287:, and made parachute cloth. Early in 1942 the Office of Alien Property (OAP) took control of the Elizabethton plants, but did not seize the assets due to the Dutch ownership of the AKU holding company. In 1947 AKU transferred all rights in both plants to the OAP, and in December 1948 they were sold to Beaunit Mills of New York. Demand for rayon dropped after the war. In the 1950s the Bemberg facility began to manufacture polyester. The Bemberg plant was in serious financial trouble by the early 1970s, and could not comply with demands to reduce toxic waste emissions from the
87:
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198:). Around 1911 Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken (VGF) began to invest in J. P. Bemberg, and encouraged Bemberg to focus on producing yarns for which that process was suitable. In 1916 VGF and Bemberg agreed to exchange technology, and from that time VGF concentrated on viscose production and left cuprammonium to Bemberg. Full-scale production only began after this. Bemberg's production of rayon rose from 440 tonnes in 1922 to 3,468 tonnes in 1935.
139:, a red dye, oil, cotton, linen and wool. He married Maria Theresia Scheibler (1774–1843) and they had a son, Julius August Bemberg, and two daughters. The business thrived, and in 1813 Bemberg took his son-in-law Friedrich Platzhoff into the company as a partner. Julius August Bemberg inherited the business when his father died in 1843, but he also died in 1847 and Friedrich Platzhoff continued to run the business on his own.
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218:, and the factory opened in the autumn of 1929. However, the global economic crisis forced closure before production had ramped up, and in the end the plant remained unused. In 1929 a new German-Dutch company was created, Algemene Kunstzijde Unie (AKU), through an exchange of shares. The Dutch firm Nederlandsche Kunstzidje (Enka), VGF and Bemberg remained distinct legal entities owned by AKU as a holding company.
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tonnes/day; Bemberg SpA in
Gozzano produced 14 tonnes/day and Asahi Chemical Industries Co in Nobeoka produced 80 tonnes/day. By 2000 only Asahi was still producing rayon in this way. By May 2011 Bemberg SpA was insolvent and the city of Gozzano was struggling to find purchasers for the real estate and machinery. As of 2015 Asahi Kasei Fibers Corporation was still producing rayon under the Bemberg™ brand.
174:
process in 1897. The company went public as J. P. Bemberg AG in 1903. In 1901 Dr Edmund Thiele developed a stretch-spinning system for J. P. Bemberg, which began to produce fine-filament artificial silk under the
Bemberg® trademark in 1908. With this process J. P. Bemberg was able to make rayon using
250:
From 1962 production of perlon flourished, and in 1963 there were 3,083 employees. Ownership was VGF 80.8%, AKU 8.7% and others 10.5%. There were about 3,800 employees in 1969. In 1969 AKU merged with the Dutch company
Koninklijke Zout Organon (KZO), a manufacturer of coatings, drugs and detergents,
279:
in 1925. American
Bemberg began manufacturing cuprammonium rayon at Elizabethton in October 1926. There were several small strikes at the plant from 1927 to 1929. In August 1928 the VGF subsidiary American Glanzstoff opened a viscose plant in Elizabethton. The two plants had more than 3,000 workers
238:
In 1946 the company resumed operations with about 300 employees. VGF acquired 35% of J.P. Bemberg's capital in 1948. In 1955 VGF strengthened its control of
Bemberg through an agreement by which it was given control of the Bemberg shares owned by its parent company Algemene Kunstzijde Unie of the
319:
started operations at the newly built
Bemberg factory in Nobeoka in 1931, and made its first shipment on 27 June 1931. By 1970 a total of four plants were producing rayon with the cuprammonium process. J.P. Bemberg in Wuppertal produced 27 tonnes/day; Beaunit Fibers in Elizabethton produced 25
340:
is dissolved in solution to create what is called "dope". The dope is forced through an aperture into a liquid bath, where the liquid extracts the solvent from the dope and the fibers form. In the
Bemberg stretch-spinning process, the cuprammonium dope is forced through holes of 0.6 to 1.6
221:
During World War II Bemberg concentrated on making parachute silk. 4,400 employees made up to 40 tons of silk per day. The first Polish workers came to
Wuppertal to work at the Bemberg factory early in 1940. 70% of the production facilities were destroyed in an air raid on 13 March 1945.
280:
by the end of 1928. Both suffered from labor problems throughout the 1930s, but production grew steadily. In 1933 the
American Bemberg Corp. staged a fashion show in which the models wore fabrics woven from Bemberg yarns, or from these yarns combined with silk or other types of rayon.
239:
Netherlands, giving it 56% of
Bemberg's shares. Engineer Funcke, chairman of the Board of Bemberg, noted that efforts to repair war damage and expand production had led Bemberg into fierce competition with its major shareholder. Bemberg was suffering from unstoppable competition from
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acquired a stake in VGF and Bemberg. In 1927 Bemberg had about 4,000 employees. The joint venture with IG Farben lasted until the latter closed its Hölken rayon plant in 1929. In March 1928 Bemberg agreed to build a rayon factory in
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millimetres (0.024 to 0.063 in) diameter into a funnel filled with warm spinning water that has been degassed and de-ionized. As the dope slowly coagulates it is stretched hydrodynamically as much as several hundred times.
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towards the end of the 18th century. When he died in 1790 his brother Johann Peter Bemberg (1758–1838) took over the business. In 1792 J. P. Bemberg changed the business to selling
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was a German rayon manufacturer that produced an unusually fine artificial fiber which became known as Bemberg®. J. P. Bemberg came under the control of
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except where very fine filament was needed. Costs were higher than with viscose rayon due to the need to use copper salts and cotton for the cellulose.
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and eventually disappeared after a series of mergers and divestitures, but Bemberg™ rayon was still being produced in 2015 by Asahi in Japan,
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311:, UK, in 1926. The firm was sequestrated by the British government in 1939. In 1928 the technology was licensed to Asahi Bemberg of
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Shaping the Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries
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158:. For almost a century the company was known for its "Turkish Red" yarns. It was one of the first companies to engage in
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to form a new company named Akzo. In 1971 Bemberg agreed to merge with Glanzstoff AG to form Enka Glanzstoff AG.
179:, comparable to Chardonnet silk and physically superior. The process did not have the flammability problems of
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Jones, Geoffrey (August 1988). "Foreign Multinationals and British Industry before 1945".
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Industrial Germany: A Study of Its Monopoly Organisations and Their Control by the State
291:. The plant was sold and resold, and finally filed for bankruptcy on 16 February 1974.
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VGF steadily increased its holdings in Bemberg and gained full control in 1925. In 1925
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The technology developed by Thiele for Bemberg was used in Italy by Bemberg SpA of
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J. P. Bemberg began to produce artificial textile fiber commercially using the
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The Bemberg technology was licensed to the American Bemberg Corp, founded in
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of cotton yarns and fabrics, and for a long time was a leader in this field.
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Johannes Itten und die Höhere Fachschule für textile Flächenkunst in Krefeld
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In 1865 Friedrich Platzhoff founded a new factory in Ă–hde, a district of
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In wet spinning, used to make rayon, acrylic and modacrylic fibers, the
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146:. As the business continued to expand new factories were acquired in
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Plaque on the Bemberg factory in Wuppertal. The picture is from 1928
1089:"North American Rayon Corporation and American Bemberg Corporation"
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Field, Jacqueline; Senechal, Marjorie; Shaw, Madelyn (2007-01-01).
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307:. Manufacturing of cuprammonium yarn began at British Bemberg in
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1020:(3). Wiley on behalf of the Economic History Society: 429–453.
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Bemberg founded a factory using Thiele's process at Ă–lde, near
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1109:. Deutsches Textilmuseum (German Textile Museum, Krefeld.
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902:"Untertage-Verlagerung in Wuppertal: Deckname "Trusche""
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Chandler, Alfred Dupont; Hikino, Takashi (2009-06-30).
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Johann Heinrich Bemberg had a wine trading business in
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Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism
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American Silk, 1830-1930: Entrepreneurs and Artifacts
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1091:. Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Historical Society
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883:"Collection: American Bemberg Strike of 1929 Film"
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175:the cuprammonium process with filaments of 1–1.5
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1256:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1971
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772:"Bemberg and North American Rayon Corporation"
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303:in 1924 and in France by Le Cupro textile of
289:United States Environmental Protection Agency
283:American Bemberg increased production during
127:The founder, Johann Peter Bemberg (1758–1838)
1271:1792 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
700:Bemberg and North American Rayon Corporation
1251:Manufacturing companies established in 1792
1209:Documents and clippings about J. P. Bemberg
988:The Nazi Dictatorship and the Deutsche Bank
916:Eyll, Klara van; Schwärzel, Renate (1994).
183:'s process, but could not compete with the
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1114:Trupia, Maria Antonietta (2011-05-23).
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1276:1971 disestablishments in West Germany
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1223:"American Bemberg Strike of 1929 Film"
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828:Chandler, Alfred Dupont (2009-06-30).
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605:Bemberg geht mit Glanzstoff 1955-04-28
166:Growth in rayon production (1897–1945)
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755:. TurmCenter Siegburg. Archived from
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676:Collection: American Bemberg ... Film
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234:Bemberg facility in Wuppertal in 2009
1281:German companies established in 1792
1116:"Ex Bemberg: nuovo bando di vendita"
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1229:, East Tennessee State University
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889:, East Tennessee State University
973:. Asahi Kasei Fibers Corporation
402:Bemberg AG – TurmCenter Siegburg
22:
949:. Texas Tech University Press.
789:Bemberg, Arnold August (2010).
688:Field, Senechal & Shaw 2007
991:. Cambridge University Press.
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113:Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken
81:Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken
1:
1087:Tedesco, Marie (2009-12-25).
810:"Bemberg geht mit Glanzstoff"
1266:Textile companies of Germany
1176:Regenerated Cellulose Fibres
1118:(in Italian). Archived from
1070:"Kriegsalltag 1939 bis 1942"
985:James, Harold (2004-09-13).
861:. Harvard University Press.
834:. Harvard University Press.
419:History – Asahi Kasei Fibers
348:
295:Other licensed manufacturers
7:
1213:20th Century Press Archives
1068:Mutz, Marina Alice (2012).
1014:The Economic History Review
919:Deutsche Wirtschaftsarchive
793:(in German). Archived from
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226:Post-World War II (1945–71)
10:
1297:
1103:Thönnissen, Karin (1992).
744:
581:Chandler & Hikino 2009
557:Chandler & Hikino 2009
500:Chandler & Hikino 2009
1173:Woodings, Calvin (2001).
629:Eyll & Schwärzel 1994
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36:
21:
1156:"What is "Wet Spinning""
922:. Franz Steiner Verlag.
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1179:. Woodhead Publishing.
816:(in German). 1955-04-28
277:Elizabethton, Tennessee
119:Early years (1792–1897)
1227:Archives of Appalachia
1142:Cite journal requires
1041:Levy, Hermann (1966).
887:Archives of Appalachia
458:What is "Wet Spinning"
235:
206:
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776:Carter County History
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181:Hilaire de Chardonnet
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1047:. Psychology Press.
259:From 1936 till 1938
64:Johann Peter Bemberg
1160:TextileGlossary.com
791:"Elberfelder Linie"
28:J.P. Bemberg AG in
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1074:ZeitSpurenSuche.de
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1186:978-1-85573-459-3
1054:978-0-7146-1336-9
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956:978-0-89672-589-8
929:978-3-515-06211-4
868:978-0-674-02938-5
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1231:, retrieved
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1190:. Retrieved
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1163:. Retrieved
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1135:cite journal
1124:. Retrieved
1120:the original
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795:the original
779:. Retrieved
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757:the original
753:"Bemberg AG"
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664:Tedesco 2009
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436:, p. 5.
387:Eismann 2015
364:Bemberg 2010
332:
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285:World War II
282:
274:
267:at Bemberg.
261:Heinz Trökes
258:
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189:
172:cuprammonium
169:
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130:
108:
107:
95:Headquarters
40:Manufacturer
37:Company type
904:(in German)
736:Trupia 2011
317:Asahi Kasei
1245:Categories
1233:2021-06-22
1192:2015-09-24
1165:2015-09-24
1126:2015-09-24
1095:2015-09-24
1079:2015-09-24
1060:2015-09-15
1004:2015-09-15
977:2015-09-24
962:2015-09-24
935:2015-09-24
908:2015-09-24
893:2021-06-22
874:2015-09-14
847:2015-09-15
820:2015-09-24
801:2015-09-24
781:2015-09-24
763:2015-09-24
712:Jones 1988
569:James 2004
144:Langerfeld
971:"History"
593:Mutz 2012
545:Levy 1966
349:Citations
315:, Japan.
309:Doncaster
211:IG Farben
196:Wuppertal
133:Elberfeld
77:Successor
30:Wuppertal
814:Die Ziet
265:designer
255:Designer
216:Siegburg
156:Augsburg
61:Founders
45:Industry
1215:of the
1211:in the
1034:2597369
745:Sources
338:polymer
313:Nobeoka
301:Gozzano
152:Krefeld
100:Germany
69:Defunct
53:Founded
1183:
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305:Rennes
245:perlon
192:Barmen
177:denier
148:Barmen
137:Indigo
83:
1030:JSTOR
324:Notes
241:nylon
1181:ISBN
1148:help
1049:ISBN
993:ISBN
951:ISBN
924:ISBN
863:ISBN
836:ISBN
243:and
154:and
72:1971
56:1792
1217:ZBW
1022:doi
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