30:
47:
271:. Nau gave Pasquier drafts or "minutes" of the letters that he had written. He knew little about the origins of the "Enterprise", a plan for Mary's Spanish or French allies to invade England and depose Elizabeth, but said that it was indefinitely postponed by changing political circumstances. He thought that Mary was averse to plans to invade England, considering that she might have to renounce her claim to the throne in favour of her son James VI.
125:. The letter describes the young king and his hobbies and has become an important source for his biography. Pasquier also deciphered Fontenay's despatch of 24 November 1584 which includes the views of James VI on the "Enterprise of England", a plan to make an allegiance with Spain to invade England. Pasquier deciphered a letter to Mary in Spanish from
279:
Pasquier's evidence does not seem to have been directly used in Mary's treason trial. Walsingham and
Phelippes focused on a letter sent to Babington written by Nau, the "bloody letter", and a cipher used to write to him found in her papers. Phelippes acknowledged that Mary usually sent more letters
230:
discussing the idea of threatening Nau, Curle, and
Pasquier so they would confirm Mary's crime and ensure their own escape. Claude Nau mentioned that some significant letters, copied in French and English, were kept in chests belonging to Pasquier. One way of making a case against Mary was to find
300:
thought
Pasquier was a minor figure in the intrigues leading to her execution. Leo Hicks highlighted details in Pasquier's 1586 confessions which appear to shed light on Mary's policy, particularly noting her opposition to French invasion schemes which might prejudice her son's inheritance of the
287:
and others suggested relating how Mary directed the writing of her coded letters in
English, by dictating them to Nau in French in her cabinet, and having Curle translate them into English for ciphering. This process, which was described by Curle and by Nau's confession, was a branch of
212:. The cipher work took place in Nau's chamber. Pasquier delivered completed ciphered and deciphered letters to Mary or Nau. He claimed not to remember the contents of the letters. He did remember encoding a letter in cipher for Mary in 1584 to send to the French ambassador
320:
Pasquier remained responsible for some household accounts and a distribution of cloth for livery clothes in Mary's household. He wrote to
Phelippes in January 1587, concerning these financial matters. According to Adam Blackwood, who was informed by the account of
114:, were delivered to him. In May 1586, Mary said, and Gilbert Curle wrote, that she received an infinite number of letters in cipher. Curle translated Mary's French drafts or dictation into English and ciphered them. Nau was in charge of the French correspondence.
156:), but for reasons of security these drafts were usually burnt. Letters could be taken on the way, or her papers and coffers might be subject to a surprise search. She did not always keep or have time to make fair copies or "doubles" of the ciphered letters.
207:
twice in
September 1586. They showed him some examples of his code work. His responses are recorded in three surviving documents. Pasquier confessed to writing and transcribing coded letters for Mary. He said that Nau was in charge of the
235:
with her own signature, and question the authenticity of any letters produced. Conyers Read argues that the secretaries were interviewed to demonstrate the genuineness of deciphered letters and that Mary was the author of her letters.
132:
Pasquier may have accompanied Nau to London in
November 1584 when Nau acted as Mary's diplomat. They borrowed money from other members of the household. Pasquier said that he had first heard some details of the
325:, Mary came to distrust Pasquier and Nau, assuming that they had betrayed her. She cut them out of her will, and included a note of her concern about money received by Pasquier. Mary wrote from
283:
Pasquier had a lesser role in Mary's correspondence than Nau and Curle, coding the minutes prepared by Nau or deciphering incoming letters. In a draft for the proceedings at Mary's trial,
247:, and that "the matters whereof she is guilty are already so plain and manifest (being also confessed by her two secretaries), as it is thought, they shall required no long debating".
336:
Pasquier and the two secretaries were released in August 1587 after Mary's funeral and given passports to return home. Pasquier carried a letter from the French ambassador in London,
231:
incriminating and treasonous material in her letters, but her distance from the material in cipher produced by her secretaries was a problem. Mary was able to deny writing to
141:
to complain that Mary's letters ought to be sent when they were ready and not depend on the opportunity of a bearer to take them. Nau was concerned about letters relating to
317:
on her behalf. Then
Pasquier could advise Mary to write apologetic letters to Elizabeth. However, Mary was executed on 8 February 1587 and Pasquier remained in custody.
255:
Pasquier signed a confession on 8 October 1586. He was described as Mary's "argentier". He related that he ciphered and deciphered letters, including to the
337:
310:
268:
111:
789:, vol. 9 (London, 1915), pp. 47 no. 40, 54-57 nos 49-50 (SP 53/19 f.117 English), 89-90 no. 80 (TNA SP 53/20 f.11 French), 471 no. 378.
749:
1180:
1175:
1155:
1205:
1170:
1160:
256:
149:
520:
284:
223:
148:
In August 1571, before
Pasquier joined her service, Mary mentioned her practice of writing cipher in a letter to the
92:
188:. Walsingham told Paulet to send Pasquier to London under "sure guard". Paulet arranged for him to be taken to the
126:
61:
192:
on 29 August escorted by three men. French diplomats in London heard a rumour the prisoner taken to the Tower was
745:
1165:
957:
264:
103:
witnessed a document in which
Jacques Gervais, Mary's surgeon, placed his affairs in the hands du Ruisseau.
663:
493:
726:
280:
every fortnight "than it was possible for one body well exercised therein to put in cipher and decipher".
679:
561:
1185:
1134:
176:, who observed he was "half a secretary". He was moved to the house of Mr Littleton and the lodging of
588:
361:
1014:
763:
694:
681:
Marie Stuart : son proces et son execution, d'apres le journal inedit de Bourgoing son medecin
430:
767:
698:
314:
1190:
240:
117:
In August 1584 Pasquier worked on the deciphering of a long letter to Mary and Claude Nau from
1002:
Marie Stuart: son proces et son execution, d'apres le journal inedit de Bourgoing son medecin
330:
76:", a clerk and treasurer or purse keeper. The French ambassador also called him a steward or
313:
thought Pasquier would be released and would return to Mary, and tell her of the efforts of
1200:
1195:
217:
23:
274:
8:
341:
326:
322:
244:
213:
209:
50:
288:
correspondence that Paquier was not necessarily involved in, and he was not mentioned.
227:
169:
232:
134:
121:, a half-brother of Nau, which describes his visit to Scotland and negotiations with
110:
managing Mary's correspondence. Letters in cipher from the French ambassador London,
172:, Pasquier was arrested in August 1586 with Mary's secretaries at the suggestion of
1058:
368:
204:
177:
372:
88:. Fontenay mentioned his friends, Monsieur de l'Aubespine, Arnault, and Pasquier.
546:
Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots, 1547-1603
476:
260:
193:
189:
185:
142:
118:
96:
81:
34:
137:(months after the events) during Nau's trip. In June 1586, Nau sent Pasquier to
91:
Pasquier married Madeleine Champhoun, a daughter of Mary's French administrator
165:
122:
69:
54:
29:
1149:
528:
107:
100:
65:
973:
An Elizabethan problem: some aspects of the careers of two exile-adventurers
297:
173:
138:
465:
Catalogue d'une très belle collection de lettres autographes et manuscrits
200:
1016:
The last days of Mary Stuart and the journal of Bourgoyne her physician
947:, vol. 9 (London, 1915), pp. 71 no. 59, 76 no. 63, 126 no. 121 item 27.
769:
The last days of Mary Stuart and the journal of Bourgoyne her physician
700:
The last days of Mary Stuart and the journal of Bourgoyne her physician
275:
Pasquier and the evidence for Mary's secretariat presented at her trial
85:
46:
60:
Pasquier is recorded as a groom of the chamber to Mary and master of
563:
Calendar of the manuscripts of the Marquess of Salisbury at Hatfield
344:
which included a short description of the funeral at Peterborough.
181:
815:(London: Camden Society, 1909), pp. 42-43, citing BL Egerton 2124.
1000:, vol. 9 (London, 1915), pp. 248-249 no. 246: Regis Chantelauze,
387:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1915), p. 412 no. 439: Alexandre Labanoff,
1084:
De Vita Et Rebus Gestis Serenissimae Principis Mariae Scotorum
921:, vol. 9 (London, 1915), p. 125-6 no. 121 (items 7-9, 12, 27).
771:(London, 1907), pp. 47-48, Cowan describes only the questions
1078:, vol. 9 (London, 1915), p. 471 no. 378: Alexandre Teulet,
68:
and Hannibal Stuart. He was described as "young Pasquier".
753:(Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, pp. clxxxv-clxxxvii
362:'Deciphering Mary Stuart’s lost letters from 1578-1584',
267:, and to the French ambassadors in London, Castelnau and
80:. Pasquier may have been recruited to Mary's service by
106:
Pasquier worked with Mary's secretaries Claude Nau and
592:, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), pp. 74-5 no. 62, 90 no. 80
309:
French diplomats thought Mary might escape execution.
868:
Letters and Papers Relating to Patrick Master of Gray
152:. Outgoing cipher letters were composed from drafts (
95:
and Claude Nau's sister Claire. On 20 March 1586, at
26:, involved in writing and deciphering coded letters.
785:, vol. 8 (London, 1914), pp. 659-660 nos. 743, 744;
1096:
La Mort de la Royne d'Escosse, Douairiere de France
548:, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), no. 237: William Boyd,
16:
French servant of Mary, Queen of Scots and courtier
858:(London: Camden Society, 1909), pp. xxxviii-xxxix.
669:By "chiffre", Mary usually meant the coded letter.
360:George Lasry, Norbert Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo,
481:Spycraft: Tricks and Tools of the Dangerous Trade
1147:
961:(London: Camden Society, 1909), pp. 43-44 fn. 3
243:in September 1586 that Mary was to be moved to
1045:(Edinburgh, 1883), p. xlix: Agnes Strickland,
882:, vol. 9, pp. 89–90 no. 80, TNA SP 53/20 f.11.
527:, vol. 1 (London, 1778), pp. 218, 223, 235-7:
333:of her fear that they had hastened her death.
41:
1030:Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion
535:, vol. 1 (SHS: Edinburgh, 1931), p. 214, 218.
828:(Penguin, 2013), pp. 232-233: William Boyd,
552:, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1913), p. 271 no. 247.
579:(University of California, 1984), pp. 7-8.
437:(London, 1845), p. 345: Alexandre Teulet,
291:
159:
37:and interviewed about his secretarial work
1076:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588
998:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588
987:, vol. 9 (Glasgow, 1915), p. 236 no. 229.
945:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588
919:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588
830:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588
800:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588
787:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588
783:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1585-1586
632:(London, 1964), pp. 23–24: William Boyd,
604:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588
590:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588
550:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1584-1585
509:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588
1082:, 4 (Paris, 1862), p. 204: Samuel Jebb,
832:, vol. 8 (London, 1915), p. 701 no. 764.
649:, vol. 8 (London, 1914), p. 448 no. 482.
636:, vol. 8 (London, 1914), p. 659 no. 744.
606:, vol. 9 (London, 1915), p. 227 no. 219.
511:, vol. 9 (London, 1915), p. 249 no. 299.
404:, 4 (Paris, 1862), p. 204: John Morris,
250:
45:
28:
338:Guillaume de l'Aubespine de Châteauneuf
311:Guillaume de l'Aubespine de Châteauneuf
112:Guillaume de l'Aubespine de Châteauneuf
1148:
1043:History of Mary Stewart, by Claude Nau
1032:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 136-7.
908:(London: Camden Society, 1909), p. 44.
802:, vol. 9 (London, 1915), p. 56 no. 50.
565:, vol. 3 (London, 1889), pp. vi, 47-62
483:(Yale, 2024), pp. 89, 104, 278 fn. 65.
1124:, vol. 2 (London, 1842), pp. 233-234.
304:
216:asking him to negotiate a pardon for
203:, Edward Barker, and the code expert
452:Secret Writing in the Public Records
22:(1560–1605) was a French servant of
13:
716:(London, 1874), pp. 253, 272, 279.
662:(London, 1845), p. 213: Labanoff,
14:
1217:
751:Queen Mary and the Babington Plot
168:was investigated and revealed by
93:Jean Champhuon, sieur du Ruisseau
1181:Prisoners in the Tower of London
1176:Espionage scandals and incidents
1109:Lettres inédites de Marie Stuart
1086:, vol. 2 (London, 1725), p. 652.
1065:, vol. 2 (London, 1842), p. 110.
1049:, vol. 2 (London, 1848), p. 247.
975:(London, 1964), pp. 23, 29, 142.
843:Lettres inédites de Marie Stuart
736:, 2 (London, 1852), pp. 222–223.
577:Letters of King James VI & I
391:, vol. 7 (London, 1844), p. 250.
127:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
84:, a brother of Mary's secretary
1127:
1114:
1101:
1089:
1068:
1052:
1035:
1022:
1007:
990:
978:
965:
950:
937:
924:
911:
898:
885:
873:
870:(Edinburgh, 1835), pp. 110-111.
861:
848:
835:
818:
805:
792:
775:
757:
739:
719:
706:
688:
672:
652:
639:
622:
609:
596:
582:
569:
555:
538:
514:
501:
1138:, 4 (Paris, 1862), pp. 204–205
1122:Letters of Mary Queen of Scots
1063:Letters of Mary Queen of Scots
1047:Letters of Mary Queen of Scots
985:Calendar State Papers Scotland
880:Calendar State Papers Scotland
647:Calendar State Papers Scotland
634:Calendar State Papers Scotland
486:
470:
457:
444:
424:
411:
394:
385:Calendar State Papers Scotland
377:
354:
1:
1156:Court of Mary, Queen of Scots
467:(Paris, 1855), p. 18 no. 202.
373:10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
347:
730:, 4 (Paris, 1862), pp. 52–60
714:Letter-books of Amias Poulet
617:Letter-books of Amias Poulet
495:Letter-books of Amias Poulet
406:Letter-books of Amias Poulet
239:Walsingham sent news to the
7:
1206:16th-century letter writers
1171:16th-century cryptographers
1161:16th-century French writers
845:(Paris, 1839), pp. 180-181.
199:Pasquier was questioned by
42:Working for a captive queen
10:
1222:
683:(Paris, 1876), pp. 477–478
658:William Barclay Turnbull,
525:Miscellaneous State Papers
33:Pasquier was taken to the
441:, 4 (Paris, 1862), p. 92.
220:after his treason trial.
934:(Penguin, 2013), p. 233.
431:William Barclay Turnbull
329:to the Spanish diplomat
210:cipher keys or alphabets
64:. The other grooms were
895:(London, 1964), p. 142.
732: : Thomas Wright,
619:(London, 1874), p. 326.
408:(London, 1874), p. 272.
389:Lettres de Marie Stuart
292:Pasquier and historians
160:Arrested and questioned
1111:(Paris, 1839), p. 286.
1018:(London, 1907), p. 260
1004:(Paris, 1876), p. 559.
893:An Elizabethan Problem
746:John Hungerford Pollen
660:Letters of Mary Stuart
630:An Elizabethan Problem
497:(London, 1874), p. 249
435:Letters of Mary Stuart
154:les minutes de chifres
57:
38:
1166:French cryptographers
1028:Alexander Wilkinson,
702:(London, 1907), p. 37
331:Bernardino de Mendoza
315:Pomponne de Bellièvre
257:Archbishop of Glasgow
251:Pasquier's confession
150:Archbishop of Glasgow
49:
32:
1136:Relations Politiques
1107:Alexandre Labanoff,
1098:(1588), pp. 123–124.
1080:Relations Politiques
841:Alexandre Labanoff,
728:Relations Politiques
685:: TNA SP 53/19 f.51:
479:& Pete Langman,
454:(HMSO, 1974), p. 45.
450:Sheila R. Richards,
439:Relations Politiques
402:Relations Politiques
218:Francis Throckmorton
24:Mary, Queen of Scots
734:History of Scotland
678:Regis Chantelauze,
417:Alan Gordon Smith,
342:Henry III of France
323:Dominique Bourgoing
214:Michel de Castelnau
196:, or Mary herself.
74:commis et argentier
1133:Alexandre Teulet,
1120:Agnes Strickland,
1041:Joseph Stevenson,
725:Alexandre Teulet,
421:(Macmillan, 1936).
419:The Babington Plot
400:Alexandre Teulet,
305:After Mary's trial
228:Christopher Hatton
170:Francis Walsingham
72:described him as "
58:
39:
1186:Throckmorton Plot
233:Anthony Babington
135:Throckmorton plot
1213:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1059:Agnes Strickland
1056:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1011:
1005:
994:
988:
982:
976:
969:
963:
954:
948:
941:
935:
930:Stephen Alford,
928:
922:
915:
909:
902:
896:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
852:
846:
839:
833:
824:Stephen Alford,
822:
816:
809:
803:
796:
790:
779:
773:
761:
755:
743:
737:
723:
717:
710:
704:
692:
686:
676:
670:
667:, 3, pp. 349–350
656:
650:
643:
637:
626:
620:
613:
607:
600:
594:
586:
580:
573:
567:
559:
553:
542:
536:
533:Warrender Papers
518:
512:
505:
499:
490:
484:
474:
468:
461:
455:
448:
442:
428:
422:
415:
409:
398:
392:
381:
375:
358:
205:Thomas Phelippes
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1053:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1012:
1008:
995:
991:
983:
979:
970:
966:
955:
951:
942:
938:
929:
925:
916:
912:
903:
899:
890:
886:
878:
874:
866:
862:
853:
849:
840:
836:
823:
819:
810:
806:
797:
793:
780:
776:
762:
758:
744:
740:
724:
720:
711:
707:
693:
689:
677:
673:
657:
653:
644:
640:
627:
623:
614:
610:
601:
597:
587:
583:
575:George Akrigg,
574:
570:
560:
556:
543:
539:
519:
515:
506:
502:
491:
487:
477:Nadine Akkerman
475:
471:
462:
458:
449:
445:
429:
425:
416:
412:
399:
395:
382:
378:
359:
355:
350:
307:
301:English crown.
294:
277:
261:Albert Fontenay
253:
194:Bess Pierrepont
190:Tower of London
162:
143:Bess Pierrepont
119:Albert Fontenay
99:, Pasquier and
82:Albert Fontenay
44:
35:Tower of London
20:Jérôme Pasquier
17:
12:
11:
5:
1219:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:Babington Plot
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1142:
1141:
1126:
1113:
1100:
1088:
1074:William Boyd,
1067:
1051:
1034:
1021:
1013:Samuel Cowan,
1006:
996:William Boyd,
989:
977:
964:
956:Conyers Read,
949:
943:William Boyd,
936:
923:
917:William Boyd,
910:
904:Conyers Read,
897:
884:
872:
860:
854:Conyers Read,
847:
834:
817:
811:Conyers Read,
804:
798:William Boyd,
791:
781:William Boyd,
774:
756:
738:
718:
705:
687:
671:
651:
645:William Boyd,
638:
621:
608:
602:William Boyd,
595:
581:
568:
554:
544:William Boyd,
537:
513:
507:William Boyd,
500:
485:
469:
456:
443:
423:
410:
393:
383:William Boyd,
376:
352:
351:
349:
346:
306:
303:
296:The historian
293:
290:
276:
273:
252:
249:
241:Scottish Court
178:Thomas Gresley
166:Babington Plot
161:
158:
70:Adam Blackwood
55:Babington Plot
43:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1139:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1003:
999:
993:
986:
981:
974:
968:
962:
960:
959:Bardon Papers
953:
946:
940:
933:
927:
920:
914:
907:
906:Bardon Papers
901:
894:
888:
881:
876:
869:
864:
857:
856:Bardon Papers
851:
844:
838:
831:
827:
821:
814:
813:Bardon Papers
808:
801:
795:
788:
784:
778:
772:
770:
765:
760:
754:
752:
747:
742:
735:
731:
729:
722:
715:
712:John Morris,
709:
703:
701:
696:
691:
684:
682:
675:
668:
666:
661:
655:
648:
642:
635:
631:
625:
618:
615:John Morris,
612:
605:
599:
593:
591:
585:
578:
572:
566:
564:
558:
551:
547:
541:
534:
530:
529:Annie Cameron
526:
522:
517:
510:
504:
498:
496:
492:John Morris,
489:
482:
478:
473:
466:
463:J. Charavay,
460:
453:
447:
440:
436:
432:
427:
420:
414:
407:
403:
397:
390:
386:
380:
374:
370:
367:
366:(2023), p. 65
365:
357:
353:
345:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
318:
316:
312:
302:
299:
289:
286:
285:William Cecil
281:
272:
270:
266:
265:Thomas Morgan
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
237:
234:
229:
225:
224:William Cecil
221:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
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191:
187:
183:
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167:
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115:
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108:Gilbert Curle
104:
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101:Bastian Pagez
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66:Bastian Pagez
63:
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52:
48:
36:
31:
27:
25:
21:
1135:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
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1024:
1015:
1009:
1001:
997:
992:
984:
980:
972:
967:
958:
952:
944:
939:
932:The Watchers
931:
926:
918:
913:
905:
900:
892:
887:
879:
875:
867:
863:
855:
850:
842:
837:
829:
826:The Watchers
825:
820:
812:
807:
799:
794:
786:
782:
777:
768:
764:Samuel Cowan
759:
750:
741:
733:
727:
721:
713:
708:
699:
695:Samuel Cowan
690:
680:
674:
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633:
629:
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616:
611:
603:
598:
589:
584:
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549:
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532:
524:
521:Philip Yorke
516:
508:
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438:
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418:
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396:
388:
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379:
363:
356:
335:
327:Fotheringhay
319:
308:
298:Conyers Read
295:
282:
278:
254:
245:Fotheringhay
238:
222:
198:
174:Amias Paulet
163:
153:
147:
139:Amias Paulet
131:
116:
105:
90:
77:
73:
62:her wardrobe
59:
19:
18:
1201:1605 deaths
1196:1560 births
971:Leo Hicks,
891:Leo Hicks,
628:Leo Hicks,
364:Cryptologia
269:Châteauneuf
201:Owen Hopton
1150:Categories
348:References
86:Claude Nau
51:Cipher key
226:wrote to
129:in 1585.
78:argentier
53:from the
186:Chartley
182:Drakelow
123:James VI
97:Chartley
665:Lettres
164:As the
340:, to
259:, to
369:doi
184:at
180:of
1152::
1061:,
766:,
748:,
697:,
531:,
523:,
433:,
263:,
145:.
371::
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