James M. Buchanan - Knowledge

5802: 581:, who coined the term. In a 2020 article, Hershman examined Buchanan's actions in the spring of 1959 within the context of the massive resistance policy. By the time Buchanan became involved, there was already a groundswell of protests against desegregation based on constitutional arguments, states' rights, and even some arguments from the Chicago school of economics. The Virginia school crisis offered Buchanan a "major opportunity" of promoting "libertarian economic and social ideas." The Buchanan and Nutter report proved most useful just before an April 16, 1959, public hearing on a proposed constitutional change. In order to counter the argument that a "private system was unfeasible and that any weakening of public education would damage the state's economy overall and discourage new industries from coming to Virginia", supporters asked Buchanan and Nutter to write a shorter summary of their February report. They published two articles on the report in the Richmond 369:, was governor of Tennessee from 1891 to 1893. According to Buchanan's 1992 memoir, when his father, James Buchanan, Sr., married in 1918 and began his family he borrowed heavily to mechanize and improve the farm, including the acquisition of a herd of Jersey cattle. The Buchanan farm suffered during the 1920s—by the time James Buchanan, Jr. was old enough to work on the farm, all the work was done either manually or with mules and horses. Buchanan described his life on the farm as "genteel poverty" with neither indoor plumbing nor electricity. The house did contain his grandfather's library of books on politics. Unlike in other farm families where children regularly stayed home to help as farm labor, his mother insisted he never miss a day of school. While completing his first university degree in 1940 at 901:. which was the catalyst for debate on social choice. The monograph was based on ideas Arrow first developed in 1948 as a RAND Corporation intern and in his PhD dissertation in 1950 combining social ethics, voting theory and economics in his social choice theory. Arrow examined the role of individual preferences in the process of collective decision-making regarding aggregate or group preferences, for example, in voting and establishing underlying constitutions for the common good. Arrow concluded that it was generally impossible to assess the "common good", for example, the design of a social welfare function through a fair ranked voting electoral system because individual preferences within the aggregate differ. The paradox is the impossibility of majority voting yielding a stable result or 1395:. MacLean traced Buchanan's concept of power to the 1950s and 1960s. Buchanan had become concerned that the federal government was channeling too many resources to the public. As he witnessed the federal government increasing its power, Buchanan sought ways to protect the wealthy from being forced to support programs that seemed to him to be a move towards socialism. MacLean described how Buchanan and other libertarians seek to protect capitalism by preventing government overreach. MacLean described Buchanan's concept of human nature as "dismal" and that he believed that politicians and government workers are motivated by self-interest and that government would continue to increase in scale and power unless there were constitutional limits in place. MacLean raised concerns that Buchanan and 1215:, and even candidates. Buchanan maintains that a person's first instinct is to make their decisions based upon their own self-interest, which varied from previous models where government officials acted in constituents' best interest. Buchanan explains public choice theory as "politics without romance" because, he says, many of the promises made in politics are intended to appear concerned with the interest of others, but in reality, are the products of selfish ulterior motives. According to this view, political decisions, on both sides of the voting booth, are rarely made with the intention of helping anyone but the one making the decision. Buchanan argues that the actions of voters and politicians can be predicted by analyzing their behaviors. 449:. Within six weeks of starting his studies, Buchanan said he was "converted into a zealous advocate of the market order". Knight became Buchanan's "de facto" PhD supervisor, and his 1948 dissertation, "Fiscal Equity in a Federal State", was heavily influenced by Knight. Buchanan did not consider himself as belonging to the Austrian or the Chicago schools of economics. But he was a member of the Mont Pelerin Society, and served as its president from 1984 to 1986 just before he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He did share many of their common beliefs. As Buchanan puts it: "I certainly have a great deal of affinity with Austrian economics and I have no objections to being called an Austrian. 1032:

Buchanan encouraged individuals to be skeptical about bureaucrats' and politicians' motivations and behaviour. Buchanan said that the "politics as exchange" contract on which the constitution is based precedes any economic enterprise. Trade in goods and services can only be undertaken in an orderly fashion if a legal system in already in place, one that includes limits on the powers of governments. Politics of exchange can then be described as cooperative, the contract between "nonmarket institutions and the mechanism of coercion is collective". Politics as exchange is a way of justifying coercion by providing a means for a change that is mutually beneficial, attaining

849:'s National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) advisory committee on the needs, sources, and utilization of public finances. Brookings is a respected think tank that has a long history of producing influential commissioned reports for the United States government. In their discussion on equity objectives of fiscal policy, Musgrave cited Buchanan's recommendation that the central fiscal policy should consider individuals, not the "states", as a matter of equity. The requirement of horizontal equity—the "principle that equals should be treated equally"— is more meaningful than that of vertical equity—the "requirement of differential treatment of unequals". 910:

just one majority simply ruling. Most political scientists in the 1950s believed in majoritarian democracy as the ideal parliamentary model. Buchanan's ideal was more of a constitutional structure. Buchanan described himself as a constitutional political economist who writes from an economic point of view within a structure of American politics that aligns with James Madison's vision of the ideal democratic parliamentary model, which was not a majority democracy. In public choice theory, Buchanan raises concerns about minorities being exploited under permanent majorities

732:. Buchanan complained to then-GMU economics department chair Karen Vaughn that VPI was losing its status as unique center for public choice. Buchanan was offered an annual salary of over $ 100,000 at George Mason, At the time, George Mason was a relatively unknown state university, having just gained independent status from the University of Virginia in 1972. Buchanan was drawn to GMU's leadership. Vaughn stated that she believed the addition of the Center contributed to GMU's rapid growth. Over the next decades, GMU became the largest public university in Virginia. 5797: 40: 5883: 1072:

and policy. Politics is about the rules of the game, where policy is focused on strategies that players adopt within a given set of rules. "Questions about what are good rules of the game are in the domain of social philosophy, whereas questions about the strategies that players will adopt given those rules is the domain of economics, and it is the play between the rules (social philosophy) and the strategies (economics) that constitutes what Buchanan refers to as constitutional political economy".

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citizenry. . . . If education is to be universal, compulsion must be exercised by government—that is, by the collective organ of society—since some parents might choose to keep their children out of school. For similar reasons, minimum standards of education must be determined by government. Otherwise, the requirement of education is empty and meaningless." Buchanan was not against "state participation in education" although he strongly opposed " state monopoly of education".

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for people to "interpret better what they were seeing". He described how politicians provide their constituents with programs that benefit them, paying for the new programs with deficit to avoid having to raise taxes to pay for them in order to remain in office. Public choice policies called for constitutional amendments to prevent the deficit from accelerating even more. In his 1986 chapter "Budgetary Bias in Post-Keynesian Politics" in

1004:. In it, he writes that the costs to individuals determine what the price of a good or service is. For example, the physical work that is required to hunt an animal as well as the price of the tools necessary to hunt it and the time spent hunting all play a factor in the price an individual places on the meat. The asking price of the meat will vary from person to person because the input costs required for each person are not the same. 5699: 5871: 709:, Coase discussed the atmosphere in the university's economics department in the 1960s, in which he and Buchanan, Tullock, and Nutter felt that their work was considered to be "disreputable" and they were considered to be "right-wing extremists." Coase stated that he believed there was general suspicion towards anyone who supported an unregulated free market at that time. 5859: 781:. Goodrich became a member of the Mont Pelerin Society in 1953 and had formed friendships with Hayek, Mises, Friedman and others. The Liberty Fund hosted conferences and symposiums on Buchanan's economic policy, liberalism and liberty. The entire collection of his publications are hosted on the Online Library of Liberty (OLL) site. The Liberty Fund also published 586:

doctrines, as an example to showcase those ideas". Hershman wrote that it did not seem to concern Buchanan that the libertarian doctrines would perpetuate segregation. Buchanan was on the wrong side of history. The school crisis brought in a power shift in the state of Virginia from a "rural, courthouse elite to that of an urban, business elite".

830:. In his 1989 address on Buchanan's contributions, Tony Atkinson said that it "reads like a manifesto for his life's work." In it Buchanan clarified that the democratic state is not a single decision-making unit as in a monarchy. In democratic societies, the state can only represent the collective will of the sum of its individual members. 4782: 914:

1956, he carried that skepticism with him. In 1958, Tullock took time off from his position at the U.S. Department of State that he had held since 1949, to do research at the University of Virginia focused on majority rule. Buchanan described Tullock as a natural realist about politics; his skepticism had increased in Washington.

1109:, Buchanan wrote, "Just as no physicist would claim that "water runs uphill," no self-respecting economist would claim that increases in the minimum wage increase employment. Fortunately, only a handful of economists are willing to throw over the teaching of two centuries; we have not yet become a bevy of camp-following whores." 1256:, by Buchanan and co-author Richard Wagner was based on an analysis of Keynesian macroeconomic theory and policy in which they applied the basic tools of public choice theory for the first time. They found that there was a bias towards deficit spending that could be linked to the self-interest of the political agents involved. 961:, he wrote, "The most elementary prediction from public choice theory is that in the absence of moral or constitutional constraints democracies will finance some share of public consumption from debt issue rather than from taxation and that, in consequence, spending rates will be higher than would accrue under budget balance." 1318:

came into full force in March 1981 constitution, establishing a market-oriented model based on Chicago School and Friedman's neoliberal ideas. In Chile, Buchanan provided policy advice and his constitutional political economy arguments to Pinochet. He also allegedly provided an "analytical defense of

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share on public goods paid by individuals is based on the marginal benefits derived from the goods—a system designed to maximize efficiency for the individual while also providing optimal public good. The rate or share of taxation is related to the willingness to pay. Buchanan discussed challenges to

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he was influenced by Wicksell. to improve the rules and structure of politics, and particularly to recognize that politicians behave like most people, according to their own self-interests. It was a way of thinking about politics that was based on common sense reality, not romanticism. In that paper

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to public finance. Buchanan received research support and assistance from the Brookings Institution for the book. In it he analyzed how individual behavior affected fiscal institutions in situations related to collective choice, for example, the relationship between income tax and the public use of

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as a public research university. The next year the school was founded with the intention of preserving a "social order built on individual liberty, and . . . as an educational undertaking in which students will be encouraged to view the organizational problems of society as a fusion of technical and

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might consider me an Austrian but, surely some of the others would not." Buchanan went on to say that: "I didn't become acquainted with Mises until I wrote an article on individual choice and voting in the market in 1954. After I had finished the first draft I went back to see what Mises had said in

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Buchanan attributed his dislike of what he considered "Eastern elites" to his six months of Navy officer training in New York in 1941. He believed that there was overt discrimination against young men from the South or West in favor of those who had attended what he called establishment universities

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Michael Munger described three elements of Buchanan's concept of public choice theory—behavioural symmetry, methodological individualism, and politics as exchange, or "politics without romance". In their article on Buchanan's politics as exchange, they described him as a classical liberal, who also

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programs designed to eliminate poverty and racial injustice. As more people became critical of government programs during the 1970s, in his view public choice theory provided some common sense answers, as opposed to romance. He said that he did not want to "lead the way", he wanted to provide a way

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1896 essay, "A New Principle of Just Taxation." He translated it from German and in his 1986 Nobel Prize lecture Buchanan said that Wicksell was an "important precursor of modern public-choice theory."had informed his own concept of unanimity-voting. Wicksell investigated a mechanism for voting how

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from 1969 to 1983, where he held the title Distinguished Professor of Economics. In 1998, Buchanan returned to Virginia Tech as a Distinguished Emeritus Professor of Economics and Philosophy where he contributed in organizing and providing funds for workshops, symposium, and lectures, including the

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has argued that Buchanan should not be identified with economics imperialism, since he has done more than most to introduce ethics, legal political thinking, and indeed social thinking into economics. Crucial to understanding Buchanan's system of thought is the distinction he made between politics

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with Wagner. Buchanan considered his work on public debt as an important extension of his work on public choice theory. Public choice theory examined political decision-making structures as applied to budget policy, specifically as related to fiscal deficit. Buchanan said that there was government

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While in Italy on a Fulbright Scholarship in 1956 - 1957 he became aware of how his generation of Americans—those born in the decades after WWI—had a view of politics that was too romanticized. Italians took a more skeptical, realistic, and critical view of politics. When he returned to the US in

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or Arrow's paradox. The thesis in Arrow's 1951 book that "majority rule would not give you a political equilibrium" created a lot of debate. Buchanan responded that his idea was anti-majoritaire—if that is what the preferences are, then in a democracy we ought to have a rotation, so there is not

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that a state-sponsored unregulated voucher system from tax revenues to avoid the "evils of state monopoly" of the education system, could have the unintended consequence of the "evils of race-class-cultural segregation." The voucher system could result in recreating the exclusive membership-only

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in his analyses. The ultimate exchange process is not based on some romantic notion of public service that Buchanan roundly rejected. "Politics of exchange implies a shared exchange relationship or enterprise that is crucial as a way of "justifying political coercion of one person over another".

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obituarist he was not known for his warm personality, and that even his "staunchest admirers admitted that he was forbidding." Even though he had a long career at George Mason University in Fairfax, Buchanan and his wife chose to spend most of their time a four-hour drive away on their 400-acre

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Buchanan did support some redistribution; his proposed social contract of a "productive" state includes tax-financed goods and some social insurance. He felt this would have unanimous agreement. In the summer of 1975 at a Liberty Fund conference in Ohio with most of the economists in attendance

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Buchanan met Tullock, who had a law degree but no formal training in economics, when Tullock accepted a postdoctoral position at the University of Virginia in 1958. Although Tullock's PhD was in law and he had little formal training in economics, the two complemented each other; Buchanan as the

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One of the Center's early publications that reached a wider audience was a 1959 report Buchanan co-authored with Nutter, "The Economics of Universal Education". In it they wrote that the, "case for universal education is self-evident: a democracy cannot function without an informed and educated

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review of MacLean's book, Jean-Baptiste Fleury and Alain Marciano said that MacLean misunderstood public choice theory and that she had overlooked some significant aspects of Buchanan's biography and thinking and had over-interpreted others. MacLean, who spent years studying Buchanan's copious

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In his 1964 article "What Should Economists Do?", which was based on his 1963 address to the Southern Economic Association (SEA), Buchanan distinguished between economics and politics. The former studies "the whole system of exchange relationships" while the latter studies "the whole system of

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to taxation. By using the mechanism of unanimity-voting, everyone involved would have a guarantee of receiving "benefits commensurate to their tax cost from any public good". Wicksell said that no would be able to complain if he were able to receive "a benefit which he himself considers to be

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approached the president of the University of Virginia to discuss the creation of a new school within the university, "The Jefferson Center for Studies in Political Economy and Social Philosophy". Nutter, who studied under Friedman and Knight at the University of Chicago in the late 1940s, was

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Tullock said that public choice theory applies methodologies from economics to the study of political behavior. Public choice theory assumes that people are mainly guided by self-interest, including politicians, bureaucrats, and government officials. Public choice theory focuses on democratic

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on April 12 and 13. While Buchanan's personal views on race were beside the point, according to Hershman, the "massive resistance private school initiative" had provided an "opportunity to "create a functioning alternative to the existing public system", to "promote his libertarian education

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editorial called for reform of Virginia's constitution that would recognize "both the need for universal education and the right of the individual to freedom of choice in the education of his children." Georgetown University historian, James H. Hershman, said the wording seems to be from "The

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mutually supported one another to the detriment of democratic participation for all. Koch provided millions in funding to libertarian university programs and Buchanan provided the intellectual arguments from political economy to place limits on democracy. MacLean's book became a catalyst for

662:). They created a Committee for the Study of Non-Market Decision Making, which later became the Public Choice Society. They wanted to focus on how choices and "decisions were made outside of a private market context". As a follow-up, they launched a journal with Tullock as editor called 5299: 1008:

coercive or potentially coercive relationships". One of Buchanan's definitive statements on the re-orientation of the two academic disciplines of economics and political science was found in this 1963 SEA address. Buchanan told his contemporaries in the field of economics that

1187:, proposed the rule by unanimity to reform the constitution, which as it then existed according to Calhoun, had resulted in a form of democracy that did not sufficiently protect liberty. In his analysis of Calhoun's work through the Virginia political economy perspective, the 1050:

Buchanan was largely responsible for the rebirth of political economy as a scholarly pursuit. He emphasized that public policy cannot be considered solely in terms of distribution, but is instead always a matter of setting the rules of the game that engender a pattern of

801:, public choice, and public philosophy. In the late 1940s and 1950s he investigated voting and other topics not usually studied in economics. Buchanan began to break from "disciplinary constraints" and examine problems from other disciplines such as political science. 555:

Economics of Universal Education". In a 2017 CATO Institute's Libertarianism,org podcast, Richard E. Wagner, who studied under Buchanan in the 1960s and maintained a 50-year friendship with him, said that Buchanan was an "egalitarian" and had no objection to the 1954

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in the Northeast. In a 2011 interview, Buchanan said that out of twenty "boys from the establishment universities, 12 or 13 were picked against a background of a total of 600 ." He was completing his last month of training in New York during the December 7, 1941

984:(LSE). Buchanan traced the history of public goods theory to Wicksell and re-examined the Wicksellian unanimous solution in voting. He discussed tax shares as a variable in public finance theory and potential outcomes of public choice by majority rule. The 1125:. Over many decades, Buchanan developed the theoretical formulation which straddled both economics and political science and became known as "The New Political Economy" or "Public Choice" for which he was honored with the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. 1138:

said that one of Buchanan's major contributions was clarifying two levels of public choice—the constitutional level which is where the rules of the game are set, and the postconstitutional level, where the game is played within the constitutional rules.

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saying there should be no estate tax, Buchanan passionately disagreed. He thought that there should be a 100% marginal tax on all estates over a relatively modest amount, to prevent an aristocracy from forming in America and to ensure equal opportunity.

566:. Wagner said that while Buchanan opposed segregated schools at the time, he also believed in decentralization and parental and student choice within a liberal orientation of people being able to develop their talents and abilities. Hershman wrote the 822:

he called on economists to clarify their own assumptions about politics and to think about their political models before talking about "good taxation" and "good spending." "The Pure Theory of Government Finance: A Suggested Approach" published in the

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decision-making process within the political realm. Buchanan used both fields of economics and political science to help develop his theory of public choice. The same principles used to interpret people's decisions in a market setting are applied to

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that the human "propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another" is what political economy is all about. Economists should therefore focus on the politics of exchange not on attempting to engineer efficient allocations of resources.

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in 1986. Buchanan's work initiated research on how politicians' and bureaucrats' self-interest, utility maximization, and other non-wealth-maximizing considerations affect their decision-making. He was a member of the Board of Advisors of

931:, because he had a sense that those who should know what democracy actually was, did not. He started to question taxation, expenditure decisions, budgets and the political process. In the same year Buchanan began drafts of his 1967 book, 2536: 1363:

Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU) Honors College's Buchanan Fellowship program, named for Buchanan, is awarded to 20 first-year student at MTSU annually. Additionally, MTSU's Buchanan Family Reading Room at the

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as separate from the Chicago school of economics. Buchanan stated that Mancur Olson came up with the term some time after the Center for Study of Public Choice was founded at Virginia Tech. In a 1997 interview with

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system for elites. While vouchers would ideally promote market competition while also providing benefits of "exposure to other races, classes and cultures", Buchanan warned that this may not happen in practice.

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archives after his death, says that the influence of Buchanan's six decades of work on modern conservatism is not well-enough appreciated or understood by liberal politicians, economists, and journalists.

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world" where the individual "who is making the ordering, along with substantially all of his fellows, adopts the moral law as a general rule for behavior". Buchanan rejected "any organic conception of the

864:—, who are part of the Italian school of public finance theory. They are considered to be a major influence on Buchanan's work. He considered them to be among the "intellectual forefathers of the modern 5403: 1222:, which had become widely accepted in the United States in the 1960s and resulted in a shift in towards governance through "macro-economic engineering". Keynes had written his classic and influential 5237: 2444: 5493: 4539: 3043: 8167: 2735: 2520: 7261: 1443:

Buchanan met Ann Bakke, who was of Norwegian descent, in Hawaii while they were both serving in the military during World War II. Bakke served with the Army Air Transport Command at

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published in 1958, Buchanan acknowledged that "the Italian approach to the whole problem of public debt was instrumental in shaping my views". rigorous analysis of the theory of

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education subsidy available to war veterans, Buchanan applied to graduate school. In his 1992 autobiography, Buchanan said that when he began his graduate studies in 1945 at the

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interview Buchanan said, "I want a private sphere in which I am protected, where nobody can invade...I don't feel the need to be a part of a community or a team." According to a

1014: 668:. Tullock remained as editor until 1990. They had several follow-up meetings, including one in Chicago in 1967. Members were dissatisfied with the title and it was changed to 1162:

as enhancing rather than reducing welfare. Logrolling refers to politicians' vote-trading on provisions as part of an endgame of achieving their political or economic goals.

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Its publication provided the Center and its authors, their first opportunity to be involved in a major public policy issue related to constitutional reform. A March 12, 1959

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Buchanan, James M; Rowley, Charles K; Tollison, Robert D, eds. (1987) . "Budgetary Bias in Post-Keynesian Politics: The Erosion and Potential Replacement of Fiscal Norms".

6275: 3549: 1146:, Buchanan and Tullock cited Swedish economist Knut Wicksell's standpoint on public choice in their argument for the need for unanimous agreement on constitutional rules. 6298: 2381: 628:

grant to organize a preliminary research meeting in Charlottesville in 1963 with about twenty people from economics, philosophy, and political science including Olson,

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In his 2017 publication, Richard Wagner described how Buchanan's scholarship continues to influence law, ethics, political science, and economics in the 21st century.

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In the late 1940s and early 1950s as Buchanan was developing his own thoughts on the concept of the state, Kenneth Arrow published his influential 1951 monograph,

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who studied at the University of Chicago under Milton Friedman had applied his economic theories in their government positions in South America, including in the

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consulted with Buchanan, Tullock, and Tollison at the Center. From 1998 to 2002 the Center functioned as part of James M. Buchanan Center for Political Economy.

884:. He was the first anglophone economist to focus on this and included their work in his chapter, "The Italian Tradition in Fiscal Theory", in his 1960 textbook 5387: 8222: 4919: 1281:

as superior in wisdom to the citizens of this state". This philosophical position forms the basis of constitutional economics. Buchanan believed that every

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In 1983, Buchanan relocated the entire Center for Study of Public Choice unit, which included its seven faculty members to George Mason University (GMU) in

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Trevor Burrus and Aaron Ross Powell (hosts), Richard E. Wagner (Department of Economics; George Mason University, Mercatus Center) (October 5, 2017).

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The consequences of Mr. Keynes: an analysis of the misuse of economic theory for political profiteering, with proposals for constitutional disciplines

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In later years, Buchanan no longer held the same ideas on school vouchers as those expressed in the 1959 report. He cautioned in a 1984 letter to the

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In the 1960s when Buchanan first began to formulate his public choice theory, he was one of the few, if not the only economist, who was critical of

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study. Contrary to the consensus at the time, they found that "the increase in the minimum wage increased employment." In a 1996 response in the

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Buchanan remained at the University of Virginia until 1968. The work of Buchanan, Nutter, and other colleagues including Tullock, Stigler,

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The real purpose of the program: a case study in James M. Buchanan's efforts at academic entrepreneurship to "save the books" in economics

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James M. Buchanan, The Collected Works of James M. Buchanan, vol. 7 (The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan) [1975]

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was funded with a gift by Buchanan's family to honor Buchanan and the contributions of the family as a whole to the state of Tennessee.

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working at that time under the sponsorship of the Brookings Institution's National Bureau of Economic Research (INBR) on his 1962 book

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in Virginia are also treated as city-like entities (or principal cities) even though they have not been legally incorporated as such.

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in 1963 and of the Western Economic Association in 1983 and 1984, and vice president of the American Economic Association in 1971.

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It contained core ideas that Buchanan continued to develop over his career which spanned six decades, according to his biographer

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describing the significant role of Wicksell in the development of Buchanan's thinking. It was Buchanan who translated Wicksell's

413:. Buchanan said that "in balance" his work in operations planning during the war was "easy." He was discharged in November 1945. 5703: 3724:

Johnson, Marianne (February 1, 2006). "The Wicksellian Unanimity Rule: The Competing Interpretations of Buchanan and Musgrave".

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Mitchell, William C. (1988). "Virginia, Rochester, and Bloomington: Twenty-Five Years of Public Choice and Political Science".

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philosopher and Tullock the scientist. Together, they set out to provide an "optimal set of the political rules of the game".

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Levy, David M.; Peart, Sandra J., eds. (2020). "'The Economics of Universal Education' and After: From Friedman to Rawls".

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is created for at least several generations of citizens. Therefore, it must be able to balance the interests of the state,

1272:. According to Buchanan, the ethic of constitutionalism is a key for constitutional order and "may be called the idealized 699: 681: 664: 174: 8157: 7842: 5232: 4481: 2685: 1036:

through cooperation, where societal improvement is possible when a change results in harming no one but helping someone.

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overreach in totalitarian regimes but also in the 1960s in Western democratic welfare-state nations, such as President

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strategy—a Virginia state government strategy adopted in 1956 to block the desegregation of public schools led by

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for "development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision making"

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public goods could be financed in order to ensure that the tax burden was fairly distributed. Wicksell applied the

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A Better Kind of Violence: Chicago Political Economy, Public Choice, and the Quest for an Ultimate Theory of Power.

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Horn, Karen Ilse. "Roads to Wisdom, Conversations with Ten Nobel Laureates in Economics",94-95 Edward Elgar, 2011.

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Buchanan said that his 1949 paper, "The Pure Theory of Government Finance: A Suggested Approach" published in the

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suggest that Buchanan's research can inform work on trade restrictions and populism in the twenty-first century.

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theory influenced a "generation of conservative thinking about deficits, taxes and the size of government". The

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economic resources. He said that the primary way in which individuals can make collective choices is by voting.

8162: 8137: 7491: 7486: 7281: 7024: 5430: 5097: 2486: 1713: 1430: 590: 370: 4806:"Buchanan at the American Founding: the constitutional political economy of a republic of equals and unequals" 1296: 972:, in which he described public finance methods using consensus politics developed by Wicksell and his student 7929: 7924: 7655: 7627: 7276: 4486: 3401: 1736: 1662: 1134: 760: 624:

in 1965, there was growing interest in public choice theory. Tullock and Buchanan applied for and received a

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Buchanan, James M. (1959) . "Federalism and Fiscal Equity". In Musgrave, Richard A.; Shoup, Carl S. (eds.).

1689:

Buchanan, James M.; Nutter, G. Warren (1959). The Economics of Universal Education (unpublished monograph).

7698: 7361: 1402: 1315: 1183: 823: 818: 263: 4567:

Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) / Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft

3691: 8019: 7837: 7399: 5936: 3119: 1498:) called Buchanan, who showed how politicians undermine fair and simple tax systems, the "founder of the 1412: 625: 556: 481:

as associate professor and later full professor from 1948 until 1951. He was a professor of economics at

462:. I found out, amazingly, that he had come closer to saying what I was trying to say than anybody else." 430: 7543: 1228:

in 1938, but there was a lag between its publication and the widespread adoption of his ideas. By 1965,

8059: 7858: 7832: 7767: 7424: 7405: 7102: 5849: 2681: 1181:

and a CSPC faculty member, said that Calhoun's political philosophy writings, as developed in his 1851

981: 935:

in which he applied ideas from pioneering ideas from the public choice school of analysis developed in

842: 620: 5264:"Nancy MacLean, Democracy in Chains: The Deep History of the Radical Right's Stealth Plan for America" 3317: 717:

In 1969, Buchanan, Tullock, and Charles J. Goetz established the Center for Study of Public Choice at

7941: 7897: 7875: 7682: 7641: 7634: 7256: 7020: 6768: 5752: 4431:"Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania" 4399: 2240: 1351: 1319:

military rule to a predominantly Chilean audience." Hayek also visited Chile and Pinochet that year.

1233: 1177:. Tabarrok, who is the director of the Center for Study of Public Choice, and Cowen, Director of the 539: 334: 4610:

A Disquisition on Government and A Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States

8035: 7934: 7902: 7880: 7827: 7822: 7415: 7395: 6989: 6142: 5998: 4438: 1879: 1269: 1056: 877: 857: 740: 482: 144: 485:

from 1951 until 1956 and served for two years as the department chair. From 1955 to 1956 he was a

8047: 8043: 7946: 7917: 7870: 7721: 7620: 7240: 7142: 6832: 4810: 1694: 1365: 509: 478: 378: 365:, the eldest of the three children of James and Lila (Scott) Buchanan. His paternal grandfather, 362: 350: 320: 154: 107: 67: 2951: 8031: 7890: 7741: 7466: 7063: 5684: 5642: 5535: 5528: 5468: 4892:"James M. Buchanan's 1981 visit to Chile: Knightian democrat or defender of the 'Devil's fix'?" 4707: 3764:"Was Knut Wicksell a Conservative or a Radical?: A Note on an Early Monograph by Knut Wicksell" 3229: 3147: 1024: 493: 465:

It was also at Chicago that he first read and found enlightening the work of Swedish economist

410: 241: 162: 5748: 3503: 3443: 2652: 8007: 7600: 7471: 5887: 4946: 3984: 1499: 1444: 1158:

from German in 1958. Within the framework of public choice, they described the potential for

1064: 927:, in which they first outlined public choice theory. Buchanan said he was motivated to write 846: 568: 426: 116: 2757: 8112: 8107: 8039: 8027: 7863: 7772: 7746: 7675: 7583: 7511: 7450: 7108: 6997: 6752: 6569: 6205: 6124: 5955: 5560:

The Revival of Laissez-Faire in American Macroeconomic Theory: A Case Study of Its Pioneers

5529:

Where Chicago meets London: James M. Buchanan, Virginia Political Economy, and cost theory.

3431:

Center for Study of Public Choice Annual Report (1985) (Report). Annual report. p. 43.

2410: 1528: 1515: 1495: 1463: 1450:

They married on October 5, 1945, in San Francisco. Ann died in 2005. They had no children.

1118: 1060: 1052: 1028: 865: 722: 446: 342: 315: 225: 140: 102: 86: 3178: 3068:

Towards an Economics of Natural Equals: A Documentary History of the Early Virginia School

8: 7731: 7726: 6780: 6152: 6114: 5613: 5517: 4151:"Politics as exchange: the classical liberal economics and politics of James M. Buchanan" 4001: 3318:"Creating the "Virginia School": Charlottesville as an Academic Environment in the 1960s" 2864: 1383: 1219: 1188: 1105: 923: 852:

In 1955 Buchanan spent the year in Italy reading the works of the neoclassical economist

834: 736: 658: 433:

was. He stated that he was essentially socialist until he enrolled in a course taught by

5796: 4298:"Rediscovering Buchanan's rediscovery: non-market exchange versus antiseptic allocation" 2783: 19:

This article is about the political economist. For other people with the same name, see

8051: 7912: 7736: 7563: 7533: 6696: 6378: 6051: 5782: 5361: 5353: 5291: 5135: 5083: 5049: 4974: 4911: 4774: 4766: 4656: 4582: 4447: 4317: 4261: 4178: 4095: 4091: 4085: 3939: 3799: 3791: 3741: 3652: 3627:"James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock on the Weaknesses of Majority Voting: A Triptych" 3335: 3202: 3090: 2828: 2722: 2184: 2176: 1844: 1836: 1721:, Archive: Vouchers . . . Correspondence Buchanan Box 162.2, Stanford, California, 1984 1717: 1480: 1300: 1173:, the precursor to Buchanan and Tullock's public choice theory is found in the work of 1166: 881: 778: 574: 512:

where he remained until his retirement, after which he continued with emeritus status.

402: 111: 6836: 4430: 2996:, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1959 8038:) are listed under the county they were part of before incorporation as a city. Some 8023: 7885: 7044: 6808: 6804: 6776: 6764: 6529: 6481: 6382: 6256: 6167: 5822: 5786: 5685:

Buchanan's contractarian constitutionalism: political economy for democratic society.

5674: 5653: 5632: 5618: 5614:

Democracy in Chains: The Deep History Of The Radical Right's Stealth Plan For America

5592: 5563: 5546: 5395: 5365: 5345: 5295: 5283: 5203: 5193: 5190:

Democracy in Chains: The Deep History of the Radical Right's Stealth Plan for America

5053: 5041: 4978: 4966: 4915: 4844: 4778: 4758: 4660: 4648: 4574: 4529: 4345:, ed. S. Press and R. Holt (Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1998), pp. 21-39. 4338: 4321: 4253: 4182: 4170: 4126: 4064: 3974: 3931: 3870: 3837: 3803: 3783: 3745: 3656: 3644: 3591: 3509: 3410: 3362: 3245: 3235: 3208: 3094: 3080: 3001: 2961: 2902: 2832: 2727: 2648: 2563: 2528: 2492: 2482: 2314: 2289: 2246: 2219: 2188: 2168: 2098: 2073: 2050: 2040: 1966: 1958: 1948: 1848: 1828: 1786: 1776: 1666: 1533: 1265: 1249: 1047:

using a multidisciplinary approach through the lens of both economics and politics .

1033: 949: 902: 853: 827: 810: 729: 705: 649: 578: 398: 374: 233: 5720: 3399:

Vaughn, Karen (June 1, 2015). "How James Buchanan came to George Mason University".

2901:. Principles of Freedom Committee. New York: World Publishing Company. p. 144. 989:

achieving a Pareto-optimal position from Lindahl's concept of public goods, such as

8055: 7964: 7956: 7793: 7777: 6928: 6890: 6867: 6852: 6708: 6601: 6581: 6429: 6421: 6358: 6104: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5965: 5875: 5863: 5806: 5543:

Method and Morals in Constitutional Economics: Essays in Honor of James M. Buchanan

5337: 5275: 5031: 5023: 4958: 4903: 4819: 4750: 4640: 4521: 4309: 4245: 4162: 3923: 3775: 3733: 3634: 3626: 3583: 3505:

Public Choice, Past and Present: The Legacy of James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock

3331: 3322: 3072: 2820: 2216:

Public Finance in Democratic Process: Fiscal Institutions and the Individual Choice

2160: 2037:

Public Finance in Democratic Process: Fiscal Institutions and the Individual Choice

1940: 1820: 1549: 1490: 1303: 1293: 1245: 1241: 1001: 933:

Public Finance in Democratic Process: Fiscal Institutions and the Individual Choice

695: 629: 535: 526: 454: 366: 281: 212: 6465: 4204: 3542:"The Collected Works of James M. Buchanan in 20 vols. | Online Library of Liberty" 1212: 39: 7751: 7568: 7506: 7445: 7312: 7083: 6924: 6692: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6660: 6633: 6593: 6573: 6521: 6513: 6433: 6401: 6370: 6297: 6251: 6221: 6195: 6094: 5988: 5899: 5839: 5724: 5584: 4996: 4933: 4608: 4525: 3692:"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1986" 2406: 1932: 1920: 1593: 1388: 1375: 1237: 1178: 1174: 1096: 861: 691: 450: 438: 207: 5712:, C0246, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries. 4947:"What Should (Knightian) Economists Do? James M. Buchanan's 1980 Visit to Chile" 3973:. Public Finances: Needs, Sources, and Utilization. Princeton University Press. 3587: 345:(MPS) and MPS president from 1984 to 1986, a Distinguished Senior Fellow of the 7667: 7558: 6936: 6905: 6875: 6844: 6724: 6656: 6652: 6621: 6589: 6557: 6505: 6457: 6441: 6330: 6246: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6137: 6061: 6041: 5970: 5602: 5588: 5279: 4824: 4805: 4686: 4313: 4249: 1944: 1936: 1568:

Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism

1340: 1278: 889: 794: 633: 442: 346: 325: 202: 5905: 5757: 5207: 5027: 4907: 4644: 4166: 3779: 3737: 3575: 3180:

A rumbling in the museum : the opponents of Virginia's massive resistance

3076: 2673: 1743:. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. 8101: 7578: 7573: 7343:

Michael V. Hayden Center for Intelligence, Policy, and International Security

6948: 6792: 6788: 6760: 6748: 6732: 6716: 6704: 6684: 6629: 6605: 6565: 6525: 6473: 6366: 6350: 6338: 6322: 6318: 6231: 6226: 6147: 6109: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6018: 5993: 5608: 5580: 5399: 5349: 5287: 5045: 4970: 4762: 4652: 4578: 4334: 4257: 4174: 3935: 3787: 3648: 3414: 2906: 2731: 2532: 2172: 2054: 1970: 1924: 1832: 1485: 1392: 1273: 1147: 1126: 748: 718: 645: 637: 594: 501: 466: 197: 187: 158: 5729: 5666:, pp. 136, 173. Murfreesboro, TN: Middle Tennessee State College, 1961. 5009: 4628: 4150: 3639: 3249: 2613: 2496: 373:

he continued to live at home and work on the farm. In 1941 he completed his

7033: 7009: 6920: 6909: 6886: 6871: 6824: 6740: 6553: 6537: 6497: 6409: 6236: 6175: 6157: 6099: 6069: 6046: 6023: 5950: 5775: 5572: 4739:"Review of Democracy in Deficit by James M. Buchanan and Richard E. Wagner" 2957: 2644: 1574:

A listing of Buchanan's publications from 1949 to 1986 can be found at the

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According to a 1992 journal article by George Mason University economists,

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James M. Buchanan and Liberal Political Economy: A Rational Reconstruction

3477: 1790: 964:

In 1968, Buchanan left the University of Virginia and spent a year at the

573:

s "Massive Resistance" article,' and his 1978 PhD dissertation was on the

469:. Photographs of Knight and Wicksell hung on his office walls ever after. 7548: 7538: 7077: 7071: 7052: 7003: 6980: 6816: 6800: 6728: 6613: 6545: 6449: 6413: 6241: 6200: 6074: 6033: 5960: 5709: 5341: 4876:. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press. 2591: 2437:"Meet the Economist Behind the One Percent's Stealth Takeover of America" 1170: 1068: 990: 985: 771: 5894: 5357: 5325: 5158: 5036: 4870:

The Influence of Neoliberals in Chile before, during, and after Pinochet

4708:"The Economics of the Great Society: Theory, Policies, and Consequences" 4586: 4562: 4265: 4233: 3795: 3763: 1773:

The calculus of consent, logical foundations of constitutional democracy

1000:

is often overlooked for its contributions in defining the parameters of

7607: 6901: 6856: 6346: 5980: 4962: 4770: 4451: 4406:(Summer 2021 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 3943: 2865:"On the Origins and Goals of Public Choice: Constitutional Conspiracy?" 2824: 2180: 2148: 1840: 1808: 1292:

There was a long history of neoliberal economists in Chile even before

1159: 1092: 1009: 873: 774: 653: 259: 229: 5734: 3911: 892:—the role of the government in the state's economy and fiscal theory. 328:

in 1962. He continued to develop the theory, eventually receiving the

5128:"Buchanan Fellowship Information | Middle Tennessee State University" 3204:

The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups

2920: 2013:

Buchanan, James M. (1960). "The Italian Tradition in Fiscal Theory".

1877:

Buchanan, James M. (September 1950). "Federalism and Fiscal Equity".

1344: 422: 311: 237: 5603:

Buchanan, Popular Myths, and the Social Responsibility of Economists

5426: 4754: 3927: 2718:"James M. Buchanan, Economic Scholar and Nobel Laureate, Dies at 93" 2560:

Roads to Wisdom: Conversations with Ten Nobel Laureates in Economics

2164: 1484:

obituary said that the Nobel Prize-winning economist who championed

924:

Calculus of Consent, Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy

4033:"Public Choice and the Diffusion of Classic Italian Public Finance" 3036:"James M. Buchanan, Segregation, and Virginia's Massive Resistance" 1824: 1208: 394: 7262:

Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution

4514:

Mueller, Dennis C.; Stratmann, Thomas, eds. (1996). "Logrolling".

1962: 1306:. Through the 1970s and 1980s the Chilean economists known as the 601: 5698: 1730: 1728: 1470: 1286: 5643:

Moral community and moral order: Buchanan's theory of obligation

841:—was described as a "pioneering" paper by Musgrave. During the 5870: 5738: 1659:

Economics from the Outside in: "Better Than Plowing" and Beyond

1204: 804:

In 1948, Buchanan first read the Swedish economist, Wicksell's

5080:"Honorary Doctoral Degrees at Universidad Francisco Marroquín" 4149:

Gwartney, James D.; Holcombe, Randall G. (September 1, 2014).

1725: 1514:

by Gordon Tullock, foreword by James M. Buchanan (Washington:

1117:

Buchanan is the chief architect and the leading researcher of

1015:

An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

833:

His 1950 article, "Federalism and Fiscal Equity"—reprinted in

302: 7357:

Center for World Religions, Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution

5228:"Meet the Hidden Architect Behind America's Racist Economics" 4084:

Marginson, Simon (2016). "The Impossibility of Public Good".

3444:"Documents show ties between university, conservative donors" 2284:

Buchanan, James M.; Wagner, Richard E.; Burton, John (1978).

1809:"The Pure Theory of Government Finance: A Suggested Approach" 1244:

as a way to implement government programs in the wake of the

4613:(1 ed.). Charleston, S.C.: Press of Walker & James. 2072:. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. 1905:. Homewood, Ill.: R.D. Irwin; American Economic Association. 814:(greater or at least) as great as the price he has to pay". 766:

Buchanan was associated with the Indianapolis-headquartered

437:. Knight, who also taught leading economic thinkers such as 287: 5388:"Did Nancy MacLean make stuff up in 'Democracy in Chains'?" 4520:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 322–341. 4002:"Brookings Institution: History, Research, & Influence" 1997:

Public Principles of Public Debt: A Defense and Restatement

1476:

Buchanan died at their farm on January 9, 2013, at age 93.

497: 445:

at the University of Chicago, was a founding member of the

393:

in New York starting in September 1941. He was assigned to

8168:

Distinguished fellows of the American Economic Association

3071:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–138. 421:

With the support of his wife, Ann Bakke, and the generous

4607:

Calhoun, John Caldwell (1851). Cralle, Richard K. (ed.).

3957: 2311:

Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes

1896: 1894: 1381:

Buchanan is a central figure in the 2017 nonfiction book

1083:, Buchanan examined the concept of a social contract. In 477:

After completing his PhD in 1948, Buchanan taught at the

296: 120: 4024: 3231:

Contemporary political philosophy : an introduction

3113: 3111: 2994:

Working Papers for Internal Discussion Only—General Aims

2288:. Hobart papers. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. 2270:. Translated by James M. Buchanan. Musgrave and Peacock. 1775:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 361. 1766: 1764: 1762: 1691:

Thomas Jefferson Center for Studies in Political Economy

521:

Thomas Jefferson Center for Studies in Political Economy

397:

in March 1942, where he served as an officer on Admiral

5008:

Caldwell, Bruce; Montes, Leonidas (September 1, 2015).

4371:(New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 263. 4369:

Economics and Sociology: On Redefining Their Boundaries

4358:, ch. 14, Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 263 3281: 3279: 1684: 1682: 1613:

Buchanan, James M; Burton, John; Wagner, R.E. (1978a).

1316:

Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile of 1980

1063:

is often interpreted as the quintessential instance of

675: 532:

The Growth of Industrial Production in the Soviet Union

5221: 5219: 5217: 5159:"Walker Library: Study Spaces and More: Reading Rooms" 4391: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 2259: 2092: 1891: 1121:

which was first outlined in his most well-known work,

7333:

Institute of International Banking Law & Practice

5847: 5257: 5255: 3967:

Approaches to a Fiscal Theory of Political Federalism

3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3363:"Looking for Results: An Interview with Ronald Coase" 3108: 2371:"James Buchanan and the Austrians: The Common Ground" 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 1759: 1612: 1354:

for his development of economic analysis of politics.

310:; October 3, 1919 – January 9, 2013) was an American 299: 293: 7338:

Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center

5541:Brennan, G., Kliemt, H., and Tollison, R.D. (eds.) 5427:"Processing from the Outside In: Ann Bakke Buchanan" 4629:"Calhoun's concurrent majority as a generality norm" 4291: 4289: 4287: 4144: 4142: 3994: 3124:. Free Thoughts. CATO institute Libertarianism.org. 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2302: 2283: 2242:

The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan

1679: 1416:

gave the book positive reviews. Her critics include

1225:

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

1077:

The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan

905:

with existing rules of the game. Buchanan critiqued

754: 712: 284: 5379: 5214: 4561:Tabarrok, Alexander; Cowen, Tyler (December 1992). 4296:Cachanosky, Nicolás; Lopez, Edward J. (June 2020). 3256: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 290: 5783:'The Hobbes Problem: From Machiavelli to Buchanan' 5760:Reflections on the Life and Work of James Buchanan 5562:, Chapter 6. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2002. 5520:"James M. Buchanan's Contributions to Economics". 5452:Brennan, Geoffrey; Munger, Michael (Winter 2014). 5252: 4841:Pinochet's economists: the Chicago school in Chile 4622: 4620: 3827: 3825: 3611: 3582:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–30. 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3140: 2950:Tullock, Gordon (2004). Rowley, Charles K. (ed.). 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2647:. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. 2332: 2330: 2021: 2017:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1872: 1870: 538:who founded the University of Virginia in 1819 in 5830:Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics 5001: 4473: 4284: 4139: 3860:Boudreaux, Donald J; Holcombe, Randall G (2021). 3859: 3855: 3853: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3207:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1965. 3014: 2700: 2614:"Ideological Profiles of the Economics Laureates" 2339:The Logical Foundations of Constitutional Liberty 8099: 7697: 5605:." Journal of the Southern Economic Association. 4938: 4513: 4380:"Where Economics and Philosophy Meet: Review of 4148: 4114: 3912:"James M. Buchanan's Contributions to Economics" 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3757: 3755: 3435: 3354: 2503: 2279: 2277: 2097:. Oxford, UK and New York, NY: Basil Blackwell. 2008: 2006: 1802: 1800: 1706: 1704: 1466:. They had vegetable gardens and raised cattle. 1043:Buchanan began to develop applications based on 7328:Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media 5935: 5324:Fleury, Jean-Baptiste; Marciano, Alain (2018). 5319: 5317: 4885: 4883: 4862: 4860: 4627:Salter, Alexander William (September 1, 2015). 4617: 4554: 4382:The Elgar Companion to Economics and Philosophy 4295: 3822: 3719: 3717: 3426: 3424: 3385: 3058: 2839: 2806: 2804: 2636: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2327: 2309:Buchanan, James M.; Wagner, Richard E. (1977). 2068:Buchanan, James M.; Wagner, Richard E. (1967). 2061: 1867: 1770: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 391:United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School 6978: 5323: 5007: 4699: 4685: 4507: 4077: 3850: 3675: 3569: 3567: 2892: 2890: 2479:Better than plowing, and other personal essays 2308: 2067: 1688: 7683: 7225: 6964: 6283: 5921: 5451: 5181: 4730: 4563:"The Public Choice Theory of John C. Calhoun" 4560: 4054: 4052: 3890: 3752: 3170: 2986: 2562:. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. p. 369. 2521:"James Buchanan, GMU economist who won Nobel" 2274: 2232: 2207: 2140: 2125: 2111: 2086: 2003: 1989: 1909: 1797: 1701: 1606: 1268:, Buchanan worked on developing the field of 888:. He discussed collective decision-making in 515: 318:originally outlined in his most famous work, 8223:United States Navy personnel of World War II 6303:Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences 5486:"Nobelpreisträger James M. Buchanan ist tot" 5314: 4889: 4880: 4857: 4600: 3714: 3421: 2943: 2801: 2481:. University of Chicago Press. p. 184. 2459: 2368: 2245:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 1641: 429:, he was unaware of how market-oriented the 7239: 5730:Ideological Profile from Econ Journal Watch 4832: 4803: 4692:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics 4679: 4428: 3564: 3497: 3495: 3034:Hershman, James H. Jr. (November 9, 2020). 2887: 2750: 1771:Buchanan, James M; Tullock, Gordon (1962). 356: 7690: 7676: 7286:College of Education and Human Development 7232: 7218: 6971: 6957: 6290: 6276: 5928: 5914: 5795: 4225: 4196: 4049: 3726:Journal of the History of Economic Thought 3631:Œconomia. History, Methodology, Philosophy 3195: 3177:Hershman, James Howard (January 1, 1978). 3006:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2341:. Vol. 1. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 2121:. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. 1968. 1438: 1312:military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990) 698:later came to be seen as the start of the 562:decision that introduced desegregation in 38: 8123:21st-century American non-fiction writers 8118:20th-century American non-fiction writers 7292:College of Humanities and Social Sciences 5385: 5225: 5102:The National Endowment for the Humanities 5035: 5010:"Friedrich Hayek and his visits to Chile" 4843:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4823: 4517:Perspectives on Public Choice: A Handbook 4083: 3638: 3624: 3576:"James McGill Buchanan and Individualism" 3508:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3064: 2913: 2399: 1330:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 921:In 1962, Buchanan and Tullock published 330:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 252:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 8198:Middle Tennessee State University alumni 7370:National History Education Clearinghouse 5261: 5192:. New York: Penguin Books. p. 368. 4737:Hansen, Susan Blackall (December 1979). 4479: 4337:, "James M. Buchanan and the Rebirth of 3963: 3909: 3761: 3492: 3176: 3033: 2810: 2715: 2576: 2551: 2476: 2336: 2265: 2238: 2213: 2146: 2131: 2034: 2012: 1915: 1900: 1876: 1806: 1734: 1656: 1505: 1091:Buchanan was a vocal critic of the 1994 788: 8148:American people of Scotch-Irish descent 5671:The Political Economy of James Buchanan 5302:from the original on September 25, 2024 5187: 5060:from the original on September 25, 2024 4985:from the original on September 25, 2024 4944: 4922:from the original on September 25, 2024 4667:from the original on September 25, 2024 4606: 4410:from the original on September 25, 2024 4404:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4397: 4343:Against the Grain: Dissent in Economics 4120: 3723: 3702:from the original on September 25, 2024 3441: 3360: 2949: 2716:McFadden, Robert D. (January 9, 2013). 2688:from the original on September 14, 2014 2643:Wagner, Richard E. (November 1, 2020). 2518: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 1735:Buchanan, James M. (December 8, 1986). 1112: 371:Middle Tennessee State Teachers College 8100: 8002:Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area 7380:Washington Research Library Consortium 5524:, 1987, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 5–15. 5424: 4838: 4736: 4626: 4429:Card, David; Krueger, Alan B. (1994). 3831: 3573: 3398: 3361:Hazlett, Thomas W. (January 1, 1997). 2896: 2862: 2642: 2417:from the original on September 4, 2018 2407:"Mont Pelerin Society Past Presidents" 2218:. University of North Carolina Press. 2039:. University of North Carolina Press. 1041:Public Finance in a Democratic Process 8018:The District of Columbia itself, and 7671: 7298:College of Visual and Performing Arts 7267:Schar School of Policy and Government 7213: 6952: 6271: 5909: 5767:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 5433:from the original on February 8, 2023 4890:Farrant, Andrew; Tarko, Vlad (2019). 4705: 4489:(AEI) via The Wall Street Journal via 4480:Buchanan, James M. (April 25, 1996). 4231: 4202: 4058: 4012:from the original on October 10, 2017 3916:The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 3315: 2974:from the original on January 31, 2022 2925:The Center for Study of Public Choice 2539:from the original on January 20, 2021 2119:The Demand and Supply of Public Goods 1903:Readings in the economics of taxation 1737:"The Constitution of Economic Policy" 970:The Demand and Supply of Public Goods 966:University of California, Los Angeles 839:Readings in the economics of taxation 783:The Collected Works of James Buchanan 725:with Buchanan as its first director. 8203:National Humanities Medal recipients 7350:Center for Energy Science and Policy 7323:Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study 7289:College of Health and Human Services 5406:from the original on October 9, 2022 3373:from the original on October 3, 2020 3227: 2863:Munger, Michael C. (June 29, 2017). 2557: 2355: 2239:Buchanan, James M. (February 1977). 1977:from the original on January 9, 2023 1335:2001: Honorary doctoral degree from 1259: 856:(1857 –1924) and his followers— 845:, Buchanan and Musgrave served on a 700:Virginia school of political economy 682:Virginia school of political economy 676:Virginia school of political economy 665:Papers on Non-market Decision Making 401:'s operations planning staff in the 8213:People from Murfreesboro, Tennessee 5803:Works by or about James M. Buchanan 5496:from the original on August 9, 2020 5240:from the original on March 26, 2019 5233:Institute for New Economic Thinking 5169:from the original on March 31, 2023 5108:from the original on March 30, 2023 4945:Farrant, Andrew (January 2, 2019). 4866: 4495:from the original on March 28, 2022 4234:"Buchanan, Economics, and Politics" 4213:from the original on April 10, 2022 4061:Social Choice and Individual Values 3832:Wagner, Richard E. (May 23, 2017). 3625:Grandjean, Julien (March 1, 2021). 3552:from the original on March 28, 2023 3522:from the original on April 18, 2021 3502:Lee, Dwight R. (December 7, 2012). 3501: 3476:. February 17, 2003. Archived from 3442:Barakat, Matthew (April 30, 2018). 3342:from the original on March 28, 2023 3297:from the original on April 27, 2022 3291:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 3040:Institute for New Economic Thinking 2931:from the original on March 25, 2022 2624:from the original on August 9, 2020 2447:from the original on March 26, 2019 2441:Institute for New Economic Thinking 2070:Public Debt in a Democratic Society 2015:Fiscal Theory and Political Economy 1711:"James Buchanan to Arthur Seldon", 1693:(Report). Buchanan House Archives. 1570:(Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar), 2005 1400:discussion online and in journals. 945:Public Debt in a Democratic Society 898:Social Choice and Individual Values 886:Fiscal Theory and Political Economy 505:annual James M. Buchanan lectures. 13: 8238:Member of the Mont Pelerin Society 7375:Mid Atlantic Terascale Partnership 7353:Center for Security Policy Studies 5575:. "Buchanan, James M. (1919– )." 5511: 5386:Bernstein, David (July 20, 2017). 4785:from the original on July 16, 2022 4718:from the original on April 3, 2022 4706:Higgs, Robert (February 1, 2011). 4542:from the original on June 15, 2018 4461:from the original on April 5, 2022 4384:with responses from the authors", 4272:from the original on April 3, 2022 4102:from the original on April 6, 2022 4030: 3810:from the original on April 3, 2022 3663:from the original on April 6, 2022 3454:from the original on April 7, 2022 3336:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1987.tb00766.x 3316:Breit, William (October 1, 1987). 3158:from the original on April 9, 2022 2764:from the original on June 28, 2015 2738:from the original on June 14, 2020 2674:"An Interview with James Buchanan" 2387:from the original on March 4, 2016 1929:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 1855:from the original on April 3, 2022 1629:from the original on June 28, 2020 1540:Freedom in Constitutional Contract 1079:, which has been described as his 472: 14: 8249: 8173:Fellows of the Earhart Foundation 5764:"James M. Buchanan (1919–2013)". 5691: 5652:Kingston: Cooper-Wolfling, 2016. 5522:Scandinavian Journal of Economics 4743:American Political Science Review 3474:"About the James Buchanan Center" 3128:from the original on May 22, 2022 3046:from the original on May 25, 2022 2927:. George Mason University (GMU). 2875:from the original on May 19, 2022 2519:Schudel, Matt (January 9, 2013). 2195:from the original on May 24, 2023 1747:from the original on May 31, 2013 1622:. Institute of Economic Affairs. 1577:Scandinavian Journal of Economics 1524:(with Nicos E. Devletoglou), 1970 1236:" on its cover attributing it to 1152:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 870:Public Principles of Public Debt 806:Finanztheoretische Untersuchungen 755:Other activities and associations 713:Center for Study of Public Choice 508:In 1983 he became a professor at 99:Middle Tennessee State University 8183:Florida State University faculty 8133:21st-century American economists 8128:20th-century American economists 8078: 8077: 7318:The Review of Austrian Economics 5893: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5772:Library of Economics and Liberty 5697: 5673:. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990. 5478: 5445: 5425:Barton, Rachel (July 27, 2022). 5418: 5226:Parramore, Lynn (May 30, 2018). 5156: 5150: 5120: 5015:The Review of Austrian Economics 4896:The Review of Austrian Economics 4633:Constitutional Political Economy 4155:Constitutional Political Economy 4121:Reisman, David (April 8, 2015). 2899:The strange world of Ivan Ivanov 2758:"Vita for Dr. James M. Buchanan" 2268:A New Principle of Just Taxation 1347:, for contribution to economics. 1156:A New Principle of Just Taxation 739:, who served as chairman of the 656:(author of the influential 1971 280: 8188:George Mason University faculty 8153:American political philosophers 7982:Jefferson County, West Virginia 6379:Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich 5749:Member of the Board of Advisors 5262:Thompson, Fred (June 1, 2019). 5090: 5072: 4797: 4422: 4374: 4361: 4348: 4328: 3534: 3466: 3309: 3287:"Interview with James Buchanan" 3221: 2776: 2666: 2606: 1337:Universidad Francisco Marroquín 384: 21:James Buchanan (disambiguation) 8233:University of Tennessee alumni 8020:Virginia's incorporated cities 7282:Volgenau School of Engineering 5577:Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5492:(in German). January 9, 2013. 5330:Journal of Economic Literature 2429: 1714:Institute for Economic Affairs 1663:Texas A&M University Press 1616:The consequences of Mr. Keynes 1473:and antagonistic to religion. 1431:Journal of Economic Literature 1424:opinion pieces as part of the 793:Buchanan broad themes include 759:Buchanan was president of the 719:Virginia Polytechnic Institute 591:Institute for Economic Affairs 552:Charlottesville Daily Progress 16:American economist (1919–2013) 1: 7656:George Mason University Press 7628:National Security Law Journal 7277:School of Integrative Studies 5527:Boettke, P.J., Candela, R.A. 5454:"The Soul of James Buchanan?" 4839:Valdés, Juan Gabriel (1995). 4487:American Enterprise Institute 4402:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 3964:Musgrave, Richard A. (1961). 3910:Atkinson, Anthony B. (1987). 3762:Blankart, Charles B. (1998). 3402:Journal of Private Enterprise 3183:(PhD). University of Virginia 2349: 1558:(with Geoffrey Brennan), 1985 1240:. Keynes promoted the use of 1232:magazine featured the phase " 943:In 1967 Buchanan co-authored 907:Arrow's impossibility theorem 777:which was founded in 1960 by 761:Southern Economic Association 339:Institute of Economic Affairs 8228:University of Chicago alumni 8208:Nobel laureates in Economics 8058:in Virginia, as well as the 7699:Washington metropolitan area 7362:Institute for Humane Studies 5467:(3): 331–342. Archived from 4526:10.1017/CBO9780511664458.016 3863:The Essential James Buchanan 2149:"What Should Economists Do?" 1921:"Italian Economic Theorists" 1813:Journal of Political Economy 1657:Buchanan, James M. (2007) . 1403:The New York Review of Books 1184:A Disquisition on Government 980:written while he was at the 824:Journal of Political Economy 819:Journal of Political Economy 416: 7: 7347:National Security Institute 5937:Chicago school of economics 5631:. London: Continuum, 2011. 5545:. Berlin: Springer, 2002. 3588:10.1007/978-94-009-0901-4_1 3574:Forman, Frank, ed. (1989). 3234:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2477:Buchanan, James M. (1992). 2337:Buchanan, James M. (1999). 2214:Buchanan, James M. (1967). 2147:Buchanan, James M. (1964). 2132:Buchanan, James M. (1969). 2035:Buchanan, James M. (1967). 1807:Buchanan, James M. (1949). 1587: 1413:Los Angeles Review of Books 1127:Sir Anthony (Tony) Atkinson 626:National Science Foundation 557:Brown v. Board of Education 431:Chicago school of economics 10: 8254: 8158:Austrian School economists 7366:Center for Quantum Studies 6371:Friedrich August von Hayek 5583:, ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: 5534:Boettke, P., Kroencke, J. 5280:10.1007/s12115-019-00369-2 4825:10.1007/s11127-020-00801-w 4804:Meadowcroft, John (2020). 4314:10.1007/s11127-020-00819-0 4250:10.4284/0038-4038-2013.303 4059:Arrow, Kenneth J. (1951). 3580:The Metaphysics of Liberty 2953:Virginia Political Economy 2897:Nutter, G. Warren (1969). 2682:Ludwig von Mises Institute 2588:Mont Pelerin Society (MPS) 1945:10.4135/9781412965811.n156 982:London School of Economics 679: 621:Logic of Collective Action 602:Public Choice Society and 516:Professional organizations 44:Buchanan in September 2010 18: 8178:Economists from Tennessee 8073: 8016: 7994: 7974: 7955: 7851: 7815: 7806: 7786: 7760: 7714: 7705: 7665: 7642:Journal of Social History 7635:Journal of Labor Research 7592: 7526: 7459: 7433: 7388: 7305: 7257:Antonin Scalia Law School 7249: 7137: 7118: 7093: 7062: 7043: 7019: 6988: 6769:Christopher A. Pissarides 6643: 6392: 6309: 6214: 6166: 6123: 6060: 6032: 5979: 5943: 5836: 5827: 5819: 5814: 5753:The Independent Institute 5028:10.1007/s11138-014-0290-8 4951:Southern Economic Journal 4908:10.1007/s11138-017-0410-3 4712:The Independent Institute 4689:(2008). "Public choice". 4645:10.1007/s10602-014-9183-x 4238:Southern Economic Journal 4203:Hayek, Friedrich (1941). 4167:10.1007/s10602-014-9165-z 3738:10.1080/10427710500509755 3077:10.1017/9781108571661.005 2869:The Independent Institute 2558:Horn, Karen Ilse (2009). 2153:Southern Economic Journal 1562:Liberty, Market and State 1358: 1352:National Humanities Medal 1322: 1234:We are all Keynesians now 1012:'s statement in his 1776 540:Charlottesville, Virginia 335:The Independent Institute 276:James McGill Buchanan Jr. 269: 258: 247: 221: 180: 168: 150: 136: 131: 127: 94: 75: 54:James McGill Buchanan Jr. 49: 37: 30: 8143:American Nobel laureates 8044:census-designated places 7614:Civil Rights Law Journal 5723:publications indexed by 5710:James M. Buchanan papers 5617:. Viking Press, 2017. 5601:Marciano, Alain. 2020. " 5188:MacLean, Nancy (2018) . 4439:American Economic Review 4308:(3). Springer: 461–477. 1880:American Economic Review 1599: 1391:professor and historian 1297:1973 Chilean coup d'état 1270:constitutional economics 1200:Dictionary of Economics, 1039:In his 1966 publication 878:constitutional economics 858:Antonio De Viti De Marco 741:Federal Trade Commission 610:With the publication of 483:Florida State University 357:Early life and education 145:Constitutional economics 8218:Public choice theorists 7935:Fredericksburg, City of 7621:George Mason Law Review 7242:George Mason University 5645:. Public Choice (2020). 5538:. Public Choice (2020). 4398:Vallier, Kevin (2021). 4356:Economics and Sociology 4232:Rubin, Paul H. (2014). 4096:10.1525/j.ctt1kc6k1p.21 3780:10.1023/A:1004907432335 3640:10.4000/oeconomia.10780 3228:Will, Kymlicka (1990). 3121:The Real James Buchanan 2266:Wicksell, Knut (1958). 1695:Lancaster, Pennsylvania 1512:Politics of Bureaucracy 1439:Personal life and death 1374:Nicolás Cachanosky and 1366:James E. Walker Library 1144:The Calculus of Consent 1123:The Calculus of Consent 1045:The Calculus of Consent 929:The Calculus of Consent 612:The Calculus of Consent 543:philosophical issues." 510:George Mason University 500:from 1968 to 1969, and 479:University of Tennessee 379:University of Tennessee 363:Murfreesboro, Tennessee 351:George Mason University 321:The Calculus of Consent 264:IDEAS / RePEc 155:George Mason University 108:University of Tennessee 68:Murfreesboro, Tennessee 8193:Libertarian economists 7918:Manassas Park, City of 7706:Principal cities (and 7467:Atlantic 10 Conference 7143:Nobel Prize recipients 7095:Physiology or Medicine 5702:Quotations related to 5474:on September 22, 2023. 5461:The Independent Review 4482:"Quotation of the day" 4206:Pure Theory of Capital 1420:who wrote a series of 1408:Boston Review of Books 1289:, and the individual. 1025:rational choice theory 978:Pure Theory of Capital 843:recession of 1960–1961 747:for then-US president 525:In 1956 Buchanan and 494:University of Virginia 411:attack on Pearl Harbor 389:Buchanan attended the 314:known for his work on 163:University of Virginia 8163:Cato Institute people 8138:American libertarians 8008:Northeast megalopolis 7891:Falls Church, City of 7472:George Mason Patriots 7111:(United States/Italy) 6490:James M. Buchanan Jr. 5792:James M. Buchanan Jr. 5687:Public Choice (2020). 5664:The First Fifty Years 5531:Public Choice (2020). 5138:on September 27, 2021 3450:. Fairfax, Virginia. 3350:– via ProQuest. 3152:Encyclopedia Virginia 1931:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 1584:(1), pp. 17–37. 1506:Selected publications 1500:new political economy 1085:The Limits of Liberty 1065:economics imperialism 996:Buchanan's 1969 work 847:Brookings Institution 789:Major research themes 569:Encyclopedia Virginia 427:University of Chicago 361:Buchanan was born in 117:University of Chicago 8040:unincorporated areas 7975:Other outlying areas 7957:District of Columbia 7787:District of Columbia 7584:Richard Norton Smith 7512:George Mason Stadium 7451:George Mason Stadium 7109:Rita Levi-Montalcini 6998:Dudley R. Herschbach 6753:Oliver E. Williamson 6383:Tjalling C. Koopmans 6237:Julian Lincoln Simon 6215:Business and finance 6206:Frank H. Easterbrook 6125:Public choice school 6062:New social economics 6034:New economic history 5956:Henry Calvert Simons 5683:Vanberg, V.J. J. M. 5627:Meadowcroft, John. 5518:Atkinson, Anthony B. 5342:10.1257/jel.20181502 4386:The Economic Journal 3869:. Fraser Institute. 3480:on February 17, 2003 3148:"Massive Resistance" 2594:on February 14, 2016 2411:Mont Pelerin Society 1529:Democracy in Deficit 1516:Public Affairs Press 1254:Democracy in Deficit 1119:public choice theory 1113:Public choice theory 1061:public choice theory 1029:utility maximization 866:public choice theory 723:Blacksburg, Virginia 447:Mont Pelerin Society 343:Mont Pelerin Society 316:public choice theory 226:Public choice theory 141:Public choice theory 87:Blacksburg, Virginia 8060:County of Arlington 7864:Alexandria, City of 7809:county equivalents) 7708:city-like entities) 7502:2006 Final Four Run 6781:Christopher A. Sims 6709:Thomas C. Schelling 6681:Robert F. Engle III 6582:Robert E. Lucas Jr. 6430:Theodore W. Schultz 6153:William A. Niskanen 5098:"James M. Buchanan" 4063:. New York: Wiley. 4031:Wagner, Richard E. 3836:. Lexington Books. 3546:oll.libertyfund.org 1939:. pp. 258–60. 1556:The Reason of Rules 1522:Academia in Anarchy 1384:Democracy in Chains 1220:Keynesian economics 1189:Heartland Institute 1106:Wall Street Journal 937:Calculus of Consent 835:Richard A. Musgrave 737:James C. Miller III 659:A Theory of Justice 496:from 1956 to 1968, 349:, and professor at 324:, co-authored with 242:Samaritan's dilemma 8024:county equivalents 7564:Walter E. Williams 7534:Gregory Washington 7482:Women's basketball 7295:College of Science 7272:School of Business 6697:Edward C. Prescott 6685:Clive W.J. Granger 6661:Joseph E. Stiglitz 6634:Daniel L. McFadden 6522:Harry M. Markowitz 6052:Robert M. Townsend 5794:on Nobelprize.org 5725:Microsoft Academic 5669:Reisman, David A. 5579:, pp. 40–51. 4963:10.1002/soej.12323 4388:, 116 (June), 2006 3990:on April 10, 2022. 2921:"About the Center" 2825:10.1007/BF00115751 2723:The New York Times 2618:Econ Journal Watch 2369:Charles W. Baird. 1718:Hoover Institution 1481:The New York Times 1462:working farm near 1167:Alexander Tabarrok 1075:In his 1975 book, 882:libertarian theory 876:, macroeconomics, 779:Pierre F. Goodrich 575:massive resistance 560:U.S. Supreme Court 403:United States Navy 341:, a member of the 337:as well as of the 8095: 8094: 8067: 8066: 7990: 7989: 7913:Manassas, City of 7802: 7801: 7601:The Fourth Estate 7554:James M. Buchanan 7516:The Green Machine 7207: 7206: 7128:James M. Buchanan 7120:Economic Sciences 6946: 6945: 6845:Richard H. Thaler 6809:Robert J. Shiller 6805:Lars Peter Hansen 6777:Thomas J. Sargent 6765:Dale T. Mortensen 6657:A. Michael Spence 6653:George A. Akerlof 6622:Robert A. Mundell 6590:James A. Mirrlees 6558:Douglass C. North 6530:William F. Sharpe 6482:Franco Modigliani 6458:George J. Stigler 6442:Lawrence R. Klein 6331:Paul A. Samuelson 6265: 6264: 6257:Lars Peter Hansen 6168:Law and economics 6133:James M. Buchanan 5846: 5845: 5837:Succeeded by 5823:Franco Modigliani 5787:Deirdre McCloskey 5721:James M. Buchanan 5704:James M. Buchanan 5629:James M. Buchanan 5558:Kasper, Sherryl. 4850:978-0-521-45146-8 4535:978-0-521-55654-5 4339:Political Economy 4132:978-1-137-42718-2 4087:The Dream Is Over 3876:978-0-88975-638-0 3843:978-1-4985-3907-4 3597:978-94-009-0901-4 3086:978-1-108-42897-2 2967:978-0-86597-520-0 2684:. July 30, 2014. 2569:978-1-84844-694-6 2320:978-0-86597-227-8 2295:978-0-255-36110-1 2252:978-0-226-07820-5 2225:978-0-8078-1014-9 2104:978-0-631-14918-7 2079:978-0-8447-3055-4 2046:978-0-8078-1014-9 1954:978-1-4129-6580-4 1782:978-0-472-06100-6 1672:978-1-58544-603-2 1534:Richard E. Wagner 1426:Volokh Conspiracy 1266:constitutionalism 1260:Constitutionalism 1252:. The 1977 book, 1250:Post-World War II 1248:in the 1930s and 1034:pareto efficiency 1027:, and individual 950:Lyndon B. Johnson 903:pareto efficiency 854:Maffeo Pantaleoni 828:Richard E. Wagner 811:benefit principle 730:Fairfax, Virginia 650:Jerome Rothenberg 579:Harry F. Byrd Sr. 492:He taught at the 487:Fulbright Scholar 399:Chester W. Nimitz 273: 272: 234:Benefit principle 32:James M. Buchanan 8245: 8087: 8081: 8080: 7965:Washington, D.C. 7886:Fairfax, City of 7813: 7812: 7712: 7711: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7669: 7668: 7477:Men's basketball 7441:President's Park 7243: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7211: 7210: 7145: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6950: 6949: 6939: 6931: 6929:Philip H. Dybvig 6912: 6893: 6891:Robert B. Wilson 6878: 6868:Abhijit Banerjee 6859: 6853:William Nordhaus 6847: 6839: 6827: 6819: 6811: 6795: 6793:Lloyd S. Shapley 6783: 6771: 6761:Peter A. Diamond 6755: 6743: 6735: 6733:Roger B. Myerson 6719: 6717:Edmund S. Phelps 6711: 6705:Robert J. Aumann 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6636: 6630:James J. Heckman 6624: 6616: 6608: 6606:Myron S. Scholes 6602:Robert C. Merton 6596: 6584: 6576: 6570:John F. Nash Jr. 6566:John C. Harsanyi 6560: 6548: 6540: 6532: 6526:Merton H. Miller 6516: 6508: 6500: 6492: 6484: 6476: 6468: 6460: 6452: 6444: 6436: 6434:Sir Arthur Lewis 6424: 6422:Herbert A. Simon 6416: 6404: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6359:Wassily Leontief 6353: 6351:Kenneth J. Arrow 6341: 6333: 6325: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6269: 6268: 6143:Randall Holcombe 6105:Sudhir Venkatesh 6014:Allan H. Meltzer 6009:Harry G. Johnson 6004:Phillip D. Cagan 5966:Theodore Schultz 5930: 5923: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5898: 5897: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5874: 5873: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5853: 5820:Preceded by 5812: 5811: 5807:Internet Archive 5799: 5779: 5774:(2nd ed.). 5716:Biography at GMU 5701: 5662:Pittard, Homer. 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5490:Badische Zeitung 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5458: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5336:(4): 1492–1537. 5321: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5223: 5212: 5211: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5163:library.mtsu.edu 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5134:. Archived from 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5082:. 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Archived from 2580: 2574: 2573: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2516: 2501: 2500: 2474: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2386: 2375: 2366: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2313:. Liberty Fund. 2306: 2300: 2299: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2032: 2019: 2018: 2010: 2001: 2000: 1999:. Econlib. 1958. 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1889: 1888: 1874: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1768: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1732: 1723: 1722: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1686: 1677: 1676: 1654: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1628: 1621: 1610: 1550:Geoffrey Brennan 1546:The Power to Tax 1491:Badische Zeitung 1469:Buchanan was an 1447:as a secretary. 1428:blog. In a 2018 1304:Salvador Allende 1294:Augusto Pinochet 1246:Great Depression 1242:deficit spending 1148:Anthony Atkinson 1137: 1002:opportunity cost 696:Leland B. Yeager 630:William H. Riker 536:Thomas Jefferson 527:G. Warren Nutter 455:Ludwig von Mises 395:Honolulu, Hawaii 367:John P. Buchanan 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 82: 63: 61: 42: 28: 27: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8083: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8012: 7986: 7970: 7951: 7847: 7843:Prince George's 7808: 7798: 7782: 7756: 7707: 7701: 7696: 7661: 7588: 7569:Vernon L. Smith 7522: 7519:Patriot Platoon 7507:EagleBank Arena 7455: 7446:EagleBank Arena 7429: 7384: 7313:Mercatus Center 7301: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7208: 7203: 7141: 7133: 7130:(United States) 7114: 7105:(United States) 7089: 7084:Heinrich Rohrer 7058: 7055:(United States) 7039: 7015: 7006:(United States) 7000:(United States) 6984: 6977: 6947: 6942: 6934: 6925:Douglas Diamond 6915: 6896: 6881: 6862: 6850: 6842: 6837:Bengt Holmström 6830: 6822: 6814: 6798: 6786: 6774: 6758: 6746: 6738: 6722: 6714: 6702: 6693:Finn E. Kydland 6690: 6678: 6673:Vernon L. Smith 6669:Daniel Kahneman 6666: 6650: 6639: 6627: 6619: 6611: 6599: 6594:William Vickrey 6587: 6579: 6574:Reinhard Selten 6563: 6554:Robert W. Fogel 6551: 6543: 6538:Ronald H. Coase 6535: 6519: 6514:Trygve Haavelmo 6511: 6503: 6498:Robert M. Solow 6495: 6487: 6479: 6471: 6463: 6455: 6447: 6439: 6427: 6419: 6407: 6402:Milton Friedman 6399: 6388: 6376: 6364: 6356: 6344: 6336: 6328: 6316: 6305: 6296: 6266: 6261: 6252:Campbell Harvey 6222:Harry Markowitz 6210: 6196:Richard Epstein 6162: 6119: 6095:Kevin M. Murphy 6056: 6028: 5989:Milton Friedman 5975: 5939: 5934: 5904: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5842: 5840:Robert M. Solow 5833: 5825: 5763: 5694: 5514: 5512:Further reading 5509: 5499: 5497: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5456: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5392:Washington Post 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5322: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5260: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5224: 5215: 5200: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5086:on May 1, 2011. 5078: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5006: 5002: 4997:Mercatus Center 4988: 4986: 4943: 4939: 4934:Mercatus Center 4925: 4923: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4837: 4833: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4755:10.2307/1953997 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4704: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4625: 4618: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4536: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4400:"Neoliberalism" 4396: 4392: 4379: 4375: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4349: 4333: 4329: 4294: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4057: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3981: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3928:10.2307/3440481 3908: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3866: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3830: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3760: 3753: 3722: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3690: 3689: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3633:(11–1): 49–76. 3623: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3572: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3516: 3500: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3422: 3397: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3257: 3242: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3087: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3032: 3015: 2999: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2968: 2960:. p. 450. 2956:. Vol. 1. 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2895: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2861: 2840: 2809: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2714: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2525:Washington Post 2517: 2504: 2489: 2475: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2378:Object.cato.org 2373: 2367: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2282: 2275: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2165:10.2307/1055931 2145: 2141: 2134:Cost and Choice 2130: 2126: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2066: 2062: 2047: 2033: 2022: 2011: 2004: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1955: 1917:Buchanan, James 1914: 1910: 1899: 1892: 1875: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1805: 1798: 1783: 1769: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1733: 1726: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1687: 1680: 1673: 1655: 1642: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1594:Social contract 1590: 1508: 1459:Washington Post 1455:Chicago Tribune 1441: 1422:Washington Post 1418:David Bernstein 1389:Duke University 1376:Edward J. Lopez 1361: 1325: 1262: 1238:Milton Friedman 1179:Mercatus Center 1175:John C. Calhoun 1129: 1115: 1097:Alan B. Krueger 998:Cost and Choice 968:. He published 862:Vilfredo Pareto 791: 757: 745:Budget Director 715: 692:Alexandre Kafka 684: 678: 608: 523: 518: 475: 473:Academic career 451:Friedrich Hayek 439:Milton Friedman 419: 387: 359: 283: 279: 240: 236: 232: 228: 217: 175:Virginia School 170: 161: 157: 143: 132:Academic career 115: 106: 90: 84: 80: 79:January 9, 2013 71: 65: 64:October 3, 1919 59: 57: 56: 55: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8251: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8036:Fredericksburg 8017: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8005: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7961: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7927: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7908:Prince William 7905: 7900: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7817: 7810: 7807:Counties (and 7804: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7695: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7605: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7559:Louise Shelley 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7418: 7413: 7411:Prince William 7408: 7403: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7237: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7214: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7124: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7106: 7099: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7068: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7049: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7030: 7028: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6994: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6953: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6937:Claudia Goldin 6932: 6913: 6906:Joshua Angrist 6894: 6879: 6876:Michael Kremer 6860: 6848: 6840: 6828: 6820: 6812: 6801:Eugene F. Fama 6796: 6784: 6772: 6756: 6744: 6736: 6729:Eric S. Maskin 6725:Leonid Hurwicz 6720: 6712: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6664: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6625: 6617: 6609: 6597: 6585: 6577: 6561: 6549: 6546:Gary S. Becker 6541: 6533: 6517: 6509: 6506:Maurice Allais 6501: 6493: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6461: 6453: 6445: 6437: 6425: 6417: 6414:James E. Meade 6405: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6374: 6362: 6354: 6342: 6334: 6326: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6295: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6247:Kenneth French 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6191:Richard Posner 6188: 6186:William Landes 6183: 6181:Aaron Director 6178: 6172: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6138:Gordon Tullock 6135: 6129: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6042:Douglass North 6038: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5971:George Stigler 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5903: 5902: 5890: 5888:Libertarianism 5878: 5866: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5835: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5800: 5789: 5780: 5761: 5755: 5746: 5741: 5732: 5727: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5693: 5692:External links 5690: 5689: 5688: 5681: 5667: 5660: 5648:Palda, Filip. 5646: 5639: 5625: 5609:MacLean, Nancy 5606: 5599: 5589:Cato Institute 5570: 5556: 5553: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5477: 5444: 5417: 5378: 5313: 5274:(3): 300–307. 5251: 5213: 5198: 5180: 5149: 5119: 5089: 5071: 5022:(3): 261–309. 5000: 4957:(3): 691–714. 4937: 4879: 4856: 4849: 4831: 4818:(3): 389–403. 4796: 4729: 4698: 4687:Gordon Tullock 4678: 4639:(3): 375–390. 4616: 4599: 4573:(4): 655–674. 4553: 4534: 4506: 4472: 4446:(4): 772–793. 4421: 4390: 4373: 4360: 4347: 4327: 4283: 4244:(4): 912–917. 4224: 4195: 4161:(3): 265–279. 4138: 4131: 4123:James Buchanan 4113: 4076: 4069: 4048: 4023: 3993: 3979: 3956: 3889: 3875: 3849: 3842: 3821: 3751: 3713: 3674: 3610: 3596: 3563: 3533: 3514: 3491: 3465: 3434: 3420: 3409:(2): 103–109. 3384: 3353: 3330:(4): 645–657. 3308: 3255: 3241:978-0198277248 3240: 3220: 3213: 3194: 3169: 3139: 3107: 3085: 3057: 3013: 2985: 2966: 2942: 2912: 2886: 2838: 2819:(2): 101–119. 2800: 2775: 2749: 2699: 2665: 2635: 2605: 2575: 2568: 2550: 2502: 2487: 2458: 2428: 2398: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2326: 2319: 2301: 2294: 2273: 2258: 2251: 2231: 2224: 2206: 2159:(3): 213–222. 2139: 2124: 2110: 2103: 2085: 2078: 2060: 2045: 2020: 2002: 1988: 1953: 1937:Cato Institute 1925:Hamowy, Ronald 1908: 1890: 1866: 1825:10.1086/256880 1819:(6): 496–505. 1796: 1781: 1758: 1724: 1700: 1678: 1671: 1640: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1572: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1543: 1537: 1525: 1519: 1507: 1504: 1440: 1437: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1341:Guatemala City 1333: 1324: 1321: 1261: 1258: 1114: 1111: 1059:. His work in 890:public finance 795:public finance 790: 787: 756: 753: 714: 711: 680:Main article: 677: 674: 634:Vincent Ostrom 607: 600: 583:Times-Dispatch 564:public schools 522: 519: 517: 514: 474: 471: 443:George Stigler 418: 415: 386: 383: 358: 355: 347:Cato Institute 326:Gordon Tullock 271: 270: 267: 266: 256: 255: 249: 245: 244: 223: 219: 218: 216: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 184: 182: 178: 177: 172: 169:School or 166: 165: 152: 148: 147: 138: 134: 133: 129: 128: 125: 124: 96: 92: 91: 85: 83:(aged 93) 77: 73: 72: 66: 53: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8250: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8088: 8086: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8061: 8057: 8054:in Maryland, 8053: 8049: 8048:Silver Spring 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7954: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7805: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7722:Silver Spring 7720: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7688: 7686: 7681: 7679: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7579:Roger Wilkins 7577: 7575: 7574:Jim Larranaga 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7544:Ángel Cabrera 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7235: 7230: 7228: 7223: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7103:Stanley Cohen 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7086:(Switzerland) 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6982: 6974: 6969: 6967: 6962: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6938: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6846: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6826: 6821: 6818: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6789:Alvin E. Roth 6785: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6749:Elinor Ostrom 6745: 6742: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6718: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6631: 6626: 6623: 6618: 6615: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6583: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6547: 6542: 6539: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6515: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6499: 6494: 6491: 6486: 6483: 6478: 6475: 6474:Richard Stone 6470: 6467: 6466:Gérard Debreu 6462: 6459: 6454: 6451: 6446: 6443: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6426: 6423: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6403: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6367:Gunnar Myrdal 6363: 6360: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6347:John R. Hicks 6343: 6340: 6339:Simon Kuznets 6335: 6332: 6327: 6324: 6323:Jan Tinbergen 6320: 6319:Ragnar Frisch 6315: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6288: 6286: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232:Merton Miller 6230: 6228: 6227:Myron Scholes 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6148:Anthony Downs 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6110:Steven Levitt 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6090:Sherwin Rosen 6088: 6086: 6085:Thomas Sowell 6083: 6081: 6080:James Heckman 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6019:David Laidler 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994:Anna Schwartz 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5931: 5926: 5924: 5919: 5917: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5865: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5841: 5832: 5831: 5824: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5686: 5682: 5680: 5679:9780333476390 5676: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5659: 5658:9780987788078 5655: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5638: 5637:9781501301513 5634: 5630: 5626: 5624: 5623:9781101980965 5620: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5597:9781412965804 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5581:Ronald Hamowy 5578: 5574: 5573:Leeson, Peter 5571: 5569: 5568:9781840646061 5565: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:9783642075513 5548: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5318: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5256: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5199:9781101980972 5195: 5191: 5184: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4935: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4884: 4872: 4871: 4863: 4861: 4852: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4811:Public Choice 4807: 4800: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4603: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4425: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4367:R. Swedberg, 4364: 4357: 4351: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4335:Peter Boettke 4331: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302:Public Choice 4299: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4199: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4080: 4072: 4070:0-300-01364-7 4066: 4062: 4055: 4053: 4034: 4027: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3986: 3982: 3980:0-87014-303-4 3976: 3969: 3968: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3878: 3872: 3865: 3864: 3856: 3854: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768:Public Choice 3765: 3758: 3756: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3718: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3521: 3517: 3515:9781461459095 3511: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3496: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3427: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3216: 3214:0-674-53751-3 3210: 3206: 3205: 3198: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3114: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3061: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3003: 2995: 2989: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2946: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2891: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2813:Public Choice 2807: 2805: 2789: 2788:Virginia Tech 2785: 2779: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2571: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2340: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2269: 2262: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2235: 2227: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2135: 2128: 2120: 2114: 2106: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2016: 2009: 2007: 1998: 1992: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1904: 1897: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1873: 1871: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1801: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1729: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1705: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1674: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1633:September 24, 1625: 1618: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1486:public choice 1483: 1482: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1394: 1393:Nancy MacLean 1390: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1299:that deposed 1298: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1110: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1023:incorporated 1020: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1005: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 962: 960: 955: 954:Great Society 951: 946: 941: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925: 919: 915: 911: 908: 904: 900: 899: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 825: 820: 815: 812: 807: 802: 800: 796: 786: 784: 780: 776: 773: 769: 764: 762: 752: 750: 749:Ronald Reagan 746: 743:(FTC) and as 742: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 720: 710: 708: 707: 701: 697: 693: 689: 683: 673: 671: 670:Public Choice 667: 666: 661: 660: 655: 651: 647: 646:Roland McKean 643: 639: 638:Anthony Downs 635: 631: 627: 623: 622: 617: 613: 605: 604:Public Choice 599: 596: 595:Arthur Seldon 592: 587: 584: 580: 576: 572: 570: 565: 561: 558: 553: 548: 544: 541: 537: 533: 528: 513: 511: 506: 503: 502:Virginia Tech 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 470: 468: 467:Knut Wicksell 463: 461: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 414: 412: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 331: 327: 323: 322: 317: 313: 307: 277: 268: 265: 261: 257: 253: 250: 246: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 224: 222:Contributions 220: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 183: 179: 176: 173: 167: 164: 160: 159:Virginia Tech 156: 153: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 130: 126: 122: 118: 113: 109: 104: 100: 97: 93: 88: 78: 74: 69: 52: 48: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 8084: 8032:Falls Church 7930:Spotsylvania 7925:Rappahannock 7742:Gaithersburg 7654: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7599: 7553: 7497:Men's Soccer 7173: 7127: 7034:Wole Soyinka 7010:John Polanyi 6921:Ben Bernanke 6910:Guido Imbens 6887:Paul Milgrom 6872:Esther Duflo 6825:Angus Deaton 6741:Paul Krugman 6644:2001–present 6489: 6410:Bertil Ohlin 6176:Ronald Coase 6158:Bryan Caplan 6132: 6115:Roland Fryer 6100:John A. List 6070:Jacob Mincer 6047:Robert Fogel 6024:Scott Sumner 5999:Karl Brunner 5951:Frank Knight 5828: 5776:Liberty Fund 5765: 5706:at Wikiquote 5670: 5663: 5649: 5628: 5612: 5576: 5559: 5542: 5521: 5498:. Retrieved 5489: 5480: 5469:the original 5464: 5460: 5447: 5435:. Retrieved 5420: 5408:. Retrieved 5391: 5381: 5369:. Retrieved 5333: 5329: 5304:. Retrieved 5271: 5267: 5242:. Retrieved 5231: 5189: 5183: 5171:. Retrieved 5162: 5152: 5140:. Retrieved 5136:the original 5132:www.mtsu.edu 5131: 5122: 5110:. Retrieved 5101: 5092: 5084:the original 5074: 5062:. Retrieved 5037:10419/149724 5019: 5013: 5003: 4987:. Retrieved 4954: 4950: 4940: 4924:. Retrieved 4899: 4895: 4869: 4840: 4834: 4815: 4809: 4799: 4787:. Retrieved 4746: 4742: 4732: 4720:. Retrieved 4711: 4701: 4690: 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4636: 4632: 4609: 4602: 4590:. Retrieved 4570: 4566: 4556: 4544:. Retrieved 4516: 4509: 4497:. Retrieved 4485: 4475: 4463:. Retrieved 4443: 4437: 4424: 4412:. 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