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1857:, Frazer used scientific terminology and analogies to describe ritual practices, and conflated magic and science together, such as describing the "magic wand of science". Larsen criticizes Frazer for baldly characterized magical rituals as "infallible" without clarifying that this is merely what believers in the rituals thought. Larsen has said that Frazer's vivid descriptions of magical practices were written with the intention to repel readers, but, instead, these descriptions more often allured them.
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1929:. When Spencer, who had studied the aboriginals firsthand, objected that the ideas were not remotely similar, Frazer insisted that they were exactly equivalent. Based on these exchanges, Larsen concludes that Frazer's deliberate use of Judeo-Christian terminology in the place of native terminology was not to make native cultures seem less strange, but rather to make Christianity seem more strange and barbaric.
1668:. The chameleon was slow and dawdled, taking time to eat and sleep. Unkulunkulu meanwhile had changed his mind and gave a message of death to the lizard who travelled quickly and so overtook the chameleon. The message of death was delivered first and so, when the chameleon arrived with its message of life, mankind would not hear it and so is fated to die.
1607:
Frazer defined religion in terms of belief in personal, supernatural forces and attempts to appease them. As historian of religion Jason
Josephson-Storm describes Frazer's views, Frazer saw religion as "a momentary aberration in the grand trajectory of human thought." He thus ultimately proposed â and attempted to further â a narrative of
1578:' description of Greece in the mid-2nd century AD. Since his time, archaeological excavations have added enormously to the knowledge of ancient Greece, but scholars still find much of value in his detailed historical and topographical discussions of different sites, and his eyewitness accounts of Greece at the end of the 19th century.
1710:, hurried ahead of the worm and told the people to dig a grave, wrap the corpse in cloth, and bury it. The people did this. When the worm arrived and said that they should dig up the corpse, place it in a tree, and throw mush at it, they were too lazy to do this, and so death remained on Earth. This Bura story has the common mythic
2993:
The motif is a venerable mythic motif, the interrupted message, and raises the question of what would have happened if only, if only ... A worm, in this incarnation of the motif, is to inform the humans that life is everlasting. But a trickster of a lizard overtakes the worm, and gives the wrong
1606:
Frazer believed that magic and science were similar because both shared an emphasis on experimentation and practicality; his emphasis on this relationship is so broad that almost any disproven scientific hypothesis technically constitutes magic under his system. In contrast to both magic and science,
1705:
say that, at first, neither death nor disease existed but, one day, a man became ill and died. The people sent a worm to ask the sky deity, Hyel, what they should do with him. The worm was told that the people should hang the corpse in the fork of a tree and throw mush at it until it came back to
1598:
in that theory. Frazer's theory of cultural evolution was not absolute and could reverse, but sought to broadly describe three (or possibly, four) spheres through which cultures were thought to pass over time. Frazer believed that, over time, culture passed through three stages, moving from magic,
1860:
Larsen also criticizes Frazer for applying western
European Christian ideas, theology, and terminology to non-Christian cultures. This distorts those cultures to make them appear more Christian. Frazer routinely described non-Christian religious figures by equating them with Christian ones. Frazer
1493:
The first edition, in two volumes, was published in 1890; and a second, in three volumes, in 1900. The third edition was finished in 1915 and ran to twelve volumes, with a supplemental thirteenth volume added in 1936. He published a single-volume abridged version, largely compiled by his wife Lady
75:
1920:
cultures, arguing that doing so would be more accurate, since the
Christian terms were loaded with Christian connotations that would be completely foreign to members of the cultures he was describing, Frazer insisted that he should use Abrahamic terms instead, telling him that using native terms
1840:
also based their myth on this property of the banana. Their story is that the creator in the sky would lower gifts to mankind on a rope and, one day, a stone was offered to the first couple. They refused the gift as they did not know what to do with it, so the creator took it back and lowered a
1802:
sent word from heaven to mankind that, when they became old, they should shed their skins while the serpents would die and be buried. But some snakes overheard the command and threatened to bite the messenger unless he switched the message, so that man would die while snakes would be eternally
1849:
Frazer married in 1896 and his new wife perceived that Frazer's reputation was not equal to his abilities. Lilly Frazer had the pushiness that he lacked, and she became his manager and publicist guarding access to his office. He did not care too much for prizes but she valued them. She was
446:
1648:
This type of story is common in Africa. Two messages are carried from the supreme being to mankind: one of eternal life and one of death. The messenger carrying the tidings of eternal life is delayed, and so the message of death is received first by mankind.
1550:
in the
Hittite city of Nerik, J. D. Hawkins remarked approvingly in 1973, "The whole work is very methodical and sticks closely to the fully quoted documentary evidence in a way that would have been unfamiliar to the late Sir James Frazer." More recently,
2994:
message: humans are evanescent. So it is that death comes permanently into the world. And the storyteller adds a scene in which the onus for death is placed entirely on the backs of humans: people are too lazy to retrieve the corpse and hang it on a tree.
1603:, because he thought magic was both initially separate from religion and invariably preceded religion. He also defined magic separately from belief in the supernatural and superstition, presenting an ultimately ambivalent view of its place in culture.
1745:
regularly seems to disappear and then return. This gave primitive peoples the idea that man should or might return from death in a similar way. Stories that associate the moon with the origin of death are found especially around the
1835:
plant bears its fruit on a stalk which dies after bearing. This gave people such as the Nias islanders the idea that they had inherited this short-lived property of the banana rather than the immortality of the crab. The natives of
1461:, Frazer was not widely travelled. His prime sources of data were ancient histories and questionnaires mailed to missionaries and imperial officials all over the globe. Frazer's interest in social anthropology was aroused by reading
1543:
for the breadth of comparisons drawn from widely separated cultures, but often based his comments on the abridged edition, which omits the supportive archaeological details. In a positive review of a book narrowly focused on the
1494:
Frazer, in 1922, with some controversial material on
Christianity excluded from the text. The work's influence extended well beyond the conventional bounds of academia, inspiring the new work of psychologists and psychiatrists.
1384:
in social anthropology at the universities of
Cambridge, Oxford, Glasgow and Liverpool was established in his honour in 1921. He was, if not blind, then severely visually impaired from 1930 on. He and his wife, Lilly, died in
2376:
2394:
Address to Sir James George Frazer on the occasion of the foundation, in his honour, of the Frazer
Lectureship in Social Anthropology in the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow and Liverpool (1920)
1626:. On the other hand, Frazer displayed a deep anxiety about the potential of widespread belief in magic to empower the masses, indicating fears of and biases against lower-class people in his thought.
1516:
The symbolic cycle of life, death and rebirth which Frazer divined behind myths of many peoples captivated a generation of artists and poets. Perhaps the most notable product of this fascination is
2925:
Long ago, there was no such thing as death. All were therefore surprised when a man died. They sent a worm to the sky to ask Hyel, the supreme deity (Bura, Pabir/Nigeria), what they should do.
1490:, his study of ancient cults, rites, and myths, including their parallels in early Christianity, continued for many decades to be studied by modern mythographers for its detailed information.
1841:
banana. The couple ate this with relish, but the creator told them that they would live as the banana, perishing after having children rather than remaining everlasting like the stone.
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in its modern sense, the site and the cult of Nemi must hold a particular place: This colourful but minor backwater of Roman religion marks the source of the discipline of
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At the same time, Frazer was aware that both magic and religion could persist or return. He noted that magic sometimes returned so as to become science, such as when
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Four times elected to
Trinity's Title Alpha Fellowship, he was associated with the college for most of his life, except for the year 1907â1908, spent at the
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1921:
would be off-putting and would seem pedantic. A year later, Frazer excoriated
Spencer for refusing to equate the non-estrangement of Aboriginal Australian
1725:, the messengers were the dog and the frog, and, as in the Bura version, the messengers go first from mankind to God to get answers to their questions.
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to religion, to science. Frazer's classification notably diverged from earlier anthropological descriptions of cultural evolution, including that of
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Frazer collected stories from throughout the
British Empire and devised four general classifications into which many of them could be grouped:
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1990:
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1850:
particularly involved in publishing his work, where she arranged translation to French, and to children, where she adapted his stories.
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have it that the goddess of good luck used to revive the dead, but the sky-god sent her to the moon so she could not do this any more.
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1794:, appeared to be immortal to primitive people. This led to stories in which mankind lost the ability to do this. For example, in
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Frazer's pioneering work has been criticised by late-20th-century scholars. For instance, in the 1980s the social anthropologist
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rather than crabs. If he had eaten the latter, then mankind would have shed their skins like crabs and so lived eternally.
1675:, punish lizards and chameleons. For example, children may be allowed to put tobacco into a chameleon's mouth so that the
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1341:, Scotland, the son of Katherine Brown and Daniel F. Frazer, a chemist. He attended school at Springfield Academy and
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who laid down his life for the sheep". He routinely uses the specifically Christian theological terms "
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aborigines say that the moon used to revive the dead until an old man said that this should stop. The
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3179:« Lâanthropologue qui meurt et ressuscite : vie et Ćuvre de James George Frazer »
2287:
Mary Beard, "Frazer, Leach, and Virgil: The Popularity (and Unpopularity) of the Golden Bough",
1410:. However, his later writings and unpublished materials suggest an ambivalent relationship with
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the Bura people ... had an unusually full system of culture embedded in their folk tales.
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1754:, it is said that the moon suggested that mankind should return as he did. But the rat god,
1369:) and remained a Classics Fellow all his life. From Trinity, he went on to study law at the
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1389:, England, within a few hours of each other. He died on 7 May 1941. They are buried at the
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1563:, classist and racist elements, including Frazer's assumptions that European peasants,
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2667:, "Frazer, Leach, and Virgil: The Popularity (and Unpopularity) of the Golden Bough",
2663:", remarks Mary Beard, in noting the critical reassessment of Frazer's work following
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Classical Approaches to the Study of Religion. Aims, Methods and Theories of Research,
2019:
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Another important work by Frazer is his six-volume commentary on the Greek traveller
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The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences
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Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Psychic Life of Savages and Neurotics,
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Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783â2002
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Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783â2002
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Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). "Chapter 5: The Decline of Magic: J.G. Frazer".
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30:"James Frazer" redirects here. For others with the same or a similar name, see
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wrote a series of critical articles, one of which was featured as the lead in
1473:, who was comparing elements of the Old Testament with early Hebrew folklore.
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On the possibility of a fourth stage see Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 146â147.
2425:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/66458.
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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Frazer was the first scholar to describe in detail the relations between
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in BĂ©rose - EncyclopĂ©die internationale des histoires de lâanthropologie
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The Myth & Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists
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BEROSE - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology
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BEROSE - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology
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The Making of The Golden Bough: The Origins and Growth of an Argument
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Der Kult von Nerik: ein Beitrag zur hethitischen Religionsgeschichte
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3319:. "Frazer, James George (1854-1941)", Paris, 2015. (ISSN 2648-2770)
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Janet Parker; Alice Mills; Julie Stanton (2007), "Myths of Death",
2680:
Leach, "Reflections on a visit to Nemi: did Frazer get it wrong?",
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1469:(1871) and was also encouraged by his friend, the biblical scholar
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poisons it and the creature dies, writhing while turning colours.
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1939:
Creation and Evolution in Primitive Cosmogonies, and Other Pieces
1898:
1870:
1808:
1795:
1702:
1619:
1511:: Resemblances Between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics
1453:
and religion became his areas of expertise. Except for visits to
1437:. His sister Isabella Katherine Frazer married the mathematician
1338:
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Variations of the tale are found in other parts of Africa. The
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represented fossilised, earlier stages of cultural evolution.
1305:
2943:
The African storyteller: stories from African oral traditions
1922:
1878:
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1769:
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Frazer is commonly interpreted as an atheist in light of his
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3257:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 37â79,
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Among the most influential elements of the third edition of
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trans., A.A. Brill (London: Routledge and Sons, 1919), p. 4
2413:
Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004).
1980:
1882:
1837:
1804:
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3188:
Empire of Religion: Imperialism & Comparative Religion
1728:
2729:
Evolutionism in Cultural Anthropology: A Critical History
1909:", and "unclean" in reference to non-Christian cultures.
1321:
influential in the early stages of the modern studies of
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43:
27:
Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist (1854â1941)
3316:
1611:
and one of the first social-scientific expressions of a
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2909:
Arthur Cotterell (1999), "Death comes into the world",
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Il razionalista pagano. Frazer e la filosofia del mito
3254:
The Slain God: Anthropologists and the Christian Faith
1622:
underwent a revival in Early Modern Europe and became
2859:
The Belief in Immortality and The Worship of the Dead
2076:
The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead
1983:(text, translation and commentary), 5 volumes (1929)
1555:
has been criticised for what are widely perceived as
1302:
1293:
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3047:
3023:
3011:
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1865:, for instance calling the elders of the Njamus of
1290:
3789:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2414:
1643:
2655:"For those who see Frazer's work as the start of
3695:
2908:
2716:Chidester (2014), pp. xâxi, 5, 8; and Chapter 6.
2242:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
1916:requested to use native terminology to describe
3373:Trinity College Chapel: Sir James George Frazer
3226:
2412:
2140:The Golden Bough: a Study in Magic and Religion
2136:(translation and commentary) (1897â) 6 volumes.
1361:(his dissertation was published years later as
1313:; 1 January 1854 â 7 May 1941) was a Scottish
3416:
2564:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
2416:"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
2316:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
1686:say the messengers are the chameleon and the
1484:has not been borne out by field studies. Yet
1245:
241:Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru
3274:Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays
2979:Meanings: Manual for the African Storyteller
2856:
1480:. His vision of the annual sacrifice of the
2946:, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, p.
2881:Eva M. Thury; Margaret K. Devinney (2005),
2732:. University of Chicago Press. p. 29.
2479:
2452:
2359:, p244. New York : Walter de Gruyter.
2116:, 2nd edition: expanded to 3 volumes (1900)
2028:The Gorgon's Head and other Literary Pieces
1951:Condorcet on the Progress of the Human Mind
1844:
1803:renewed. For the natives of the island of
1671:Because of this, Bantu people, such as the
1582:Theories of religion and cultural evolution
1391:St Giles aka Ascension Parish Burial Ground
3423:
3409:
3393:
3270:
2669:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2289:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2239:(1941). "James George Frazer. 1854-1941".
2086:, 3rd edition: 12 volumes (1906â15; 1936)
1945:The Fear of the Dead in Primitive Religion
1818:
1770:The Story of the Serpent and His Cast Skin
1714:of a vital message which is diverted by a
1629:
1594:and the place Frazer assigns religion and
1252:
1238:
73:
3774:Fellows of the Royal Society (Statute 12)
3184:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2375:
3769:Academics of the University of Liverpool
3191:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3145:
3124:
2725:
2458:
1822:
1773:
1732:
760:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion
3432:Founding fellows of the British Academy
2818:Mythology: Myths, Legends and Fantasies
2485:
2422:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1729:The Story of the Waxing and Waning Moon
1656:people of Southern Africa, such as the
14:
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3804:People educated at Larchfield Academy
3779:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
3404:
3349:Works by or about James George Frazer
3315:Resources related to research :
2459:Ackerman, Robert (10 December 1987).
2303:
2301:
2231:
2229:
1694:say they are the goat and the sheep.
1357:, where he graduated with honours in
1337:Frazer was born on 1 January 1854 in
3714:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
3128:J. G. Frazer: His Life and Work
2806:Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 145â147.
2779:Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 142â143.
2770:Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 141â142.
2671:, 34.2 (April 1992:203â224), p. 204.
449:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
3764:Alumni of the University of Glasgow
2833:
2521:(2876): 854â855. 13 December 1924.
2121:Pausanias, and other Greek sketches
1912:When Frazer's Australian colleague
1889:who bore his people's sorrows, the
24:
3824:Writers about religion and science
3334:Sir James George Frazer Collection
3118:
2377:"Frazer, James George (FRSR874JG)"
2298:
2278:Josephson-Storm (2017), Chapter 5.
2226:
2155:American Folklore; An Encyclopedia
1963:The Growth of Plato's Ideal Theory
1539:, vol. 1 (1985). Leach criticised
579:Archaeology of religion and ritual
25:
3840:
3391:National Portrait Gallery, London
3309:
2696:Hawkins, reviewing Volkert Haas,
1932:
1433:as a book of children's stories,
1429:. She would later adapt Frazer's
1425:, a writer whose father was from
1380:. He was knighted in 1914, and a
3819:Scholars of comparative religion
3387:Portraits of James George Frazer
3365:
3212:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
3209:The Making of "The Golden Bough"
2513:"Leaves from the Golden Bough".
2021:Taboo and the Perils of the Soul
1435:The Leaves from the Golden Bough
1332:
1286:
235:
3754:Scottish scholars and academics
3251:(2014), "James George Frazer",
3233:. University of Chicago Press.
3095:
2967:
2930:
2911:Encyclopedia of World Mythology
2902:
2874:
2809:
2800:
2797:Josephson-Storm (2017), p. 145.
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2719:
2710:
2690:
2674:
2649:
2636:
2619:
2606:
2593:
2549:
2506:
1925:with the Christian doctrine of
1706:life. But a malicious lizard,
1644:The Story of the Two Messengers
292:Evolutionary origin of religion
79:Sir James George Frazer in 1933
3809:Researchers of Slavic religion
3799:Fellows of the British Academy
3271:Malinowski, Bronislaw (2014).
3131:. Cambridge University Press.
3102:Gifford Lecture Series â Books
2489:Fifty Key Thinkers on Religion
2387:
2369:
2345:
2281:
2069:Folk-lore in the Old Testament
1986:one-volume abridgement (1931)
447:Treatise on the Apparitions of
13:
1:
3473:William Edward Hartpole Lecky
2462:J G Frazer: His Life and Work
2219:
2213:Seclusion of girls at puberty
2183:Archetypal literary criticism
2089:1922 one-volume abridgement:
897:Traditional African religions
442:Coral Gardens and Their Magic
32:James Fraser (disambiguation)
3784:Members of the Middle Temple
3503:Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb
3358:Works by James George Frazer
3340:Works by James George Frazer
2981:, Kendall/Hunt, p. 27,
2726:Carneiro, Robert L. (2003).
2486:Kessler, Gary (March 2013).
2465:. CUP Archive. p. 124.
2446:UK public library membership
7:
3749:Scottish classical scholars
3724:Anthropologists of religion
3643:Sir William Mitchell Ramsay
3364:(public domain audiobooks)
3168:"J. G. Frazer and Religion"
2381:A Cambridge Alumni Database
2165:
1969:Myths of the Origin of Fire
1861:applied Christian terms to
171:Fellow of the Royal Society
10:
3845:
3618:Sir Thomas Erskine Holland
3488:Sir Edward Maunde Thompson
3166:Ackerman, Robert, (2015).
3111:at www.giffordlectures.org
2788:Malinowski (2014), n. pag.
2383:. University of Cambridge.
2357:Introduction and Anthology
2351:Jaques Waardenburg. 1999.
2161:"Superstition" (p 692-697)
2036:(1926) (from 1923 to 1925
1633:
1355:Trinity College, Cambridge
201:Trinity College, Cambridge
139:Trinity College, Cambridge
29:
3623:Frederic William Maitland
3438:
3185:Chidester, David (2014).
3146:Ackerman, Robert (2002).
3125:Ackerman, Robert (1987).
2883:Introduction to Mythology
2761:Chidester (2014), p. 159.
2601:Companion to Literature 1
2492:. Routledge. p. 54.
2014:Man, God, and Immortality
1778:A snake shedding its skin
1398:criticism of Christianity
975:Armenian Apostolic Church
214:
193:
183:
176:
162:
147:
125:
106:
84:
72:
41:
3829:Comparative mythologists
3744:Scottish anthropologists
3678:Robert Yelverton Tyrrell
3177:Ackerman, Robert, 2018.
2295:.2 (April 1992:203â224).
1845:Reputation and criticism
867:Native American religion
522:Revitalization movements
377:Sacredâprofane dichotomy
229:Anthropology of religion
3794:People from Helensburgh
3598:Sir James George Frazer
3588:Andrew Martin Fairbairn
3298:, Milano, Meltemi 2018
3206:Fraser, Robert (1990).
3152:. New York: Routledge.
2887:Oxford University Press
2820:, Struik, p. 306,
1853:According to historian
1819:The Story of the Banana
1798:, it was said that the
1630:Origin-of-death stories
1471:William Robertson Smith
1444:
1423:Elizabeth "Lilly" Grove
1421:In 1896 Frazer married
1378:University of Liverpool
1373:, but never practised.
1265:Sir James George Frazer
781:The Journal of Religion
402:Theories about religion
206:University of Liverpool
3719:Social anthropologists
3493:Sir Henry Maxwell Lyte
2431:10.1093/ref:odnb/66458
2255:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0041
2203:Dying-and-rising deity
1914:Walter Baldwin Spencer
1828:
1779:
1738:
1737:The phases of the moon
1590:is Frazer's theory of
1565:Aboriginal Australians
1506:frequently in his own
827:Alaska Native religion
822:Afro-American religion
417:Veneration of the dead
3739:Comparative mythology
3483:Sir Frederick Pollock
3324:"James George Frazer"
3107:16 April 2008 at the
2857:J. G. Frazer (1913),
2657:anthropological study
2153:Jan Harold Brunvard,
2129:Description of Greece
2078:, 3 volumes (1913â24)
2034:The Worship of Nature
1918:Aboriginal Australian
1826:
1777:
1736:
1351:University of Glasgow
1315:social anthropologist
1228:cultural anthropology
847:Chinese folk religion
739:Anthony F. C. Wallace
734:Daniel Martin Varisco
659:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
561:of the Religious Life
188:Social anthropologist
133:University of Glasgow
3814:Scottish folklorists
3729:Lawyers from Glasgow
3673:Henry Fanshawe Tozer
3653:Walter William Skeat
3573:Samuel Rolles Driver
3523:Henry Francis Pelham
3498:Sir Courtenay Ilbert
3443:The Earl of Rosebery
2198:Edward Burnett Tylor
2142:, 1st edition (1890)
2102:Totemism and Exogamy
1993:(1989, corr. 1996):
1636:Origin-of-death myth
1504:Totemism and Exogamy
1349:. He studied at the
1327:comparative religion
882:Shamanism in Siberia
729:Edward Burnett Tylor
559:The Elementary Forms
327:Magic (supernatural)
277:Comparative religion
157:comparative religion
3668:Henry Barclay Swete
3603:Sir Israel Gollancz
3553:Edward Byles Cowell
3448:The Viscount Dillon
3378:James George Frazer
2661:Social anthropology
2625:For the history of
2616:(Oxford 2009) p. xl
2527:1924Natur.114R.854.
1873:of Israel" and the
1869:"equivalent to the
1064:Hindu denominations
1005:Ethiopian Orthodoxy
774:The Hibbert Journal
684:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
669:Fustel de Coulanges
223:Part of a series on
48:James George Frazer
3658:Sir Leslie Stephen
3563:Thomas Rhys Davids
3558:William Cunningham
2682:Anthropology Today
2581:on 24 January 2013
2333:on 24 January 2013
1829:
1827:Dead banana plants
1780:
1739:
1592:cultural evolution
1536:Anthropology Today
1382:public lectureship
1343:Larchfield Academy
1118:Non-denominational
1030:Oriental Orthodoxy
584:Poles in mythology
317:Laying on of hands
3691:
3690:
3613:Shadworth Hodgson
3513:Sir Adolphus Ward
3478:Sir William Anson
3344:Project Gutenberg
3328:Books and Writers
3322:Petri Liukkonen.
3292:Giacomo Scarpelli
3264:978-0-19-965787-2
3240:978-0-226-40336-6
3077:, pp. 47â48.
3044:, pp. 46â48.
3008:, pp. 43â44.
2988:978-0-8403-9934-2
2957:978-0-8403-6037-3
2920:978-0-7607-2855-0
2896:978-0-19-517968-2
2868:978-1-4400-4514-1
2827:978-1-77007-453-8
2499:978-1-136-66241-6
2472:978-0-521-34093-9
2444:(Subscription or
1897:", "new birth", "
1498:, the founder of
1478:myths and rituals
1467:Primitive Culture
1402:Roman Catholicism
1262:
1261:
1050:Russian Orthodoxy
1000:Eastern Orthodoxy
649:Arnold van Gennep
568:Purity and Danger
218:
217:
178:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
3836:
3759:Scottish lawyers
3638:Sir James Murray
3633:John E. B. Mayor
3583:Sir Arthur Evans
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3369:
3368:
3353:Internet Archive
3288:
3267:
3244:
3223:
3202:
3163:
3142:
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2647:
2640:
2634:
2627:The Golden Bough
2623:
2617:
2614:The Golden Bough
2612:R Fraser Intro,
2610:
2604:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2574:. Archived from
2563:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2535:10.1038/114854b0
2510:
2504:
2503:
2483:
2477:
2476:
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2343:
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2340:
2338:
2332:
2326:. Archived from
2315:
2305:
2296:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2233:
2114:The Golden Bough
2083:The Golden Bough
2038:Gifford Lectures
2008:Devil's Advocate
1991:G. P. Goold
1957:Garnered Sheaves
1588:The Golden Bough
1553:The Golden Bough
1541:The Golden Bough
1518:T. S. Eliot
1487:The Golden Bough
1463:E. B. Tylor
1407:The Golden Bough
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1283:
1254:
1247:
1240:
995:Coptic Orthodoxy
709:Marshall Sahlins
551:Related articles
239:
220:
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3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3628:Alfred Marshall
3434:
3429:
3366:
3336:at Bartleby.com
3312:
3285:
3265:
3249:Larsen, Timothy
3241:
3220:
3199:
3160:
3139:
3121:
3119:Further reading
3116:
3115:
3109:Wayback Machine
3100:
3096:
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2691:
2679:
2675:
2654:
2650:
2642:Sigmund Freud,
2641:
2637:
2633:(London, 1990).
2629:see R. Fraser,
2624:
2620:
2611:
2607:
2599:D Daiches ed.,
2598:
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2282:
2277:
2270:
2249:(10): 896â914.
2234:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2178:Joseph Campbell
2168:
1935:
1847:
1821:
1784:shed their skin
1772:
1731:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1584:
1509:Totem and Taboo
1447:
1400:and especially
1367:'s Ideal Theory
1335:
1289:
1285:
1267:
1258:
1218:
1217:
1010:Greek Orthodoxy
990:Catholic Church
806:
805:
794:
793:
754:
753:
744:
743:
719:Stanley Tambiah
674:Clifford Geertz
629:Joseph Campbell
614:Augustin Calmet
609:
608:
607:Major theorists
599:
598:
574:Myth and ritual
560:
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372:Sacred language
362:Rite of passage
287:Divine language
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3648:William Sanday
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3608:Thomas Hodgkin
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3578:Robinson Ellis
3575:
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3548:Ingram Bywater
3545:
3543:Samuel Butcher
3540:
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3468:The Lord Bryce
3465:
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3458:Arthur Balfour
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3310:External links
3308:
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3289:
3284:978-1473393127
3283:
3277:. Read Books.
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3198:978-0226117577
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2966:
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1933:Selected works
1931:
1927:reconciliation
1881:"the Buddhist
1855:Timothy Larsen
1846:
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1782:Animals which
1771:
1768:
1730:
1727:
1645:
1642:
1634:Main article:
1631:
1628:
1613:disenchantment
1609:secularization
1583:
1580:
1523:The Waste Land
1500:psychoanalysis
1446:
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1393:in Cambridge.
1363:The Growth of
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114:(aged 87)
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3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:George Salmon
3531:
3529:
3528:Sir John RhĆ·s
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
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3501:
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3481:
3479:
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3469:
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3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:The Lord Reay
3451:
3449:
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3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
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3338:
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3332:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3304:9788883539053
3301:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3256:
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3246:
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3225:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3190:
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3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3092:, p. 48.
3091:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3065:, p. 47.
3064:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3032:, p. 46.
3031:
3026:
3020:, p. 44.
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2995:
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2984:
2980:
2976:
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2922:
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2884:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2861:, Macmillan,
2860:
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2639:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2603:(1968) p. 194
2602:
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2417:
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2378:
2372:
2366:
2365:3-11-016328-4
2362:
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2325:
2319:
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2284:
2275:
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2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:Fleure, H. J.
2232:
2230:
2225:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Mircea Eliade
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:Psyche's Task
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:0-486-42492-8
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:0-674-99136-2
2059:
2055:
2054:0-674-99135-4
2051:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:0-674-99279-2
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
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1937:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:Good Shepherd
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:functionaries
1858:
1856:
1851:
1842:
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1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1601:Auguste Comte
1597:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:anti-Catholic
1558:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:Sigmund Freud
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:study of myth
1442:
1440:
1439:John Steggall
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1371:Middle Temple
1368:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:Personal life
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
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1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1255:
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1214:
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1199:
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1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Protestantism
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
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771:
769:
768:
764:
762:
761:
757:
756:
748:
747:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:Victor Turner
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:Melford Spiro
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
699:Roy Rappaport
697:
695:
694:Steven Ozment
692:
690:
689:Robert Marett
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:Mircea Eliade
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
603:
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582:
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572:
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569:
565:
563:
562:
556:
555:
547:
546:
539:
538:Handsome Lake
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
521:
520:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
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328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
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295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
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255:
254:
246:
245:
238:
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233:
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227:
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222:
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213:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
196:
192:
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182:
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172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
128:
124:
119:
109:
105:
100:
87:
83:
76:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3597:
3593:Robert Flint
3518:Edward Caird
3382:Find a Grave
3327:
3295:
3273:
3253:
3229:
3208:
3187:
3171:
3148:
3127:
3097:
3070:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2992:
2978:
2969:
2961:
2942:
2932:
2924:
2910:
2904:
2882:
2876:
2858:
2817:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2665:Edmund Leach
2651:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2600:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2576:the original
2557:
2551:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2488:
2481:
2461:
2454:
2434:. Retrieved
2420:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2328:the original
2309:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2246:
2240:
2173:Lilly Frazer
2158:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2007:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1911:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1830:
1800:Jade Emperor
1781:
1755:
1750:region. In
1740:
1720:
1701:of northern
1696:
1681:
1670:
1660:, tell that
1651:
1647:
1639:
1617:
1605:
1587:
1585:
1573:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1531:Edmund Leach
1528:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1492:
1485:
1475:
1466:
1448:
1434:
1431:Golden Bough
1430:
1420:
1412:Neoplatonism
1405:
1395:
1375:
1362:
1336:
1264:
1263:
1157:Conservative
1025:Nestorianism
958:Christianity
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
704:Saba Mahmood
679:Robin Horton
664:James Frazer
663:
634:Mary Douglas
566:
557:
454:Neo-Paganism
430:Case studies
397:Superstition
392:Soul dualism
302:Great Spirit
194:Institutions
177:
151:Research in
112:(1941-05-07)
36:
18:James Frazer
3709:1941 deaths
3704:1854 births
3568:A. V. Dicey
3508:David Monro
3463:John Morley
3090:Larsen 2014
3075:Larsen 2014
3063:Larsen 2014
3042:Larsen 2014
3030:Larsen 2014
3018:Larsen 2014
3006:Larsen 2014
2436:27 December
2208:Sacred king
2193:René Girard
2045:The Library
1989:revised by
1903:christening
1867:East Africa
1708:Agadzagadza
1699:Bura people
1662:Unkulunkulu
1615:narrative.
1557:imperialist
1416:Hermeticism
1347:Helensburgh
1084:Vaishnavism
1015:Lutheranism
970:Anglicanism
654:René Girard
533:Ghost Dance
412:Transtheism
382:Sacred site
342:Nympholepsy
3698:Categories
3683:James Ward
3538:J. B. Bury
3219:1349207209
3159:1135371121
3138:0521340934
2739:0429980302
2448:required.)
2355:Volume I:
2220:References
2056:(vol. 1);
1895:born again
1875:Grand Lama
1786:, such as
1760:Wotjobaluk
1690:while the
1319:folklorist
1206:ĆvetÄmbara
842:Böö mörgöl
624:Talal Asad
528:Cargo cult
357:Polytheism
352:Pilgrimage
337:Monotheism
322:Liminality
312:Initiation
307:Henotheism
282:Divination
272:Communitas
110:7 May 1941
101:, Scotland
91:1854-01-01
2263:161719297
2134:Pausanias
1947:(1933â36)
1907:sacrament
1756:Ra Kalavo
1716:trickster
1666:chameleon
1624:chemistry
1576:Pausanias
1482:Year-King
1387:Cambridge
1323:mythology
1201:Digambara
1143:YazdĂąnism
1123:Quranists
1103:Ahmadiyya
1089:Ayyavazhi
1020:Methodism
985:Calvinism
965:Adventism
946:Vajrayana
931:Theravada
921:Pure Land
803:Religions
476:Bobohizan
387:Shamanism
297:Fetishism
257:Afterlife
153:mythology
135:(MA 1874)
120:, England
118:Cambridge
3362:LibriVox
3174:, Paris.
3105:Archived
2977:(1994),
2940:(1990),
2166:See also
2147:Totemism
2064:(vol. 2)
1885:... the
1811:and ate
1723:Togoland
1677:nicotine
1569:Africans
1526:(1922).
1520:'s poem
1502:, cited
1359:classics
1182:Orthodox
1172:Haymanot
1113:Mahdavia
1079:Smartism
1074:Shaktism
1069:Shaivism
1057:Hinduism
980:Baptists
916:Nichiren
911:Mahayana
904:Buddhism
892:Tengrism
767:Folklore
752:Journals
511:Slametan
471:Babaylan
466:Angakkuq
3389:at the
3351:at the
2543:4110636
2523:Bibcode
1899:baptism
1887:man-god
1871:Levites
1813:bananas
1796:Vietnam
1792:lizards
1748:Pacific
1703:Nigeria
1692:Ashanti
1620:alchemy
1339:Glasgow
1213:Sikhism
1194:Jainism
1177:Karaite
1167:Hasidic
1150:Judaism
1045:Quakers
941:Tibetan
936:Tiantai
926:Shingon
862:KejawĂšn
788:Oceania
262:Animism
99:Glasgow
3302:
3281:
3261:
3237:
3216:
3195:
3156:
3135:
2985:
2954:
2917:
2893:
2865:
2824:
2736:
2687:(1985)
2585:7 June
2568:
2541:
2515:Nature
2496:
2469:
2442:
2363:
2337:7 June
2320:
2261:
2150:(1887)
2124:(1900)
2110:(1909)
2104:(1910)
2093:
2072:(1918)
2060:
2052:
2030:(1927)
2024:(1911)
2016:(1927)
2010:(1928)
1997:
1971:(1930)
1965:(1930)
1959:(1931)
1953:(1933)
1941:(1935)
1923:totems
1833:banana
1788:snakes
1688:thrush
1684:Akamba
1547:cultus
1459:Greece
1427:Alsace
1224:Social
1187:Reform
1162:Haredi
1133:Sufism
887:Shinto
877:Shindo
872:Noaidi
852:Hanitu
811:Ethnic
506:Pawang
501:JhÄkri
460:Ritual
367:Ritual
347:Oracle
267:Augury
184:Fields
163:Awards
3170:, in
2700:, in
2579:(PDF)
2562:(PDF)
2539:S2CID
2331:(PDF)
2314:(PDF)
2259:S2CID
2132:, by
1979:, by
1976:Fasti
1879:Lhasa
1712:motif
1673:Ngoni
1654:Bantu
1596:magic
1455:Italy
1365:Plato
1279:
1275:
1271:
1138:Sunni
1108:Ibadi
1096:Islam
857:Hausa
832:Anito
491:Dukun
481:Bomoh
436:Magic
407:Totem
63:
59:
55:
3300:ISBN
3279:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3235:ISBN
3214:ISBN
3193:ISBN
3154:ISBN
3133:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2952:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2822:ISBN
2734:ISBN
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