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875:, operating in Friesland, began lamenting to Philip II about the lack of money, supplies, and troop mutinies, all the things Farnese had been complaining about for the past several years. By the time Farnese had returned, Maurice had regained Steenbergen, Roosendaal, Oosterhout, Turnhout, and Westerlo. Farnese's absence brought with it a reduction in military activity on the part of the Spanish thus allowing the Dutch some time to reflect on what policies they needed to adopt that would be most effective against their enemy. This was the beginning of the
362:
564:
705:. The Armada entered the English Channel in the summer of that year but poor communication between Parma and the Armada's commander made effective coordination difficult. Alexander informed Philip II that his barges were nothing more than flat-bottomed transport vessels, not warships, and he was being blockaded by English ships thus preventing him from leaving Nieuwpoort and Dunkirk. Farnese expected the Armada to clear a passage for his barges. Parma's troops were also threatened by the presence of Dutch forces in
38:
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627:
927:. The situation was worse than at Caudebec, all the while, Farnese was seriously ill and mostly bed-ridden yet still sharp in mind. The Duke of Parma finally devised a plan to clandestinely cross the Seine in boats leaving just enough men to make Henri believe the entire army was encamped. The Catholic army was across the river and long gone by the time Henri learned of it, literally right under his nose. After returning to the Netherlands, Alexander received a letter from
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891:, Alexander Farnese received orders from Philip II to drop everything and go back to France to aid the Catholic League. Realizing the difficulties of capturing this fort, he was actually relieved to be able to honourably abandon this enterprise engaged under bad auspices. Before he could even consider another expedition to aid the League, he needed to resume his treatments at Spa whence he arrived on 1 August with his son
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king, who had always favoured his nephew
Alexander, allowed these complaints and accusations to influence his opinion. This change in sentiment caused the king to order the duke removed from his post in the Netherlands. The sovereign drafted a recall letter on 20 February 1592, while Farnese was marching on Rouen, and tasked Juan Pacheco de Toledo,
639:. In December 1585, with the growing food shortage, Farnese marched his troops towards the Rhine and Meuse regions so as to spare Flanders, Brabant and the Walloon provinces the burden of feeding them and, while there, undertake operations to secure trade along those rivers. That winter was nearly disastrous for Farnese's army were it not for the
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imperative for three conditions to be met: the main condition was the maintenance of absolute secrecy; second, secure the possession and defence of the Dutch provinces; third, keep the French from interfering either by way of a peace agreement or by sowing division amongst the
Huguenots and Catholics. Philip overruled him and solicited the
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where he was subsequently wounded by a musket shot in the right forearm during the siege whilst reconnoitring the town. The wound undermined his already precarious health even more and he was forced to call his son
Ranuccio to take command of the troops. Henri saw therein an opportunity to avenge the
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loyal to Henry IV. Farnese's main goal was simply to resupply Paris by raising the blockade, not obliterating Henry's army. When Henry learned of the approach of
Mayenne and Farnese, he broke camp to actively engage in battle. Parma had no intention of engaging in combat. He determined that capturing
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the walls. The inhabitants of
Maastricht were also digging to reach the Spanish tunnels. Deep underground the fighting continued, hundreds of Spanish soldiers died as boiling oil was poured into their tunnels. Others died because of a lack of oxygen when the Dutch defenders ignited fires within them.
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to carry out this mission. The date of the recall letter was changed to 28 June 1592. Given Philip II's nature toward duplicitous intrigue, the king reassured
Farnese that everything was fine, all the while arranging for his recall from Flanders. The duke knew nothing about these machinations and by
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through the death of his father; he never ruled, instead naming his son
Ranuccio as regent. He applied for leave to visit his paternal territory but Philip II would not grant it as there were no suitable candidates in the Netherlands to replace him. However, while retaining him in his command at the
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What can be verified is
Alessandro Farnese indeed had an affair with Françoise de Renty, known as the "belle Franceline", confirmed by an unpublished letter of instruction from Parma, contained in the manuscript at the Bibliotecca Nazionale di Napoli, Brancacciani F1, ff. 68–91v, to Pietro Caetani,
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Ever since the failed armada campaign against
England, Spanish agents and courtiers in Philip II's court who were jealous of Farnese's success had been engaged in a malicious campaign to discredit the Duke of Parma in the eyes of the king. After Farnese's return from his second French campaign, the
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On the night of 29 June, Farnese's men managed to get into the city while the exhausted defenders were asleep. Since the city had not surrendered after the walls had been breached, laws of warfare in the 16th century gave the victors the right to loot the conquered city. The
Spanish looted the city
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and appointed his mother Margaret as Governor-General. This was unacceptable to Alexander; he demanded to be both Captain-General and Governor-General or he would resign thus leaving military matters entirely in Margaret's hands. Philip eventually capitulated and after four years, Margaret returned
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noblewoman, and Catherine de Roquoi, also a Flemish noblewoman and member of the House of Roquoi, with whom he allegedly had an illegitimate daughter; Isabella Margherita Farnese (b. 1578 in Luxembourg – d. 1610 in Lisbon), married in 1592 to João de Menezes (1550–1604). The sources cited for the
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His mortal remains were dressed in a Capuchin habit, moved to Parma and buried in the Capuchin church, next to his wife's tomb. Later, their mortal remains were moved to the crypt of the Basilica of the Madonna della Steccata, where they are still found today. His death spared him from seeing the
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had gone on the offensive. Alexander's withdraw was not an easy one. He had thousands of men, wagons and horses to move during foul weather with the Béarnaise harassing him the entire way. Anticipating these difficulties, the Duke arranged his columns in such a way that Henri could not rout him.
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to restore traffic on the Seine. The siege began on 22 September and by 16 October, the town was taken. Its garrison was put to the sword and the town was thoroughly sacked. With the siege of Paris lifted and its supply routes secured, Farnese took the road on 3 November back to the Netherlands,
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Fully aware of his state of health, the Duke of Parma, nevertheless, prepared for this campaign by arranging for loans and sumptuous quarters in Paris so as to give the appearance of a powerful representative of the King of Spain. He had written his last will and testament, repeatedly went to
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Alexander pressed operations in the regions of the Meuse and the Rhine so as to maintain trade with Germany and prepare a gateway for winning Holland and Zeeland. Unfortunately for the prince, Phillip II's parsimonious disbursement of money started having its effect in the campaigns following
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In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, Parma proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be
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Although there is nothing to say with certainty about children from this relationship, according to Bertini, Farnese arranged for, and gave incentives to, Count Jean-Charles de Gavre, a nobleman in Alessandro's household, to marry Françoise in 1586. Considering that the couple's first child,
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Although Farnese was not enthusiastic about the project, in November 1583, he initially believed it possible to successfully invade England from the Netherlands with a force of 30,000 troops relying mainly on the hope of a native Catholic insurrection, but emphasized to Philip II that it was
599:) to Oordam, in spite of the desperate efforts of the besieged townspeople. The terms offered included the clause that all Protestants had to leave the city within four years. This disciplined capture and occupation of the town should not be confused with the bloody events of the
791:, which had been in ever deeper trouble since 1576. Parma had warned Philip II that the French incursion would endanger the gains made in the Netherlands and stated he would not accept responsibility for the losses or failures resulting from not heeding his advice.
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Marie-Alexandrine-Françoise de Gavre, was born soon afterwards in 1587, that her name (Alexandrine) is not found amongst either parent's ancestors, and the influence Françoise had over Farnese, it is quite possible that he was the child's biological father.
728:. Renty did not succeed in capturing Tholen, blaming bad weather, whereupon Farnese expressed that he should have led the expedition personally. Nevertheless, on 19 September 1588, Alexander set out from Bruges with his army to besiege Bergen Op Zoom. After
823:. At dawn on 5 September, Lagny was bombarded then stormed by Spanish troops who put its 800-man garrison to the sword, all within sight of Henri's camp, a mere 12 km away. The latter abandoned the siege of Paris two days later but made one last "
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before being decisively diverted to the French theater. His military and diplomatic victories still gave Spain back control of the southern provinces, establishing the cultural and religious separation which would eventually become the nation of
895:. In mid-November, Alexander drafted instructions for the interim Governor-General, Mansfeld again, in addition to putting measures in place for the defence of the Netherlands while he was away. By the end of November, the Duke was in
339:
His talents as a commander on the battlefield, strategist and organizator earned him the regard of his contemporaries and historians as the greatest general of his age and one of the best in history. Under his leadership,
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in 1556 and was delivered to Philip II to ensure the loyalty of the Farnese. While in the King's custody, he visited the English royal court and then went to Spain to be raised and educated with his cousin, the ill-fated
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The plan was that Parma's troops would cross the channel in barges, protected by the Armada. Santa Cruz was appointed commander of the armada but died in early 1588 and command of the armada was given to the incompetent
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was a fait accompli. On the other hand, fortunately for Alexander, who became Duke upon his father's death in 1586, the poorly supplied English forces, sent by Elizabeth I, were duly defeated by the Duke's forces. The
709:, who hoped to destroy the barges and drown Parma's army at sea. In contrast, Medina Sedonia expected Parma to fight his way out from the ports and meet him in the channel. The English attack on the Armada in the
923:
loss of Rouen. Rather than risk a full attack against the League's forces, he took a page from Farnese's book and decided to cut off all supply routes and starve them. The League's army abandoned Caudebec for
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where the garrison was put to the sword and the town was sacked. This incident is considered to be the biggest stain on Farnese's otherwise chivalrous career. Next was the five-day
1326:
Circulating around the internet on various websites are claims that Alessandro Farnese had (so far identified) two lovers: Françoise de Renty (a.k.a., La Belle Franchine), a young
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and the subsequent campaigns against the Turks. It was seven years before he again had the opportunity to display his great military talents. During that time the provinces of the
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for three days during which time many civilians lost their lives. The looting was particularly violent, perhaps because Farnese was in bed with a fever during those three days.
556:. The difficulties encountered with the ragtag troops during that siege helped convince the Walloon lords to allow for the return of foreign, more importantly, Spanish troops.
509:, January 1579, he secured the support of the "Malcontents" (the Catholic nobles of the south) for the royal cause. The rebels in the seven northern provinces then formed the
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head of a formidable army, the king would not give his sanction to his great general's desire to use it for the conquest of England, at the time a supporter of the rebels.
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505:, Fleming and Walloon, he skillfully worked to exploit these divisions. By this means, he regained the allegiance of the Walloon provinces for the king. Through the
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to entrench there.; Rouen was saved. Rather than follow Farnese's advice and attack Henri's camp and destroy his forces, the League's leaders chose to capture
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575:. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and defended with resolute determination and courage by its citizens. The latter were led by the famous
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and getting wounded during the retreat. One final unsuccessful skirmish took place on 29 November where Henri was within a few hundred paces of Farnese.
827:" attempt on 8–9 September which failed. With the course of the Marne completely open to traffic, supplies flowed into Paris for the next several days.
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In January 2020, the Duke's remains were exhumed in a bid to clarify the circumstances of his death which were ultimately determined to be pneumonia.
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Farnese intended to turn his attention back to the northern Netherlands, where the Dutch rebels had regrouped, but on the night of 1–2 August 1589,
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confession and took holy communion, and sent his son back to Parma so that, upon his death, the Farnesian States would not be deprived of a ruler.
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After the failure of the Armada, fortune seems to have abandoned the Duke of Parma. Farnese broke up his camp in Dunkirk in September and sent the
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In adherence to the treaty of Arras, the Spanish troops were expelled from the country so Alexander only had the Walloon troops available for the
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in March 1578. The example of Zichem encouraged the citizens to capitulate so quickly. That summer, Farnese managed to prevent the defeat at the
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and Brussels already in the hands of Farnese, the whole of the southern Netherlands was once more placed under the authority of Philip II. Both
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583:. The siege began in 1584 and called forth all of Farnese's military genius. He cut off all access to Antwerp from the sea by constructing a
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Soen, Violet (2012). "Reconquista and Reconciliation in the Dutch Revolt: The Campaign of Governor-General Alexander Farnese (1578–1592)".
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had revolted against Spanish rule. Don Juan, who had been sent as governor-general to restore order, found difficulties in dealing with
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910:. This would keep supply lines open. Finally, on 20 April, Parma arrived a few miles from Rouen where he was met by 50 cavalry sent by
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Keeping Paris supplied required the influx of victuals from multiple sources but most of Henri's forces occupied the areas along the
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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Alexander Farnese was made responsible for the failure of the Armada which marked the beginning of the end of his brilliant career.
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on 28 June congratulating him “for rescuing the Catholic Army.” Farnese quickly made his way back to Spa for yet more treatments.
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where he mustered his troops. Towards the middle of January 1592, Parma had rendezvoused with Mayenne and made preparations to
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Ama il Principe una Signora di qualità e fa piacere che da coloro che stimano il favor suo ella che sia corteggiata e servita…
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732:, with winter approaching, Parma abandoned the enterprise and withdrew to Brussels, sending his troops into winter quarters.
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Upon Don Juan's death, Farnese was confronted with a difficult situation. Perceiving that his opponents were divided between
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had mutinied and Farnese ordered that it be dissolved. Following this incident, Alexander's lieutenants suffered defeats in
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The Duke of Parma started feeling the first effects of oedema after the failed siege of Bergen op Zoom. He had to go to the
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2510:, Cheiron : materiali e strumenti di aggiornamento storiografico : 53 54, 1 2, 2010, p. 71 (Roma: Bulzoni, 2010).
1335:. Neither site states the origin or source of their information meaning the claim cannot be verified, let alone validated.
739:, a strategic gateway to Holland. The English garrison there was in full revolt for lack of pay. An English representative
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Antwerp's conquest. The first notable Spanish defeat under Farnese's command came at his first attempt to take control of
1030:
961:, to personally deliver it to the duke upon his return to Flanders. Cerrablo died along the way. The king then assigned
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which finally allowed them to have an even footing against the Spanish; Alexander had finally met his match in Maurice.
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October was feeling well enough to return to Brussels only to learn that he was ordered to aid the League yet again.
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Another 500 Spanish soldiers died when a mine, which they planned to use to blow up the wall, exploded prematurely.
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Diccionario enciclopédico hispano-americano de literatura, ciencias y artes: Apéndice 24–25. Segundo apéndice 26–28
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as acting Governor-General while he was in France. Days after Farnese's departure for France, Mansfeld and Colonel
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): The Siege of Antwerp, v. IV
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In October 1578, Don Juan, whose health had broken down, died. Phillip II appointed Farnese to take his place as
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to join Don Juan, and it was his able strategy and prompt decision at a critical moment that decisively won the
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73:
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The duke left Brussels on 11 November, arriving in Arras where, on 2 December 1592, he died at the age of 47.
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In the autumn of 1577 shortly after his wife's death, Farnese led Spanish reinforcements from Italy along the
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claim of an illegitimate child are a privately maintained genealogy website and a European history website
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Arrival of the funeral procession of the Duke of Parma in Brussels 1592. Print from 'The Wars of Nassau' by
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389:). He had a twin brother, Carlo, who died in Rome on 7 October 1549. He and his mother, the half-sister of
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2602:. Brussels: Bulletin de l'Association de la Noblesse du Royaume de Belgique, n. 307, juillet 2021.
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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): Addendum
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on his way to serve Alessandro Farnese in the Netherlands, on how he should behave with her:
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Parma and Mayenne parted ways at Guise and Alexander arrived in Brussels on 4 December 1590.
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. III
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. II
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. V
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. I
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known also as the "Béarnaise". This enabled the Dutch rebels to regain momentum in their
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was necessary, so as to secure a safe harbour for the Armada ships, and was successful.
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Bertini, Giuseppe (2010). "Alessandro Farnese fra Italia, Spagna e Paesi Bassi".
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2583:. Bruxelles Société de l'histoire de Belgique. 1860. pp. 259, 293 and 294.
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on 4 November 1576. Farnese avoided the mistakes of his predecessors including
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This article is about the Italian duke and general. For the Catholic Pope, see
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de Groof, Bart (1993). "Alexander Farnese and the Origins of Modern Belgium".
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2633:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–185.
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English Renaissance Drama and the Specter of Spain: Ethnopoetics and Empire
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was assassinated, and Farnese was ordered into France, in support of the
445:, who had succeeded in uniting all the provinces in common resistance to
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Before heading to Rouen, Farnese made the strategic decision to capture
344:'s army achieved the most comprehensive successes in the history of the
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689:. As part of the general campaign preparations, Farnese moved against
385:(an illegitimate daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain
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provision by which he was relieved of the post of Governor-General.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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to treat his illness for nearly six months. During this time, the
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to draft and present an invasion plan which evolved to become the
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Alexander Farnese 1545–1592 Erfgoedcentrum Rozet 300 191 d 2 A-47
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Alexander Farnese 1545–1592 Erfgoedcentrum Rozet 300 191 d 2 A-43
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on 15 August. In late August, he moved to relieve Paris from the
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to Parma and it was ultimately delivered to him on 9 April 1589.
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in preparation to besiege the predominately English garrison at
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Parma left Brussels on 6 August 1590 and ultimately arrived at
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from 1578 to 1592. As a general of the Spanish army during the
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Spain's Road to Empire: The Making of a World Power, 1492–1763
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On the night of 24 July 1591, just days after engaging in the
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Mémoires de Frédéric Perrenot, sieur de Champagney, 1573–1590
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Cheiron: Materiali e Strumenti di Aggiornamento Storiografico
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with great splendour. He commanded three galleys during the
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Alexander: La extraordinaria historia de Alejandro Farnesio
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1492:
Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day
1239:, also known as Maria of Guimarães, he had three children:
397:, left Rome for Parma in 1550. When Margaret was appointed
141:
2756:(Rev. ed.). Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
951:
320:
between 1581 and 1587 and returned them to the control of
316:, Farnese captured more than thirty towns in what is now
571:
The apex of Alexander Farnese's career was when he laid
1585:
735:
Alexander's final major victory in the Netherlands was
3660:
Burials at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata
452:
697:, the latter of which would be taken on August 1587.
373:
Alessandro, born 27 August 1545, was the son of Duke
815:
would ensure traffic was maintained along the river
579:
and assisted by an ingenious Italian engineer named
2508:
Alessandro Farnese fra Italia, Spagna e Paesi Bassi
414:, both of whom were about the same age as himself.
288:; 27 August 1545 – 3 December 1592) was an Italian
516:As soon as he had secured a base of operations in
2637:
1670:World Military Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary
1535:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 128.
1504:
567:Parma's bridge-of-boats over the Scheldt in 1585.
3591:
2773:Alessandro Farnese l'eroe italiano delle Fiandre
1489:
882:
862:
848:Twenty days into the march, on 25 November near
1465:Bulletin de l'Institut Historique Belge de Rome
969:
770:
1413:Farnese marries Maria Princess of Portugal by
997:Equestrian statue of Don Alexander Farnese by
421:Coat of Arms of the Farnese as dukes of Parma.
3358:
2908:
293:
2770:
2733:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020e).
2714:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020d).
2695:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020c).
2676:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b).
2657:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020a).
963:Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes
3655:People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2752:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2021).
2737:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
2718:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
2699:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
2680:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
540:on 12 March 1579. He ordered his troops to
3527:Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty:
3365:
3351:
2915:
2901:
2597:
2565:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1742:
783:and the Catholic opposition to Protestant
746:
471:in early 1578. Shortly thereafter was the
36:
2661:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises ltd. inc.
1490:Keegan, John; Wheatcroft, Andrew (2014).
365:Portrait of the Prince when he was 15 by
204:Margherita, Hereditary Princess of Mantua
2619:
2550:
1667:
1604:
1462:
1223:
1215:
992:
938:
659:
625:
562:
416:
360:
356:
16:Italian general and governor (1545–1592)
3630:Italian people of the Eighty Years' War
2600:Le siège d'Anvers par Alexandre Farnèse
2531:
1747:(4th ed.). McFarland. p. 17.
1530:
952:Alexander Farnese's removal from office
3592:
1447:
3680:People of the French Wars of Religion
3620:Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
3346:
3241:Prince Sixtus Henry, Duke of Aranjuez
2896:
1640:
1385:Alexander Farnese in a 1727 engraving
1321:
838:rivers so Parma decided to clear the
573:siege to the great seaport of Antwerp
2922:
2830:Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands
1791:
1228:Engraving of Alexander Farnese, 1592
819:which was still in the hands of the
119:Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort
3204:Felix, Prince Consort of Luxembourg
3036:Odoardo, Hereditary Prince of Parma
2598:de Behault, Charles-Albert (2021).
1672:. Infobase Publishing. p. 175.
453:Governor-General of the Netherlands
310:Governor of the Spanish Netherlands
91:Governor of the Spanish Netherlands
65:15 September 1586 – 3 December 1592
13:
3382:
3372:
2555:. Vol. 3. Paris. p. 299.
1570:, Addendum pp. 227–228.
988:
14:
3691:
3645:Italian people of Spanish descent
2789:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
2780:
2495:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2483:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2471:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2459:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2447:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2435:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2423:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2411:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2399:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2384:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2372:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2360:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2348:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2336:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2324:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2312:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2300:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2288:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2276:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2264:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2252:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2240:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2228:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2216:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2204:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2192:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2180:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2168:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2156:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2141:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2129:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2117:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2105:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2093:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2081:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2069:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2057:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2045:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2033:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2021:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2009:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
1997:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
1985:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
1973:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
1961:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
1949:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
1937:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
1925:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
1913:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
1901:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
1889:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
1877:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1865:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
1853:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
1841:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
1829:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1780:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
1768:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
1731:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
1719:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
1707:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
1695:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
1683:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
1629:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
1617:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
1580:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
1556:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
1177:Capture of Geertruidenberg (1589)
655:
532:by force of arms, beginning with
200:Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma
3670:Italian people of German descent
2771:Pietromarchi, Antonello (1998).
2638:De Carlos Bertrán, Luis (2018).
2607:
2520:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2021
1568:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2021
1406:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1007:Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)
867:Alexander Farnese had appointed
401:, Alessandro accompanied her to
259:
100:1 October 1578 – 3 December 1592
3289:Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
2591:
2573:
2544:
2525:
2500:
1963:, v. III pp. 161–162.
1867:, v. III pp. 142–143.
1795:Journal of Early Modern History
1785:
1736:
1661:
1634:
3246:Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
2847:Count Peter Ernst von Mansfeld
1843:, v. I pp. vii–viii.
1770:, v. II pp. 150–195.
1721:, v. II pp. 322–346.
1524:
1510:
1483:
1456:
1441:
1243:
1172:Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)
1157:Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590)
668:When Alexander Farnese became
643:. Nevertheless, by 7 June the
308:from 1586 to 1592, as well as
1:
2522:, Addendum p. 266.
2497:, v. V pp. 381–383.
2485:, v. V pp. 378–379.
2449:, v. V pp. 373–375.
2437:, v. V pp. 370–372.
2413:, v. V pp. 352–354.
2374:, v. V pp. 346–348.
2326:, v. V pp. 331–332.
2302:, v. V pp. 320–321.
2290:, v. V pp. 313–320.
2278:, v. V pp. 311–312.
2254:, v. V pp. 309–310.
2230:, v. V pp. 308–309.
2218:, v. V pp. 307–308.
2170:, v. V pp. 297–299.
2143:, v. V pp. 295–297.
2107:, v. V pp. 275–286.
2083:, v. V pp. 265–269.
2071:, v. V pp. 256–266.
2047:, v. V pp. 253–255.
1987:, v. V pp. 160–228.
1939:, v. V pp. 127–139.
1733:, v. II pp. 95–149.
1709:, v. I pp. 272–277.
1697:, v. I pp. 223–233.
1685:, v. I pp. 210–218.
1631:, v. I pp. 160–184.
1619:, v. I pp. 103–140.
1434:
883:Second expedition into France
863:Maurice of Nassau's offensive
685:, more commonly known as the
3675:Military personnel from Rome
3635:Knights of the Golden Fleece
3615:16th-century Roman Catholics
3284:Prince Jaime, Count of Bardi
3279:Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma
3163:Prince Henry, Count of Bardi
1975:, v. V p. 165–166.
1951:, v. V p. 230–242.
1782:, v. III pp. 9–55.
1743:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).
1127:Siege of Brussel (1584–1585)
1112:Battle of Steenbergen (1583)
970:Final expedition into France
802:it had been placed under by
771:First expedition into France
459:Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588
7:
3610:16th-century dukes of Parma
1927:, v. V pp. 30–43.
1915:, v. V pp. 26–28.
1891:, v. V pp. 30–71.
1582:, v. I pp. 20–25.
1422:
1241:
1132:Battle of Kouwensteinsedijk
711:Battle of Gravelines (1588)
399:Governor of the Netherlands
10:
3696:
3236:Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma
3142:Charles III, Duke of Parma
3094:Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma
3015:Ranuccio II, Duke of Parma
1347:
1290:succeeded as Duke of Parma
1272:Vincenzo I, Duke of Mantua
1201:Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)
1122:Siege of Ghent (1583–1584)
1071:Siege of Maastricht (1579)
456:
425:In 1565 his marriage with
177:Santa Maria della Steccata
18:
3580:
3525:
3380:
3316:
3271:
3223:
3171:
3150:
3134:
3126:Charles II, Duke of Parma
3118:
3102:
3086:
3070:
3054:
3028:
3007:
2991:
2978:Ranuccio I, Duke of Parma
2970:
2954:
2928:
2881:
2868:
2860:
2853:
2843:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2787:
1647:. Penguin Books Limited.
1531:Eric J., Griffin (2012).
1520:. Montaner y Simón. 1891.
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1107:Siege of Eindhoven (1583)
1048:Siege of Nivelles (Dutch)
1038:Battle of Gembloux (1578)
477:Siege of Nivelles (Dutch)
255:
245:
235:
225:
213:
193:
188:Infanta Maria of Portugal
183:
171:
151:
128:
124:
114:
104:
96:
89:
79:
69:
61:
50:
35:
30:
3231:Robert II, Duke of Parma
3041:Francesco, Duke of Parma
2962:Alexander, Duke of Parma
2551:Forneron, Henri (1882).
2473:, v. V p. 378.
2461:, v. V p. 375.
2425:, v. V p. 355.
2401:, v. V p. 350.
2386:, v. V p. 349.
2362:, v. V p. 343.
2350:, v. V p. 337.
2338:, v. V p. 333.
2314:, v. V p. 323.
2266:, v. V p. 310.
2242:, v. V p. 309.
2206:, v. V p. 306.
2194:, v. V p. 300.
2182:, v. V p. 299.
2158:, v. V p. 297.
2131:, v. V p. 293.
2119:, v. V p. 290.
2095:, v. V p. 269.
2059:, v. V p. 249.
2035:, v. V p. 246.
2023:, v. V p. 244.
2011:, v. V p. 243.
1999:, v. V p. 242.
1879:, v. IV p. 24.
1855:, v. II p. 46.
1808:10.1163/157006512X620627
1452:. ABC-CLIO. p. 821.
1448:Tucker, Spencer (2009).
1211:
1024:Siege of Navarino (1572)
1014:Battle of Lepanto (1571)
934:
869:Peter Ernst von Mansfeld
577:Marnix van St. Aldegonde
554:Siege of Tournai (Dutch)
536:. Farnese commenced the
435:Battle of Lepanto (1571)
377:of Parma (a grandson of
3665:Italian Roman Catholics
3158:Robert I, Duke of Parma
2983:Cardinal-Prince Odoardo
2630:Encyclopædia Britannica
2553:Histoire de Philippe II
1903:, v. V p. 26.
1668:Grossman, Mark (2007).
1558:, v. I p. 10.
1397:Portrait of Farnese by
1294:Margherita Aldobrandini
1232:From his marriage with
1189:French Wars of Religion
1117:Capture of Aalst (1584)
1081:Siege of Tournai (1581)
1076:Siege of Cambrai (1581)
1019:Battle of Koroni (1572)
747:French Wars of Religion
503:Catholic and Protestant
473:Siege of Zichem (Dutch)
326:French Wars of Religion
302:Duke of Parma, Piacenza
42:Portrait of Farnese by
3582:* denotes titular Duke
3387:
3046:Antonio, Duke of Parma
2999:Odoardo, Duke of Parma
2936:Ottavio, Duke of Parma
1505:De Carlos Bertrán 2018
1229:
1221:
1002:
959:II marqués de Cerralbo
948:
877:Dutch Military Reforms
757:Old Tercio of Lombardy
703:Duke of Medina Sidonia
665:
631:
568:
422:
370:
294:
285:
277:
3386:
3199:Xavier, Duke of Parma
3184:Joseph, Duke of Parma
2642:. Editorial Crítica.
1641:Kamen, Henry (2003).
1227:
1219:
1196:Siege of Paris (1590)
1167:Siege of Sluis (1587)
1147:Siege of Venlo (1586)
1142:Siege of Grave (1586)
996:
942:
683:Enterprise of England
679:Marquis of Santa Cruz
663:
650:Siege of Sluis (1587)
645:Siege of Grave (1586)
630:State of war in 1585.
629:
605:Don Luis de Requesens
566:
486:from being decisive.
457:Further information:
420:
364:
357:Early life: 1545–1577
3323:prince of Luxembourg
3189:Elias, Duke of Parma
3179:Henry, Duke of Parma
1494:. London: Routledge.
1182:Siege of Knodsenburg
1152:Destruction of Neuss
1102:Siege of Lier (1582)
1066:Battle of Borgerhout
889:siege of Knodsenburg
410:and his half-uncle,
367:Sofonisba Anguissola
1097:Siege of Oudenaarde
777:Henry III of France
538:Siege of Maastricht
383:Margaret of Austria
3650:Nobility from Rome
3388:
3110:Louis I of Etruria
2836:Served alongside:
2815:Political offices
2625:Farnese, Alexander
2506:Bertini Giuseppe,
1322:Illegitimate issue
1260:Margherita Farnese
1230:
1222:
1003:
949:
908:Neufchâtel-en-Bray
666:
641:"Miracle of Empel"
632:
581:Federigo Giambelli
569:
484:Battle of Rijmenam
469:Battle of Gembloux
443:William the Silent
423:
391:Philip II of Spain
371:
286:Alejandro Farnesio
278:Alessandro Farnese
31:Alessandro Farnese
3587:
3586:
3518: (1854–1859)
3494: (1808-1814)
3493:
3480: (1808-1814)
3479:
3466: (1765–1802)
3430: (1694–1727)
3412: (1592–1622)
3340:
3339:
3020:Prince Alessandro
2941:Prince Alessandro
2891:
2890:
2882:Succeeded by
2844:Succeeded by
2839:Margaret of Parma
2834:1578–1592
1654:978-0-14-192732-9
1399:Antoon Claeissens
1319:
1318:
1237:Maria of Portugal
1220:Maria of Portugal
1206:Siege of Caudebec
1162:Battle of Zutphen
1061:Capture of Dalhem
1056:Siege of Limbourg
945:Willem Baudartius
929:Pope Clement VIII
873:Francisco Verdugo
845:Maurice of Nassau
720:to the island of
427:Maria of Portugal
346:Eighty Years' War
270:Alexander Farnese
267:
266:
250:Roman Catholicism
240:Margaret of Parma
208:Cardinal Oddoardo
166:Kingdom of France
3687:
3640:House of Farnese
3625:Spanish generals
3574:* (2010–present)
3487:
3473:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3331:prince of Nassau
3301:Prince Guillaume
2923:Princes of Parma
2917:
2910:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2861:Preceded by
2855:Italian nobility
2820:Preceded by
2810:
2803:
2794:House of Farnese
2785:
2784:
2776:
2775:. Rome: Gangemi.
2767:
2748:
2729:
2710:
2691:
2672:
2653:
2634:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1429:Citadel of Parma
1410:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1309:21 February 1626
1280:Ranuccio Farnese
1242:
1093:
1031:Eighty Years War
920:Caudebec-en-Caux
840:Corbeil-Essonnes
785:Henri de Navarre
741:offered the city
730:a six-week siege
718:Marquis de Renty
511:Union of Utrecht
495:Army of Flanders
299:
263:
158:
138:
136:
40:
28:
27:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3576:
3521:
3512: (1849–54)
3506: (1847–49)
3500: (1814–47)
3460: (1748–65)
3454: (1740–48)
3448: (1735–40)
3442: (1731–35)
3436: (1727–31)
3424: (1646–94)
3418: (1622–46)
3406: (1586–92)
3400: (1556–86)
3394: (1545–47)
3376:
3371:
3341:
3336:
3312:
3272:16th generation
3267:
3224:15th generation
3219:
3172:14th generation
3167:
3151:13th generation
3146:
3135:12th generation
3130:
3119:11th generation
3114:
3103:10th generation
3098:
3082:
3066:
3050:
3024:
3003:
2987:
2966:
2950:
2946:Prince Rannucio
2924:
2921:
2887:
2878:
2866:
2849:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2823:John of Austria
2809:3 December 1592
2804:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2764:
2745:
2726:
2707:
2688:
2669:
2650:
2623:, ed. (1911). "
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2063:
2055:
2051:
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2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
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1446:
1442:
1437:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1374:
1371:
1362:
1359:
1350:
1324:
1306:7 December 1573
1302:Odoardo Farnese
1292:married, 1600,
1291:
1270:married, 1581,
1264:7 November 1567
1214:
1137:Fall of Antwerp
1083:
1043:Siege of Zichem
999:Francesco Mochi
991:
989:List of battles
972:
954:
937:
916:Pont-de-l'Arche
885:
865:
821:Catholic League
813:Lagny-sur-Marne
781:Duke of Mayenne
773:
749:
737:Geertruidenberg
658:
609:Fall of Antwerp
585:bridge of boats
507:treaty of Arras
491:Captain-General
461:
455:
375:Ottavio Farnese
359:
334:Catholic League
230:Ottavio Farnese
206:
202:
179:
160:
156:
155:3 December 1592
140:
134:
132:
109:John of Austria
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3677:
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3431:
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3401:
3395:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3374:Dukes of Parma
3370:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3258:Prince Jacques
3255:
3252:Prince Charles
3249:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3215:Prince Gaetano
3212:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
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3115:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3087:9th generation
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3071:8th generation
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3058:
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3055:7th generation
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
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3032:
3030:
3029:6th generation
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3008:5th generation
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2992:4th generation
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2971:3rd generation
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2955:2nd generation
2952:
2951:
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2948:
2943:
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2929:1st generation
2926:
2925:
2920:
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2811:
2802:27 August 1545
2791:
2788:
2782:
2781:External links
2779:
2778:
2777:
2768:
2763:979-8848038859
2762:
2749:
2744:979-8689560397
2743:
2730:
2725:979-8689543123
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2706:979-8688759655
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2692:
2687:979-8687563130
2686:
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2668:979-8687255998
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2621:Chisholm, Hugh
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1607:, p. 184.
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726:Bergen Op Zoom
687:Spanish Armada
657:
656:Spanish Armada
654:
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447:King Philip II
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330:relieved Paris
322:Habsburg Spain
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3568:* (1977–2010)
3567:
3564:
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3537:
3534:
3532:* (1859–1907)
3531:
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3511:
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3505:
3504:Charles Louis
3502:
3499:
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3477:
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3452:Maria Theresa
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3307:Prince Robert
3305:
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3263:Prince Michel
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52:Duke of Parma
49:
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44:Otto van Veen
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34:
29:
26:
22:
21:Pope Paul III
3498:Marie Louise
3489:
3475:
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2592:Bibliography
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2540:. Milan: 93.
2537:
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2016:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1932:
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1860:
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1500:
1491:
1485:
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1458:
1449:
1443:
1340:
1337:
1325:
1296:; had issue
1287:5 March 1622
1231:
1187:
1186:
1029:
1028:
1005:
1004:
984:
980:
977:
973:
955:
905:
903:from Henri.
901:rescue Rouen
897:Valenciennes
886:
866:
858:
829:
811:the fort at
793:
774:
750:
734:
715:
699:
682:
675:
667:
633:
601:Spanish Fury
596:
595:(then spelt
570:
558:
551:
547:
515:
500:
488:
465:Spanish Road
462:
424:
372:
338:
314:Dutch revolt
269:
268:
157:(1592-12-03)
146:Papal States
25:
3605:1592 deaths
3600:1545 births
3566:Carlos Hugo
3562:* (1974–77)
3556:* (1959–74)
3550:* (1950–59)
3544:* (1939–50)
3538:* (1907–39)
3510:Charles III
3422:Ranuccio II
3295:Prince Jean
3210:Prince René
1802:(1): 1–22.
1471:: 195–219.
1274:; no issue
1084: [
753:town of Spa
611:, and with
607:. With the
587:across the
439:Netherlands
296:condottiero
105:Predecessor
70:Predecessor
3594:Categories
3470:Cambacérès
3446:Charles II
3410:Ranuccio I
3392:Pier Luigi
2885:Ranuccio I
2879:1586–1592
1435:References
1415:Jan Luyken
534:Maastricht
498:to Parma.
408:Don Carlos
300:, who was
135:1545-08-27
84:Ranuccio I
3554:Robert II
3464:Ferdinand
3440:Charles I
3428:Francesco
3404:Alexander
2561:cite book
1816:159510777
1477:0073-8530
1401:, c. 1590
1333:kleio.org
1312:became a
825:Hail Mary
808:Royalists
804:Huguenots
765:Rheinberg
761:Friesland
560:gradual.
387:Charles V
342:Philip II
256:Signature
115:Successor
80:Successor
3516:Robert I
3490:Piacenza
2875:Piacenza
1423:See also
1314:Cardinal
1051:(French)
893:Ranuccio
707:flyboats
613:Mechelen
530:Flanders
480:(French)
431:Brussels
412:Don Juan
403:Brussels
395:Don Juan
332:for the
246:Religion
56:Piacenza
3434:Antonio
3416:Odoardo
3398:Ottavio
2864:Ottavio
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1348:Gallery
1328:Flemish
1234:Infanta
912:Villars
621:Zeeland
617:Holland
589:Scheldt
526:Brabant
518:Hainaut
493:of the
351:Belgium
318:Belgium
282:Spanish
274:Italian
220:Farnese
74:Ottavio
3572:Carlos
3560:Xavier
3542:Joseph
3530:Robert
3486:
3484:Lebrun
3472:
3458:Philip
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2760:
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1751:
1651:
1539:
1475:
1417:(1720)
1254:Notes
925:Yvetot
850:Amiens
843:where
789:revolt
722:Tholen
691:Ostend
597:Calloo
522:Artois
381:) and
369:, 1560
306:Castro
236:Mother
226:Father
184:Spouse
172:Burial
3548:Elias
3536:Henry
3476:Parma
3329:also
3321:also
2807:Died:
2800:Born:
1812:S2CID
1251:Death
1248:Birth
1212:Issue
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935:Death
854:Aisne
836:Yonne
832:Seine
817:Marne
796:Guise
695:Sluis
637:Grave
593:Kallo
591:from
290:noble
215:House
195:Issue
162:Arras
97:Reign
62:Reign
3078:None
3062:None
2873:and
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2663:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2567:link
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1473:ISSN
1245:Name
834:and
806:and
763:and
693:and
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1088:;
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