418:. Commissioners extraordinary, several of which were among Cœur's enemies at the royal court, were chosen to conduct the trial and an inquiry began, the judges in which were either the prisoner's debtors or the holders of his forfeited estates. He was accused of having paid French gold and ingots to Muslim infidels, of coining light money, of kidnapping oarsmen for his galleys, of sending back a Christian slave who had taken sanctuary on board one of his ships, and of committing frauds and exactions in Languedoc to the King's prejudice. He defended himself with all the energy of his nature. His innocence was manifest but a conviction was necessary, and in spite of strenuous efforts on the part of his friends, after twenty-two months of confinement in five prisons, he was condemned to do public penance for his fault, to pay the king a sum equal to about £1,000,000 in 1911, (about £98.8 MM in June 2024) and to remain a prisoner till full satisfaction had been obtained. His sentence also included confiscation of all his property, and exile during His Majesty's pleasure.
498:
621:
246:
390:
140:
53:
633:
414:, the King's mistress, suddenly died. Eighteen months later it was rumoured that she had been poisoned, and a lady of the court who owed money to Jacques Cœur, Jeanne de Vendôme, wife of François de Montberon, and an Italian, Jacques Colonna, formally accused him of having poisoned her. There was not even a pretext for such a charge, but for this and other alleged crimes, King Charles VII on 31 July 1451 gave orders for his arrest and for the seizure of his goods, reserving for himself a large sum of money for the war in
514:
227:
954:
591:
1160:
310:
749:) compared with those of prominent Italian or Catalan merchants. Instead, Heers suggests that Cœur's success was overwhelmingly due to his position at the royal court, and that his riches came from leveraging his privileged access to state resources. Thus, Heers implies that, rather than a brilliant merchant, Cœur is best viewed as a skilled
38:
280:
and the knights of Rhodes; and in 1447, at his instance, Jean de
Village, his nephew by marriage, was charged with a mission to Egypt. The results were most important; concessions were obtained which greatly improved the position of the French consuls in the Levant, and that influence in the East was
406:
Cœur's huge monopoly also caused his ruin. Dealing in everything (money and arms, furs and jewels, brocades and wool), and acting as a broker, banker, and farmer, he had absorbed much of the trade of the country, and merchants complained they could make no profit because of him. He had lent money to
263:
and made master of the mint. This post was of great importance, and the duties onerous. The country was deluged with base monies from three reigns, charged with superscriptions both in French and
English, and Charles was determined to make sweeping reforms. In this design he was ably seconded by the
301:
where he was able to arrange an agreement between
Nicholas and Amadeus, and so end the papal schism. Nicholas treated him with the utmost distinction, lodged him in the papal palace, and gave him special licence to traffic with the infidels. From about this time he made advances to Charles to carry
324:. He was invested with various offices of state, and possessed a fortune that was viewed as colossal and unprecedented by his contemporaries. He had 300 managers in his employ, and business houses in many of the chief cities of France. He had built houses and chapels, and had founded colleges in
744:
revises the established view in French historiography, according to which
Jacques Coeur exhibited outstanding skills and success as a merchant. He notes that there is no evidence that Cœur's ventures, e.g. in mining near Lyon, were particularly profitable, and that the fleet he established for
264:
merchant, who, in fact, inspired or prepared all the ordinances concerning the coinage of France issued between 1435 and 1451. In 1438, he was made steward of the royal expenditure; in 1441 he and his family were ennobled by letters patent. He chose the motto
206:, and there began the gigantic operations which have made him illustrious among financiers. Details are wanting; but it is certain that in a few years he placed his country in a position to contend fairly well with the great trading republics of
825:(1926) where the "master alchemist" speculates that Cœur was a successful alchemist or associated with alchemists and that he was a silversmith in the literal sense, i.e. that he could transmute base metals into small quantities of silver.
425:, the shame of making honourable amends was accomplished and for nearly three years nothing is known of him. It is probable that he remained in prison. Meanwhile, his vast possessions were distributed among Charles VII's favorite courtiers.
155:, the city where his father, Pierre Cœur, was a rich merchant. Jacques is first heard of around 1418, when he married Macée de Léodepart, daughter of Lambert de Léodepart, an influential citizen, provost of Bourges and a former
465:, and died there on 25 November 1456. After his death Charles VII showed himself well disposed to the family, and allowed Jacques Cœur's sons to inherit whatever was left of their father's wealth.
599:
119:) was a French government official and state-sponsored merchant whose personal fortune became legendary and led to his eventual disgrace. He initiated regular trade routes between
473:
Following Cœur's disgrace and death, his heirs attempted to recover some of his former properties in legal procedures that lasted several decades. They had partial success when
340:
in
Bourges was exceptionally magnificent and remains today one of the finest monuments of the Middle Ages in France. He also built a sacristy and a family burial chapel in
461:
continued his work, and made his guest, Cœur, captain of a fleet of sixteen galleys sent to the relief of Rhodes. Cœur set out on this expedition, but was taken ill at
533:, is a major monument of French 15th-century civil architecture. It was converted into a court house in the 19th century, and carefully restored in the 20th century.
376:
1119:
657:
407:
needy courtiers, to members of the royal family, and to the King himself, and his debtors, jealous of his wealth, were eager for a chance to cause his downfall.
281:
thereby founded which, though often interrupted, was for several centuries a chief commercial glory for France. In the same year, Cœur assisted in an embassy to
276:, where his house can still be seen, a position he held until the day of his disgrace. In 1445, his agents in the East negotiated a treaty between the sultan of
320:
At this point, Cœur's glory was at its height. He had represented France in three embassies, and had supplied funding for the king's successful reconquest of
707:
969:
734:
689:
348:, his sister married Jean Bochetel, the King's secretary, his daughter married the son of the Viscount of Bourges, and his son Jean Cœur became
485:
in the early 1460s. The reversal, however, was short-lived, and
Chabannes recovered all the titles and properties by special provisions of the
268:, "To a valiant heart, nothing is impossible". In 1444, he was sent as one of the royal commissioners to preside over the new parliament of
1205:
974:
676:. Several projects were named after him in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, as the city expanded towards the sea along the river
457:. He was honorably and joyfully received by Nicholas V, who was fitting out an expedition against the Turks. On the death of Nicholas,
1200:
489:
in 1465. The procedures were finally settled in 1489 between the Cœurs and Jean de
Chabannes, Antoine's son and sole male heir.
604:
349:
1210:
576:
210:, and acquired such a reputation as to be able, mere trader as he was, to render material assistance to the knights of
345:
1025:
998:
1164:
356:
313:
17:
624:
Replica of Préault's statue of
Jacques Cœur in Montpellier, in front of a marketplace also named after him (
497:
245:
580:
518:
437:. He was pursued, but a party headed by Jean de Village and two of his old managers, carried him off to
381:
910:
662:
620:
389:
1195:
672:(Cœur Theater). In Montpellier, Jacques Cœur is associated with the development of the local port of
166:
About 1429 he formed a commercial partnership with two brothers named Godard; and in 1432 he was at
834:
643:
Streets and squares named after
Jacques Cœur exist in numerous French towns and cities, including
1180:
1068:
989:
Reyerson, Kathryn L. (2007). "The
Transitional Role of Jacques Coeur in the Fifteenth Century".
712:
302:
on his wars and in 1449, after fighting at the King's side throughout the campaign, he entered
1086:
866:
530:
337:
905:
850:
758:
681:
610:
567:, Jacques Cœur was celebrated as a precursor of the policy of economic expansion promoted by
260:
959:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
52:
1190:
1185:
1050:
564:
474:
139:
61:
42:
8:
991:
Between the Middle Ages and Modernity: Individual and Community in the Early Modern World
360:
160:
632:
486:
482:
769:
700:
673:
1031:
1021:
994:
540:
in Paris is generally viewed as having been built or purchased by Jacques Cœur's son
341:
829:
739:
694:
294:
81:
541:
754:
536:
Other buildings are allegedly or inaccurately associated with Jacques Coeur. The
298:
100:
572:
502:
876:
231:
37:
411:
355:
Cœur also actively acquired titles and properties during his heyday: e.g. the
31:
1174:
1035:
965:
960:
915:
557:
364:
286:
978:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 645–646.
725:, many of which however have no historical associations with Jacques Cœur.
718:
614:
568:
458:
282:
1015:
750:
677:
648:
329:
203:
590:
818:
513:
549:
273:
442:
269:
226:
828:
Jacques Cœur (referred to simply as “Monsieur Jacques”) appears in
553:
438:
434:
422:
321:
249:
199:
167:
69:
56:
Jacques Cœur's motto, "To the brave hearts nothing is impossible" (
854:
722:
655:. Bourges honored its native son in multiple instances, e.g. the
644:
584:
526:
478:
415:
394:
372:
368:
333:
290:
253:
191:
152:
144:
131:, where he built a palatial house that is preserved to this day.
128:
112:
46:
309:
1159:
839:
746:
506:
215:
211:
195:
187:
171:
124:
120:
993:. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 256.
252:
sculpture of one of Jacques Cœur's galleys, in his palace in
1055:
Jacques Coeur de Bourges : Site des Amis de Jacques Cœur
652:
462:
325:
303:
277:
207:
156:
116:
1020:. Paris: Éd. du Patrimoine, Centre des monuments nationaux.
745:
Levantine commerce was modest in size (never more than four
87:
454:
450:
446:
297:
and in 1448 he represented the French king at the court of
183:
179:
175:
575:
as one of a series of statues of illustrious Frenchmen in
147:
that was formerly thought to be Jacques Cœur's birthplace
721:
that links together a number of sights and castles near
1124:
L'Inventaire du Patrimoine - Région Centre-Val-de-Loire
525:
The urban palace Jacques Cœur had built for himself in
481:, himself lost royal favor upon the accession of King
636:
Jacques Cœur neighborhood in Montpellier, around the
579:. Another public statue of Jacques Cœur, by sculptor
544:, thus a misnomer. Other ancient houses are known as
84:
684:
neighborhood along the Lez; an artificial lake, the
477:, who had appropriated and bought Cœur's domains in
428:
27:
15th-century French government official and merchant
1108:. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux. p. 41.
230:Coat of arms adopted by Jacques Cœur, with three
174:, and transporting the wares of the Levant—
1172:
1013:
1106:Au Louvre : La cour Napoléon transfigurée
433:In 1455 Jacques Cœur contrived to escape into
1136:
316:, owned by Jacques Cœur between 1435 and 1451
202:. In the same year he established himself at
421:On 5 June 1453 the sentence took effect. At
885:Jacques Cœur, der konigliche kaufmann Paris
598:He was portrayed on a French banknote, the
198:—to the interior of France by way of
1048:
809:it's better to live in your coarse burrel,
1103:
947:
945:
30:"Cœur" redirects here. For the song, see
988:
964:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
631:
619:
589:
587:in front of the entrance to his palace.
512:
496:
388:
308:
244:
225:
138:
134:
51:
36:
1120:"Bourges : statue de Jacques Cœur"
1051:"Les biens immobiliers de Jacques Cœur"
807:If you haven't as much as Jacques Cœur,
259:In 1436, Cœur was summoned to Paris by
14:
1173:
764:
733:In a 1997 biography, French historian
127:. His memory retains iconic status in
41:Presumed portrait of Jacques Cœur, at
922:
680:. These include a marketplace in the
594:Banknote featuring Jacques Cœur, 1940
221:
99:
788:Si tu n'as tant qu'eut Jacques Cœur,
782:Souventes fois me dit le cœur :
344:. His brother Nicolas Cœur was made
24:
1206:15th-century French businesspeople
776:, refers to Cœur's fabled wealth:
753:and a predecessor to the likes of
306:in Charles' triumphal procession.
58:à vaillans coeurs riens impossible
25:
1222:
1152:
845:He is the titular protagonist of
790:Mieux vaux vivre sous gros bureau
429:Escape, Papal patronage and death
359:in 1435, the Château de Boisy by
266:A vaillans cuers riens impossible
1158:
1087:"La Maison dite de Jacques Cœur"
952:
794:Et pourrir sous riche tombeau."
600:Billet de 50 francs Jacques Cœur
80:
1130:
860:
577:Napoleon III's Louvre expansion
1201:Captains General of the Church
1112:
1097:
1079:
1061:
1042:
1007:
982:
898:
881:Jacques Cœur, argentier du Roy
801:my heart sometimes says to me:
289:, who had been chosen Pope as
13:
1:
792:Pauvre, qu'avoir été seigneur
728:
105:
813:and rot in your rich tomb."
811:poor, than to have been lord
517:Monument to Jacques Cœur by
468:
7:
871:Jacques Cœur et Charles VII
784:"Homme, ne te doulouse tant
780:De pauvreté me guermantant,
699:district; and a theater in
668:(Cœur High School) and the
609:designed at the end of the
401:
10:
1227:
1091:Les Amis du Vieil Arbresle
911:Collins English Dictionary
501:Statue of Jacques Cœur by
393:Palace of Jacques Cœur in
357:lordship of Ainay-le-Vieil
29:
1211:Medieval French merchants
1014:Buisson, Georges (2011).
835:The Master and Margarita
786:Et ne démène tel douleur:
583:, was erected in 1879 in
492:
371:in 1448, the lordship of
891:
817:Jacques Cœur appears in
363:in 1447, the Château de
314:Château d'Ainay-le-Vieil
1139:Jacques Cœur, 1400–1456
1017:Le palais Jacques-Coeur
975:Encyclopædia Britannica
823:Mystère des Cathédrales
805:and go crazy with pain:
1137:Jacques Heers (1997).
838:as the first guest at
640:
629:
617:and until June 1945.
595:
571:. He was portrayed by
546:maison de Jacques Cœur
538:maison de Jacques Cœur
522:
521:in Bourges, late 1870s
510:
453:, he managed to reach
398:
317:
256:
242:
148:
115:– 25 November 1456 in
72:
49:
887:, 1950) (Tardy, 1951)
853:who was also born in
851:Jean-Christophe Rufin
759:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
635:
623:
593:
516:
500:
392:
377:Château de Maubranche
350:Archbishop of Bourges
312:
248:
238:and three hearts for
229:
142:
135:Family and early life
55:
40:
1167:at Wikimedia Commons
670:Théâtre Jacques Cœur
565:Second French Empire
475:Antoine de Chabannes
441:, whence, by way of
367:and the lordship of
64:’s chapel. The word
867:Jean-Pierre Clément
799:To ease my poverty,
765:Cultural references
708:Route Jacques Coeur
686:Bassin Jacques Cœur
638:Bassin Jacques Cœur
626:Halles Jacques Cœur
531:Palais Jacques-Cœur
361:Pouilly-les-Nonains
338:Palais Jacques-Cœur
161:John, Duke of Berry
1104:Guy Nicot (1993).
849:, a 2012 novel by
688:in the city's new
658:Lycée Jacques-Cœur
641:
630:
596:
523:
511:
487:Treaty of Conflans
399:
318:
257:
243:
222:Rise to prominence
149:
73:
50:
1163:Media related to
410:In February 1450
342:Bourges Cathedral
70:ideogrammatically
16:(Redirected from
1218:
1196:French merchants
1162:
1143:
1142:
1141:. Paris: Perrin.
1134:
1128:
1127:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1073:Paris Promeneurs
1069:"La maison Cœur"
1065:
1059:
1058:
1049:Roland Narboux.
1046:
1040:
1039:
1011:
1005:
1004:
986:
980:
979:
958:
956:
955:
949:
920:
919:
902:
842:'s grand ball.
830:Mikhail Bulgakov
743:
716:
698:
666:
608:
385:
295:council of Basel
110:
107:
103:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
21:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1171:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1102:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1047:
1043:
1028:
1012:
1008:
1001:
987:
983:
968:, ed. (1911). "
953:
951:
950:
923:
904:
903:
899:
894:
863:
815:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
803:"Don't fret so
802:
800:
796:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
770:François Villon
767:
755:Nicolas Fouquet
737:
731:
710:
692:
660:
613:, in use under
602:
581:Auguste Préault
519:Auguste Préault
495:
471:
431:
404:
379:
346:Bishop of Luçon
299:Pope Nicholas V
232:St James shells
224:
151:He was born at
137:
108:
96:
83:
79:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:French bankers
1169:
1168:
1154:
1153:External links
1151:
1145:
1144:
1129:
1111:
1096:
1078:
1060:
1041:
1026:
1006:
999:
981:
966:Chisholm, Hugh
921:
896:
895:
893:
890:
889:
888:
877:Hendrik de Man
874:
862:
859:
797:
778:
772:, in his poem
766:
763:
730:
727:
611:Third Republic
494:
491:
470:
467:
430:
427:
403:
400:
223:
220:
136:
133:
62:Bourges palace
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1223:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:9782757701379
1023:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1002:
1000:9780742553095
996:
992:
985:
977:
976:
971:
970:Cœur, Jacques
967:
962:
961:public domain
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
917:
916:HarperCollins
913:
912:
907:
901:
897:
886:
882:
878:
875:
873:(Paris, 1866)
872:
868:
865:
864:
858:
856:
852:
848:
847:Le Grand Cœur
843:
841:
837:
836:
831:
826:
824:
820:
814:
795:
777:
775:
771:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
736:
735:Jacques Heers
726:
724:
720:
714:
709:
704:
702:
696:
691:
690:Port Marianne
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
664:
659:
654:
650:
646:
639:
634:
627:
622:
618:
616:
612:
606:
601:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
520:
515:
509:, early 1850s
508:
504:
499:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
419:
417:
413:
408:
396:
391:
387:
383:
378:
375:in 1450, the
374:
370:
366:
365:Menetou-Salon
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
315:
311:
307:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:Duke of Savoy
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
255:
251:
247:
241:
237:
233:
228:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:, buying and
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
146:
143:Old house in
141:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
102:
101:[kœʁ]
92:
77:
71:
68:is displayed
67:
63:
59:
54:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
18:Jacques Coeur
1165:Jacques Cœur
1148:
1138:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1044:
1016:
1009:
990:
984:
973:
909:
900:
884:
880:
870:
861:Publications
846:
844:
833:
827:
822:
816:
798:
779:
773:
768:
732:
719:scenic route
705:
685:
669:
656:
642:
637:
625:
615:Vichy France
597:
573:Élias Robert
569:Napoleon III
562:
545:
537:
535:
524:
503:Élias Robert
472:
459:Calixtus III
432:
420:
409:
405:
354:
319:
283:Amadeus VIII
265:
258:
239:
235:
165:
150:
76:Jacques Cœur
75:
74:
65:
57:
1191:1456 deaths
1186:1395 births
738: [
711: [
693: [
661: [
649:Montpellier
603: [
563:During the
412:Agnès Sorel
397:, courtyard
380: [
330:Montpellier
261:Charles VII
204:Montpellier
109: 1395
32:Cœur (song)
1175:Categories
819:Fulcanelli
751:technocrat
729:Assessment
558:L'Arbresle
60:), in the
43:his palace
1036:758309072
832:'s novel
469:Aftermath
443:Marseille
386:in 1451.
285:, former
270:Languedoc
176:gall-nuts
172:bartering
774:Épitaphe
682:Antigone
554:Sancerre
542:Geoffrey
483:Louis XI
439:Tarascon
435:Provence
423:Poitiers
402:Downfall
322:Normandy
250:Overdoor
218:itself.
200:Narbonne
192:brocades
168:Damascus
123:and the
963::
906:"Coeur"
855:Bourges
747:galleys
723:Bourges
645:Bourges
585:Bourges
550:Pézenas
527:Bourges
505:in the
479:Puisaye
416:Guienne
395:Bourges
373:Puisaye
369:Barlieu
334:Bourges
332:and at
293:by the
291:Felix V
274:Pézenas
254:Bourges
236:Jacques
214:and to
196:carpets
153:Bourges
145:Bourges
129:Bourges
113:Bourges
97:French:
47:Bourges
1034:
1024:
997:
957:
840:Woland
701:Lattes
674:Lattes
651:, and
556:, and
507:Louvre
493:Legacy
336:. The
216:Venice
212:Rhodes
188:mohair
125:Levant
121:France
66:coeurs
892:Notes
742:]
717:is a
715:]
697:]
665:]
653:Paris
607:]
548:, in
529:, or
463:Chios
384:]
328:, at
326:Paris
304:Rouen
278:Egypt
208:Italy
184:silks
180:wools
157:valet
117:Chios
1032:OCLC
1022:ISBN
995:ISBN
706:The
455:Rome
451:Pisa
449:and
447:Nice
240:Cœur
234:for
194:and
182:and
972:".
821:'s
757:or
703:.
678:Lez
272:in
159:of
111:in
88:ɜːr
45:in
1177::
1122:.
1089:.
1071:.
1053:.
1030:.
924:^
914:.
908:.
879:,
869:,
857:.
761:.
740:fr
713:fr
695:fr
663:fr
647:,
605:fr
560:.
552:,
445:,
382:fr
352:.
190:,
186:,
178:,
163:.
106:c.
104:;
95:,
1126:.
1093:.
1075:.
1057:.
1038:.
1003:.
918:.
883:(
628:)
91:/
85:k
82:/
78:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)