Italo-Turkish War - Knowledge

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The first disembarkation of Italian troops occurred on 10 October. Having no prior military experiences and lacking adequate planning for amphibious invasions, the Italian armies poured onto the coasts of Libya, facing numerous problems during their landings and deployments. One of these problems was

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in 1911, demanded an invasion. The Italian press began a large-scale lobbying campaign for an invasion of Libya in late March 1911. It was fancifully depicted as rich in minerals and well-watered, defended by only 4,000 Ottoman troops. Also, its population was described as hostile to the Ottomans and

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On 29 September 1911, Italy published the declaration of their direct interest towards Libya. Without a proper response, the Italian forces landed on the shores of Libya on 4 October 1911. A considerable number of Italians were living within the Ottoman Empire, mostly inhabiting Istanbul, Izmir, and

2409:"martyrdom" characterised the funerals. The result was to consolidate Catholic war culture among devout Italians, which was soon expanded to include Italian involvement in the Great War (1915–1918). That aggressive spirit was revived by the Fascists in the 1920s to strengthen their popular support. 2372:

took almost all of the territory that Bulgaria had captured in the first war. In the wake of the enormous change in the regional balance of power, Russia switched its primary allegiance in the region from Bulgaria to Serbia and guaranteed Serbian autonomy from any outside military intervention. The

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Although Italy could extend its control to almost all of the 2,000 km of the Libyan coast between April and early August 1912, its ground forces could not venture beyond the protection of the navy's guns and so were limited to a thin coastal strip. In the summer of 1912, Italy began operations

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Technologically and numerically superior Italian forces easily managed to take the shores. However, the Italians still could not penetrate deep inland. The Libyans and Turks, estimated at 15,000, made frequent attacks day and night on the strongly-entrenched Italian garrison in the southern suburbs

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The Italian army was ill-prepared for the war and was not informed of the government's plans for Libya until late September. The army had a shortage of soldiers as the class of 1889 was demobilized before the war started. Military operations started with the bombardment of Tripoli on 3 October. The

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In Italy itself, massive funerals for fallen heroes brought the Catholic Church closer to the government from which it had long been alienated. There emerged a cult of patriotic sacrifice in which the colonial war was celebrated in an aggressive and imperialistic way. The ideology of "crusade" and

2364:(1912–1913) beginning by a Montenegrin attack on 8 October 1912, ten days before the Treaty of Ouchy. The swift and nearly-complete victory of the Balkan League astonished contemporary observers. However, none of the victors were happy with the division of captured territory, which resulted in the 1341:

would have been a counterpart for Italy, which made a secret agreement with the British government in February 1887 via a diplomatic exchange of notes. The agreement stipulated that Italy would support British control in Egypt, and that Britain would likewise support Italian influence in Libya. In

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had Italian troops systematically murder thousands of civilians by moving through local homes and gardens one by one, including by setting fire to a mosque with 100 refugees inside. Although Italian authorities attempted to keep the news of the massacre from getting out, the incident soon became

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With a decree of 5 November 1911, Italy declared its sovereignty over Libya. Although the Italians controlled the coast, many of their troops had been killed in battle and nearly 6,000 Ottoman soldiers remained to face an army of nearly 140,000 Italians. As a result, the Ottomans began using

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broke out shortly before the treaty had been signed. Turkey was in no position to reoccupy the islands while its main armies were engaged in a bitter struggle to preserve its remaining territories in the Balkans. To avoid a Greek invasion of the islands, it was implicitly agreed on that the

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on 15 September 1931. The result of the Italian colonisation for the Libyan population was that by the mid-1930s it had been cut in half due to emigration, famine, and war casualties. The Libyan population in 1950 was at the same level as in 1911, approximately 1.5 million.

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Although some elements of the local population collaborated with the Italians, counterattacks by Ottomans soldiers with the help of local troops confined the Italian army to the coastal region. In fact, by the end of 1912 the Italians had made little progress in conquering

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Thessaloniki, dealing with trade and industry. The sudden declaration of war shocked both the Italian community living in the Empire as well as the Ottoman government. Depending on the mutual friendly relations, the Ottoman Government had sent their Libyan battalions to

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forced the Italians to abandon all occupied territory and to entrench themselves in Tripoli, Derna, and on the coast of Cyrenaica. The Italian control over much of the interior of Libya remained ineffective until the late 1920s when forces under the Generals

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against Turkey was written by November 1911, with a defensive treaty signed in March 1912 and an offensive treaty signed in May 1912 focused on military action against Ottoman-ruled Southeastern Europe. The series of bilateral treaties between

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could look back on the events that led to the First World War and its aftermath and state of the Italian attack, "all subsequent events are nothing more than the evolution of that first aggression." Unlike the British-controlled Egypt, the

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Lacking a considerable navy, the Ottomans were not able to send regular forces to Libya, the Ottoman government supported a great number of young officers to travel to the area in order to rally the locals and coordinate the resistance.

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city was conquered by 1,500 sailors, much to the enthusiasm of the interventionist minority in Italy. Another proposal for a diplomatic settlement was rejected by the Italians, and so the Ottomans decided to defend the province.

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agreed on 14 September to launch a military campaign "before the Austrian and German governments of it". Germany was then actively attempting to mediate between Rome and Constantinople, and Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister

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on the coast between Tobruk and Solum to prevent contraband and troops from entering across the Egyptian frontier, and the naval blockaders guarded the coast as well as capturing several sailing ships laden with contraband.

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The Italians believed that a force of 20,000 would be able to take over Libya. The force was able to capture Tripoli, Tobruk, Derna, Bengasi, and Homs between 3 and 21 October. However, the Italians suffered a defeat at

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threatened the Italian line, and the Libyans attempted to surround the Italian troops. Further Italian reinforcements, however, stabilised the situation, and the battle ended in the afternoon with an Italian victory.

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that Italy was "more burdensome than useful as an ally. Against Austria, she harbours a latent hostility that nothing can disarm". The tensions within the Triple Alliance would eventually lead Italy to sign the 1915

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near Derna. The Italians, who were outnumbered but had superior weaponry, held the line. A lack of coordination between the Italian units sent from Derna as reinforcements and the intervention of Ottoman

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An attack of 20,000 Ottoman and local troops was repulsed on 30 November with considerable losses. Shortly afterward, the garrison was reinforced by the 57th infantry regiment from Italy. The battleship

1523:(CUP), on the night of 26–27 September 1911. Through Austro-Hungarian intermediation, the Ottomans replied with the proposal of transferring control of Libya without war and maintaining a formal Ottoman 1985:

alone suffered 58 killed and 108 wounded. By contrast, the Italian ships took no casualties and also no direct hits from any of the Ottoman warships. Italy had feared that the Ottoman naval forces at

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also arrived from Tobruk. During the night of 14 and 15 December, the Ottomans attacked in great force but were repulsed with aid of the fire from the ships. The Italians lost several field guns.

2100:. This massacre occurred, at least in part, reportedly due to the rape and sexual assault of Libyan and Turkish women by the Italian troops. Nevertheless, as a consequence, on the next day the 2033:

and Greece and cause imbalance in the already-fragile situation in the Balkan area. The only other relevant military operation of the summer was an attack of five Italian torpedo boats in the

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and many others. These young officers were to perform important military duties and accomplishments in the First World War, led the Turkish independency war and found the Republic of Turkey.

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The removal of diplomatic obstacles coincided with increasing colonial fervor. In 1908, the Italian Colonial Office was upgraded to a Central Directorate of Colonial Affairs. The nationalist

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with the approval of the other powers, which were eager to end a war that was lasting much longer than expected. Italy occupied twelve islands in the sea, comprising the Ottoman province of

3956:"1911–1912 Turco–Italian War and Captain Mustafa Kemal". Ministry of Culture of Turkey, edited by Turkish Armed Forces-Division of History and Strategical Studies, pp. 62–65, Ankara, 1985. 3294:"1911–1912 Turco-Italian War and Captain Mustafa Kemal". Ministry of Culture of Turkey, edited by Turkish Armed Forces-Division of History and Strategical Studies, pp. 62–65, Ankara, 1985. 2221:

Dodecanese would remain under neutral Italian administration until the conclusion of hostilities between the Greeks and the Ottomans, after which the islands would revert to Ottoman rule.

2377:, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by a Serbian nationalist and the resulting Austro-Hungarian plan for military action against Serbia was a major precipitating event of the 1294:, using rifles, were the first to shoot down an airplane. Another use of new technology was a network of wireless telegraphy stations established soon after the initial landings. 3979:"Trablusgarp Savaşı Ve 1911–1912 Türk-İtalyan İlişkileri: Tarblusgarp Savaşı'nda Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'le İlgili Bazı Belgeler", Hale Şıvgın, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2006, 2258:

a month judged sufficient at its beginning, it reached a cost of 80 million a month for a much longer period than was originally estimated. The war cost Italy 1.3 billion

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The corps was consequently enlarged to 100,000 men who had to face 20,000 Libyans and 8,000 Ottomans. The war turned into one of position. Even the Italian utilisation of

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Italian dirigibles bomb Turkish positions on Libyan territory. The Italo-Turkish War was the first in history to feature aerial bombardment by airplanes and airships.

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had a strong influence over public opinion, but it was in opposition and also divided on the issue. It acted ineffectively against military intervention. The future

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Italian diplomats decided to take advantage of the situation to obtain a favourable peace deal. On 18 October 1912, Italy and the Ottoman Empire signed a treaty in

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that Britain and France should not interfere with Italy's designs on Libya. Meanwhile, the Russian government urged Italy to act in a "prompt and resolute manner".

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stated to the Italian ambassador on 28 July that he would support Italy, not the Ottomans. On 19 September, Grey instructed Permanent Under-Secretary of State Sir

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Réveiller l'archive d'une guerre coloniale. Photographies et écrits de Gaston Chérau, correspondant de guerre lors du conflit italo-turc pour la Libye (1911–1912)

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Translated and Compiled from the Reports of the Italian General Staff, "The Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)" (Franklin Hudson Publishing Company, 1914), p. 82

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Translated and Compiled from the Reports of the Italian General Staff, "The Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)" (Franklin Hudson Publishing Company, 1914), p. 15

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The Italian government remained committed into 1911 to the maintenance of the Ottoman Empire, which was a close friend of its German ally. Prime Minister

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and the foundation of modern Turkey created a new situation that made the enforcement of the terms of that treaty impossible. In Article 15 of the 1923

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In contrast to its engagement with the Entente powers, Italy largely ignored its military allies in the Triple Alliance. Giolitti and Foreign Minister

2323:, which made up modern-day Libya, was core territory of the Empire, like that of the Balkans. The coalition that had defended the Ottomans during the 1225:), allowed a provisional Italian administration of the islands, and Turkey eventually renounced all claims on these islands in Article 15 of the 1923 2781:

Realizing how easily the Italians had defeated the Ottomans, the members of the Balkan League attacked the empire before the war with Italy was over

1457:, changed the political calculations. The Italian leadership then decided that it could safely accede to public demands for a colonial project. The 2621: 1640:, with at least 21 officers and 482 soldiers dead. The Italians executed 400 women and 4,000 men through firing squads and hanging in retaliation. 6465: 5772: 5056: 4912: 1843:, attacked the Italian positions on the plateau. The larger Italian fire drove back the Ottoman soldiers, who were surrounded by a battalion of 4597: 4164: 2852: 2668: 3974:

Awaken the archive of a colonial war. Photographs and writings of a French war correspondent during the Italo-Turkish war in Libya (1911–1912)

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in 1912. However, the vagueness of the text, combined with subsequent adverse events unfavourable to the Ottoman Empire (the outbreak of the

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internationally known. The Italians started to show photographs of the massacred Italian soldiers at Sciara Sciat to justify their revenge.

5941: 4970: 4612: 2891: 3976:. With contributions from art historian Caroline Recher, critic Smaranda Olcèse, writer Mathieu Larnaudie and historian Quentin Deluermoz. 3076: 2492:), who has to choose his national identity between his Turkish father and Italian mother after the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 and the 900: 6242: 4965: 1901:

At sea, the Italians enjoyed a clear advantage. The Italian Navy had seven times the tonnage of the Ottoman Navy and was better trained.

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had also joined these officers, granting royal support to the resistance. During the war, Mustafa Kemal Bey, the future founder of the

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After the withdrawal of the Ottoman army the Italians could easily extend their occupation of the country, seizing East Tripolitania,

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repeatedly warned Italy that military action in Libya would threaten the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and create a crisis in the

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When Italian diplomats hinted about possible opposition to the Anglo-French maneuvers by their government, the French replied that

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The Ottomans would withdraw all military personnel from Trablus and Benghazi vilayets (Libya), but in return, Italy would return

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and air power, both among the earliest in modern warfare, had little effect on the initial outcome. In the first military use of

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Matteo Caponi, "Liturgie funebri e sacrificio patriottico I riti di suffragio per i caduti nella guerra di Libia (1911–1912)."

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during 1913. The outbreak of the First World War with the necessity to bring back the troops to Italy, the proclamation of the

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was too weak to transport troops by sea. The Ottomans organised local Libyans for the defence against the Italian invasion.

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dropped four grenades on Tajura (Arabic: تاجوراء Tājūrā’, or Tajoura) and Ain Zara in the first aerial bombing in history.

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The Italo-Turkish War illustrated to the French and British governments that Italy was more valuable to them inside the

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after a brief bombardment on 4 December 1911, occupied the seashore, and marched towards the hinterlands facing weak

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Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945

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guerrilla tactics. Indeed, some "Young Turk" officers reached Libya and helped organize a guerrilla war with local

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friendly to the Italians, and they predicted that the future invasion would be little more than a "military walk".

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The Libyan Economy: Economic Diversification and International Repositioning, Waniss Otman, Erling Karlberg, p. 13

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War quarters to coordinate the field on 6 March 1912. The Libyan campaign ground to a stalemate by December 1911.

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and many other Turkish officers managed to reach Libya, traveling under secret identities such as covering as a

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waged bloody pacification campaigns. Resistance petered out only after the execution of the rebel leader

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The resistance in Libya was an important experience for the young officers of the Ottoman Army, such as

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from 29 September 1911 to 18 October 1912. As a result of this conflict, Italy captured the Ottoman

6366: 6175: 5796: 5412: 5078: 5013: 4732: 4678: 4154: 3628: 2519: 2514: 1956:. The Italians blockaded the Red Sea ports of the Ottomans and actively supplied and supported the 1690: 1378: 1045: 851: 781: 609: 604: 544: 539: 5856: 5762: 2797: 2413: 2085: 2055: 2001: 1800: 1741: 925: 388: 63: 6371: 5960: 5901: 5599: 5475: 5465: 5407: 5347: 5193: 5020: 5003: 4695: 4633: 4418: 4386: 4335: 4250: 4208: 3385: 3357:"The Encyclopedia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information" 3280: 2402: 1964: 1957: 1804: 1710: 1497: 1039: 1009: 991: 985: 746: 599: 584: 574: 5747: 3120: 2312: 6754: 6749: 6719: 6709: 6648: 6504: 6484: 6376: 6267: 6180: 5881: 5811: 5801: 5688: 5266: 5203: 4986: 4811: 4638: 4458: 4438: 4265: 4057: 2385: 1648: 1644: 1367: 961: 913: 594: 6336: 4428: 3758:

P.J. Carabott, "The Temporary Italian Occupation of the Dodecanese: A Prelude to Permanency,"

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in which French military action in Morocco in April 1911 would lead to the establishment of a

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and suffered heavy losses. A later Ottoman attack had the same outcome. Then, operations in

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tells the fictional story of a boy living in the Ottoman city of Selânik (Salonica, today

1799:. Small numbers of Ottoman soldiers and Libyan volunteers were later organized by Captain 8: 6514: 6412: 6126: 6015: 5836: 5717: 5693: 5555: 5550: 5337: 5146: 5100: 5071: 4628: 4433: 4376: 4245: 4173: 4149: 1906: 1860: 1796: 1418: 1390: 919: 826: 806: 771: 652: 266: 41: 6020: 4848: 3845: 3379: 3170: 2445: 2397: 6519: 6509: 6121: 5742: 5708: 5470: 5437: 5402: 5281: 5198: 5176: 5156: 5122: 4816: 4806: 4801: 4784: 4705: 4690: 4330: 4315: 4300: 4260: 4255: 4138: 3546: 3538: 3166: 2662: 2461: 2328: 2229: 2157: 1772: 1602: 1528: 1315: 1226: 1021: 979: 876: 836: 776: 756: 741: 716: 706: 686: 569: 189: 184: 6592: 5673: 4890: 4607: 3077:"Karalahana.com: Turkey's Black Sea region (Pontos) history, culture and travel guide" 2738: 1912: 1703:. The four Italian infantry regiments on the defensive were supported by the cruisers 1359: 6554: 6494: 6460: 6417: 5916: 5896: 5791: 5781: 5678: 5457: 5318: 5286: 5240: 4828: 4794: 4673: 4398: 4320: 4280: 4193: 4009: 3980: 3964: 3902: 3887: 3872: 3857: 3784: 3632: 3550: 3498: 3468: 3434: 3329: 3003: 2993: 2981: 2937: 2910: 2872: 2803: 2770: 2691: 2627: 2550: 2365: 2263: 2074: 1509: 1439: 1431: 1394: 1295: 1275: 1256: 1195: 1063: 1015: 967: 392: 364: 278: 148: 59: 55: 4779: 2485: 2092:

On 23 October 1911, over 500 Italian soldiers were slaughtered by Turkish troops at

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Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall Yard, Volume 57, Issue 2

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The invasion of Libya was a costly enterprise for Italy. Instead of the 30 million

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On 3 March 1912, 1,500 Libyan volunteers attacked Italian troops who were building

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Turkish and Italian delegations at Lausanne (1912). From left to right (seating):

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in order to suppress local rebellions, leaving only the military police in Libya.

1240:, seeing how easily Italy defeated the Ottomans and motivated by incipient Balkan 6607: 6602: 6597: 6316: 6212: 6010: 5786: 5668: 5658: 5609: 5565: 5432: 5427: 5095: 4955: 4935: 4668: 4658: 4559: 4144: 4116: 4051: 4030: 3817: 3746: 3597: 3492: 3256: 3153: 3137: 3094: 2957: 2904: 2856: 2497: 2448:, which was never ratified, Italy was supposed to cede all of the islands except 2421: 2378: 2291: 2216:

Subsequent events prevented the return of the Dodecanese to Turkey, however. The

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led the public call for action in Libya and, joined by the nationalist newspaper

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16 May 1912: surrender of the Ottoman garrison in Rhodes to the Italian general

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A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912: The First Land, Sea and Air War

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The history of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912

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The history of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912

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The History of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912

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resulted in Mustafa Kemal's victory. With that achievement, he was assigned to

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Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

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to Greece in exchange for a vast Italian zone of influence in southwest

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Turkey's continued involvement in the Balkan Wars, followed shortly by

2113: 2070: 2060: 2014: 1990: 1768: 1761: 1663: 1524: 1210: 1206: 118: 68: 3823:

Baldry, John (1976). "al-Yaman and the Turkish occupation 1849–1914".

3311:-Division of History and Strategical Studies, pp. 62–65, Ankara, 1985. 2655:"Divided Armies": Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War 2568: 2566: 2204:

The Ottoman government would be responsible for the expenses of these

1967:, two Italian armoured cruisers attacked and sank an Ottoman casemate 1765: 620: 5132: 3899:

Strike From the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1910–1945

3241:

Strike From the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1910–1945

1868: 1848: 1840: 1820: 1598: 1567: 1406: 1402: 1270: 1213:. Italy agreed to return the Dodecanese to the Ottoman Empire in the 1183: 856: 242: 6658: 3534: 3183: 3046: 3044: 2266:

estimated before the war. This ruined ten years of fiscal prudence.

2240: 1334:

respectively, which were both parts of the declining Ottoman state.

493: 4754: 2637: 2599: 2563: 2453: 2345: 2336: 2270: 1968: 1831:

to disband the Arab camp near Derna. The Italian troops occupied a

1828: 1700: 352: 3007: 2444:

remained under Italian military occupation. According to the 1920

1374:, which France and Britain viewed as their main rival in Europe. 1265:

Carlo Piazza, flew over Turkish lines on the world's first aerial

3775:

Geppert, Dominik; Mulligan, William; Rose, Andreas, eds. (2015).

3195: 3041: 2405:, which had it abandon the Triple Alliance and join the Entente. 2369: 2320: 1832: 1653: 1519:

An ultimatum was presented to the Ottoman government, led by the

1362:, ended the historic rivalry between both nations for control of 1351: 1261: 452:

4 battalions Alpini, 7 battalions Ascari and 1 squadron Meharisti

77: 6259: 3916:. Manchester University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 106–115. 2580: 2578: 2250:

and Libyan corpses after the attack against "Ridotta Lombardia".

2174:

Trablus and Benghazi vilayets would have a special status and a

1889: 6663: 4014:

Societa Libraria italiana (Library of Congress). New York, 1911

3997: 3172:

Down East: Another Cargo of Tales Told Under The Old Town Clock

2449: 2349: 2341: 2278: 2274: 2246: 2187: 2168: 2030: 1986: 1894: 1844: 1815: 1792: 1306:

Italian claims to Libya date back to the Ottoman defeat by the

1179: 1175: 88: 4066: 1783: 1551: 3080: 2575: 2282: 2145: 1875:

and extended barely 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) from the town.

1856: 1580: 1283: 6090: 1244:, attacked the Ottoman Empire in October 1912, starting the 2182: 2176: 1827:

On 14 September, the Italian command sent three columns of

2171:

and the other Aegean islands that it held to the Ottomans.

1531:, which was under formal Ottoman suzerainty but was under 3869:

Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912

3303:"1911–1912 Turco-Italian War and Captain Mustafa Kemal". 2327:(1853–1856), minimised Ottoman territorial losses at the 1461:

powers were highly supportive. British Foreign Secretary

1405:

in return for Italian support for Russian control of the

4027:"Libya 1911: How an Italian pilot began the air war era" 1859:. The Italian soldiers were in effect besieged in seven 1354:. The agreement, negotiated by Italian Foreign Minister 4920: 3945:(in Italian). Milano: Consociazione Turistica Italiana. 2525:

Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Turkish War 1911–1912

1885:

Ottoman fleet organisation during the Italo-Turkish War

3106:

M. Taylan Sorgun, "Bitmeyen Savas", 1972. Memoirs of

2595: 2593: 2306: 1960:, which was also then at war with the Ottoman Empire. 1205:

During the conflict, Italian forces also occupied the

3963:, éd. Créaphis, 2018. 480 pages and 230 photographs. 1527:. That suggestion was comparable to the situation in 3571:, Program in International Relations. Archived from 2201:, the Ottomans would consult the Italian government. 1787:

Italian troops firing on the Turks in Tripoli, 1911.

1586:

Therefore, the Ottomans did not have a full army in

1248:

a few days before the end of the Italo-Turkish War.

3774: 3464:

The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796

3201: 3189: 3135: 3050: 2739:"Treaty of Lausanne - World War I Document Archive" 2590: 2285:by the Ottomans and the uprising of the Libyans in 2163:The main provisions of the treaty were as follows: 2058:(left) with an Ottoman military officer and Libyan 3807:Europe and Italy's Acquisition of Libya, 1911–1912 3494:Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie 3282:Engagements At Benghasi And Derna In December 1911 2762: 2626:, Mark I. Choate, Harvard University Press, 2008, 2368:(1913) in which Serbia, Greece, the Ottomans, and 1975:, retreated and returned and then sank an Ottoman 1612: 3849:. (1913; reprint: Harvard University Press, 2008) 2435: 1397:in which Russia acknowledged Italy's interest in 1190:itself. These territories became the colonies of 6686: 3384:. Annapolis: The Advertiser Republican. p. 3348: 2986:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 3901:. (2nd ed.) University of Alabama Press, 2010. 3886:. Chatwell Books, Secaucus, New Jersey, 1976. 2731: 2040: 1597:Between 1911 and 1912, over 1,000 Somalis from 3928:Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914 3427:Gerwarth, Robert; Manela, Erez (3 July 2014). 3426: 2542: 2120:led the Turkish delegation at Lausanne (1912). 2084:Group of Ottoman military officers (including 1989:could be used to threaten the approach to the 1893:Italian cruiser bombarding Ottoman vessels in 6275: 6076: 5511: 4906: 4082: 3486: 3484: 2929: 2906:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 2902: 2466:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 2331:(1878) and supported the Ottomans during the 1442:rejected nationalist calls for conflict over 1117: 636: 509: 3490: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 2892:Wireless telegraphy in the Italo-Turkish War 2850:Aviation at the Start of the First World War 488:~10,000 killed in reprisals & executions 3624:Emigrant nation: the making of Italy abroad 3328:, John Wright, Taylor & Francis, 1981, 2623:Emigrant nation: the making of Italy abroad 2600:Spencer C. Tucker; Priscilla Mary Roberts. 1839:. Three days later, the Ottoman commander, 1314:and subsequent disputes thereafter. At the 105:(1 year, 2 weeks and 5 days) 6282: 6268: 6083: 6069: 5518: 5504: 4913: 4899: 4089: 4075: 3519:"Treaty of Peace Between Italy and Turkey" 3481: 3112: 2791: 2789: 2667:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2657:. Princeton University Press. p. 278. 1715:. The Italians rarely attempted a sortie. 1535:control by the British. Giolitti refused. 1346:which accorded freedom of intervention in 1124: 1110: 643: 629: 516: 502: 4054:during Italo-Turkish War at omniatlas.com 3949:Maltese, Paolo. "L'impresa di Libia", in 3617: 3615: 3523:The American Journal of International Law 3319: 3317: 3262: 2680: 2678: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2375:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1661:flight on 23 October 1911. A week later, 1538:Italy declared war on 29 September 1911. 1232:The war is considered a precursor of the 1162:, "War of Libya") was fought between the 393: 4480:Provisional Government of Western Thrace 4021:at Turkey in the First World War website 3647: 3645: 3354: 3165: 2909:. Oxford University Press. p. 311. 2684:Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts: 2239: 2123: 2112: 2079: 2050: 1995: 1888: 1782: 1677: 1558: 1550: 1425: 1259:. On 23 October 1911, an Italian pilot, 6239:Italian Intervention in Northern Russia 3377: 3251: 3249: 3118: 2958:"Alliance System / System of alliances" 2795: 2786: 2392:. In January 1912, the French diplomat 2013:against the Ottoman possessions in the 650: 76:; an Italian Blériot aircraft; Ottoman 14: 6687: 6387:1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania 3612: 3460: 3314: 2848:U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission: 2675: 2608: 2585:The History of the Italian-Turkish War 2047:Massacres during the Italo-Turkish War 2025:, which feared that it could fuel the 1269:mission, and on 1 November, the first 6263: 6064: 5499: 4894: 4070: 3934: 3856:. Princeton University Press, 2002. 3642: 2980: 2652: 2546:Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991 1904:In January 1912, the Italian cruiser 624: 523: 497: 5955: 3246: 2440:Because of the First World War, the 2388:than being formally allied with the 1910:, with the Soldato class destroyers 1541: 1342:1902, Italy and France had signed a 1214: 4922:International relations (1814–1919) 4608:Initial phase of the Greek genocide 4511:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak 3734:Rivista di storia del cristianesimo 3565:"Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912" 3228:Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare 3179:: Imperial Publishing. p. 181. 3129: 3064:Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare 2936:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 117. 2709:"Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912" 2687:World War I: A Student Encyclopedia 2602:World War I: A Student Encyclopedia 2456:. However, the Greek defeat in the 2307:Europe, Balkans and First World War 2160:, (the Second Treaty of Lausanne). 2132:, Mehmet Nabi Bey, Guido Fusinato, 1546: 103:29 September 1911 – 18 October 1912 66:with an Ottoman officer and Libyan 24: 3882:Crow, Duncan, and Icks, Robert J. 3798: 2822: 2646: 2587:, William Henry Beehler, pp. 13–36 2108: 1467:Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock 25: 6771: 6289: 4112:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 3991: 3202:Geppert, Mulligan & Rose 2015 3190:Geppert, Mulligan & Rose 2015 3051:Geppert, Mulligan & Rose 2015 1851:ceased until the end of the war. 6624:Italian Libyan Colonial Division 6550:Muslim Association of the Lictor 6335: 6147: 6035: 5527: 4060:The End of the Italo-Turkish War 3996: 3930:(Indiana University Press, 1998) 3359:. The Encyclopedia Britannica Co 3355:Chisholm, Hugh (25 March 2018). 2360:was completed in 1912, with the 2156:to distinguish it from the 1923 1878: 1088:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 899: 413: 401: 382: 370: 358: 346: 328: 316: 296: 284: 272: 260: 236: 224: 210: 195: 183: 170: 48: 5976:Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913) 4096: 3923:(2014), a major scholarly study 3752: 3739: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3586: 3557: 3511: 3454: 3420: 3395: 3371: 3339: 3297: 3288: 3233: 3220: 3207: 3159: 3146: 3100: 3087: 3069: 3056: 3032: 3023: 3014: 2974: 2950: 2923: 2896: 2885: 2861: 2842: 2816: 2756: 1920:, sank seven Ottoman gunboats ( 1673: 1613:Italian troops landing in Libya 1521:Committee of Union and Progress 1251:The Italo-Turkish War saw some 1198:, which would later merge into 6674:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops 6382:Allied administration of Libya 6132:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36 6117:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–96 5927:Brussels Conference Act (1890) 5534:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire 4598:Bulgarians deportation program 4169:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 3768: 3345:Tucker, Roberts, 2005, p. 945. 2879:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2769:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. 2701: 2536: 2496:of 1912–1913 (Ömer Seyfettin, 2484:, the renowned Turkish author 2436:Fate of the Dodecanese Islands 2311:In 1924, the Serbian diplomat 2193:Before the appointment of the 1485:, which would destabilise the 462:~20,000 local irregular troops 460:~8,000 regular Turkish troops 13: 1: 6583:Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli 6495:Tripoli-Castel Benito Airport 6357:Italian colonization of Libya 6197:Italian Blockade of Venezuela 5292:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 5246:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 5236:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 4449:Romanian landings in Bulgaria 4025:Johnston, Alan (2011-05-10). 3777:The Wars before the Great War 3467:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 3305:Ministry of Culture of Turkey 2766:1913: The Cradle of Modernism 2530: 2475: 2262:, nearly a billion more than 2152:, which is often also called 1963:Then, on 24 February, in the 1381:and the establishment of the 1301: 6249:Occupation of Constantinople 6218:Italian Invasion of Anatolia 5152:Second Industrial Revolution 5026:League of the Three Emperors 4541:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 3884:Encyclopedia of Armored Cars 3461:Duggan, Christopher (2008). 3215:Encyclopedia of Armored Cars 3136:William James Makin (1935). 2825:"The World's First Warplane" 2235: 2186:(judge) would represent the 2041:Irregular war and atrocities 1657:Carlo Piazza flew the first 1328:French occupation of Tunisia 998:Anglo-German naval arms race 72:; Italian troops landing in 7: 6428:Southern Military Territory 6392:Italian refugees from Libya 6107:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887 5182:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 4536:Autonomy of Northern Epirus 2796:Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). 2763:Jean-Michel Rabaté (2008). 2503: 2468:, and a small community of 1332:British control over Cyprus 10: 6776: 6725:1912 in the Ottoman Empire 6715:1911 in the Ottoman Empire 6525:Tripoli International Fair 6091:Colonial conflicts in the 5231:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 4555:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 3781:Cambridge University Press 3651:Bertarelli (1929), p. 206. 3497:. I.B. Tauris. p. 7. 2472:has remained to this day. 2044: 2000:Ottoman military officers 1882: 1764:among others. The Ottoman 1616: 1255:, most notably the use of 6740:History of the Dodecanese 6616: 6490:Railway stations in Libya 6436: 6400: 6344: 6333: 6297: 6231: 6205: 6189: 6158: 6143: 6099: 6029: 5940: 5771: 5707: 5623: 5574: 5540: 5390: 5254: 5167: 5052:European balance of power 5044: 4979: 4928: 4875: 4716:Konstantinos Sapountzakis 4621: 4580: 4528: 4519: 4503: 4467: 4406: 4395: 4364: 4233: 4222: 4155:Greco-Turkish War of 1897 4104: 3943:Guida d'Italia, Vol. XVII 3941:Bertarelli, L.V. (1929). 3450:– via Google Books. 3430:Empires at War: 1911–1923 3378:Beehler, William (1913). 3367:– via Google Books. 2549:. Routledge. p. 37. 1791:Italian troops landed at 1619:Italian invasion of Libya 1479:Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal 1474:Antonino Paternò Castello 1286:, from an early model of 662: 535: 473: 469:~40,000 Turks and Libyans 428: 250: 162: 95: 54:Clockwise from top left: 47: 39: 34: 6367:Second Italo-Senussi War 6176:Second Italo-Senussi War 5343:Venezuela Naval Blockade 5014:Anglo-Russian Convention 4490:Treaty of Constantinople 4382:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 3843:Beehler, William Henry. 3762:, (1993) 4#2 pp 285–312. 3760:Diplomacy and Statecraft 3747:Yakın Tarihin Gerçekleri 3629:Harvard University Press 3594:"Uşi (Ouchy) Antlaşması" 3257:Yakın Tarihin Gerçekleri 3154:Yakın Tarihin Gerçekleri 3095:Yakın Tarihin Gerçekleri 2933:The Libyan War 1911–1912 2515:Battles of Zanzur (1912) 2482:Primo, the Turkish Child 2150:First Treaty of Lausanne 2134:Rumbeyoğlu Fahreddin Bey 2118:Rumbeyoğlu Fahreddin Bey 1835:and interrupted Ottoman 1803:. The small 22 December 1694:, 26 May – 2 June 1912). 1691:La Domenica del Corriere 1379:Anglo-Russian Convention 1046:Anglo-Russian Convention 926:Second Concert of Europe 6579:Pidgin Italian of Libya 6372:Western Desert campaign 5981:Armenian reforms (1914) 5348:Alaska boundary dispute 5021:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 5004:Franco-Russian Alliance 4560:Balkans campaign of WWI 4209:Albanian revolt of 1912 3871:. Brill, Leiden, 1990. 3837:10.1163/157005876X00227 3745:İlber Ortaylı, 2012, “ 3325:Libya: a modern history 3275:William Henry Beehler, 3255:İlber Ortaylı, 2012, “ 3152:İlber Ortaylı, 2012, “ 3093:İlber Ortaylı, 2012, “ 2543:Erik Goldstein (2005). 2148:in Lausanne called the 1498:Italian Socialist Party 1430:Italian Prime Minister 1282:, on Turkish troops in 1154:, "Tripolitanian War", 1010:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 992:First Sino-Japanese War 986:Franco-Russian Alliance 956:Austro–Serbian Alliance 87:; Ottoman prisoners in 6745:Italy–Turkey relations 6649:Italian African Police 6545:Sciara Sciatt massacre 6485:Italian Libya Railways 6377:North African campaign 5852:Hünkar İskelesi (1833) 5267:Unification of Germany 5214:Taft–Katsura agreement 4834:Crown Prince Alexander 4812:Crown Prince Ferdinand 4775:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha 4603:Massacres of Civilians 4593:Massacres of Albanians 4546:Sarajevo Assassination 4475:Greek–Serbian Alliance 4468:Diplomacy and politics 4365:Diplomacy and politics 4189:Bulgarian Independence 3083:on September 15, 2012. 2930:Andrea Ungari (2014). 2903:A.J.P. Taylor (1954). 2251: 2141: 2121: 2096:, on the outskirts of 2089: 2065: 2009: 1898: 1788: 1695: 1649:heavier-than-air craft 1571: 1556: 1435: 1358:and French Ambassador 1159: 1151: 1070:Second Moroccan Crisis 914:Unification of Germany 486:8,189 killed in action 479:1,432 killed in action 251:Commanders and leaders 27:1911–1912 war in Libya 6705:Italy–Libya relations 6700:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 6223:Siberian intervention 6181:World War II campaign 6137:World War II Campaign 5966:Constantinople (1913) 5932:Constantinople (1897) 5922:Constantinople (1888) 5912:Constantinople (1881) 5847:Constantinople (1832) 5807:Constantinople (1800) 5758:Küçük Kaynarca (1774) 5738:Constantinople (1736) 5728:Constantinople (1724) 5699:Constantinople (1700) 5639:Constantinople (1590) 5615:Constantinople (1562) 5600:Franco-Ottoman (1536) 5595:Constantinople (1533) 5590:Constantinople (1479) 5585:Constantinople (1454) 5353:First Moroccan Crisis 5067:Spread of nationalism 5031:Eight-Nation Alliance 4860:Other Balkan states: 4701:Eleftherios Venizelos 4377:Albanian Independence 4179:Young Turk Revolution 4063:, September 28, 1912. 4005:at Wikimedia Commons 3569:Mount Holyoke College 3491:Geoff Simons (2003). 2982:Clark, Christopher M. 2802:. Sage. p. 310. 2653:Lyall, Jason (2020). 2243: 2127: 2116: 2102:1911 Tripoli massacre 2083: 2054: 1999: 1954:Battle of Kunfuda Bay 1892: 1871:. The largest was at 1801:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1786: 1688:(from Italian weekly 1681: 1562: 1554: 1429: 1253:technological changes 1052:Young Turk Revolution 1034:First Moroccan Crisis 481:1,948 died of disease 474:Casualties and losses 123:Eastern Mediterranean 6565:Auto-Saharan Company 6449:Italian Tripolitania 6112:Mahdist War in Sudan 5996:Brest-Litovsk (1918) 5358:Algeciras Conference 5338:Annexation of Hawaii 5277:Great Eastern Crisis 5272:Unification of Italy 5262:Formation of Romania 5079:French–German enmity 4711:Pavlos Kountouriotis 3919:Stevenson, Charles. 3897:Hallion, Richard P. 3852:Biddle, Tami Davis, 3407:smallwarsjournal.com 3309:Turkish Armed Forces 3167:Borrettt, William C. 2520:Battle of Sidi Bilal 2318:Ottoman Tripolitania 2313:Miroslav Spalajković 1607:invasion of Ethiopia 1192:Italian Tripolitania 1174:, of which the main 1172:Tripolitania Vilayet 932:Great Eastern Crisis 115:Ottoman Tripolitania 6760:Victor Emmanuel III 6634:2nd Libyan Division 6629:1st Libyan Division 6478:Fascist imperialism 6127:Somaliland campaign 5689:Bakhchisaray (1681) 5423:Philippine–American 5408:First Sino-Japanese 5241:Racconigi agreement 5187:Treaty of Frankfurt 5147:Great Rapprochement 5101:Scramble for Africa 4738:Crown Prince Danilo 4588:Carnegie Commission 4485:Treaty of Bucharest 4174:Macedonian Struggle 4150:Serbo-Bulgarian War 4010:Antonio De Martino. 3953:#167, October 1971. 3926:Vandervort, Bruce. 3867:Childs, Timothy W. 3736:10.2 (2013) 437–459 3600:on 3 September 2010 2867:James D. Crabtree: 2029:of nations such as 1455:French protectorate 1391:Victor Emmanuel III 1370:and thereby weaken 1257:airplanes in combat 920:Franco-Prussian War 872:South Africa (1914) 837:South Africa (1906) 802:South Africa (1899) 772:Matabeleland (1896) 762:South Africa (1895) 742:Matabeleland (1893) 707:Somalia (1888–1924) 702:Equatoria (1886–89) 672:South Africa (1880) 667:South Africa (1879) 654:Scramble for Africa 267:Victor Emmanuel III 42:Scramble for Africa 18:Italian-Turkish War 6520:Tripoli Grand Prix 6515:Arch of the Fileni 6510:Via della Vittoria 6122:Banadir Resistance 6049:Treaties of Turkey 5892:San Stefano (1878) 5862:Balta Liman (1838) 5763:Aynalıkavak (1779) 5733:Ahmet Pasha (1732) 5723:Passarowitz (1718) 5649:Nasuh Pasha (1612) 5282:Congress of Berlin 5199:Reinsurance Treaty 5177:Congress of Vienna 5157:Industrial warfare 5123:Scramble for China 4817:Alexandru Averescu 4785:Hasan Tahsin Pasha 4706:Panagiotis Danglis 4613:Places burned down 4139:Congress of Berlin 4050:2015-03-16 at the 3935:In other languages 3816:2020-10-08 at the 3805:Askew, William C. 3714:Clark, pp. 256–258 3696:Clark, pp. 251–252 3669:Clark, pp. 243–244 3529:(1): 58–62. 1913. 3029:Clark, pp. 245–246 3020:Clark, pp. 244–245 2855:2012-10-09 at the 2719:on 25 October 2021 2690:, ABC-CLIO, 2005, 2462:Treaty of Lausanne 2329:Congress of Berlin 2252: 2230:Treaty of Lausanne 2158:Treaty of Lausanne 2142: 2122: 2090: 2066: 2010: 1899: 1789: 1773:Republic of Turkey 1696: 1603:Italian Somaliland 1572: 1557: 1436: 1326:had agreed to the 1316:Congress of Berlin 1227:Treaty of Lausanne 1152:Trablusgarp Savaşı 1022:Russo-Japanese War 980:Reinsurance Treaty 938:Campaign in Bosnia 891:Events leading to 727:Mashonaland (1890) 435:Mobilisation 1911: 190:Italian Somaliland 153:Dodecanese Islands 6735:Conflicts in 1912 6730:Conflicts in 1911 6695:Italo-Turkish War 6682: 6681: 6555:Arab Lictor Youth 6540:Italo-Turkish War 6461:Italian Cyrenaica 6418:Benghazi Province 6413:Misurata Province 6352:Italo-Turkish War 6257: 6256: 6166:Italo-Turkish War 6058: 6057: 6042:Turkey portal 5842:Adrianople (1829) 5644:Zitvatorok (1606) 5634:Adrianople (1568) 5605:Adrianople (1547) 5493: 5492: 5462:Albanian Revolts 5319:German Naval Laws 5303:Naval arms races 5287:Berlin Conference 5219:Hague Conventions 4888: 4887: 4795:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 4674:Stiliyan Kovachev 4399:Second Balkan War 4372:London Conference 4204:Italo-Turkish War 4194:31 March Incident 4019:Turco-Italian War 4003:Italo-Turkish War 4001:Media related to 3985:978-975-16-0160-5 3969:978-2-35428-141-0 3951:Storia Illustrata 3862:978-0-691-12010-2 3504:978-1-86064-988-2 3474:978-0-618-35367-5 3192:, pp. 42–43. 3139:War Over Ethiopia 2823:Maksel, Rebecca. 2776:978-0-470-69147-2 2713:www.mtholyoke.edu 2498:Primo Türk Çocuğu 2458:Greco–Turkish War 2414:Mustafa Kemal Bey 2366:Second Balkan War 2356:that created the 2273:, the Djebel and 2264:Giovanni Giolitti 2075:guerrilla warfare 1863:on the coasts of 1742:Mustafa Kemal Bey 1624:that the Ottoman 1601:, the capital of 1542:Military campaign 1510:Gaetano Salvemini 1489:and the European 1440:Giovanni Giolitti 1432:Giovanni Giolitti 1395:Racconigi Bargain 1296:Guglielmo Marconi 1236:. Members of the 1144:Turco-Italian War 1134: 1133: 1076:Italo-Turkish War 1064:Racconigi Bargain 968:Berlin Conference 885: 884: 842:Morocco (1907–34) 832:Morocco (1905–06) 827:Tanganyika (1905) 807:Somaliland (1900) 747:Morocco (1893–94) 732:Katanga (1891−92) 697:Madagascar (1883) 618: 617: 527:Italo-Turkish War 492: 491: 445:66 mountain guns 439:14,600 quadrupeds 365:Mehmed Said Pasha 279:Giovanni Giolitti 158: 157: 117:(Ottoman Libya), 35:Italo-Turkish War 16:(Redirected from 6767: 6644:Ascari del Cielo 6588:Adriano Visconti 6500:Italian Benghazi 6444:Italian settlers 6437:Related articles 6408:Tripoli Province 6339: 6312:Rodolfo Graziani 6284: 6277: 6270: 6261: 6260: 6171:Senussi campaign 6151: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6006:Bucharest (1918) 6001:Trebizond (1918) 5822:Bucharest (1812) 5694:Karlowitz (1699) 5556:Selymbria (1411) 5551:Gallipoli (1403) 5532: 5531: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5497: 5496: 5413:Spanish–American 5333:Fashoda Incident 5209:Treaty of Björkö 5194:Treaty of Berlin 5128:Open Door Policy 5062:Eastern question 5009:Entente Cordiale 4915: 4908: 4901: 4892: 4891: 4854:Božidar Janković 4849:Stepa Stepanović 4721:Viktor Dousmanis 4570:Macedonian front 4565:Serbian campaign 4495:Treaty of Athens 4444:Southern Dobruja 4387:Treaty of London 4226:First Balkan War 4091: 4084: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4012:Tripoli italiana 4000: 3959:Schill, Pierre. 3946: 3912:Paris, Michael. 3840: 3794: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3640: 3621:Mark I. 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614: 531: 526: 524: 522: 487: 482: 480: 468: 463: 461: 459: 451: 448: 446: 444: 443:132 field guns 442: 440: 438: 436: 424: 420:Omar al-Mukhtar 414: 412: 402: 400: 383: 381: 371: 369: 359: 357: 347: 345: 339: 335:Luigi Faravelli 329: 327: 317: 315: 307: 297: 295: 285: 283: 273: 271: 259: 237: 235: 225: 223: 211: 209: 202:Italian Eritrea 194: 182: 169: 139: 133:Italian victory 125: 104: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6773: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6577: 6575:Postage stamps 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6473:Italian Empire 6470: 6469: 6468: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6423:Derna Province 6420: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6327:Giovanni Messe 6324: 6322:Ettore Bastico 6319: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6287: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6093:Italian Empire 6088: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6045: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5917:Tophane (1886) 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5887:Scutari (1862) 5884: 5879: 5877:Erzurum (1847) 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5857:Kütahya (1833) 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5832:Erzurum (1823) 5829: 5827:Algiers (1815) 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5792:Tripoli (1796) 5789: 5784: 5782:Sistova (1791) 5778: 5776: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5684:Żurawno (1676) 5681: 5679:Buczacz (1672) 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5625:Transformation 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5579: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5538: 5537: 5523: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5500: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5460: 5455: 5445: 5440: 5438:Russo-Japanese 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5403:Anglo-Egyptian 5400: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5377:Bosnian Crisis 5374: 5373: 5372: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5326:Austro-Italian 5323: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 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The 1280:Giulio Gavotti 1267:reconnaissance 1168:Ottoman Empire 1132: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1058:Bosnian Crisis 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 989: 983: 977: 971: 965: 959: 953: 947: 941: 935: 929: 923: 917: 908: 905: 904: 896: 895: 883: 882: 880: 879: 874: 869: 864: 862:Morocco (1911) 859: 857:Ouaddai (1909) 854: 852:Morocco (1909) 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 822:Namibia (1904) 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 797:Fashoda (1898) 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 757:Ashanti (1895) 754: 749: 744: 739: 737:Dahomey (1892) 734: 729: 724: 722:Dahomey (1890) 719: 714: 712:Eritrea (1889) 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 677:Tunisia (1881) 674: 669: 663: 660: 659: 648: 647: 640: 633: 625: 616: 615: 613: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 536: 533: 532: 521: 520: 513: 506: 498: 490: 489: 484: 476: 475: 471: 470: 453: 431: 430: 426: 425: 423: 422: 410: 398: 379: 367: 355: 342: 340: 338: 337: 325: 313: 293: 281: 269: 256: 253: 252: 248: 247: 246: 245: 233: 218:Ottoman Empire 206: 205: 204: 192: 165: 164: 160: 159: 156: 155: 141: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 113: 111: 107: 106: 101: 93: 92: 45: 44: 37: 36: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6772: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6755:1912 in Italy 6753: 6751: 6750:1911 in Italy 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720:1912 in Libya 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6710:1911 in Libya 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6639:Maletti Group 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6535:Frontier Wire 6533: 6531: 6530:Imperial Line 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6362:Italian Libya 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6291:Italian Libya 6285: 6280: 6278: 6273: 6271: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190:South America 6188: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6022: 6021:Sèvres (1920) 6019: 6017: 6016:Mudros (1918) 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5971:Athens (1913) 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961:London (1913) 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5907:Halepa (1878) 5905: 5903: 5902:Berlin (1878) 5900: 5898: 5897:Cyprus (1878) 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5872:London (1841) 5870: 5868: 5867:London (1840) 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773:Modernization 5770: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5753:Kerden (1746) 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5674:Vasvár (1664) 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5664:Khotin (1621) 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5610:Amasya (1555) 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576:Classical Age 5573: 5567: 5566:Szeged (1444) 5564: 5562: 5561:Venice (1419) 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5507: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5486: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:Italo-Turkish 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5398:Russo-Turkish 5396: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5370:Treaty of Fes 5368: 5367: 5366: 5365:Agadir Crisis 5363: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5166: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5036:Balkan League 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4992:Dual Alliance 4990: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4971:United States 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4844:Petar Bojović 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4743:Janko Vukotić 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Constantine I 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Nikola Ivanov 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4306:First Çatalca 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4251:Pente Pigadia 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4214:Balkan League 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4062: 4061: 4058:V. I. Lenin, 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4045:Map of Europe 4043: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4004: 3999: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3892:0-89009-058-0 3889: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3877:90-04-09025-8 3874: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3792: 3790:9781107478145 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3761: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3723:Clark, p. 249 3720: 3711: 3705:Clark, p. 252 3702: 3693: 3687:Clark, p. 250 3684: 3678:Clark, p. 243 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3637:0-674-02784-1 3634: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3618: 3616: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3575:on 2021-10-25 3574: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3485: 3476: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3442: 3440:9780191006944 3436: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3358: 3351: 3342: 3335: 3334:0-7099-2727-4 3331: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3242: 3236: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3210: 3204:, p. 43. 3203: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3149: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3124: 3123: 3119:W. Mitchell. 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097:“ pp. 49–55 3096: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3065: 3059: 3053:, p. 42. 3052: 3047: 3045: 3038:Clark, p. 246 3035: 3026: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2963: 2962:thecorner.org 2959: 2953: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2899: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2759: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2697: 2696:1-85109-879-8 2693: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2679: 2670: 2664: 2656: 2649: 2640: 2633: 2632:0-674-02784-1 2629: 2625: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2510:Sciara Sciatt 2508: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2422:Ali Fethi Bey 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358:Balkan League 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2314: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2248: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2119: 2115: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094:Sciara Sciatt 2087: 2086:Mustafa Kemal 2082: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2056:Mustafa Kemal 2053: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2007: 2003: 2002:Mustafa Kemal 1998: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1879:Naval warfare 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:Ali Fethi Bey 1743: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1680: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1645:armoured cars 1641: 1639: 1638:Shar al-Shatt 1633: 1631: 1630:Bucknam Pasha 1627: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1576: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1514:Leone Caetani 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451:Agadir Crisis 1449:However, the 1447: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:secret treaty 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Balkan League 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1200:Italian Libya 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:sub-provinces 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140:Italo-Turkish 1127: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 944:Dual Alliance 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 911: 910: 909: 907: 906: 902: 898: 897: 894: 890: 889: 878: 877:Darfur (1916) 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 847:Mufilo (1907) 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 817:Angola (1902) 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 661: 656: 646: 641: 639: 634: 632: 627: 626: 623: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 560:Mechiya Oasis 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 534: 529: 519: 514: 512: 507: 505: 500: 499: 496: 485: 483:4,250 wounded 478: 477: 472: 466: 457: 454: 449: 447:28 siege guns 441:2,550 wagons 437:89,000 troops 433: 432: 427: 421: 411: 409: 408:Bucknam Pasha 399: 396: 390: 389:Mustafa Kemal 380: 378: 368: 366: 356: 354: 344: 343: 341: 336: 326: 324: 314: 312: 310: 304: 303:Augusto Aubry 294: 292: 282: 280: 270: 268: 263: 258: 257: 255: 254: 249: 244: 243:Senussi Order 234: 232: 231:Ottoman Libya 222: 221: 220: 219: 207: 203: 198: 193: 191: 186: 181: 180: 179: 178: 173: 167: 166: 161: 154: 150: 146: 142: 137: 136: 132: 129: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 108: 102: 99: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 79: 75: 71: 70: 65: 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