986:
465:
499:
living at the boundary of its tolerance, in extreme or unusual conditions with regard to any aspect of its existence will be more vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect. Therefore, the variance of data is not simply noise interfering with the detection of so-called "main effects", but
284:, but was expelled a year later after taking a part in student disturbances. In 1902 he resumed his university studies at Kiev in the faculty of biological science. Around 1902 he became acquainted with the founder of the Russian school of evolutionary morphology,
371:, which led to the mass dismissals of many university professors. This destroyed his career, as it removed his professorship and also decreed the destruction of his books and research projects. This action came about due to accusations of
366:
522:
Levit, Georgy S.; Uwe
Hossfeld; Lennart Olsson (2006). "From the "Modern Synthesis" to Cybernetics: Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen (1884–1963) and his Research Program for a Synthesis of Evolutionary and Developmental Biology".
162:
275:
415:
315:
167:
1062:
1042:
391:
and his followers were emphasising a process of heredity that focused on interaction with the environment and the inheritance of acquired characteristics along
427:
270:
1057:
113:, books "Factors of Evolution: the Theory of Stabilizing Selection" (1946) and "The Organism as a Whole in its Individual and Historical Development" (1938)
361:
567:
Systematic
Biology as an Historical Science. Memorie della societaItaliana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano
353:
1052:
291:
In 1904, Schmalhausen, under the guidance of
Severtsov, completed his first scientific work on the embryonic development of lungs in the
1077:
658:
1092:
1067:
331:
311:
238:, which states that a population at its limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect.
142:
835:
Genes increase in frequency when relatedness of recipient to actor times benefit to recipient exceeds reproductive cost to actor
584:
731:
310:. From 1920–1930 he was head of the Department of Vertebrate Zoology. During 1930–1941 Schmalhausen was director of
1087:
1047:
960:
865:
The correlation between the size of an animal and its diet quality; larger animals can consume lower quality diet
228:
110:
651:
384:
407:
played a major role in Stalin's politics, stressing that hard work led to improvement in future generations.)
1072:
905:
Sexual size dimorphism increases with size when males are larger, decreases with size when females are larger
565:
Wake, D. B. (1996). Schmalhausen’s evolutionary morphology and its value in formulating research strategies.
259:
476:
1082:
925:
A population at limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect
915:
Groups evolve from character variation in primitive species to a fixed character state in advanced ones
1000:
860:
644:
970:
438:
220:
855:
In cladistics, the most primitive species are found in earliest, central, part of group's area
342:
235:
224:
106:
1037:
1032:
761:
608:
D'Abramo, Flavio; Rispoli, Giulia (January 2019). Nuno de la Rosa, L.; Müller, G. (eds.).
8:
880:
152:
985:
890:
820:
721:
701:
548:
376:
298:
In 1910, he married Lydia
Kozlova, a French language teacher at Kiev Women Gymnasium.
940:
810:
775:
741:
691:
540:
423:
327:
157:
552:
900:
870:
840:
800:
779:
771:
667:
532:
449:
410:
During these events in 1948 Schmalhausen was removed from the heading positions in
285:
205:
179:
174:
47:
950:
751:
681:
307:
281:
147:
96:
965:
Embryos start from a common form and develop into increasingly specialised forms
930:
910:
790:
711:
388:
258:) on April 23, 1884, to Luise Schmalhausen (Luisa Ludwigovna Schmalhausen) and
251:
189:
82:
1026:
1008:
875:
Inverse relationship between water temperature and no. of fin rays, vertebrae
830:
380:
500:
also an indicator of stressful conditions leading to greater vulnerability.
850:
544:
357:
213:
86:
70:
975:
Parts in an organism become reduced in number and specialized in function
785:
Small species get larger, large species smaller, after colonizing islands
396:
372:
292:
263:
1012:
Large ectothermic animals more easily maintain constant body temperature
536:
464:
496:
442:
404:
431:
419:
330:. The Institute of Zoology in Kiev was later named in his honour the
323:
132:
66:
609:
945:
No. of eggs of benthic marine invertebrates decreases with latitude
636:
392:
255:
216:
128:
356:, one of a series signed by Minister of Higher Education in the
815:
Hybrid sexes that are absent, rare, or sterile, are heterogamic
521:
411:
319:
756:
Insect social parasites are often in same genus as their hosts
400:
212:; 23 April 1884 – 7 October 1963) was a Ukrainian and later
626:
Richard
Lewontin and Richard Levins. "Schmalhausen's Law."
262:(1849–1894). His father was one of the founders of Russian
247:
43:
955:
Probability of extinction of a group is constant over time
935:
The top of an animals coloration is darker than the bottom
585:"Іван Шмальгаузен – видатний теоретик еволюційного вчення"
601:
437:
In 1955, Schmalhausen was one of the signatories of the "
347:
Factors of
Evolution: The Theory of Stabilizing Selection
314:
in Kiev, at the same during 1936–1948 he was director of
885:
Birds lay only as many eggs as they can provide food for
322:
and during 1939–1948 - also a head to the
Department of
1063:
Members of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
306:
In 1912 Schmalhausen became a professor of zoology in
1043:
Taras
Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni
607:
441:"—a collective letter by 300 scientists denouncing
845:An animals metabolic rate decreases with its size
495:Schmalhausen's law is a general principle that a
1024:
395:lines. (Lysenko put his theory into practice in
1004:Where genetics opposes environment as a factor
766:Host and parasite phylogenies become congruent
426:. Until the end of his life he worked in the
223:of German descent. He developed the theory of
652:
163:Institute of Evolutionary Morphology (Moscow)
1058:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
805:Lighter coloration in colder, drier climates
295:. He graduated from the university in 1909.
241:
825:Parasites co-vary in size with their hosts
659:
645:
234:He is remembered, among other things, for
227:, and took part in the development of the
895:Latitudinal range increases with latitude
269:In 1901, Schmalhausen graduated from the
582:
246:Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen was born in
517:
515:
513:
337:He published his most well known book,
332:I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology
1025:
736:Loss of complex traits is irreversible
352:On 23 August 1948 he became victim of
686:Shorter appendages in colder climates
640:
455:
666:
510:
459:
416:Institute of Evolutionary Morphology
316:Institute of Evolutionary Morphology
795:Complete competitors cannot coexist
696:Extra limbs mirror their neighbours
13:
1053:Ukrainian people of German descent
746:Parasites co-vary with their hosts
614:Evolutionary Developmental Biology
610:"Ivan I. Schmalhausen (1884–1963)"
14:
1104:
1078:20th-century Ukrainian zoologists
726:Larger bodies in deep-sea animals
984:
706:Larger bodies in colder climates
463:
341:in 1946. This was translated by
168:Zoological Institute (Leningrad)
1093:20th-century Russian scientists
1068:Modern synthesis (20th century)
583:Тишкевич, Марися (2020-04-23).
525:Journal of Experimental Zoology
448:He died on October 7, 1963, in
434:as a common senior researcher.
620:
576:
559:
385:evolution by natural selection
1:
628:Capitalism, Nature, Socialism
503:
403:using Lamarckian techniques.
260:Johannes Theodor Schmalhausen
229:modern evolutionary synthesis
399:, claiming to have improved
210:Ива́н Ива́нович Шмальга́узен
7:
716:Bodies get larger over time
345:and appeared in English as
202:Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen
143:Institute of Zoology (Kiev)
10:
1109:
1001:Countergradient variation
993:
982:
851:Hennig's progression rule
674:
301:
209:
195:
185:
173:
138:
124:
117:
102:
92:
78:
55:
30:Иван Иванович Шмальгаузен
25:
18:
242:Early life and education
1088:Ukrainian embryologists
1048:Evolutionary biologists
630:, 11(4) (2000): 103–108
379:, and of promoting the
221:evolutionary biologist
861:Jarman–Bell principle
343:Theodosius Dobzhansky
225:stabilizing selection
107:stabilizing selection
1073:Scientists from Kyiv
428:Zoological Institute
381:neo-Darwinian theory
312:Institute of Zoology
271:First Kiev Gymnasium
589:Український інтерес
537:10.1002/jez.b.21087
153:University of Tartu
921:Schmalhausen's law
722:Deep-sea gigantism
475:. You can help by
456:Schmalhausen's law
418:and Department of
339:Faktory Evolyutsii
236:Schmalhausen's law
1083:Soviet zoologists
1020:
1019:
776:Insular gigantism
762:Fahrenholz's rule
616:. Springer, Cham.
493:
492:
424:Moscow University
387:, at a time when
328:Moscow University
199:
198:
186:Doctoral students
158:Moscow University
119:Scientific career
20:Ivan Schmalhausen
1100:
1013:
1005:
988:
977:
976:
967:
966:
957:
956:
947:
946:
937:
936:
927:
926:
917:
916:
907:
906:
897:
896:
887:
886:
881:Lack's principle
877:
876:
867:
866:
857:
856:
847:
846:
837:
836:
827:
826:
817:
816:
807:
806:
797:
796:
787:
786:
780:Insular dwarfism
768:
767:
758:
757:
748:
747:
738:
737:
728:
727:
718:
717:
708:
707:
698:
697:
688:
687:
668:Biological rules
661:
654:
647:
638:
637:
631:
624:
618:
617:
605:
599:
598:
596:
595:
580:
574:
563:
557:
556:
531:(2006): 89–106.
519:
488:
485:
467:
460:
370:
286:Alexey Severtsov
280:and enrolled at
279:
211:
180:Alexey Severtzov
175:Doctoral advisor
111:modern synthesis
62:
50:, Russian Empire
48:Kiev Governorate
39:
37:
16:
15:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1003:
989:
980:
974:
973:
971:Williston's law
964:
963:
961:von Baer's laws
954:
953:
951:Van Valen's law
944:
943:
934:
933:
924:
923:
914:
913:
904:
903:
894:
893:
891:Rapoport's rule
884:
883:
874:
873:
864:
863:
854:
853:
844:
843:
834:
833:
831:Hamilton's rule
824:
823:
821:Harrison's rule
814:
813:
804:
803:
794:
793:
784:
783:
765:
764:
755:
754:
745:
744:
735:
734:
725:
724:
715:
714:
705:
704:
702:Bergmann's rule
695:
694:
685:
684:
670:
665:
635:
634:
625:
621:
606:
602:
593:
591:
581:
577:
564:
560:
520:
511:
506:
489:
483:
480:
473:needs expansion
458:
364:
362:Sergei Kaftanov
308:Kiev University
304:
282:Kiev University
273:
244:
166:
161:
156:
151:
148:Kiev University
146:
97:Kiev University
93:Alma mater
74:
64:
60:
59:October 7, 1963
51:
41:
35:
33:
32:
31:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1006:
997:
995:
991:
990:
983:
981:
979:
978:
968:
958:
948:
941:Thorson's rule
938:
928:
918:
908:
898:
888:
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
828:
818:
811:Haldane's rule
808:
798:
788:
769:
759:
749:
742:Eichler's rule
739:
729:
719:
709:
699:
692:Bateson's rule
689:
678:
676:
672:
671:
664:
663:
656:
649:
641:
633:
632:
619:
600:
575:
558:
508:
507:
505:
502:
491:
490:
470:
468:
457:
454:
414:institutions,
389:Trofim Lysenko
303:
300:
252:Russian Empire
243:
240:
197:
196:
193:
192:
190:Boris Balinsky
187:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
140:
136:
135:
126:
122:
121:
115:
114:
104:
103:Known for
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
80:
76:
75:
73:, Soviet Union
65:
63:(aged 79)
57:
53:
52:
42:
40:April 23, 1884
29:
27:
23:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1010:
1009:Gigantothermy
1007:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
992:
987:
972:
969:
962:
959:
952:
949:
942:
939:
932:
929:
922:
919:
912:
909:
902:
901:Rensch's rule
899:
892:
889:
882:
879:
872:
871:Jordan's rule
869:
862:
859:
852:
849:
842:
841:Kleiber's law
839:
832:
829:
822:
819:
812:
809:
802:
801:Gloger's rule
799:
792:
789:
781:
777:
773:
772:Foster's rule
770:
763:
760:
753:
750:
743:
740:
733:
730:
723:
720:
713:
710:
703:
700:
693:
690:
683:
680:
679:
677:
673:
669:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
642:
639:
629:
623:
615:
611:
604:
590:
586:
579:
572:
568:
562:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
518:
516:
514:
509:
501:
498:
487:
478:
474:
471:This section
469:
466:
462:
461:
453:
451:
446:
444:
440:
439:Letter of 300
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
368:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
299:
296:
294:
289:
288:(1866–1936).
287:
283:
277:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
207:
203:
194:
191:
188:
184:
181:
178:
176:
172:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
72:
68:
58:
54:
49:
45:
28:
24:
17:
931:Thayer's law
920:
752:Emery's rule
682:Allen's rule
627:
622:
613:
603:
592:. Retrieved
588:
578:
570:
566:
561:
528:
524:
494:
481:
477:adding to it
472:
447:
436:
409:
351:
346:
338:
336:
305:
297:
290:
268:
245:
233:
201:
200:
139:Institutions
133:evolutionist
118:
71:Russian SFSR
61:(1963-10-07)
1038:1963 deaths
1033:1884 births
911:Rosa's rule
791:Gause's law
732:Dollo's law
712:Cope's rule
484:August 2024
397:agriculture
373:Weismannism
365: [
293:grass snake
274: [
264:paleobotany
79:Citizenship
1027:Categories
594:2021-04-15
573:, 129-132.
504:References
497:population
443:Lysenkoism
405:Lysenkoism
393:Lamarckian
354:order 1208
36:1884-04-23
450:Leningrad
432:Leningrad
420:Darwinism
377:Morganism
349:in 1949.
324:Darwinism
217:zoologist
129:Zoologist
67:Leningrad
553:23594114
545:16419076
375:and pro-
85:, later
994:Related
256:Ukraine
206:Russian
83:Russian
551:
543:
412:Moscow
320:Moscow
302:Career
214:Soviet
125:Fields
87:Soviet
675:Rules
549:S2CID
401:wheat
369:]
278:]
254:(now
541:PMID
529:306B
358:USSR
248:Kiev
219:and
56:Died
44:Kiev
26:Born
533:doi
479:.
430:in
422:of
383:of
326:in
318:in
1029::
782:)
778:,
612:.
587:.
571:27
569:,
547:.
539:.
527:.
512:^
452:.
445:.
367:ru
360:,
334:.
276:uk
266:.
250:,
231:.
208::
131:,
109:,
69:,
46:,
774:(
660:e
653:t
646:v
597:.
555:.
535::
486:)
482:(
204:(
165:,
160:,
155:,
150:,
145:,
38:)
34:(
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