382:. Prior to the plague outbreak in Chinatown, Phelan was an active advocate for improving public health in San Francisco. On October 25, 1897, Phelan addressed the California health board in San Francisco and stated that government intervention was needed in order to establish healthier living conditions. He argued that public health departments required more funding to help improve living conditions. Furthermore, in 1899, Phelan continued his strong advocacy for public health and the prevention of disease through city measures. Later that year, in a shocking move, he opted instead to support an $ 18 million bond to create a new hospital, schools, and city parks. In September 1899, Phelan and the San Francisco Board of Supervisors further defunded the cities health department. The San Francisco health department was only allocated $ 155,960 with two-thirds of that going towards the operation of a municipal hospital. Shortly after, the health board members were released from their duties due to political in-house fighting and excessive patronage. After being sworn in, Phelan's new health department board members discovered that the department was broke and that within the first six months of fiscal year 1899-1900 the department had already spent the majority of its budget. Through the defunding and mishandling of the department, Phelan and his administration left the health department and the city ill-prepared for what was looming around the corner.
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318:. Phelan mentioned that the Chinese had different mindsets and that after twenty years, they remained unchanged in their values. He concluded that American progress would be stunted if the United States continued to allow Chinese immigrants to remain in the country, and that the Chinese workers were taking work away from white workers because they worked for so much lower wages and an accustomed lower standard of living, allowing their labor to be exploited unfairly, driving down conditions of labor and standards of living generally.
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Governor Gage, Phelan and his Board of
Supervisors agreed to contribute $ 6,000. In the summer of 1901, Mayor Phelan publicly announced that he would not run for another term. "During his final address before leaving office, Phelan praised the health board, claiming that because of its vigilance the city 'was saved from Oriental infection.'" Phelan concluded by thanking the federal government and their efforts to help the city endure the crisis.
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were corrupt and wasteful. For this reason, publications refused to print public health initiatives to prevent disease outbreaks and instead would focus on the community's lack of sanitation. Acts of racism were apparent because publications were heavily inclined to use offensive images and headlines to attract attention of readers.
314:, to increase support for the extension of these laws. In a debate with Imperial Chinese Consul Ho Yow, Phelan mentioned that the Chinese were an undesirable population because they had strong ties to their native country and were incapable of assimilating to the American society. This debate occurred just nineteen months after the
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In 1900, San
Francisco citizens distrusted government for previous waste of taxpayers' money as well as previous refusal to enhance community resources. Government officials refused to invest in public health because health was seen as a personal concern or even a commodity. For this reason, citizens
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Although the San
Francisco Plague in Chinatown was reported in journalism, the material printed was prone to exaggerations, biased information, and focused on making the Chinese population look substandard. Newspapers were heavily averse to the Phelan administration and believed the health officials
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had instituted a travel ban in hopes of preventing the spread of the plague to the rest of the country. Mayor Phelan confirmed the news by stating that
Kinyoun had notified him personally about the travel ban. Phelan went on to blame the federal court ruling that restricted the ability of the local
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proposed to hire inspectors and workers to eradicate the plague. Gage requested for Mayor Phelan and his administration to match the state's $ 25,000 contribution. However, Phelan informed
Governor Gage that the city did not have the resources to match the state's contribution. After meeting with
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as a family summer retreat, called Phelan Park. The property stayed in the family until a great-niece, Alice
Sullivan Doyle, died in 1932. A year earlier Mrs. Doyle had funded construction of the Mission Santa Cruz chapel replica, and she is buried in an alcove off the chapel. A large portion of
346:, tried to stop Phelan, but Roosevelt decided that the wild area could be used for "the permanent material development of the region." Phelan's plans for the region included publicly funded water and electricity for a geographical entity he called "Greater San Francisco." With his
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Despite his contributions to San
Francisco’s economic and industrial growth, James D. Phelan's white nativist ideology has caused controversy. His infamous slogan while running for re-election in the US Senate, “Keep California White”, earned allies as well as enemies and he was
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After his time in the Senate, Phelan returned to banking and collected art. He remained active in the anti-Japanese movement, collaborating with McClatchy and the
Japanese Exclusion League of California to successfully ban Japanese immigrants from entering the country with the
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in 1914 and served from March 4, 1915, to March 3, 1921. Although he had toned down his anti-Japanese rhetoric during World War I, when the United States had allied with Japan, in 1919, Phelan once again began to speak out against the
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and then became a banker. He was elected Mayor of San
Francisco and served from 1897 until 1902, in three 2-year terms. He pushed for the reform City Charter of 1898 in San Francisco. He served as the first president of the
680:
Legacy of a Native Son: James Duval Phelan & Villa
Montalvo, pg. 10, (1993), by James P. Walsh and Timothy J. O'Keefe; "Creating the Fortune, Creating the Family," Journal of the West, (Spring, 1992) by James P.
490:, coming in second with 40% of the vote. His re-election campaign relied on racial fears; one of his reelection campaign posters contained the headline "Keep California White." (This poster is displayed at the
290:, which was created in 1898. Phelan was elected as a Senator of the United States and served from 1915 to 1921. During this time, Phelan established himself as a leader in what fellow anti-Japanese agitator
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486:," delivering a speech in favor of Japanese exclusion before a special session of the state legislature. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920, defeated by Republican
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had a lot of hope in Mayor Phelan, who had previously declared the need for healthier living conditions as well as the need for "health departments to provide salutary environments."
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Cherny, Robert W. "City Commercial, City Beautiful, City Practical: The San Francisco Visions of William C. Ralston, James D. Phelan, and Michael M. O’Shaughnessy." in
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from 1897 to 1902. As mayor he advocated municipally run utilities and tried to protect his constituents from the monopolistic practices of the trusts. He represented
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Upon his death, Phelan bequeathed the Villa Montalvo estate for use as a public park. Since 1930, it has been a center for the performing and visual arts called
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In the 1900s, Phelan bought land and water acreage in various places around the San Francisco Bay Area, and he obtained the rights to the water flow of the
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Political poster for 1920 reelection campaign depicting the hand of Uncle Sam grabbing the wrist of a Japanese-American reaching for a map of California
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707:""CITY COMMERCIAL, CITY BEAUTIFUL, CITY PRACTICAL: The San Francisco Visions Of William C. Ralston, James D. Phelan, And Michael M. O'Shaughnessy,""
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Elrick, John. "Social conflict and the politics of reform: Mayor James D. Phelan and the San Francisco waterfront strike of 1901."
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used to be called Phelan Hall but was renamed in 2017 after protests by students concerned about Phelan's racist views.
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The James D. Phelan awards, given to young California writers and artists, were established by a bequest in his will.
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238:(April 20, 1861 – August 7, 1930) was an American politician, civic leader, and banker. He served as nonpartisan
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Legacy of a Native Son: James Duval Phelan & Villa Montalvo (1993) by James P. Walsh and Timothy O'Keefe and
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During his tenure as the Mayor of San Francisco, Phelan and his administration were faced with dealing with the
302:'s support for restricting Japanese immigration in 1912 and helping to push through California's discriminatory
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The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion
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government to deal with the plague. In order to improve sanitary living conditions in Chinatown, Governor
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Hennings, Robert E. "James D. Phelan and the Woodrow Wilson Anti-Oriental Statement of May 3, 1912."
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and was a leader in the movement to restrict Japanese and Chinese immigration to the United States.
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in 1913. Phelan was also an advocate for excluding Chinese from the United States. He promoted the
1209:"Creating the Fortune, Creating the Family," Journal of the West, (April 1992), by James P. Walsh
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1223:(Stein and Day, New York; Souvenir Press, London, 1971; reprinted Dell, 1972, SBN 440-07631)
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558:. Some of his mementos and correspondence are on display in the library at Villa Montalvo.
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from 1915 to 1921 as a Democrat. Phelan was a progressive supporter of the policies of
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As mayor, he promoted bond issues for new sewer systems, city hospitals, and schools.
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In 1881 Phelan graduated from the Catholic Jesuit college in San Francisco,
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965:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 140&141.
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and wrote an article "Why the Chinese Should Be Excluded"(1901) in the
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1152:"Santa Cruz Mission Today – Holy Cross Catholic Church of Santa Cruz"
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641:"Discover China Beach, a hidden San Francisco gem with stellar views"
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Irish Echo:2911/02:Hibernian Chronicle the Phelans and the Gold Rush
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A 1920 reelection campaign pamphlet touting Phelan's white supremacy
1015:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 193–194.
990:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 179–181.
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273:. He had two sisters, Alice Phelan Sullivan and Mary Louis Phelan.
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U.S. Senate Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands
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San Francisco, 1865-1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development
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Phelan Avenue, the main thoroughfare on the Ocean Campus of the
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1127:"USF drops former SF mayor's name from dorms over racist views"
1076:"Phelan Avenue to be renamed Frida Kahlo Way after public vote"
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Phelan, James D. (1901). "Why the Chinese Should Be Excluded".
1040:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 104.
622:, who opposed Phelan over the latter's anti-Japanese proposals
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In 1887, James D. Phelan's father bought an 11-acre parcel on
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In June 1900 San Francisco's city hall received the news that
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940:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 90.
915:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 88.
887:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 87.
859:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 86.
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Brechin, Gray. WRCA News, October 2000, Volume 7, Number 3.
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Former United States Senator and 25th Mayor of San Francisco
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James D. Phelan and the Wilson Progressives of California
494:). During his time in the Senate, he was chairman of the
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fellows, Phelan sought to annex land at the perimeter of
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Democratic Party United States senators from California
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Plague, fear, and politics in San Francisco's Chinatown
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Plague, fear, and politics in San Francisco's Chinatown
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Plague, fear, and politics in San Francisco's Chinatown
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Plague, fear, and politics in San Francisco's Chinatown
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Plague, fear, and politics in San Francisco's Chinatown
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Plague, fear, and politics in San Francisco's Chinatown
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Plague, fear, and politics in San Francisco's Chinatown
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Plague, fear, and politics in San Francisco's Chinatown
727:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), p 91.
788:
From All Points: America's Immigrant West, 1870s-1952
692:"League of California Cities - Mission & History"
1315:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
523:. First National Bank of San Francisco merged with
2092:Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery (Colma, California)
537:in 1930. He is buried in the family mausoleum in
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1062:The Cumulative Daily Digest of Corporation News
316:outbreak of plague in San Francisco's Chinatown
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1173:""Phelan, James D. (James Duval), 1861-1930""
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2087:Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
1297:James D. Phelan Photograph Albums, 1902-1929
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1177:Social Networks and Archival Context (snac)
527:in 1925. Phelan died at his country estate
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1064:. Moody manual Company. 1925. p. 268.
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419:to manage the crisis. Afterward, when Dr.
105:January 4, 1897 – January 7, 1902
31:
565:, named after him was changed in 2018 to
463:, Phelan ran for the U.S. Senate against
790:. Indiana University Press. p. 125.
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1249:California Historical Society Quarterly
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786:Barkan, Elliott Robert (May 11, 2007).
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1780:United States senators from California
1429:U.S. Senator (Class 3) from California
1336:after direct election of Senators was
1264:Issel, William, and Robert W. Cherny.
1219:Gordon Thomas & Max Morgan Witts:
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769:""Why The Chinese Should Be Excluded""
651:from the original on November 11, 2023
62:March 4, 1915 – March 4, 1921
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1101:"Judges announced in Phelan contest"
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1288:Guide to the James D. Phelan Papers
1237:(Routledge, 2017) pp. 355–366.
13:
2112:University of San Francisco alumni
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639:Price, Emily (September 5, 2023).
576:was named for him and his brother.
496:U.S. Senate Committee on Railroads
283:University of California, Berkeley
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2138:
1279:Works by or about James D. Phelan
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492:Japanese American National Museum
294:described as the "holy cause" of
216:University of California-Berkeley
2122:People from Saratoga, California
2097:American people of Irish descent
1944:
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572:The unincorporated community of
1310:"James D. Phelan (id: P000290)"
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835:Populist Rhetoric, Private Gain
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366:Phelan during his term as Mayor
2107:Politicians from San Francisco
1190:Phelan, Mark (June 25, 2018).
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2077:1906 San Francisco earthquake
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594:Phelan Park was given to the
563:City College of San Francisco
513:
409:1906 San Francisco earthquake
308:Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
1221:The San Francisco Earthquake
1179:. James Duval Phelan Papers.
845:. Retrieved on July 2, 2009.
600:Lighthouse Field State Beach
7:
2082:American white supremacists
613:
584:University of San Francisco
415:, called into existence by
411:Phelan was a member of the
403:Earthquake recovery efforts
288:League of California Cities
10:
2143:
1131:The San Francisco Examiner
1080:The San Francisco Examiner
1036:Risse, Guenter B. (2012).
1011:Risse, Guenter B. (2012).
986:Risse, Guenter B. (2012).
961:Risse, Guenter B. (2012).
936:Risse, Guenter B. (2012).
911:Risse, Guenter B. (2012).
883:Risse, Guenter B. (2012).
855:Risse, Guenter B. (2012).
380:city's Chinatown community
281:Phelan studied law at the
2127:Catholics from California
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477:. He was elected to the
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1326:Party political offices
1308:United States Congress.
569:Way after a public vote.
2102:Mayors of San Francisco
1489:Mayors of San Francisco
1433:1915–1921
1198:. History Publications.
773:The American Yawp Paper
521:Immigration Act of 1924
1614:George Henry Sanderson
1395:Mayor of San Francisco
1105:Berkeley Daily Gazette
841:July 19, 2010, at the
598:, and the rest became
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240:Mayor of San Francisco
93:Mayor of San Francisco
73:George Clement Perkins
1644:Edward Robeson Taylor
1589:Andrew Jackson Bryant
1554:Henry F. Teschemacher
1251:42.4 (1963): 291-300.
748:. Densho Encyclopedia
596:Oblates of St. Joseph
525:Crocker National Bank
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322:Water and land rights
312:North American Review
45:United States Senator
1549:Ephraim Willard Burr
1534:Stephen Palfrey Webb
1450:Samuel M. Shortridge
1301:The Bancroft Library
1292:The Bancroft Library
1254:Hennings, Robert E.
556:Montalvo Arts Center
488:Samuel M. Shortridge
479:United States Senate
421:Edward Thomas Devine
358:San Francisco Plague
271:St. Ignatius College
248:United States Senate
212:St. Ignatius College
181:Saratoga, California
85:Samuel M. Shortridge
1659:Angelo Joseph Rossi
1619:Levi Richard Ellert
1604:Washington Bartlett
1599:Maurice Carey Blake
1594:Isaac Smith Kalloch
582:A dormitory at the
539:Holy Cross Cemetery
429:President Roosevelt
423:, representing the
378:that infected the
376:plague of 1900–1904
332:Hetch Hetchy Valley
262:Phelan was born in
1674:George Christopher
1569:Thomas Henry Selby
1524:Charles J. Brenham
1514:Charles J. Brenham
1435:Served alongside:
1380:Political offices
1244:88.2 (2011): 4-27.
1242:California History
1107:. January 18, 1935
767:D. Phelan, James.
645:San Francisco Gate
574:Phelan, California
468:Joseph R. Knowland
457:
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427:by appointment of
425:American Red Cross
413:Committee of Fifty
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344:Theodore Roosevelt
336:Ethan A. Hitchcock
296:Japanese exclusion
236:James Duval Phelan
147:James Duval Phelan
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1519:Stephen R. Harris
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1447:Succeeded by
1422:George C. Perkins
1402:Succeeded by
1372:Succeeded by
1235:The Pacific World
1047:978-1-4214-0510-0
1022:978-1-4214-0510-0
997:978-1-4214-0510-0
972:978-1-4214-0510-0
947:978-1-4214-0510-0
922:978-1-4214-0510-0
894:978-1-4214-0510-0
866:978-1-4214-0510-0
746:"James D. Phelan"
543:Colma, California
387:Joseph J. Kinyoun
352:San Francisco Bay
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1714:Gavin Newsom
1709:Willie Brown
1704:Frank Jordan
1664:Roger Lapham
1628:
1624:Adolph Sutro
1436:
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1349:U.S. Senator
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2072:1930 deaths
2067:1861 births
1654:James Rolph
1413:U.S. Senate
1214:Works cited
752:October 13,
567:Frida Kahlo
506:during the
502:and of the
498:during the
472:Progressive
439:U.S. Senate
407:During the
258:Early years
111:Preceded by
68:Preceded by
2061:Categories
2001:Shortridge
1579:James Otis
1353:California
1345:Democratic
1111:October 3,
627:References
514:Later life
465:Republican
392:Henry Gage
244:California
225:Politician
222:Profession
207:Alma mater
192:Democratic
164:California
153:1861-04-20
50:California
1966:McDougall
1931:Feinstein
1806:Broderick
1699:Art Agnos
1157:April 12,
1085:April 21,
609:defeated.
201:Unmarried
101:In office
91:25th
58:In office
2031:Cranston
1986:Stanford
1916:Hayakawa
1901:Salinger
1891:Knowland
1851:Williams
1826:Casserly
839:Archived
815:25105245
649:Archived
614:See also
602:in 1978.
535:Saratoga
461:Democrat
433:Abe Ruef
2046:Padilla
1991:Perkins
1976:Sargent
1954:Class 3
1926:Seymour
1886:Johnson
1821:Conness
1796:Frémont
1788:Class 1
1358:Class 3
1281:at the
1258:(1985)
1136:May 11,
711:FoundSF
655:July 8,
246:in the
2041:Harris
2026:Kuchel
2016:Downey
2011:Storke
2006:McAdoo
1996:Phelan
1981:Farley
1936:Butler
1921:Wilson
1911:Tunney
1906:Murphy
1861:Felton
1856:Hearst
1846:Hearst
1841:Miller
1816:Latham
1801:Weller
1719:Ed Lee
1268:(1986)
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277:Career
198:Spouse
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1881:Works
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1351:from
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1961:Gwin
1871:Bard
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1368:1920
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1159:2022
1138:2017
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1087:2018
1042:ISBN
1017:ISBN
992:ISBN
967:ISBN
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754:2014
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