2014). 7383:World History Encyclopedia 7194:English Universities Press 6915:Cambridge University Press 6888:Collins English Dictionary 6703:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge 6690:Modern literature in Irish 6061: 5813:) describes the change of 5789: 5690:a deich is cheithre fichid 5573:(free variation) "Second." 4986: 4396: 4349: 4099:, to the garrison town of 3711: 3230: 3226: 2811: 2725: 2265: 2170: 2115: 2069: 1762: 1534: 1527: 1482: 1375: 1350: 1335:in Scotland, and into the 1308: 1246: 1220: 1107: 1103: 890:. Older spellings include 32: 25: 18: 17067: 16966: 16904: 16841: 16781: 16694: 16642: 16597: 16564: 16509: 16474: 16424: 16343: 16334: 16330: 16317: 16252: 16155: 16124: 16120: 16107: 16017: 15945: 15941: 15928: 15879: 15667: 15551: 15547: 15534: 15510: 15440: 15392: 15354: 15069: 14962:Representatives of states 14961: 14887: 14820: 14753: 14744: 14673: 14640: 14583: 14496: 14435: 14407: 14386: 14319: 14262: 14256: 14251: 14189: 14160: 14143: 14106: 14028: 14019: 13991: 13963: 13935: 13922: 13875: 13840: 13814: 13735: 13724: 13611: 13588:Hebridean Celtic Festival 13525: 13427: 13406: 13375: 13290: 13249: 13216:Welsh-language literature 13171: 13167: 13156: 13118: 13032: 12949: 12936: 12806: 12765: 12699: 12595: 12582: 12571: 12408: 12377: 12311: 12232: 12219: 12186: 12129: 12084: 12037: 12014: 11951:? (possibly hypothetical) 11939: 11855: 11833: 11792: 11769: 11751: 11740: 11731: 11656: 11638: 11580: 11525: 11444: 11277: 11221: 11086: 10970: 10962: 10912: 10899:Personal and family names 10891: 10866: 10850: 10841: 10827: 10818: 10809: 10800: 10791: 10783: 10755: 10746: 10737: 10728: 10720: 10676: 10667: 10659: 10585: 10576: 10521: 10469: 10387: 10329: 10289: 10229:Grammar and pronunciation 10156:. An Clóchomhar Tta 1979. 10012:Syracuse University Press 9605:10.1515/9783110226607.235 8937:Lucas, Leslie W. (1979). 6954:"Our Role Supporting You" 6818:"Our Role Supporting You" 6762:"Constitution of Ireland" 6229:ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ 6100:until it was replaced by 5508: 5497: 5486: 5475: 5464: 5453: 5434: 5398:. Different prepositions 4819: 4809: 4807: 4769: 4718: 4602: 4491: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4244:Faulkner's Dublin Journal 3996:Sir, can you speak Irish? 3988:Tam a goomah gramahagood. 3958: 3955: 3707: 3287:); those of Kerry lie in 2794:Irish Folklore Commission 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2060: 1624:Language Freedom Movement 1603:), new appointees to the 1552: 1458: 1416:transitional bilingualism 620:, which is a part of the 475: 463: 449: 437: 421: 405: 389: 371: 353: 348: 330:Official language in 328: 323: 293: 255: 245: 238: 203: 157: 123: 113: 103: 76: 63: 49: 44: 14999:Chief Minister of Jersey 14021:Ancient Celtic languages 11213:Gaelic Christian mission 10730:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta 10034:, Issue 34, 6 May 2013: 9560:"An Caighdeán Oifigiúil" 7474:De Fréine, Seán (1978). 6848:O'Gallagher, J. (1877). 6711: 6610:, Irish language Society 6466:(in Mayo and Ulster) or 6096:used to write Irish was 5863:, now generally omitted) 5547:"Two people, a couple", 5373:. Verb forms are highly 4041:It is one a twenty mile. 2397: 2153:"Legislation and Status" 1695:Bilingual road signs in 1550:In 1938, the founder of 901:in Classical Gaelic and 826: 17028:Prostitution (Republic) 15020:First Minister of Wales 14292:Gaulish words in French 14277:Celtic words in English 12531:Scottish New Zealanders 12421:Anglo-Celtic Australian 11959:? (possibly related to 11483:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh 11043:Jacobite rising of 1745 10086:Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín. ' 9883:Oxford University Press 8382:"Irish Language Policy" 8309:An Coimisinéir Teanga. 8033:. Taylor & Francis. 8007:, Volume 90, Number 360 7972:20 January 2011 at the 6850:Sermons in Irish-Gaelic 6278:Around the time of the 5792:Irish initial mutations 4057:Gah hon rah moyd holow? 3539:construction involving 3532:"companion, mate", etc. 3520:"foreigner, non-Gael", 2923:"foreigner, non-Gael", 1836:. Today, the strongest 1541:Constitution of Ireland 903: 892: 809:and among the official 784:standard Latin alphabet 17133:Vertical vowel systems 15897:List of Irish kingdoms 15112:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14850:Isle of Man Government 13226:Early Irish literature 13107: 13095: 13083: 13071: 13059: 13047: 12511:Scotch-Irish Canadians 12506:Scotch-Irish Americans 12121:Welsh-medium education 11771:Southwestern Brittonic 10904:List of personal names 10879: 10769: 10690: 10647: 10638: 10629: 10620: 10611: 10602: 10593: 10566:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 10564: 10481:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 10479: 10450: 10397: 10265: 10242: 10204: 10162: 10151: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10032:Dublin Review of Books 10026: 9679:: CS1 maint: others ( 9224:Ó Laoire 2007, p. 164. 9020:Cited in Ó Gráda 2013. 7545:See the discussion in 7209:Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla 6701: 6649:Place names in Ireland 6604: 6589: 6579: 6554: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6491: 6485: 6475: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6433: 6424: 6415: 6409: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6350: 6344: 6336: 6330: 6317:an Caighdeán Oifigiúil 6315: 6284:Rannóg an Aistriúcháin 6266: 6260: 6246: 6221: 6203: 6170: 6129:; it does not contain 6113: 6107:The traditional Irish 6073: 6003: 5994: 5985: 5975: 5959: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5931: 5925: 5913: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5873: 5867: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5831: 5809: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5755:"15 of 20 (genitive)" 5751: 5743: 5735: 5727: 5719: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5689: 5681: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5653: 5647: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5612: 5604: 5598: 5590: 5582: 5569: 5563: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5535: 5527: 5425: 5419: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5276: 5270: 5120: 5110: 5096: 5086: 5076: 5050: 4383: 4377: 4372:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 4371: 4364:Foclóir Béarla-Gaeilge 4358: 4352:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 4334: 4322: 4311: 4263:Irish Confederate Wars 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4087: 4079: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3742: 3732: 3690: 3686:⟨(e)ach⟩ 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3528: 3526:"a wonder, a marvel", 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3315: 3305: 3289: 3283: 3273: 3263: 3253: 3243: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3144: 3138: 3134:⟨bh, mh⟩ 3120: 3110: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2935: 2931:⟨(a)ibh⟩ 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2835: 2829: 2788: 2778: 2768: 2758: 2409: 2384:island of Newfoundland 2326: 2314: 2230: 2186: 2147:"Media and Technology" 2081: 2050: 2035: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1936: 1922: 1910: 1898: 1886: 1874: 1850: 1822: 1787: 1774: 1729: 1703: 1678: 1646: 1635: 1589: 1501:This section is empty. 1460:Muircheartach Ó Cíonga 1443: 1407: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1229: 1051:In English (including 1039: 1033: 1027: 1013: 1000: 983: 975: 958: 950: 942: 929: 886: 872: 862: 851: 840:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 838: 820:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 819: 762:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 760: 559: 512: 477:This article contains 247:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 69: 17004:Mass media (Republic) 16948:National coat of arms 15836:IRA Northern Campaign 14836:Government of Ireland 14747:Good Friday Agreement 14738:British–Irish Council 13853:Scottish independence 13598:Celtic Media Festival 13481:National music scenes 12707:Proto-Celtic religion 12409:Related ethnic groups 12098:Skol Veythrin Karenza 12038:Celtic-speaking areas 11963:or pre-Indo-European) 11518:An Coimisinéir Teanga 11478:An Comunn Gàidhealach 11183:Oireachtas na Gaeilge 10217:Swadesh-list appendix 10100:, ed. Seán Ó Mórdha. 10006:McMahon, Timothy G.. 9215:. Dublin 1820: p. 80. 9174:See Fitzgerald, 1984. 8467:Breadun, Deaglan De. 8108:29 March 2015 at the 8029:Hindley, Reg (1991). 7631:10.1515/IJSL.2009.039 7440:Doyle, Aidan (2015). 7403:Doyle, Aidan (2015). 7089:Doyle, Danny (2015). 7078:(table), Census, 2010 6766:Government of Ireland 6585:, Anglicisms in Irish 6071: 5763:"5 of 30 (genitive)" 5736:a cúigdéag ar fhichid 5662:a deich is trí fichid 5613:daichead, dá fhichead 5268:with only two forms, 4983:Syntax and morphology 4074: 4000:Sor, woll galow oket? 3700:[ciəˈɾˠaːn̪ˠ] 3170:(meaning "to look"), 2404: 2386:, in a form known as 2203:Good Friday Agreement 2199:Ulster Unionist Party 2180: 2124:Government of Ireland 2088:An Coimisinéir Teanga 2079: 1772: 1751:app. Irish president 1694: 1647:An Coimisinéir Teanga 1580: 1568:Declaration of Office 1430:were Irish speakers. 1405: 990:[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] 671:For most of recorded 618:Celtic language group 511: 151:(ROI, 2022) 1,873,997 90:[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] 17123:Languages of Ireland 16926:County coats of arms 16818:List of Irish people 15892:List of Irish tribes 15742:Cromwellian conquest 15728:Plantation of Ulster 15659:Ireland (since 1922) 15063:Languages of Europe 14857:Government of Jersey 14754:Member jurisdictions 14380:Languages of Ireland 14177:(Medieval Welsh law) 13787:Scottish nationalism 13437:Ancient Celtic music 12752:Romano-Celtic temple 12561:Welsh New Zealanders 12486:Irish New Zealanders 11567:Kingdom of the Isles 11488:Seachtain na Gaeilge 11453:Údarás na Gaeltachta 11208:Insular Christianity 11023:Plantation of Ulster 10988:High King of Ireland 9877:McCabe, Richard A.. 9101:Ellis, Henry (ed.). 8997:See Fitzgerald 1984. 8983:, Henry VIII, ii, 8. 8981:State Papers Ireland 8600:. 13 December 2006. 8219:Údarás na Gaeltachta 8130:. 25 November 2016. 7892:on 30 November 2005. 7836:The Celtic Languages 7811:. 23 November 2017. 7739:. 15 February 2012. 7360:Houses of Parliament 7189:Teach Yourself Irish 5744:a cúig ar thríochaid 5720:a cúigdéag is fichid 4016:Benytee, toor haran! 4012:Wife, give me bread! 3984:I am well, thank you 3964:Anglicised spelling 3130:Plantation of Ulster 3124:) is in grammar and 2392:Newfoundland English 2225:on 6 December 2022. 2215:St Andrews Agreement 1949:Contae Dhún na nGall 1564:President of Ireland 1275:ecclesiastical terms 1138:improve this article 993:in West/Cork, Kerry 898:[ˈɡeːʝəlˠəɡ] 19:For other uses, see 17041:in Northern Ireland 17032:in Northern Ireland 16773:Legendary creatures 16686:Traditional singing 16522:Saint Patrick's Day 16157:Republic of Ireland 16086:Tourist attractions 16071:ROI–UK border 16056:of Northern Ireland 16009:in Northern Ireland 15841:IRA Border Campaign 15816:War of Independence 15786:Second Great Famine 15771:Act of Union (1800) 15723:Flight of the Earls 15580:Lordship of Ireland 15515:Republic of Ireland 15355:States with limited 14871:Scottish Government 14674:Languages by region 14443:Irish Sign Language 13867:Irish republicanism 13848:Breton independence 13827:Scottish devolution 13760:Cornish nationalism 13583:Pan Celtic Festival 13457:Scottish folk music 13211:Scottish literature 12732:Celtic Christianity 12536:Scottish Travellers 12521:Scottish Argentines 12365:Scottish Travellers 12110:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh 12085:Immersive education 11063:Highland Clearances 11018:Flight of the Earls 10836:Irish Texts Society 10339:Proto-Indo-European 10215:(from Wiktionary's 9695:"Irish Orthography" 8568:. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 8524:. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 8431:. 29 September 2020 8240:"Gaeltacht Affairs" 7337:The Free Dictionary 7258:"Irish: Ethnologue" 7211:. p. 600 s.v. 7115:Dinneen, Patrick S. 6989:Merriam-Webster.com 6247:Óglaiġ na h-Éireann 6145:) native words and 5971:possessive pronouns 5798:consonant mutations 5768:fiche 's a cúigdéag 5627:a deich is daichead 5515:"They have a book." 5333:The meaning of the 5282:transient qualities 5174:case is called the 4804: 4432: 4431:Consonant phonemes 4033:seo go Port Láirge? 3554:Éireannach is ea mé 3321:Gaeltacht na nDéise 3264:Contae Phort Láirge 3176:(painful or sore), 2792:) were made by the 2685:All Gaeltacht Areas 2246:European Parliament 2240:European Parliament 2195:Stormont Parliament 2011:Contae Phort Láirge 1875:Contae na Gaillimhe 1710:In 2007, filmmaker 1686:Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh 1641:Leaving Certificate 1545:Republic of Ireland 1040:Gaeilge na hÉireann 909:[ˈɡoiðʲelɡ] 876:, the form used in 803:Republic of Ireland 774:, a variant of the 136:(ROI, 2022) 195,029 17113:Goidelic languages 17108:Fusional languages 17078:Ireland portal 16396:Skirts and kidneys 15902:List of High Kings 15821:Anglo-Irish Treaty 15761:First Great Famine 15746:Settlement of 1652 15718:Tyrone's Rebellion 15708:Desmond Rebellions 15597:Kingdom of Ireland 14408:Minority languages 14387:Official languages 13858:Welsh independence 13822:Cornish devolution 13743:Breton nationalism 13593:Celtic Connections 13196:Cornish literature 12541:Ulster Protestants 12526:Scottish Canadians 12516:Scottish Americans 12426:Anglo-Irish people 12063:Cape Breton Island 11899:Early Modern Irish 11659:Continental Celtic 11562:Kingdom of Munster 11503:Comunn na Gàidhlig 11473:Conradh na Gaeilge 11110:Lebor Gabála Érenn 10874:Leaving Cert Irish 10843:Sáirséal agus Dill 10415:Newfoundland Irish 10374:Early Modern Irish 10134:Shibakov, Alexey. 10116:Ó Laoire, Muiris. 10109:Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. 10024:Ó Gráda, Cormac. ' 9983:Gill and MacMillan 9940:De Brún, Pádraig. 9699:www.nualeargais.ie 9633:www.britannica.com 9116:See Ó hÓgáin 2011. 8502:. 19 December 2023 7936:. 19 January 2006. 7668:The New York Times 7231:The New York Times 7184:Ó Cróinín, Donncha 7031:. 19 December 2023 6233:are equivalent to 6225:"struck letters") 6074: 5835:), it is shown in 5752:a cúigdéag fichead 5447:le livre est à moi 5379:11 irregular verbs 5365:, etc. There is a 5330:analytical forms. 5266:inherent qualities 4802: 4430: 4313:Conradh na Gaeilge 4301:Modern urban usage 4177:Richard Stanihurst 4113:Earldom of Kildare 4080: 3941:⟨ao⟩ 3877:⟨cn⟩ 3873:⟨cr⟩ 3859:and southwards to 3790:has almost ousted 3223:dialect of Irish. 2950:, in word such as 2802:Newfoundland Irish 2388:Newfoundland Irish 2349:self-determination 2328:Conradh na Gaeilge 2251:While an official 2187: 2082: 1844:, the west of the 1775: 1743:In November 2016, 1704: 1590: 1581:Bilingual sign in 1554:Conradh na Gaeilge 1464:, commissioned by 1445:Conradh na Gaeilge 1408: 1358:Early Modern Irish 1353:Early Modern Irish 1347:Early Modern Irish 1019:Gaelic of Scotland 965:[ˈɡeːlʲəc] 936:[ˈɡeːlʲɟə] 882:⟨dh⟩ 813:. The public body 513: 226:Early Modern Irish 153:(NI, 2021) 228,600 140:(ROI, 2022) 71,968 97:[ˈɡeːlʲəc] 83:[ˈɡeːlʲɟə] 17085: 17084: 17063: 17062: 17059: 17058: 16470: 16469: 16361:Bacon and cabbage 16313: 16312: 16309: 16308: 16180:Foreign relations 16103: 16102: 16099: 16098: 16030:Notable buildings 15924: 15923: 15920: 15919: 15467: 15466: 15461: 15460: 15029: 15028: 14924:Knowledge economy 14704: 14703: 14456: 14455: 14339: 14338: 14315: 14314: 14247: 14246: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14098:Cisalpine Gaulish 13918: 13917: 13804:national identity 13799:Welsh nationalism 13792:national identity 13772:Irish nationalism 13720: 13719: 13716: 13715: 13653:Cornish wrestling 13521: 13520: 13442:Breton Folk music 13407:Regional cultures 13250:National cultures 13236:Gaelic literature 13191:Breton literature 13152: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13144: 13143: 12932: 12931: 12844:Chief of the Name 12712:Celtic polytheism 12629:Sub-Roman Britain 12569: 12568: 12456:Irish Australians 12436:Cornish Americans 12395:Scottish diaspora 12142: 12141: 11935: 11934: 11851: 11850: 11794:Western Brittonic 11683:Cisalpine Gaulish 11598: 11597: 11533:Haplogroup R-M269 11424: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11173:Gaelic folk music 11136:Gaelic literature 10930: 10929: 10862: 10861: 10811:Cló Iar-Chonnacht 10776: 10713: 10705: 10697: 10554:Modern literature 10488:Initial mutations 10065:Four Courts Press 10020:978-0-8156-3158-3 10002:978-0-4150-6481-1 9954:978-1-85500-212-8 9935:978-3-11-022659-1 9927:De Gruyter Mouton 9905:Walter de Gruyter 9614:978-3-11-022660-7 9530:"Beginners' Blas" 7771:. 28 January 1922 7671:. 29 March 2005. 7589:Church of Ireland 7560:978-0-299-30274-0 7487:978-0-85342-516-8 7453:978-0-19-872476-6 7416:978-0-19-872476-6 7233:. 29 March 2005. 7100:978-0-88887-631-7 6569: 6568: 6538:Article 1 of the 6222:litreacha buailte 6217:⟨h⟩ 6188:⟨é⟩ 6180:⟨e⟩ 6139:⟨v⟩ 6117:) consists of 18 6064:Irish orthography 5921:of voiced stops. 5841:⟨h⟩ 5786:Initial mutations 5776:tríocha 's a cúig 5728:a cúig is tríocha 5493:"We have a book." 5482:"She has a book." 4997:Irish conjugation 4969: 4968: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4800: 4799: 4670: 4612: 4554: 4501: 4064: 4063: 3840:"I walk", Ulster 3646:⟨d⟩ 3642:⟨t⟩ 3617:⟨f⟩ 3455:in the Standard; 3297:Iveragh Peninsula 3269:Cape Clear Island 3150:⟨f⟩ 3015:(the area around 2734: 2733: 2654:County Waterford 2431:Change 2011–2022 1980:Iveragh Peninsula 1804:, Sport and Media 1558:(Gaelic League), 1524:Status and policy 1521: 1520: 1454:Church of Ireland 1214: 1213: 1206: 1188: 1028:Gaeilge na hAlban 856:, from the South 640:gradually became 628:to the island of 610:Goidelic language 563:), also known as 528: 503: 502: 485:rendering support 481:phonetic symbols. 142:(NI, 2021) 43,557 17150: 17076: 17075: 17074: 16753:Tuatha Dé Danann 16341: 16340: 16332: 16331: 16319: 16318: 16254:Northern Ireland 16232: 16222: 16212: 16122: 16121: 16109: 16108: 15943: 15942: 15930: 15929: 15806:Home Rule crisis 15636:Northern Ireland 15549: 15548: 15536: 15535: 15523:Northern Ireland 15494: 15487: 15480: 15471: 15470: 15393:Dependencies and 15329:Northern Ireland 15070:Sovereign states 15056: 15049: 15042: 15033: 15032: 15022: 15015: 15008: 15001: 14994: 14987: 14980: 14972: 14954: 14947: 14940: 14938:Social inclusion 14933: 14926: 14919: 14912: 14905: 14898: 14880: 14878:Welsh Government 14873: 14866: 14859: 14852: 14845: 14838: 14831: 14813: 14806: 14799: 14797:Northern Ireland 14792: 14785: 14778: 14771: 14764: 14731: 14724: 14717: 14708: 14707: 14686:Northern Ireland 14483: 14476: 14469: 14460: 14459: 14378: 14377: 14366: 14359: 14352: 14343: 14342: 14332: 14253: 14252: 14145: 14144: 14127:Galwegian Gaelic 14026: 14025: 13924: 13923: 13832:Welsh devolution 13726: 13725: 13478: 13477: 13467:Sean-nós singing 13462:Welsh folk music 13452:Irish folk music 13419:Highland culture 13201:Irish literature 13181:Arthurian Legend 13169: 13168: 13158: 13157: 13110: 13098: 13086: 13074: 13062: 13050: 13030: 13029: 13021: 13020: 12998:Neo-Christianity 12938: 12937: 12869:Gaelic astrology 12829:Celtic festivals 12727:Celtic mythology 12700:Ancient religion 12617:Iron Age Britain 12584: 12583: 12577: 12556:Welsh Argentines 12496:Irish Uruguayans 12491:Irish Travellers 12461:Irish Brazilians 12451:Irish Argentines 12431:Breton Americans 12385:Cornish diaspora 12347:Irish Travellers 12221: 12220: 12213:Celtic languages 12169: 12162: 12155: 12146: 12145: 11924:Galwegian Gaelic 11905:Classical Gaelic 11866:Classical Gaelic 11760:Common Brittonic 11749: 11748: 11738: 11737: 11632:Celtic languages 11625: 11618: 11611: 11602: 11601: 11588: 11587: 11526:Related subjects 11513:Clans of Ireland 11463:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 11458:Foras na Gaeilge 11322: 11321: 11306:Medical families 11282: 11281: 11253:Classical Gaelic 11178:Sean-nós singing 11121:Gaelic astrology 11104:Gaelic mythology 11013:Statutes of Iona 10957: 10950: 10943: 10934: 10933: 10920: 10919: 10884: 10855: 10854: 10846: 10845: 10832: 10831: 10823: 10822: 10814: 10813: 10805: 10804: 10796: 10795: 10774: 10766: 10764:BBC Radio Ulster 10760: 10759: 10751: 10750: 10742: 10741: 10733: 10732: 10711: 10703: 10695: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10672: 10671: 10652: 10643: 10634: 10625: 10616: 10607: 10598: 10583: 10582: 10569: 10549:Early literature 10484: 10455: 10434:Northern Ireland 10400: 10388:Sociolinguistics 10316: 10309: 10302: 10293: 10292: 10280: 10279: 10268: 10245: 10207: 10165: 10163:Stair na Gaeilge 10154: 10113:. Coiscéim 2011. 10105: 10098: 10091: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10037:"CÉ FADA LE FÁN" 10029: 9864: 9863: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9834: 9828: 9827: 9810:Gussmann, Edmund 9805: 9799: 9798: 9781:Gussmann, Edmund 9776: 9770: 9769: 9752:Gussmann, Edmund 9747: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9705:on 26 March 2023 9701:. Archived from 9691: 9685: 9684: 9678: 9670: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9572: 9565: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9506:. Archived from 9500: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9483:www.teanglann.ie 9475: 9469: 9468: 9462: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9417: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9343: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9301: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9275: 9269: 9262: 9256: 9253: 9247: 9240: 9234: 9231: 9225: 9222: 9216: 9203: 9197: 9190: 9184: 9181: 9175: 9172: 9166: 9163: 9157: 9154: 9148: 9145: 9139: 9136: 9130: 9123: 9117: 9114: 9108: 9099: 9093: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9027: 9021: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9004: 8998: 8995: 8984: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8958: 8952: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8901: 8895: 8894: 8888: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8782: 8776: 8775: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8735:O Broin, Brian. 8732: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8688:on 18 March 2008 8678: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8550:. Archived from 8544: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8336:. 31 August 2020 8326: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8265: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8246:. 5 October 2020 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8185: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8118: 8112: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8081:gaeloideachas.ie 8073: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8040: 8034: 8027: 8021: 8014: 8008: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7982: 7976: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7888:. Archived from 7882: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7727: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7642: 7625:(199): 143–156. 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7580: 7574: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7510: 7504: 7501: 7492: 7491: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7423: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7321:. 27 April 2016. 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7268: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7152:Gussmann, Edmund 7147: 7141: 7140: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7068: 7059: 7058: 7057:. 21 March 2023. 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7021: 7010: 7009: 7007: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6981: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6964: 6958:Foras na Gaeilge 6950: 6944: 6943: 6936:"Irish language" 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6903: 6892: 6891: 6880: 6869: 6868: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6845: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6828: 6822:Foras na Gaeilge 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6758: 6733: 6722: 6706: 6609: 6594: 6584: 6557: 6545: 6544: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6478: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6412: 6404:"Irish language" 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6353: 6347: 6339: 6333: 6320: 6295:Irish government 6292: 6280:Second World War 6269: 6263: 6249: 6240: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6206: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6163: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6126: 6116: 6013:initial mutation 6006: 5997: 5988: 5978: 5962: 5956: 5948: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5916: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5876: 5871:"requirement" – 5870: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5842: 5834: 5812: 5778: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5730: 5722: 5712: 5706: 5698: 5692: 5684: 5678: 5670: 5664: 5656: 5650: 5642:"half-hundred") 5641: 5635: 5629: 5621: 5615: 5607: 5601: 5599:a deich is fiche 5596:30: vigesimal – 5593: 5585: 5572: 5566: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5538: 5530: 5514: 5513: 5503: 5502: 5492: 5491: 5481: 5480: 5471:"He has a book." 5470: 5469: 5459: 5458: 5443:minulla on kirja 5440: 5439: 5428: 5422: 5371:verbal adjective 5363:relative clauses 5328: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5279: 5273: 5123: 5113: 5099: 5089: 5079: 5053: 5023:satellite framed 5017:. It is neither 4993:Irish declension 4978: 4965: 4956: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4896: 4889: 4880: 4873: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4805: 4801: 4790: 4783: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4608: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4497: 4433: 4429: 4414: 4388: 4380: 4374: 4361: 4337: 4327: 4316: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4090: 4035: 4006: 3953: 3952: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3745: 3735: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3677: 3672:"on the house", 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3548:is Éireannach mé 3544: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3514:"sledgehammer", 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3318: 3308: 3294: 3286: 3276: 3266: 3256: 3246: 3215:Irish President 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3123: 3113: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3047:(difficult) and 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2917:"sledgehammer", 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2838: 2832: 2791: 2781: 2771: 2761: 2718: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2669: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2639: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2609: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2579: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2549: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2519: 2498: 2497: 2490: 2489: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2459: 2416: 2415: 2331: 2319: 2235: 2191:Northern Ireland 2167:Northern Ireland 2055: 2038: 2025: 2013: 2006:County Waterford 2001: 1987: 1975: 1968:Dingle Peninsula 1963: 1951: 1939: 1937:Contae Mhaigh Eo 1925: 1913: 1901: 1889: 1877: 1853: 1846:Dingle Peninsula 1827: 1790: 1734: 1683: 1649: 1638: 1597:Irish Free State 1557: 1556: 1516: 1513: 1503:You can help by 1496: 1489: 1463: 1462: 1448: 1370:Geoffrey Keating 1300: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1269:words, some via 1234: 1209: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1153:"Irish language" 1146: 1122: 1114: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1016: 1003: 992: 986: 978: 967: 961: 953: 945: 938: 932: 911: 906: 900: 895: 889: 883: 878:Classical Gaelic 875: 865: 854: 844:("The Official 843: 822: 815:Foras na Gaeilge 807:Northern Ireland 765: 758:. There is also 662:Northern Ireland 604: 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 562: 530: 529: 510: 468: 459: 433: 417: 401: 394: 385: 384: 376: 367: 366: 358: 339:Northern Ireland 299: 282: 269: 250: 249: 163: 99: 92: 85: 80:Connacht Irish: 72: 42: 41: 28:Classical Gaelic 17158: 17157: 17153: 17152: 17151: 17149: 17148: 17147: 17088: 17087: 17086: 17081: 17072: 17070: 17055: 17023:outside Ireland 16994:Historic houses 16962: 16943:Irish Wolfhound 16914:Brighid's Cross 16900: 16871:Gaelic handball 16866:Gaelic football 16837: 16808:Hiberno-Normans 16777: 16690: 16638: 16593: 16574:Hiberno-English 16560: 16505: 16466: 16420: 16326: 16305: 16248: 16230: 16220: 16210: 16151: 16142:Ulster loyalism 16116: 16095: 16013: 15937: 15916: 15875: 15801:Dublin lock-out 15737:Confederate War 15688:Norman invasion 15675:Battles of Tara 15663: 15619:1801–1923 15607:1691–1800 15602:1536–1691 15590:1169–1536 15543: 15530: 15506: 15498: 15468: 15463: 15462: 15457: 15436: 15394: 15388: 15374:Northern Cyprus 15356: 15350: 15244:North Macedonia 15065: 15060: 15030: 15025: 15018: 15011: 15004: 14997: 14990: 14983: 14975: 14968: 14957: 14950: 14943: 14936: 14931:Misuse of drugs 14929: 14922: 14915: 14908: 14901: 14894: 14883: 14876: 14869: 14862: 14855: 14848: 14841: 14834: 14827: 14816: 14809: 14802: 14795: 14788: 14781: 14774: 14767: 14760: 14749: 14740: 14735: 14705: 14700: 14669: 14636: 14596:Beurla Reagaird 14584:Other languages 14579: 14570:Scottish Gaelic 14492: 14487: 14457: 14452: 14431: 14403: 14382: 14372: 14370: 14340: 14335: 14311: 14258: 14243: 14185: 14181:Early Scots law 14170:Early Irish law 14156: 14131: 14108:Scottish Gaelic 14102: 14043:Proto-Brittonic 14015: 14011:Beurla Reagaird 13987: 13983:Scottish Gaelic 13959: 13931: 13914: 13910:Columba Project 13890:Celtic Congress 13871: 13836: 13810: 13731: 13712: 13673:Gaelic handball 13663:Gaelic football 13648:Cornish hurling 13607: 13517: 13476: 13423: 13402: 13388:Gaelic clothing 13371: 13286: 13245: 13206:Manx literature 13163: 13140: 13119:Other claimants 13114: 13019: 12969:Celtic Congress 12945: 12928: 12824:Celtic calendar 12802: 12761: 12695: 12591: 12578: 12565: 12551:Welsh Americans 12471:Irish Catholics 12466:Irish Canadians 12446:Irish Americans 12404: 12378:Celtic diaspora 12373: 12307: 12236: 12228: 12215: 12182: 12173: 12143: 12138: 12125: 12080: 12033: 12024:Beurla Reagaird 12010: 11948:Ancient Belgian 11931: 11918:Scottish Gaelic 11878:Primitive Irish 11847: 11829: 11788: 11765: 11744: 11727: 11652: 11634: 11629: 11599: 11594: 11576: 11521: 11508:Columba Project 11446: 11440: 11416: 11320: 11273: 11269:Scottish Gaelic 11232:Primitive Irish 11217: 11148:Scottish Gaelic 11082: 11008:Nine Years' War 10971:General history 10966: 10961: 10931: 10926: 10908: 10887: 10858: 10779: 10716: 10655: 10572: 10517: 10465: 10444:in Newfoundland 10440:Outside Ireland 10383: 10359:Primitive Irish 10325: 10320: 10285: 10260: 10231: 10192:Learning Irish? 10182: 10177: 10138:. epubli 2017. 10050: 10048: 10035: 9965:, Oxford, 2015. 9919:Hickey, Raymond 9897:Hickey, Raymond 9873: 9868: 9867: 9854: 9853: 9849: 9836: 9835: 9831: 9824: 9806: 9802: 9795: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9748: 9744: 9734: 9732: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9708: 9706: 9693: 9692: 9688: 9672: 9671: 9659: 9645: 9644: 9640: 9627: 9626: 9622: 9615: 9591: 9590: 9586: 9576: 9574: 9570: 9563: 9558: 9557: 9553: 9543: 9541: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9513: 9511: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9487: 9485: 9477: 9476: 9472: 9456: 9455: 9448: 9446: 9435: 9431: 9390: 9386: 9376: 9374: 9370:The Irish Times 9361: 9357: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9331: 9321: 9319: 9311:The Irish Times 9302: 9293: 9283: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9272: 9263: 9259: 9254: 9250: 9241: 9237: 9232: 9228: 9223: 9219: 9207:Hardiman, James 9204: 9200: 9191: 9187: 9182: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9164: 9160: 9155: 9151: 9146: 9142: 9137: 9133: 9124: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9100: 9096: 9076: 9072: 9062: 9060: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9040: 9038: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9019: 9015: 9010:. 27 June 2019. 9006: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8987: 8978: 8974: 8959: 8955: 8950: 8946: 8935: 8931: 8920: 8916: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8852: 8851: 8847: 8837: 8835: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8783: 8779: 8764: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8733: 8729: 8719: 8717: 8705: 8701: 8691: 8689: 8680: 8679: 8675: 8665: 8663: 8655:The Irish Times 8648: 8647: 8643: 8633: 8631: 8621: 8617: 8607: 8605: 8590: 8589: 8585: 8575: 8573: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8554:on 13 May 2007. 8546: 8545: 8541: 8531: 8529: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8505: 8503: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8479: 8477: 8474:The Irish Times 8465: 8461: 8448: 8444: 8434: 8432: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8405: 8401: 8391: 8389: 8380: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8318:. pp. 1–3. 8315: 8307: 8303: 8293: 8291: 8282: 8281: 8277: 8266: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8199: 8191:The Irish Times 8186: 8179: 8169: 8167: 8159:The Irish Times 8152: 8151: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8110:Wayback Machine 8103:Ideas.repec.org 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8060: 8058: 8041: 8037: 8028: 8024: 8015: 8011: 8002: 7998: 7991:The Irish Times 7983: 7979: 7974:Wayback Machine 7964: 7960: 7945: 7941: 7928: 7927: 7923: 7913: 7911: 7909:The Irish Times 7901: 7897: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7869: 7867: 7858: 7857: 7853: 7846: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7774: 7772: 7761: 7760: 7756: 7746: 7744: 7729: 7728: 7721: 7711: 7709: 7692: 7688: 7678: 7676: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7472: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7438: 7434: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7377:Irving, Jenni. 7375: 7371: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7300:10.1.1.486.4615 7283: 7279: 7266: 7264: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7240: 7238: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7205: 7201: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7087: 7083: 7070: 7069: 7062: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7023: 7022: 7013: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6983: 6982: 6975: 6962: 6960: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6919: 6917: 6905: 6904: 6895: 6882: 6881: 6872: 6861: 6857: 6846: 6839: 6826: 6824: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6799: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6772:on 17 July 2009 6760: 6759: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6632:, a variety of 6574: 6564: 6552: 6535: 6495:"life, world" ( 6286: 6276: 6274:Spelling reform 6261:gheobhaidh sibh 6236: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6216: 6187: 6179: 6166:Hiberno-English 6161: 6138: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6066: 6060: 5840: 5821:. Indicated in 5794: 5788: 5760:a cúig tríochad 5676:cheithre fichid 5326: 5003: 4987:Main articles: 4985: 4803:Vowel phonemes 4405:Scottish Gaelic 4401: 4399:Irish phonology 4395: 4354: 4348: 4346:Standardisation 4303: 4165: 4134: 4132:General decline 4069: 3967:Irish spelling 3959:Leinster Irish 3940: 3876: 3872: 3852: 3751:Scottish Gaelic 3716: 3710: 3695: 3685: 3645: 3641: 3616: 3483: 3425:is replaced by 3254:Contae Chiarraí 3235: 3229: 3149: 3133: 2930: 2890: 2816: 2810: 2759:Cúige Chonnacht 2742: 2730: 2474:County Donegal 2419:Gaeltacht Area 2414: 2400: 2338:Irish Americans 2274: 2266:Main articles: 2264: 2262:Outside Ireland 2242: 2175: 2169: 2156:"Economic Life" 2120: 2114: 2097: 2074: 2068: 2063: 1961:Contae Chiarraí 1911:An Cheathrú Rua 1851:Fíor-Ghaeltacht 1817:The Irish Times 1767: 1761: 1753:Michael Higgins 1537: 1532: 1526: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1487: 1481: 1393:Catholic Church 1378: 1366: 1355: 1349: 1333:Scottish Gaelic 1313: 1307: 1277:: examples are 1251: 1245: 1237:Primitive Irish 1225: 1223:Primitive Irish 1219: 1217:Primitive Irish 1210: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1147: 1145: 1135: 1123: 1112: 1106: 1095: 1081: 1077: 1053:Hiberno-English 1049: 1034:Gaeilge Mhanann 881: 834: 829: 697:Scottish Gaelic 666:Irish Americans 602: 576: 572: 548: 547: 539: 537: 536: 535: 534: 531: 524: 521: 514: 508: 483:Without proper 471: 455: 429: 413: 410: 397: 390: 380: 379: 372: 362: 361: 354: 341: 337: 331: 324:Official status 316: 311: 300: 295: 266:Leinster Irish 241: 234: 211:Primitive Irish 206: 199: 164: 161:Language family 159: 152: 150: 148: 143: 141: 139: 137: 135: 133: 126: 125:Native speakers 93: 87:Munster Irish: 86: 59: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17156: 17146: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17098:Irish language 17083: 17082: 17068: 17065: 17064: 17061: 17060: 17057: 17056: 17054: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17034: 17025: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16989:Heritage Sites 16986: 16981: 16976: 16970: 16968: 16964: 16963: 16961: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16939: 16938: 16928: 16923: 16916: 16910: 16908: 16902: 16901: 16899: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16847: 16845: 16839: 16838: 16836: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16813:Irish diaspora 16810: 16805: 16804: 16803: 16801:Gaelic Ireland 16793: 16787: 16785: 16779: 16778: 16776: 16775: 16770: 16763: 16756: 16749: 16742: 16735: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16700: 16698: 16692: 16691: 16689: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16672: 16671: 16661: 16654: 16648: 16646: 16640: 16639: 16637: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16614: 16609: 16603: 16601: 16595: 16594: 16592: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16570: 16568: 16562: 16561: 16559: 16558: 16553: 16544: 16542:Rose of Tralee 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16513: 16511: 16507: 16506: 16504: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16486: 16480: 16478: 16472: 16471: 16468: 16467: 16465: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16428: 16426: 16422: 16421: 16419: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16351:List of dishes 16347: 16345: 16338: 16328: 16327: 16315: 16314: 16311: 16310: 16307: 16306: 16304: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16292: 16291: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16270: 16269: 16267:D'Hondt method 16258: 16256: 16250: 16249: 16247: 16246: 16241: 16240: 16239: 16234: 16228:Seanad Éireann 16224: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16193: 16192: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16161: 16159: 16153: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16128: 16126: 16118: 16117: 16105: 16104: 16101: 16100: 16097: 16096: 16094: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16038: 16037: 16032: 16021: 16019: 16015: 16014: 16012: 16011: 16002: 16001: 16000: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15968:Extreme points 15965: 15960: 15958:Climate change 15955: 15949: 15947: 15939: 15938: 15926: 15925: 15922: 15921: 15918: 15917: 15915: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15883: 15881: 15877: 15876: 15874: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15776:1803 Rebellion 15773: 15768: 15766:1798 Rebellion 15763: 15758: 15753: 15751:Williamite War 15748: 15739: 15733:1641 Rebellion 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15713:Spanish Armada 15710: 15705: 15703:Tudor conquest 15700: 15695: 15693:Bruce campaign 15690: 15685: 15671: 15669: 15665: 15664: 15662: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15650: 15649: 15639: 15638:(1921–present) 15633: 15628: 15626:Irish Republic 15623: 15622: 15621: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15604: 15594: 15593: 15592: 15587: 15585:800–1169 15576:Gaelic Ireland 15573: 15568: 15563: 15557: 15555: 15545: 15544: 15532: 15531: 15529: 15528: 15520: 15511: 15508: 15507: 15497: 15496: 15489: 15482: 15474: 15465: 15464: 15459: 15458: 15456: 15455: 15450: 15448:European Union 15444: 15442: 15441:Other entities 15438: 15437: 15435: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15398: 15396: 15395:other entities 15390: 15389: 15387: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15360: 15358: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15348: 15343: 15342: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15319:United Kingdom 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15132:Czech Republic 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15073: 15071: 15067: 15066: 15059: 15058: 15051: 15044: 15036: 15027: 15026: 15024: 15023: 15016: 15009: 15002: 14995: 14988: 14981: 14973: 14965: 14963: 14959: 14958: 14956: 14955: 14948: 14941: 14934: 14927: 14920: 14913: 14906: 14899: 14891: 14889: 14885: 14884: 14882: 14881: 14874: 14867: 14860: 14853: 14846: 14839: 14832: 14824: 14822: 14818: 14817: 14815: 14814: 14807: 14800: 14793: 14786: 14779: 14772: 14765: 14762:United Kingdom 14757: 14755: 14751: 14750: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14734: 14733: 14726: 14719: 14711: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14677: 14675: 14671: 14670: 14668: 14667: 14660: 14658:Northern Irish 14655: 14650: 14644: 14642: 14641:Sign languages 14638: 14637: 14635: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14617: 14610: 14605: 14598: 14593: 14587: 14585: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14566: 14565: 14555: 14554: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14506: 14500: 14498: 14494: 14493: 14486: 14485: 14478: 14471: 14463: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14450: 14439: 14437: 14436:Sign languages 14433: 14432: 14430: 14429: 14424: 14423: 14422: 14411: 14409: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14401: 14396: 14390: 14388: 14384: 14383: 14369: 14368: 14361: 14354: 14346: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14333: 14326: 14320: 14317: 14316: 14313: 14312: 14310: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14263: 14260: 14259: 14249: 14248: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14199:Gaelic warfare 14195: 14193: 14187: 14186: 14184: 14183: 14178: 14175:Cyfraith Hywel 14172: 14166: 14164: 14158: 14157: 14141: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14133: 14132: 14130: 14129: 14124: 14122:Deeside Gaelic 14119: 14113: 14111: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14100: 14095: 14093:Hispano-Celtic 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14048:Proto-Goidelic 14045: 14040: 14034: 14032: 14023: 14017: 14016: 14014: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13997: 13995: 13989: 13988: 13986: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13969: 13967: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13941: 13939: 13933: 13932: 13920: 13919: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13900:Celtic society 13897: 13895:Celtic Revival 13892: 13887: 13881: 13879: 13873: 13872: 13870: 13869: 13863:United Ireland 13860: 13855: 13850: 13844: 13842: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13818: 13816: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13808: 13807: 13806: 13796: 13795: 13794: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13768: 13767: 13757: 13756: 13755: 13750: 13739: 13737: 13733: 13732: 13722: 13721: 13718: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13710: 13708:Welsh handball 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13688:Highland games 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13621: 13615: 13613: 13609: 13608: 13606: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13574: 13573: 13564: 13555: 13546: 13531: 13529: 13523: 13522: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13484: 13482: 13475: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13433: 13431: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13421: 13416: 13414:Gaelic culture 13410: 13408: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13395: 13393:Highland dress 13390: 13385: 13379: 13377: 13373: 13372: 13370: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13357:Pictish stones 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13313: 13312: 13302: 13296: 13294: 13288: 13287: 13285: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13253: 13251: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13177: 13175: 13165: 13164: 13154: 13153: 13150: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13122: 13120: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13112: 13100: 13088: 13076: 13064: 13052: 13039: 13037: 13027: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13015: 13010: 13000: 12995: 12994: 12993: 12983: 12982: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12961: 12959:Celtic nations 12956: 12954:Celtic Revival 12950: 12947: 12946: 12934: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12921: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12810: 12808: 12804: 12803: 12801: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12769: 12767: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12722:Celtic Animism 12719: 12717:Celtic deities 12714: 12709: 12703: 12701: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12676:Cisalpine Gaul 12673: 12672: 12671: 12666: 12648: 12639: 12614: 12605: 12603:Gaelic Ireland 12599: 12597: 12593: 12592: 12580: 12579: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12566: 12564: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12501:Manx Americans 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12476:Irish Chileans 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12441:English people 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12412: 12410: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12402: 12400:Welsh diaspora 12397: 12392: 12390:Irish diaspora 12387: 12381: 12379: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12371: 12370: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12356: 12351: 12350: 12349: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12317: 12315: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12244: 12242: 12230: 12229: 12217: 12216: 12197:Celtic studies 12189:Celtic nations 12187: 12184: 12183: 12172: 12171: 12164: 12157: 12149: 12140: 12139: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12107: 12101: 12095: 12088: 12086: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12078: 12072: 12066: 12060: 12054: 12048: 12045:Lower Brittany 12041: 12039: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12031: 12026: 12020: 12018: 12012: 12011: 12009: 12008: 12005:Paleo-Hispanic 11996: 11984: 11972: 11964: 11952: 11943: 11941: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11929: 11928: 11927: 11915: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11895: 11888: 11881: 11869: 11861: 11859: 11853: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11845: 11837: 11835: 11831: 11830: 11828: 11827: 11826: 11825: 11818: 11806: 11798: 11796: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11786: 11781: 11775: 11773: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11755: 11753: 11746: 11735: 11733:Insular Celtic 11729: 11728: 11726: 11725: 11718: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11702: 11692:Hispano-Celtic 11688: 11687: 11686: 11672: 11664: 11662: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11642: 11640: 11636: 11635: 11628: 11627: 11620: 11613: 11605: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11545: 11540: 11537:human genetics 11529: 11527: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11468:Culture Vannin 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11448: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11414: 11409: 11391: 11386: 11368: 11363: 11353: 11330: 11328: 11319: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11302: 11301: 11294:Royal families 11290: 11288: 11279: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11249: 11242: 11235: 11227: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11198:Highland games 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11163:Insular script 11160: 11155: 11133: 11128: 11126:Gaelic kinship 11123: 11118: 11116:Gaelic warfare 11113: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11090: 11088: 11087:Gaelic culture 11084: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11068:Gaelic Revival 11065: 11060: 11058:Irish diaspora 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11028:1641 Rebellion 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10993:Irish kingdoms 10990: 10985: 10980: 10978:Gaelic Ireland 10974: 10972: 10968: 10967: 10960: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10937: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10924: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10906: 10901: 10895: 10893: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10885: 10876: 10870: 10868: 10867:Qualifications 10864: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10847: 10838: 10833: 10824: 10815: 10806: 10797: 10787: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10761: 10752: 10748:Raidió Na Life 10743: 10734: 10724: 10722: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10714: 10706: 10698: 10682: 10673: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10644: 10635: 10626: 10617: 10608: 10599: 10589: 10587: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10475: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10456: 10447: 10437: 10427: 10422: 10420:Leinster Irish 10417: 10412: 10407: 10405:Connacht Irish 10402: 10391: 10389: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10354:Proto-Goidelic 10351: 10349:Insular Celtic 10346: 10341: 10335: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10323:Irish language 10319: 10318: 10311: 10304: 10296: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10249: 10238: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10210: 10200: 10188: 10186:Discover Irish 10181: 10180:External links 10178: 10176: 10175: 10157: 10146: 10132: 10114: 10107: 10084: 10075: 10073:978-1846823404 10057: 10027:Cé Fada le Fán 10022: 10004: 9986: 9975: 9966: 9956: 9938: 9916: 9894: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9860:United Nations 9847: 9829: 9822: 9808:Doyle, Aidan; 9800: 9793: 9779:Doyle, Aidan; 9771: 9764: 9750:Doyle, Aidan; 9742: 9716: 9686: 9657: 9638: 9620: 9613: 9584: 9551: 9521: 9510:on 1 July 2016 9495: 9470: 9429: 9384: 9355: 9329: 9291: 9270: 9257: 9248: 9235: 9226: 9217: 9198: 9185: 9176: 9167: 9158: 9149: 9140: 9131: 9118: 9109: 9094: 9091:978-0268014278 9079:Leerssen, Joep 9070: 9059:. RTÉ Archives 9048: 9022: 9013: 8999: 8985: 8972: 8953: 8944: 8929: 8914: 8896: 8875: 8845: 8815: 8796: 8777: 8758: 8727: 8699: 8673: 8641: 8629:The Irish News 8615: 8583: 8557: 8539: 8513: 8487: 8459: 8442: 8416: 8399: 8373: 8347: 8321: 8301: 8290:. 22 July 2020 8275: 8257: 8231: 8206: 8197: 8177: 8145: 8113: 8093: 8068: 8035: 8022: 8009: 7996: 7977: 7958: 7953:Irish Examiner 7939: 7934:Independent.ie 7921: 7895: 7877: 7851: 7844: 7826: 7800: 7782: 7754: 7719: 7686: 7654: 7607: 7575: 7566: 7559: 7538: 7505: 7493: 7486: 7466: 7452: 7432: 7415: 7395: 7369: 7358:. London, UK: 7342: 7324: 7319:European Union 7306: 7277: 7249: 7218: 7199: 7196:. p. 227. 7171: 7164: 7150:Doyle, Aidan; 7142: 7135: 7106: 7099: 7081: 7060: 7042: 7011: 6994: 6973: 6945: 6927: 6893: 6870: 6855: 6837: 6809: 6797:The Irish News 6783: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6698: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6656: 6651: 6642: 6637: 6634:Medieval Latin 6627: 6622: 6616: 6611: 6606:Cumann Gaelach 6601: 6596: 6586: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6558: 6534: 6531: 6406: 6405: 6355: 6341: 6323:silent letters 6275: 6272: 6204:ponc séimhithe 6171:(síneadh) fada 6152:Vowels may be 6147:colloquialisms 6078:writing system 6062:Main article: 6059: 6056: 6009: 6008: 5999: 5990: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5950: 5949:"at the start" 5936: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5878: 5864: 5832:ponc séimhithe 5790:Main article: 5787: 5784: 5575: 5574: 5560: 5540: 5532: 5517: 5516: 5505: 5494: 5483: 5472: 5461: 5450: 5319:'he praises', 5274:"present" and 5131:with nouns in 4984: 4981: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4397:Main article: 4394: 4391: 4350:Main article: 4347: 4344: 4335:nuachainteoirí 4324:Gaelscoileanna 4307:Gaelic revival 4302: 4299: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4210:leithscéalaibh 4169:William Gerard 4164: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4133: 4130: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3933:(crooked) and 3857:Liffey estuary 3851: 3848: 3712:Main article: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3679: 3678:"at the door". 3638: 3613: 3600:"to/for the": 3594:"of the", and 3568: 3533: 3480: 3383: 3316:An Sean Phobal 3291:Corca Dhuibhne 3274:Oileán Chléire 3244:Contae Chorcaí 3231:Main article: 3228: 3225: 3101:respectively. 2862:Cois Fharraige 2814:Connacht Irish 2812:Main article: 2809: 2806: 2789:Cúige Laighean 2741: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2712: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2672: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2582: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2552: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2534:County Galway 2531: 2530: 2522: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2413: 2410: 2399: 2396: 2377:Celtic nations 2322:Gaelic revival 2263: 2260: 2241: 2238: 2232:An Dream Dearg 2213:. In the 2006 2171:Main article: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2150:"Dictionaries" 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2132: 2116:Main article: 2113: 2110: 2096: 2093: 2070:Main article: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2028: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1999:Contae Chorcaí 1991: 1990: 1989: 1977: 1973:Corca Dhuibhne 1953: 1944:County Donegal 1941: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1779:first language 1763:Main article: 1760: 1757: 1731:Gaelscoileanna 1617:Garda Síochána 1613:tax collectors 1609:postal workers 1583:Grafton Street 1536: 1533: 1528:Main article: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1512:September 2024 1499: 1497: 1485:Gaelic Revival 1483:Main article: 1480: 1479:Gaelic Revival 1477: 1439:Gaelic revival 1400: 1399: 1396: 1389: 1377: 1374: 1365: 1362: 1351:Main article: 1348: 1345: 1309:Main article: 1306: 1303: 1295:(Sunday, from 1283:(bishop) from 1259:Latin alphabet 1247:Main article: 1244: 1241: 1221:Main article: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1194:September 2024 1126: 1124: 1117: 1108:Main article: 1105: 1102: 1048: 1045: 1043:respectively. 860:form, spelled 833: 830: 828: 825: 797:status as the 795:constitutional 776:Latin alphabet 772:Irish alphabet 736:Western Europe 720:writing system 713:unique dialect 634:first language 616:branch of the 614:Insular Celtic 555:Standard Irish 538: 532: 522: 517: 516: 515: 506: 505: 504: 501: 500: 487:, you may see 473: 472: 469: 461: 460: 453: 447: 446: 441: 435: 434: 427: 419: 418: 411: 406: 403: 402: 395: 387: 386: 377: 369: 368: 359: 351: 350: 349:Language codes 346: 345: 343:European Union 332: 329: 326: 325: 321: 320: 315:(historically) 308:Irish alphabet 301: 297:Writing system 294: 291: 290: 289: 288: 283: 275: 270: 264: 262:Connacht Irish 257: 253: 252: 251:(written only) 242: 240:Standard forms 239: 236: 235: 233: 232: 231: 230: 229: 228: 209: 207: 204: 201: 200: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 179:Insular Celtic 167: 165: 158: 155: 154: 127: 124: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 94:Ulster Irish: 78: 74: 73: 65:Standard Irish 61: 60: 58: 57: 54: 50: 47: 46: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17155: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17095: 17093: 17080: 17079: 17066: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17046:Public houses 17044: 17042: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16971: 16969: 16965: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16937: 16934: 16933: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16921: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16911: 16909: 16907: 16903: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16848: 16846: 16844: 16840: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16802: 16799: 16798: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16788: 16786: 16784: 16780: 16774: 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15648: 15645: 15644: 15643: 15640: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15620: 15617: 15616: 15615: 15612: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15599: 15598: 15595: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15582: 15581: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15571:Early history 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15558: 15556: 15554: 15550: 15546: 15542: 15537: 15533: 15527: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15513: 15512: 15509: 15505: 15502: 15495: 15490: 15488: 15483: 15481: 15476: 15475: 15472: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15445: 15443: 15439: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15407:Faroe Islands 15405: 15403: 15400: 15399: 15397: 15391: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15379:South Ossetia 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15361: 15359: 15353: 15347: 15344: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15321: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15204:Liechtenstein 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15074: 15072: 15068: 15064: 15057: 15052: 15050: 15045: 15043: 15038: 15037: 15034: 15021: 15017: 15014: 15010: 15007: 15003: 15000: 14996: 14993: 14989: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14974: 14971: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14960: 14953: 14949: 14946: 14942: 14939: 14935: 14932: 14928: 14925: 14921: 14918: 14914: 14911: 14907: 14904: 14900: 14897: 14893: 14892: 14890: 14886: 14879: 14875: 14872: 14868: 14865: 14861: 14858: 14854: 14851: 14847: 14844: 14840: 14837: 14833: 14830: 14826: 14825: 14823: 14821:Member bodies 14819: 14812: 14808: 14805: 14801: 14798: 14794: 14791: 14787: 14784: 14780: 14777: 14773: 14770: 14766: 14763: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14752: 14748: 14743: 14739: 14732: 14727: 14725: 14720: 14718: 14713: 14712: 14709: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14676: 14672: 14666: 14665: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14645: 14643: 14639: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14627:Scottish Cant 14625: 14623: 14622: 14618: 14616: 14615: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14603: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14588: 14586: 14582: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14564: 14561: 14560: 14559: 14556: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14536: 14532: 14531: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14514: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14484: 14479: 14477: 14472: 14470: 14465: 14464: 14461: 14448: 14444: 14441: 14440: 14438: 14434: 14428: 14425: 14421: 14418: 14417: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14410: 14406: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14385: 14381: 14376: 14367: 14362: 14360: 14355: 14353: 14348: 14347: 14344: 14331: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14321: 14318: 14308: 14307:– in Portugal 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14287:– in Galician 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14264: 14261: 14254: 14250: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14196: 14194: 14192: 14188: 14182: 14179: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14146: 14142: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14105: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14033: 14031: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14018: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13998: 13996: 13994: 13990: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13966: 13962: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13925: 13921: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13885:Celtic League 13883: 13882: 13880: 13878: 13877:Pan-Celticism 13874: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13839: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13813: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13800: 13797: 13793: 13790: 13789: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13766: 13763: 13762: 13761: 13758: 13754: 13753:reunification 13751: 13749: 13746: 13745: 13744: 13741: 13740: 13738: 13734: 13727: 13723: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13668: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13643: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13626: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13616: 13614: 13610: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13572: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13541: 13538: 13537: 13536: 13533: 13532: 13530: 13528: 13524: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13479: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13430: 13426: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13411: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13380: 13378: 13374: 13368: 13367:Triple spiral 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13311: 13308: 13307: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13293: 13289: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13248: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13186:Bardic Poetry 13184: 13182: 13179: 13178: 13176: 13174: 13170: 13166: 13159: 13155: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13117: 13109: 13104: 13101: 13097: 13092: 13089: 13085: 13080: 13077: 13073: 13068: 13065: 13061: 13056: 13053: 13049: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13034:Celtic League 13031: 13028: 13026: 13022: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12992: 12989: 12988: 12987: 12984: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12974:Celtic League 12972: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12965: 12964:Pan-Celticism 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12948: 12944: 12939: 12935: 12925: 12922: 12919: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12864:Gaelicisation 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12839:Celticisation 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12805: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12764: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12698: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12654: 12653: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12643: 12642:Iron Age Gaul 12640: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12625:Roman Britain 12622: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12585: 12581: 12576: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12481:Irish Mexican 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12407: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12382: 12380: 12376: 12366: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12343: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12205:Celtic tribes 12202: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12170: 12165: 12163: 12158: 12156: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12137: 12133: 12128: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12111: 12108: 12105: 12102: 12099: 12096: 12093: 12090: 12089: 12087: 12083: 12076: 12075:Y Fro Gymraeg 12073: 12070: 12069:Gàidhealtachd 12067: 12064: 12061: 12058: 12055: 12052: 12049: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12040: 12036: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12017: 12013: 12006: 12002: 12001: 11997: 11994: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11982: 11978: 11977: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11958: 11957: 11953: 11950: 11949: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11938: 11926: 11925: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11907: 11906: 11901: 11900: 11896: 11894: 11893: 11889: 11887: 11886: 11882: 11880: 11879: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11867: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11844: 11843: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11832: 11824: 11823: 11819: 11817: 11816: 11812: 11811: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11804: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11791: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11768: 11762: 11761: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11752:Reconstructed 11750: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11724: 11723: 11719: 11717: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11707: 11703: 11701: 11700: 11696: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11684: 11680: 11679: 11678: 11677: 11673: 11671: 11670: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11639:Reconstructed 11637: 11633: 11626: 11621: 11619: 11614: 11612: 11607: 11606: 11603: 11591: 11583: 11582: 11579: 11573: 11572:Gaelicisation 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11524: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11447:organisations 11443: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11323: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11295: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11283: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11254: 11250: 11248: 11247: 11243: 11241: 11240: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11220: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11131:Bardic poetry 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11111: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11078:Gàidhealtachd 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10958: 10953: 10951: 10946: 10944: 10939: 10938: 10935: 10923: 10915: 10914: 10911: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10890: 10883: 10882: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10865: 10853: 10852:Glór na nGael 10848: 10844: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10830: 10825: 10821: 10816: 10812: 10807: 10803: 10798: 10794: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10773: 10772: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10757:Raidió Fáilte 10753: 10749: 10744: 10740: 10735: 10731: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10719: 10710: 10707: 10702: 10699: 10694: 10693: 10686: 10683: 10679: 10674: 10670: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10624: 10623: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10568: 10567: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10448: 10445: 10441: 10438: 10435: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10410:Munster Irish 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10386: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10317: 10312: 10310: 10305: 10303: 10298: 10297: 10294: 10288: 10281: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10262: 10261: 10253: 10250: 10247: 10244: 10239: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10224: 10221: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10201: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10174: 10173:0-901519-90-1 10170: 10166: 10164: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10147: 10145: 10144:9783745066500 10141: 10137: 10133: 10131: 10130:1-85359-929-8 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10099: 10097: 10090: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9980: 9977:Garvin, Tom, 9976: 9973: 9972: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9895: 9892: 9891:0-19-818734-3 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9875: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9825: 9823:83-7363-275-1 9819: 9815: 9811: 9804: 9796: 9794:83-7363-275-1 9790: 9786: 9782: 9775: 9767: 9765:83-7363-275-1 9761: 9757: 9753: 9746: 9731:. 8 July 2021 9730: 9726: 9720: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9690: 9682: 9676: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9658:1-85791-327-2 9654: 9650: 9649: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9616: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9569: 9561: 9555: 9539: 9536:. June 2005. 9535: 9531: 9525: 9509: 9505: 9499: 9484: 9480: 9474: 9466: 9460: 9444: 9440: 9433: 9425: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9359: 9340: 9333: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9280: 9274: 9267: 9261: 9252: 9245: 9239: 9230: 9221: 9214: 9213: 9208: 9202: 9195: 9189: 9180: 9171: 9162: 9153: 9144: 9135: 9128: 9122: 9113: 9106: 9105: 9098: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9058: 9052: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9017: 9009: 9003: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8982: 8976: 8968: 8966: 8957: 8948: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8892: 8885: 8879: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8812: 8807: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8762: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8731: 8716: 8715: 8714:TheJournal.ie 8710: 8703: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8661: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8645: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8587: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8501: 8497: 8491: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8463: 8456:. p. 11. 8455: 8454: 8446: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8412: 8411: 8403: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8362:. 3 July 2015 8361: 8357: 8351: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8314: 8313: 8305: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8271: 8264: 8262: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8201: 8193: 8192: 8184: 8182: 8165: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8149: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8097: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8039: 8032: 8026: 8019: 8013: 8006: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7910: 7906: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7865: 7861: 7855: 7847: 7845:0-415-01035-7 7841: 7837: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7758: 7742: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7674: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7611: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7579: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7542: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7503:Ó Gráda 2013. 7500: 7498: 7489: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7470: 7455: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7436: 7429: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7399: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7181: 7180:Dillon, Myles 7175: 7167: 7165:83-7363-275-1 7161: 7157: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7136:1-870166-00-0 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7110: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7065: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7004: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6978: 6970: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6844: 6842: 6834: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6755: 6750: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6630:Hiberno-Latin 6628: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6591:Buntús Cainte 6587: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6576: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6530: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6499:; pre-reform 6493: 6487: 6483:; pre-reform 6477: 6471: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6435: 6426: 6417: 6411: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6331:beirbhiughadh 6328: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6268: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6223: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6070: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5992:their shoe – 5991: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5972: 5961: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5839:by adding an 5838: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5793: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5772: 5769: 5764: 5761: 5756: 5753: 5748: 5745: 5740: 5737: 5732: 5729: 5724: 5721: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5586: 5584: 5578: 5571: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5355:interrogative 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5335:passive voice 5331: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5307:'we praise', 5305: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5249:forms. Verbs 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5213:; 2 numbers: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5168:prepositional 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5149:Demonstrative 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5102:prepositional 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4989:Irish grammar 4980: 4977:/iə,uə,əi,əu/ 4975:of Irish are 4974: 4964: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4840: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4259:Fynes Moryson 4256: 4251: 4249: 4248:County Dublin 4245: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4150:Westmeath 17% 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4073: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4045:Myle hewryht. 4043: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3915:(monastery), 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3847: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3733:Gaoth Dobhair 3729: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3489: 3488:diphthongised 3481: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3233:Munster Irish 3224: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3194:(difficult), 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3146: 3140: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013:Joyce Country 3009: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2940: 2937: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2737: 2729: 2724: 2721: 2713: 2711: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2652: 2643: 2624:County Meath 2622: 2613: 2592: 2583: 2564:County Kerry 2562: 2553: 2532: 2523: 2502: 2493: 2472: 2463: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2417: 2408: 2403: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345:Celtic League 2341: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2323: 2318: 2317: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282:Great Britain 2280:, chiefly to 2279: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2078: 2073: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2036:Gaoth Dobhair 2032: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1899:Oileáin Árann 1895: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1870:County Galway 1868: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1771: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1712:Manchán Magan 1708: 1702: 1701:County Galway 1698: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599:in 1922 (see 1598: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1531: 1515: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1466:Bishop Bedell 1461: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420:United States 1417: 1413: 1404: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1373: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1337:Manx language 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323:and parts of 1322: 1318: 1312: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1224: 1208: 1205: 1197: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1155: – 1154: 1150: 1149:Find sources: 1143: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1127:This section 1125: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1090: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1059:, as well as 1058: 1054: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1002: 997:, as well as 996: 991: 987: 985: 979: 977: 971: 966: 962: 960: 954: 952: 946: 944: 937: 933: 931: 925: 921: 919: 915: 910: 905: 899: 894: 888: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 855: 853: 847: 842: 841: 824: 821: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 763: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 695:gave rise to 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 673:Irish history 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606: 597: 570: 566: 561: 556: 552: 546: 544: 520: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 480: 474: 467: 462: 458: 454: 452: 448: 445: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 426: 425: 420: 416: 412: 409: 408:Linguist List 404: 400: 396: 393: 388: 383: 378: 375: 370: 365: 360: 357: 352: 347: 344: 340: 336: 333: 327: 322: 319: 318:Irish Braille 314: 309: 305: 302: 298: 292: 287: 284: 279: 276: 274: 273:Munster Irish 271: 265: 263: 260: 259: 258: 254: 248: 243: 237: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 212: 208: 202: 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 180: 177: 176: 175: 172: 171: 170: 169:Indo-European 166: 162: 156: 146: 131: 128: 122: 119: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 98: 91: 84: 79: 77:Pronunciation 75: 71: 66: 62: 55: 52: 51: 48: 43: 40: 36: 29: 22: 17069: 17039: / 17030: / 17021: / 16999:Homelessness 16918: 16886:Road bowling 16881:Martial arts 16828:Ulster Scots 16765: 16758: 16751: 16744: 16737: 16730: 16709:Mythological 16656: 16616: 16589:Ulster Scots 16578: 16549: / 16488: 16416:Three-in-One 16227: 16218:Dáil Éireann 16217: 16207: 16165:Constitution 16054: / 16025:Architecture 16007: / 15880:Other topics 15861:Celtic Tiger 15846:The Troubles 15744: / 15735: / 15681: / 15677: / 15578: / 15566:Protohistory 15384:Transnistria 15346:Vatican City 14979:(of Ireland) 14662: 14619: 14612: 14600: 14563:Ulster Scots 14533: 14518: 14512: 14420:Ulster Scots 14393: 14324:Celts portal 14282:– in Spanish 14117:Arran Gaelic 14038:Proto-Celtic 14006:Bungi Creole 13972: 13905:Celtic unity 13841:Independence 13640: 13623: 13447:Gaelic music 13383:Celtic Dress 13332:High crosses 13322:Celtic cross 13300:Bell shrines 13231:Irish annals 13013:Neo-Druidism 13008:Celtic Wicca 12979:Celtic union 12943:Modern Celts 12834:Celtic women 12737:Celtic Rites 12686:Transylvania 12546:Ulster Scots 12416:Anglo-Celtic 12263:Celtiberians 12208: 12200: 12192: 12180:modern Celts 12131: 12003:? (possibly 11998: 11991:? (possibly 11986: 11979:? (possibly 11974: 11966: 11954: 11946: 11922: 11903: 11897: 11892:Middle Irish 11890: 11883: 11876: 11871: 11864: 11840: 11822:Middle Welsh 11820: 11813: 11801: 11758: 11720: 11713: 11704: 11697: 11690: 11681: 11674: 11667: 11657: 11647:Proto-Celtic 11645: 11556:Clan MacLeod 11498:ULTACH Trust 11379:Corcu Loígde 11258: 11251: 11246:Middle Irish 11244: 11237: 11230: 11193:Gaelic games 11144:Modern Irish 11108: 11053:Great Hunger 10739:Raidió Rí-Rá 10559:Lexicography 10458: 10425:Ulster Irish 10379:Modern Irish 10369:Middle Irish 10344:Proto-Celtic 10322: 10266:Teanglann.ie 10258:Dictionaries 10195: 10160: 10149: 10135: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10093: 10078: 10060: 10051:23 September 10049:. Retrieved 10040: 10031: 10007: 9989: 9978: 9969: 9962: 9959:Doyle, Aidan 9941: 9922: 9900: 9878: 9871:Bibliography 9850: 9832: 9813: 9803: 9784: 9774: 9755: 9745: 9733:. Retrieved 9728: 9719: 9707:. Retrieved 9703:the original 9698: 9689: 9647: 9641: 9632: 9623: 9596: 9587: 9575:. Retrieved 9554: 9542:. Retrieved 9524: 9512:. Retrieved 9508:the original 9498: 9486:. Retrieved 9482: 9473: 9447:. Retrieved 9442: 9432: 9400:(1): 38–53. 9397: 9393: 9387: 9375:. Retrieved 9368: 9358: 9346:. Retrieved 9332: 9320:. Retrieved 9309: 9282:. Retrieved 9273: 9265: 9260: 9251: 9243: 9238: 9229: 9220: 9211: 9201: 9193: 9188: 9183:McCabe, p.31 9179: 9170: 9161: 9152: 9143: 9134: 9126: 9121: 9112: 9103: 9097: 9082: 9073: 9061:. Retrieved 9051: 9039:. Retrieved 9025: 9016: 9002: 8980: 8975: 8964: 8956: 8947: 8938: 8932: 8923: 8917: 8899: 8890: 8878: 8868:20 September 8866:. Retrieved 8857: 8848: 8836:. Retrieved 8827: 8818: 8809: 8805: 8804:"7. Irish". 8799: 8790: 8780: 8771: 8761: 8749:. Retrieved 8743:(in Irish). 8740: 8730: 8718:. Retrieved 8712: 8702: 8690:. Retrieved 8686:the original 8676: 8664:. Retrieved 8653: 8644: 8632:. Retrieved 8628: 8618: 8606:. Retrieved 8595: 8586: 8574:. 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July 2019 8366:10 December 8340:10 December 8294:10 December 8250:15 December 8224:15 December 8086:15 December 8061:17 December 7819:11 February 7775:6 September 7712:6 September 7679:19 February 7267:22 December 7241:19 February 7035:17 February 6920:22 December 6728:in most of 6533:Sample text 6431:"bed", and 6429:/ˈl̠ʲabˠəj/ 6299:standardise 6287: [ 6267:ġeoḃaiḋ siḃ 6209:orthography 6176:long vowels 6098:Gaelic type 6058:Orthography 6007:(unchanged) 6001:her shoe – 5983:his shoe – 5963:"in Galway" 5960:i nGaillimh 5957:"Galway" – 5929:"Father" – 5851:"throw!" – 5823:Gaelic type 5779:"30 and 5" 5739:"15 on 20" 5731:"5 and 30" 5704:cúig fichid 5553:"Two men", 5550:beirt fhear 5536:dhá leabhar 5367:verbal noun 5359:subjunctive 5343:resultative 5322:molann sibh 5243:independent 5235:conditional 5231:subjunctive 5166:forms. The 5121:cuspóireach 5111:tabharthach 5005:Irish is a 4421:palatalised 4255:Old English 4173:Old English 4095:, south of 3894:Cnoc Slinne 3879:. 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is a 497:Help:IPA 431:iris1253 256:Dialects 184:Goidelic 16979:Castles 16906:Symbols 16876:Hurling 16861:Camogie 16760:Firbolg 16746:Immrama 16739:Echtrai 16669:session 16652:Ballads 16629:Theatre 16618:Gaeilge 16612:Fiction 16547:Samhain 16462:Whiskey 16336:Cuisine 16324:Culture 16274:Economy 16170:Economy 15978:Islands 15953:Climate 15946:Natural 15541:History 15501:Ireland 15324:England 15314:Ukraine 15264:Romania 15224:Moldova 15182:Ireland 15177:Iceland 15172:Hungary 15162:Germany 15157:Georgia 15147:Finland 15142:Estonia 15137:Denmark 15122:Croatia 15107:Belgium 15102:Belarus 15092:Austria 15087:Armenia 15082:Andorra 15077:Albania 14945:Tourism 14903:eHealth 14769:Ireland 14648:British 14621:Pictish 14608:Llanito 14602:Cumbric 14509:English 14504:Cornish 14399:English 14272:Deities 14229:Hobelar 14191:Warfare 14154:Warfare 14088:Pictish 14083:Cumbric 14058:Gaulish 14030:Extinct 13950:Cornish 13748:history 13693:Hurling 13667:Ladies' 13658:Curling 13631:Camogie 13558:Beltane 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