1416:
1317:
1226:
1217:, citing the need to strengthen its conventional capabilities. He rejected the old assumption that NATO did not need a direct counter to Warsaw Pact conventional forces because it could rely on tactical and strategic nuclear weapons, noting that the approximate nuclear parity between the United States and the Soviets in the 1970s made this stand inappropriate. He rejected the argument that NATO could not afford a conventional counterweight to Warsaw Pact forces. In his discussions with NATO leaders, Schlesinger promoted the concept of burden-sharing, stressing the troubles that the United States faced in the mid-1970s because of an unfavorable balance of international payments. He urged qualitative improvements in NATO forces, including equipment standardization, and an increase in defense spending by NATO governments of up to five percent of their gross national product.
1486:
1194:
deterrence." He had grave doubts about the assured destruction strategy, which relied on massive nuclear attacks against an enemy's urban-industrial areas. Credible strategic nuclear deterrence, the secretary felt, depended on fulfilling several conditions: maintaining essential equivalence with the Soviet Union in force effectiveness; maintaining a highly survivable force that could be withheld or targeted against an enemy's economic base in order to deter coercive or desperation attacks against U.S. population or economic targets; establishing a fast-response force that could act to deter additional enemy attacks; and establishing a range of capabilities sufficient to convince all nations that the United States was equal to its strongest competitors.
1390:
1461:, Ford let the incident go, but when Schlesinger committed further insubordination on other matters, Ford fired him. Woodward observes, "The United States had just lost a war for the first time. That the president and the secretary of defense could not agree on who was in charge was appalling. unpublicized breakdown in the military chain of command was perhaps the most significant scandal of the Ford presidency." Schlesinger had also disobeyed Ford when told to send as many military aircraft as possible to evacuate South Vietnam. Schlesinger disagreed with doing so and did not send the aircraft. Woodward says that an elected president, which Ford was not, would never have tolerated the insubordination.
3451:
31:
3550:
4146:
3314:
3055:
1871:, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Presidents Trump and Biden. According to the news outlet Slate, in 1974 "Schlesinger told Brown," then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, "to call him if he received any unusual orders from Nixon. Brown then told all the four-star officers in charge of the various military commands (including Strategic Air Command, which then had control of nuclear weapons) that they were not to carry out any 'execute orders' from the president unless Brown and Schlesinger first verified the orders." Senator
1407:; and Defense spending amounted to about 17 percent of total national expenditures, the lowest since before the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941. Armed with these statistics, and alarmed by continuing Soviet weapon advances, Schlesinger became a vigorous advocate of larger DoD budgets. But he had little success. For FY 1975, Congress provided TOA of $ 86.1 billion, compared with $ 81.6 billion in FY 1974; for FY 1976, the amount was $ 95.6 billion, an increase of 3.4 percent, but in real terms slightly less than it had been in FY 1955.
1198:
chances of uncontrolled escalation" and "hit meaningful targets" without causing widespread collateral damage. The nation's assured destruction force would be withheld in the hope that the enemy would not attack U.S. cities. In rejecting assured destruction, Schlesinger quoted
President Nixon: "Should a President, in the event of a nuclear attack, be left with the single option of ordering the mass destruction of enemy civilians, in the face of the certainty that it would be followed by the mass slaughter of Americans?"
1277:
arrangements, the United States took up the burden. According to Henry
Kissinger, with the president's authority, the directive was made to resupply Israel with the needed equipment and eliminate State Department delay. "It was alleged that the airlift was deliberately delayed as a maneuver to pressure Israel." Schlesinger rejected charges that the Defense Department delayed the resupply effort to avoid irritating the Arab states and that he had had a serious disagreement over this matter with Secretary of State
3159:
1558:
1478:
429:
4701:
1381:, an unarmed U.S.-registered freighter. The United States bombarded military and fuel installations on the Cambodian mainland while Marines landed by helicopter on an offshore island to rescue the crew. The 39 captives were retrieved, but the operation cost the lives of 41 U.S. military personnel. Nevertheless, the majority of the American people seemed to approve of the administration's decisive action.
1465:
forces and devoted himself to modernization of defense policies and programs. He got along well with the military leadership because he proposed to give them more resources, consulted with them regularly, and shared many of their views. Because he was a forthright speaker who could be blunt in his opinions and did not enjoy the personal rapport with legislators that prior
Secretary of Defense
1895:, with Grassley saying: "Pulling a Milley is a very different kettle of fish. A four-star general can't 'pull a Schlesinger'. Schlesinger was at the top of the chain of command, just below the President. He kept the President's constitutional command authority firmly in civilian hands. Milley allegedly placed military hands—his hands—on controls that belong exclusively to the President."
1437:
the
Defense budget. On 2 November 1975, the president dismissed Schlesinger and made other personnel changes. Kissinger lost his position as special assistant to the President for national security affairs but remained as Secretary of State. Schlesinger left office on 19 November 1975, explaining his departure in terms of his budgetary differences with the White House.
1296:. When the fighting stopped, the Turks held the northern portion of country and about 40 percent of the island. Turkey's military action caused controversy in the United States, because of protests and lobbying by supporters of the Greek Cypriot side and, officially, because Turkish forces used some U.S.-supplied military equipment intended solely for NATO purposes.
1398:
game of cutting defense outlays, this process, that seems to have become addictive, of chopping away year after year." Shortly after he took office, he complained about "the post-war follies" of
Defense budget-cutting. Later he outlined the facts about the DoD budget: In real terms it had been reduced by one-third since FY 1968; it was one-eighth below the pre-
1756:
Rachel
Schlesinger was an accomplished violinist and board member of the Arlington Symphony. In the early 1990s, she was a leader in the fundraising effort to create a premier performing arts center on the Virginia side of the Potomac River. She died from cancer before seeing the center's completion.
1660:
In 2007, NASA Administrator
Michael Griffin appointed Schlesinger to be the Chairman of the National Space-based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Advisory Board. The "PNT Board" is composed of recognized Global Positioning System (GPS) experts from outside the U.S. government that advise the
1436:
process, while
Schlesinger wanted assurances that arms control agreements would not put the United States in a strategic position inferior to the Soviet Union. The secretary's harsh criticism of some congressional leaders dismayed President Ford, who was more willing than Schlesinger to compromise on
1185:
belongs to us, not to our competitors." In particular, Schlesinger saw a need in the post-Vietnam era to restore the morale and prestige of the military services; modernize strategic doctrine and programs; step up research and development; and shore up a DoD budget that had been declining since 1968.
1712:
issue and supports facing it. In the keynote speech at a 2007 conference hosted by the
Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas in Cork, Schlesinger said that oil industry executives now privately concede that the world faces an imminent oil production peak. In his 2010 ASPO-USA keynote speech,
1423:
Schlesinger's insistence on higher defense budgets, his disagreements within the administration and with
Congress on this issue, and his differences with Secretary of State Kissinger all contributed to his dismissal by President Ford in November 1975. Schlesinger's legacy included the development of
1397:
Unsurprisingly, given his determination to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, Schlesinger devoted much time and effort to the Defense budget. Even before becoming secretary, in a speech in San Francisco in September 1972, he warned that it was time "to call a halt to the self-defeating
1464:
In spite of the controversy surrounding both his tenure and dismissal, Schlesinger was by most accounts an able secretary of defense. A serious and perceptive thinker on nuclear strategy, he was determined that the United States not fall seriously behind the Soviet Union in conventional and nuclear
1209:
missile installations, avoiding initial attacks on population centers, and minimizing unintended collateral damage. He explicitly disavowed any intention to acquire a destabilizing first-strike capability against the USSR. But he wanted "an offensive capability of such size and composition that all
1197:
To meet these needs, Schlesinger built on existing ideas in developing a flexible response nuclear strategy, which, with the President's approval, he made public by early 1974. The United States, Schlesinger said, needed the ability, in the event of a nuclear attack, to respond so as to "limit the
1666:
On June 5, 2008, Defense Secretary Robert Gates appointed Schlesinger to head a task force to ensure the "highest levels" of control over nuclear weapons. The purpose of the review was to prevent a repeat of recent incidents where control was lost over components of nuclear weapons, and even over
1180:
Shortly after assuming office, Schlesinger outlined the basic objectives that would guide his administration: maintain a "strong defense establishment"; "assure the military balance so necessary to deterrence and a more enduring peace"; obtain for members of the military "the respect, dignity and
1347:
in the spring of 1973, the United States continued to maintain a military presence in other areas of Southeast Asia. Some senators criticized Schlesinger and questioned him sharply during his confirmation hearings in June 1973 after he stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in
1173:
1193:
to virtual nuclear parity with the United States and the effect this development had on the concept of deterrence. Schlesinger believed that "deterrence is not a substitute for defense; defense capabilities, representing the potential for effective counteraction, are the essential condition of
1402:
FY 1964 budget; purchases of equipment, consumables, and R&D were down 45 percent from the wartime peak and about $ 10 billion in constant dollars below the prewar level; Defense now absorbed about 6 percent of the gross national product, the lowest percentage since before the Korean War;
1154:
Schlesinger was extremely unpopular with CIA staff, as he reduced CIA staff by 7%, and was considered a Nixon loyalist seeking to make the agency more obedient to Nixon. He had a CCTV camera installed near his official portrait at the CIA headquarters in Langley, Va., as it was believed that
1648:
of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials. On January 31, 2006, he was appointed by the Secretary of State to be a member of the Arms Control and Nonproliferation Advisory Board. On May 2, 2006, he was named to be a
1263:
Schlesinger had an abiding interest in strategic theory, but he also had to deal with a succession of immediate crises that tested his administrative and political skills. In October 1973, three months after he took office, Arab countries launched a surprise attack on Israel and started the
1276:
materiel to Israel. As Schlesinger explained, the initial U.S. policy to avoid direct involvement rested on the assumption that Israel would win quickly. But when it became clear that the Israelis faced more formidable military forces than anticipated, and could not meet their own resupply
1761:, Alexandria Campus opened in September, 2001. It is an up-to-date building that features the Mary Baker Collier Theatre, the Margaret W. and Joseph L. Fisher Art Gallery, the Wachovia Forum and Seminar Room spaces. Clients of the Schlesinger Center include the Alexandria Symphony, the
1516:
As Energy Secretary, Schlesinger launched the Department's Carbon Dioxide Effects and Assessment Program shortly after the creation of that department in 1977. Secretary Schlesinger also oversaw the integration of the energy powers of more than 50 agencies, such as the
1512:
in October 1977. According to one account, "Schlesinger impressed candidate Jimmy Carter with his brains, his high-level experience... and with secrets regarding the defense spending vacillations of his old boss, Ford, just in time for the presidential debates."
1225:
1776:
Schlesinger worked consistently with distinction long after his government and academic experiences, serving on numerous governmental advisory boards until only weeks before his death at the age of 85. He was buried at Ferncliff Cemetery in Springfield, Ohio.
1307:
made it clear with two presidential vetoes that they favored continued military assistance to Turkey as a valued NATO ally, but Congress overrode both vetoes and in December 1974 prohibited such aid, which instituted an arms embargo that lasted five years.
1268:. A few days after the war started, with Israel not faring as well as expected militarily, the Soviets resupplying some Arab countries and the Israeli government having authorized the use and assembly of nuclear weapons, the United States began an
1181:
support that are their due"; assume "an . . . obligation to use our citizens' resources wisely"; and "become increasingly competitive with potential adversaries.... e must not be forced out of the market on land, at sea, or in the air.
1163:
Schlesinger left the CIA to become Secretary of Defense on July 2, aged 44. As a university professor, researcher at Rand, and government official in three agencies, he had acquired an impressive resume in national security affairs.
1879:'when President Nixon faced a crisis over impeachment and resignation, Secretary of Defense Schlesinger feared he might order an unprovoked nuclear strike,' he continued. 'So he reportedly took extralegal steps to prevent it.
1732:
announced that he had asked Schlesinger to lead a senior-level task force to recommend improvements in the stewardship and operation of nuclear weapons, delivery vehicles and sensitive components by the US DoD following the
1139:(AEC) and designated him as chairman. Serving in this position for about a year and a half, Schlesinger instituted extensive organizational and management changes in an effort to improve the AEC's regulatory performance.
1745:
In 1954, Schlesinger married Rachel Line Mellinger (1930–1995); they had eight children: Cora (1955), Charles (1956), Ann (1958), William (1959), Emily (1961), Thomas (1964), Clara (1966) and James (1970).
1529:, "Carter fired Schlesinger in 1979 in part for the same reason Gerald Ford had—he was unbearably arrogant and impatient with lesser minds who disagreed with him, and hence inept at dealing with Congress."
1938:
When Jimmy Carter became president in January 1977 he appointed Schlesinger, a Republican, as his special adviser on energy and subsequently as the first head of the new Department of Energy in October
1281:. Eventually the combatants agreed to a cease-fire, but not before the Soviet Union threatened to intervene on the Arab side and the United States declared a higher level worldwide alert of its forces.
1504:
After leaving the Pentagon, Schlesinger wrote and spoke forcefully about national security issues, especially the Soviet threat and the need for the United States to maintain adequate defenses. When
5266:
2532:
5246:
2513:
1469:
had, his relations with Congress were often strained. A majority of its members may have approved Schlesinger's strategic plans, but they kept a tight rein on the money for his programs.
1549:
The note encouraged then President Carter to dismiss the issue, and therefore contributed to the long-held dismissal of climate-related discourse and action within the US government.
5201:
5088:
4494:
3965:
2399:
Reinhardt retired in 1976. Today, he is treasurer of the McLean- based OSS Society, which lists President H.W. Bush, Ross Perot and James R. Schlesinger as honorary chairmen.
3345:
1299:
He felt the Turks had overstepped the bounds of legitimate NATO interests in Cyprus and suggested that the United States might have to reexamine its military aid program to
1451:. Schlesinger told Ford the first strike was carried out, but Ford later learned that Schlesinger, who disagreed with the order, had none of them carried out. According to
1284:
Another crisis flared in July 1974 within the NATO alliance when Turkish forces, concerned about the long-term lack of safety for the minority Turkish community, invaded
1593:
2664:
4929:
4385:
3850:
2634:
1419:
Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger with President Gerald R. Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger during a briefing at The White House, November 1974.
2635:"Stop Him Before He Writes Again: Will someone please make James Schlesinger disclose his energy-industry ties next time he writes an anti-global warming op-ed?"
1415:
1316:
1757:
After her death, Dr. Schlesinger donated $ 1 million to have the center named in his wife's memory. The Rachel M. Schlesinger Concert Hall and Arts Center at
5211:
5186:
1734:
4910:
4885:
4360:
3819:
2015:
1189:
Analyzing strategy, Schlesinger maintained that the theory and practice of the 1950s and 1960s had been overtaken by events, particularly the rise of the
5191:
949:
3450:
2595:
3338:
5063:
4475:
2135:
2645:
2029:
1962:
2540:
1566:
5196:
610:
2486:
5276:
5261:
5206:
1693:
1248:
572:
5281:
5226:
3331:
2274:
1661:
Deputy Secretary level PNT Executive Committee in their oversight management of the GPS constellation and its governmental augmentations.
1545:
My view is that the policy implications of this issue are still too uncertain to warrant Presidential involvement and policy initiatives.
3063:
2938:
2250:
1440:
The main reason behind Schlesinger's dismissal, though at the time unreported, was his insubordination toward President Ford. During the
1508:
became president in January 1977 he appointed Schlesinger, a Republican, as his special adviser on energy and subsequently as the first
5231:
5176:
2566:
5216:
5113:
4954:
4410:
3875:
1929:
1911:
1597:
1241:
883:
492:
4645:
2157:
1586:
878:
480:
5286:
4803:
4734:
4242:
4173:
3707:
3583:
3482:
5271:
4822:
4273:
4084:
3732:
2841:
2692:
1425:
1303:. During this time, President Gerald R. Ford had succeeded Nixon after his resignation; eventually Ford and Secretary of State
1136:
1068:
225:
1561:
Schlesinger at the Pentagon in 2004, as Chairman of the Independent Panel to Review Department of Defense Detention Operations
1111:, where he earned a B.A. (1950), M.A. (1952), and Ph.D. (1956) in economics. Between 1955 and 1963 he taught economics at the
5256:
2207:
1994:
1892:
1608:
1429:
1324:
1233:
1072:
1048:. Prior to becoming Secretary of Defense, he served as Chair of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from 1971 to 1973, and as
504:
2378:
1565:
After leaving the Energy Department, Schlesinger resumed his writing and speaking career, including the 1994 lecture at the
5004:
2832:
2650:
5291:
4841:
4767:
4681:
4298:
4120:
3757:
3518:
3233:
1758:
1631:
1485:
1012:
2903:
1773:, the New Dominion Chorale, the American Balalaika Symphony, Festivals of Music, various ethnic groups and many others.
5241:
5236:
4759:
4192:
3620:
3148:
3139:
2755:
2230:
1627:
1320:
1229:
1214:
1037:
104:
2639:
2431:
5251:
4979:
3354:
2792:
1795:
1509:
1489:
1063:
While Secretary of Defense, he opposed amnesty for draft resisters and pressed for development of more sophisticated
1053:
982:
917:
460:
46:
4866:
4709:
4329:
4154:
3788:
3688:
3558:
2946:
2934:
2719:
2413:
1574:
1360:, the United States could do little to help the South Vietnamese, who collapsed completely as the North Vietnamese
1049:
346:
161:
1356:
if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam. However, when the North Vietnamese began their
5038:
4450:
3934:
3915:
1433:
1132:
1389:
5221:
4778:
4658:
4217:
4097:
3651:
3495:
2925:
1135:, devoting most of his time to Defense matters. In 1971, President Nixon appointed Schlesinger a member of the
1837:
The Political Economy of National Security; A Study of the Economic Aspects of the Contemporary Power Struggle
3591:
2783:
1518:
83:
2596:"Milley still hasn't responded to Banks, Grassley letter with questions on 'commitment to civilian control'"
2379:"Group preserves legacy of OSS, predecessor to CIA; Original intelligence agency laid groundwork for others"
5132:
4654:
4638:
4424:
4093:
3491:
901:
1696:. He was also on the advisory board of GeoSynFuels, LLC. Schlesinger penned a number of opinion pieces on
5181:
3475:
3106:
933:
509:
455:
4550:
4525:
4077:
3996:
2036:
1969:
1457:
928:
911:
2067:
1541:
entitled "Release of Fossil CO2 and the Possibility of a Catastrophic Climate Change", his note read:
4022:
3827:
2622:
1888:
1864:
1762:
1681:
1649:
co-chairman of a Defense Science Board study on DOD Energy Strategy. He was an honorary chairman of
30:
3076:
2825:
2231:
The powers that shouldn't be; five Washington insiders the next Democratic president shouldn't hire
1884:
1522:
2347:
1600:
called "The Global Positioning System: Charting the Future" The report advocated for the opening
1525:. In July 1979, Carter replaced him as part of a broader Cabinet shakeup. According to journalist
4937:
4918:
4899:
4631:
4508:
4010:
3460:
3313:
2964:
2623:
Annotated Bibliography for James R. Schlesinger from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
1770:
1766:
1570:
1537:
On July 7, 1977 Schlesinger read and attached a note to a memo about the catastrophic effects of
1365:
1328:
1237:
1005:
829:
577:
486:
465:
4623:
2810:
2199:
2192:
4893:
4062:
3468:
3132:
2282:
2235:
1269:
1112:
959:
498:
2476:, "Moseley and Wynne forced out", Shanker, "2 Leaders Ousted From Air Force in Atomic Errors".
1950:
1737:. Members of the task force came from the Defense Policy Board and the Defense Science Board.
4742:
4070:
1676:
1357:
1210:
will perceive it as in overall balance with the strategic forces of any potential opponent."
669:
1641:
In 2004, he served as chairman to the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations.
5171:
5166:
4399:
3188:
3029:
2861:
1635:
592:
402:
8:
5121:
4599:
4582:
4256:
3665:
3395:
3198:
2969:
2933:
2855:
2818:
1293:
1147:
Schlesinger was CIA Director from February 2, 1973, to July 2, 1973. He was succeeded by
966:
806:
621:
549:
470:
2030:"James R. Schlesinger Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress"
1963:"James R. Schlesinger Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress"
544:
5012:
4993:
4792:
4576:
4343:
4134:
3740:
3385:
3370:
3178:
3117:
3019:
2918:
2802:
2775:
2098:
1689:
1654:
1108:
1104:
998:
974:
780:
714:
475:
390:
96:
79:
3323:
2567:"New Revelations About Trump's Final Days in Office Raise a Much More Urgent Question"
5071:
5052:
4748:
4558:
4483:
4464:
4393:
4368:
4349:
4318:
4306:
4034:
3979:
3948:
3864:
3839:
3833:
3802:
3777:
3771:
3671:
3634:
3566:
3440:
3238:
3218:
3125:
3009:
3004:
2748:
2729:
2629:
2203:
2102:
2090:
2009:
1840:
1826:
1812:
1798:
1791:
1717:
debate was over. He warned of political inaction as a major hindrance, like those in
1441:
1377:
1092:
641:
636:
539:
434:
418:
216:
192:
141:
5140:
4968:
4855:
4849:
4607:
4514:
4374:
4337:
4262:
4225:
4181:
3858:
3808:
3696:
3677:
3659:
3609:
3390:
3375:
3258:
3183:
3173:
3014:
2879:
2684:
2082:
1582:
1123:, where he worked until 1969, in the later years as director of strategic studies.
1120:
795:
631:
582:
394:
306:
258:
3400:
2472:
US DoD, "DoD News Briefing with Secretary Gates from the Pentagon", June 5, 2008,
1674:, having served on it from 1985 until his death in 2014; on the advisory board of
1131:
In 1969, Schlesinger joined the Nixon administration as assistant director of the
4830:
4533:
4418:
4206:
4162:
4028:
4004:
3889:
3572:
3435:
3410:
3405:
3380:
3268:
3228:
3203:
3193:
3168:
3091:
2959:
2765:
2435:
2417:
2386:
2304:
2161:
1304:
1278:
873:
835:
719:
709:
684:
587:
153:
1951:
Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency – W. Thomas Smith – Google Books
5102:
4689:
4287:
4231:
3923:
3243:
3208:
3086:
3034:
2984:
2979:
2873:
1872:
1722:
1697:
1685:
1623:
1538:
1364:
in late April. Schlesinger announced early in the morning of 29 April 1975 the
1361:
1343:
occurred during Schlesinger's tenure. Although all U.S. combat forces had left
1265:
1252:
1096:
1064:
1033:
922:
765:
699:
694:
674:
626:
534:
398:
2086:
5160:
4943:
4723:
4588:
4502:
4312:
4250:
3985:
3942:
3883:
3796:
3765:
3721:
3603:
3597:
3498:
3415:
3263:
2999:
2989:
2954:
2911:
2867:
2712:
2227:
2094:
1619:
1578:
1526:
1349:
1344:
1244:
1148:
1084:
1041:
906:
840:
785:
775:
742:
737:
664:
646:
554:
302:
246:
204:
182:
125:
3158:
1368:
by helicopter of the last U.S. diplomatic, military and civilian personnel.
5096:
5077:
4874:
4811:
4786:
4661:
4570:
4046:
4016:
3973:
3715:
3628:
3425:
3303:
3278:
3273:
3213:
3081:
3039:
3024:
2974:
2891:
2702:
2428:
2410:
1860:
1729:
1612:
1505:
1493:
1466:
1452:
1332:
1202:
1190:
1091:
parents, Rhea Lillian (née Rogen) and Julius Schlesinger. His mother was a
1088:
1057:
863:
800:
770:
270:
67:
2348:"Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations"
1662:
1371:
Only one other notable event remained in the Indochina drama. In May 1975
4962:
4717:
4539:
4100:
3538:
3526:
3283:
3248:
3101:
3096:
3071:
3044:
2844:
2446:
1868:
1802:
1750:
1650:
1645:
1497:
1399:
1372:
1340:
1256:
1182:
1100:
1045:
941:
790:
747:
689:
129:
1844:
1816:
5046:
4564:
4040:
3430:
3420:
3298:
3293:
3288:
2487:"James R. Schlesinger, Willful Aide To Three Presidents, Is Dead at 85"
2326:
1692:, Seven Seas Petroleum Company, chairman of the executive committee of
1557:
1477:
1404:
704:
616:
2655:
2327:"Former Defense Secretary Offers Insight Into 9/11 Commission Inquiry"
2251:"The 1977 White House climate memo that should have changed the world"
2160:, Counterproliferation Paper No. 2, USAF Counterproliferation Center,
4281:
3746:
3253:
1904:
1830:
1029:
868:
825:
679:
323:
1765:, "The President's Own", and the U.S. Marine Chamber Orchestra, the
1930:"James R. Schlesinger – Richard Nixon / Gerald Ford Administration"
1912:"James R. Schlesinger – Richard Nixon / Gerald Ford Administration"
1875:
recently called these actions "extralegal". According to Grassley,
1714:
1709:
1448:
1172:
428:
327:
3490:
4653:
4458:
3954:
2840:
1995:"MITRE – About Us – Board of Trustees – Dr. James R. Schlesinger"
1718:
1288:
after the Cypriot National Guard, supported by the government of
1273:
5267:
Nixon administration personnel involved in the Watergate scandal
4092:
2447:
We are all peakists now – Schlesinger | David Strahan | Articles
1823:
Defense Planning and Budgeting: The Issue of Centralized Control
2659:
1300:
1289:
1285:
1749:
Though raised in a Jewish household, Schlesinger converted to
1611:
in support of the creation of a commission to investigate the
2668:
2459:
2158:"The Third Temple's Holy of Holies: Israel's Nuclear Weapons"
1671:
1825:. Washington: Industrial College of the Armed Forces, 1968.
5247:
Jewish American members of the Cabinet of the United States
1403:
military manpower was at the lowest point since before the
1353:
1206:
1155:
vandalism of the portrait by disgruntled staff was likely.
2514:"James R. Schlesinger, CIA chief and Cabinet member, dies"
1099:
and his father's family was from Austria. He converted to
1028:(February 15, 1929 – March 27, 2014) was an American
2355:
1607:
On February 8, 2002, he appeared at a hearing before the
1601:
3147:
1644:
On January 5, 2006, he participated in a meeting at the
3353:
2138:. Historical Office, Office Of The Secretary Of Defense
1887:
and Grassley distinguish the actions of Schlesinger as
1103:
in his early twenties. Schlesinger was educated at the
5202:
Chairmen of the United States Atomic Energy Commission
1934:
Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office
1916:
Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office
1075:) helped ensure that they were carried to completion.
2457:
1735:
2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident
1670:
Schlesinger was chairman of the Board of Trustees of
2068:"Nixon's Axe Man: CIA Director James R. Schlesinger"
1596:(NAPA). They wrote a report in conjunction with the
1581:. He advised Congressman and presidential candidate
1410:
1205:
policy, emphasizing Soviet military targets such as
1052:
for a few months in 1973. He became America's first
1769:, "Pershing's Own", and the U.S. Army Strings, the
1447:, Ford ordered several retaliatory strikes against
1220:
1201:With this approach, Schlesinger moved to a partial
1158:
2191:
1472:
2533:"Former Defense Secretary James Schlesinger dies"
1811:. Manhattan, Kan: Kansas State University, 1980.
5158:
2275:"Waldo Family Lecture Series Digital Collection"
2014:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1176:Schlesinger with Richard Nixon in September 1971
5039:Director of the Office of Management and Budget
4451:Director of the Office of Management and Budget
3935:Director of the Office of Management and Budget
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
1567:Waldo Family Lecture on International Relations
1071:and the lightweight fighter program (later the
611:Committee for the Re-Election of the President
4639:
4078:
3476:
3339:
3133:
2919:
2826:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
1790:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.
1700:, expressing a strongly skeptical position.
1552:
1481:Schlesinger while serving as Energy Secretary
1006:
5212:Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
5187:American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
2109:
1997:. Archived from the original on June 7, 2003
1375:forces boarded and captured the crew of the
4886:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
4361:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
3820:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
2223:
2221:
2219:
1728:On June 5, 2008, U.S. Secretary of Defense
1117:The Political Economy of National Security.
1067:systems. Additionally, his support for the
338:Ferncliff Cemetery, Springfield, Ohio, U.S.
238:August 17, 1971 – January 26, 1973
5192:American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
4930:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
4646:
4632:
4386:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
4085:
4071:
3851:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
3483:
3469:
3346:
3332:
3140:
3126:
2926:
2912:
2833:
2819:
2189:
2176:
1432:fighter. Kissinger strongly supported the
1213:Schlesinger devoted much attention to the
1013:
999:
573:Master list of Nixon's political opponents
29:
5133:Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
2376:
1891:, from the actions of Mark Milley as the
1594:National Academy of Public Administration
1573:. He was employed as a senior adviser to
1393:Schlesinger give a briefing to the press.
493:Impeachment process against Richard Nixon
117:July 2, 1973 – November 19, 1975
59:August 9, 1977 – August 23, 1979
2560:
2558:
2216:
1780:
1630:. He also served as a consultant to the
1556:
1484:
1476:
1414:
1388:
1315:
1224:
1171:
1095:emigrant from what was then part of the
1078:
174:February 2, 1973 – July 2, 1973
2530:
2479:
2377:MacDonald, Gregg (September 30, 2010).
1855:Schlesinger is referred to in the book
1126:
371: 1954; died 1995)
5159:
4911:Secretary of Health and Human Services
2842:United States Atomic Energy Commission
2665:Works by or about James R. Schlesinger
2651:MITRE mourns the death of its chairman
2564:
2248:
1618:On June 11, 2002, he was appointed by
1532:
5197:Carter administration cabinet members
5030:
4673:
4627:
4442:
4112:
4066:
3907:
3510:
3464:
3327:
3121:
2907:
2814:
2593:
2555:
2511:
2194:The Complete Book of U. S. Presidents
2065:
1893:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
1850:
1609:Senate Governmental Affairs Committee
1325:Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff
1234:Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff
1083:James Rodney Schlesinger was born in
5277:United States secretaries of defense
5262:Nixon administration cabinet members
5207:Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism
3916:Director of the Bureau of the Budget
3149:United States Secretaries of Defense
2512:Smith, Timothy R. (March 27, 2014).
2061:
2059:
2057:
1708:Schlesinger raised awareness of the
1592:In 1995, he was the Chairman of the
5282:United States secretaries of energy
5227:Ford administration cabinet members
3355:United States Secretaries of Energy
1809:American Security and Energy Policy
1759:Northern Virginia Community College
1632:United States Department of Defense
1424:the close-air support aircraft the
1167:
1040:from 1973 to 1975 under Presidents
13:
2756:United States Secretary of Defense
2565:Kaplan, Fred (15 September 2021).
1628:Homeland Security Advisory Council
1215:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1036:who was best known for serving as
105:United States Secretary of Defense
14:
5303:
5232:Foreign Policy Research Institute
5177:20th-century American politicians
5031:
4443:
3908:
2935:Directors of Central Intelligence
2793:United States Secretary of Energy
2616:
2198:. New York: Wings Books. p.
2054:
1492:James Schlesinger with President
1411:Dismissal as Secretary of Defense
1384:
47:United States Secretary of Energy
5217:Economists from New York (state)
5089:Ambassador to the United Nations
4699:
4495:Ambassador to the United Nations
4144:
3966:Ambassador to the United Nations
3548:
3449:
3312:
3157:
3053:
2720:Director of Central Intelligence
2531:Schogol, Jeff (March 27, 2014).
1740:
1575:Lehman Brothers, Kuhn, Loeb Inc.
1221:Yom Kippur War and Cyprus crisis
1159:Secretary of Defense (1973–1975)
427:
162:Director of Central Intelligence
2642:, a 17 September 2007 interview
2594:Keene, Houston (15 July 2022).
2587:
2524:
2505:
2466:
2451:
2440:
2422:
2404:
2370:
2340:
2319:
2297:
2267:
2242:
2167:
1473:Secretary of Energy (1977–1979)
1434:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
1142:
879:U.S. Senate Watergate Committee
368:
16:American politician (1929–2014)
5287:University of Virginia faculty
2458:Dr. James Schlesinger (2010).
2150:
2022:
1987:
1955:
1944:
1922:
1713:Schlesinger observed that the
951:Mark Felt: The Man who Brought
1:
5272:Scientists from New York City
2784:Federal Energy Administration
2460:"The Peak Oil Debate is Over"
2411:Stop the North American Union
1898:
1667:nuclear weapons themselves.
1519:Federal Energy Administration
1060:in 1977, serving until 1979.
5257:New York (state) Republicans
4425:William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.
2190:Degregorio, William (2001).
2173:Kissinger, Years of Upheaval
1867:concerning actions taken by
1311:
902:Frank Wills (security guard)
7:
4955:Secretary of Transportation
4674:
4411:Secretary of Transportation
4113:
3876:Secretary of Transportation
3511:
3064:Central Intelligence Agency
2939:Central Intelligence Agency
2249:Pattee, Emma (2022-06-14).
2075:Journal of American Studies
2066:Moran, Christopher (2019).
1839:. New York: Praeger, 1960.
1703:
1242:Deputy Secretary of Defense
510:Inauguration of Gerald Ford
456:Presidency of Richard Nixon
10:
5308:
5292:Writers from New York City
4697:
4551:Counselor to the President
4526:White House Chief of Staff
4142:
3997:Counselor to the President
3546:
2305:"GPS: Charting the Future"
1634:, and was a member of the
1604:up to the private sector.
1553:Post-government activities
907:James F. Neal (prosecutor)
481:1972 presidential election
5242:Horace Mann School alumni
5237:Harvard University alumni
5131:
5114:National Security Advisor
5112:
5087:
5062:
5037:
5026:
5003:
4978:
4953:
4928:
4909:
4884:
4865:
4840:
4821:
4804:Secretary of the Interior
4802:
4777:
4758:
4735:Secretary of the Treasury
4733:
4708:
4680:
4669:
4598:
4549:
4524:
4493:
4474:
4449:
4438:
4409:
4384:
4359:
4328:
4297:
4272:
4243:Secretary of the Interior
4241:
4216:
4191:
4174:Secretary of the Treasury
4172:
4153:
4119:
4108:
3995:
3964:
3933:
3914:
3903:
3874:
3849:
3818:
3787:
3756:
3731:
3708:Secretary of the Interior
3706:
3687:
3650:
3619:
3584:Secretary of the Treasury
3582:
3557:
3517:
3506:
3447:
3361:
3310:
3164:
3155:
3062:
3051:
2945:
2851:
2799:
2790:
2772:
2762:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2726:
2717:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2640:"We are all peakists now"
2087:10.1017/S002187581700086X
1763:United States Marine Band
1598:National Research Council
1119:In 1963, he moved to the
409:
386:
378:
352:
342:
334:
313:
285:
280:
276:
264:
252:
242:
231:
223:
210:
198:
188:
178:
167:
159:
147:
135:
121:
110:
102:
90:
73:
63:
52:
44:
40:
28:
21:
5252:Mitre Corporation people
4823:Secretary of Agriculture
4274:Secretary of Agriculture
3733:Secretary of Agriculture
2782:as Administrator of the
2693:Atomic Energy Commission
1788:America at Century's End
1523:Federal Power Commission
1249:Air Force Chief of Staff
1137:Atomic Energy Commission
1026:James Rodney Schlesinger
290:James Rodney Schlesinger
226:Atomic Energy Commission
4938:Patricia Roberts Harris
4919:Patricia Roberts Harris
4900:Patricia Roberts Harris
4509:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
4011:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
2582:'pulled a Schlesinger,'
2279:Old Dominion University
1771:United States Navy Band
1767:United States Army Band
1721:before the eruption of
1571:Old Dominion University
1323:James Schlesinger with
1232:James Schlesinger with
913:All the President's Men
487:Saturday Night Massacre
466:Nixon White House tapes
5005:Secretary of Education
4894:Joseph A. Califano Jr.
2236:The Washington Monthly
2136:"James R. Schlesinger"
1835:Schlesinger, James R.
1821:Schlesinger, James R.
1807:Schlesinger, James R.
1786:Schlesinger, James R.
1562:
1547:
1501:
1482:
1420:
1394:
1366:evacuation from Saigon
1339:The last phase of the
1336:
1292:, overthrew President
1260:
1177:
1115:and in 1960 published
1113:University of Virginia
820:Intelligence community
499:United States v. Nixon
5222:English-only movement
4842:Secretary of Commerce
4743:W. Michael Blumenthal
4299:Secretary of Commerce
3758:Secretary of Commerce
1781:Selected publications
1677:The National Interest
1672:The MITRE Corporation
1560:
1543:
1488:
1480:
1418:
1392:
1358:1975 Spring Offensive
1319:
1259:Lawn in January 1975.
1228:
1175:
1079:Early life and career
670:Alexander Butterfield
358:Rachel Line Mellinger
5064:Trade Representative
4988:James R. Schlesinger
4760:Secretary of Defense
4476:Trade Representative
4400:Carla Anderson Hills
4201:James R. Schlesinger
4193:Secretary of Defense
3641:James R. Schlesinger
3621:Secretary of Defense
2947:Central Intelligence
2886:James R. Schlesinger
1889:Secretary of Defense
1636:Defense Policy Board
1428:and the lightweight
1335:, November 18, 1974.
1321:Secretary of Defense
1230:Secretary of Defense
1133:Bureau of the Budget
1127:Nixon Administration
1038:Secretary of Defense
983:White House Plumbers
953:Down the White House
846:James R. Schlesinger
593:White House Plumbers
578:Nixon's Enemies List
23:James R. Schlesinger
5122:Zbigniew Brzezinski
4980:Secretary of Energy
4600:White House Counsel
4583:John Otho Marsh Jr.
4257:Stanley K. Hathaway
3666:Richard Kleindienst
2856:David E. Lilienthal
2677:Government offices
2383:The Washington Post
2285:on October 16, 2017
2042:on October 27, 2016
1975:on October 27, 2016
1533:Climate change memo
1510:Secretary of Energy
1490:Secretary of Energy
1294:Archbishop Makarios
1054:Secretary of Energy
884:Impeachment process
807:The Washington Post
622:Jeb Stuart Magruder
550:James W. McCord Jr.
471:Operation Sandwedge
5182:American Lutherans
5013:Shirley Hufstedler
4994:Charles Duncan Jr.
4867:Secretary of Labor
4793:Benjamin Civiletti
4710:Secretary of State
4577:Robert T. Hartmann
4344:John Thomas Dunlop
4330:Secretary of Labor
4155:Secretary of State
4135:Nelson Rockefeller
3789:Secretary of Labor
3741:Clifford M. Hardin
3689:Postmaster General
3559:Secretary of State
2741:Political offices
2434:2009-07-03 at the
2416:2014-01-03 at the
1851:In popular culture
1690:Sandia Corporation
1657:attendee in 2008.
1563:
1502:
1500:on March 23, 1977.
1483:
1421:
1395:
1337:
1261:
1178:
1109:Harvard University
1105:Horace Mann School
781:Harry M. Rosenfeld
715:Gordon C. Strachan
529:Watergate burglars
505:Resignation speech
476:Operation Gemstone
391:Harvard University
97:Charles Duncan Jr.
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5072:Robert S. Strauss
5053:James T. McIntyre
5022:
5021:
4749:G. William Miller
4621:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4559:Anne L. Armstrong
4484:Frederick B. Dent
4465:James Thomas Lynn
4434:
4433:
4394:James Thomas Lynn
4369:Caspar Weinberger
4350:William Usery Jr.
4319:Elliot Richardson
4307:Frederick B. Dent
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4035:Anne L. Armstrong
3980:George H. W. Bush
3949:Caspar Weinberger
3899:
3898:
3865:James Thomas Lynn
3840:Caspar Weinberger
3834:Elliot Richardson
3803:James Day Hodgson
3778:Frederick B. Dent
3772:Peter G. Peterson
3672:Elliot Richardson
3635:Elliot Richardson
3567:William P. Rogers
3458:
3457:
3321:
3320:
3115:
3114:
2901:
2900:
2809:
2808:
2800:Succeeded by
2788:
2763:Succeeded by
2749:Elliot Richardson
2730:Vernon A. Walters
2727:Succeeded by
2700:Succeeded by
2630:American Prospect
2543:on March 28, 2014
2209:978-0-517-18353-3
1023:
1022:
986:(2023 miniseries)
962:(2019 board game)
642:Hugh W. Sloan Jr.
637:Kenneth Parkinson
540:Virgilio Gonzalez
435:Watergate complex
420:Watergate scandal
413:
412:
300:February 15, 1929
217:Vernon A. Walters
193:Vernon A. Walters
142:Elliot Richardson
35:Official portrait
5299:
5141:Charles Schultze
5028:
5027:
4969:Neil Goldschmidt
4856:Philip Klutznick
4850:Juanita M. Kreps
4779:Attorney General
4703:
4702:
4671:
4670:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4608:Philip W. Buchen
4515:William Scranton
4440:
4439:
4375:F. David Mathews
4338:Peter J. Brennan
4263:Thomas S. Kleppe
4226:William B. Saxbe
4218:Attorney General
4182:William E. Simon
4148:
4147:
4110:
4109:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4064:
4063:
3905:
3904:
3859:George W. Romney
3809:Peter J. Brennan
3697:Winton M. Blount
3678:William B. Saxbe
3660:John N. Mitchell
3652:Attorney General
3610:William E. Simon
3592:David M. Kennedy
3552:
3551:
3508:
3507:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3161:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3057:
3056:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2880:Glenn T. Seaborg
2835:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2779:
2773:Preceded by
2746:Preceded by
2735:
2710:Preceded by
2682:Preceded by
2674:
2673:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2539:. Archived from
2528:
2522:
2521:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2493:. March 27, 2014
2483:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2426:
2420:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2385:. Archived from
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2281:. Archived from
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2225:
2214:
2213:
2197:
2187:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2164:, September 1999
2156:Farr, Warner D.
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2132:
2107:
2106:
2072:
2063:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2035:. Archived from
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1968:. Archived from
1967:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1908:
1882:
1878:
1694:The Nixon Center
1680:; a Director of
1655:Bilderberg Group
1653:. He was also a
1583:Richard Gephardt
1168:Nuclear strategy
1121:RAND Corporation
1015:
1008:
1001:
796:Katharine Graham
632:John N. Mitchell
583:Watergate Babies
545:Eugenio Martínez
522:
431:
421:
415:
414:
372:
370:
320:
299:
297:
281:Personal details
267:
255:
236:
213:
201:
172:
150:
138:
115:
93:
76:
57:
33:
19:
18:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5146:
5127:
5108:
5083:
5058:
5033:
5018:
4999:
4974:
4949:
4924:
4905:
4880:
4861:
4836:
4831:Robert Bergland
4817:
4798:
4773:
4754:
4729:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4676:
4665:
4652:
4622:
4613:
4594:
4545:
4534:Donald Rumsfeld
4520:
4489:
4470:
4445:
4430:
4419:Claude Brinegar
4405:
4380:
4355:
4324:
4293:
4268:
4237:
4212:
4207:Donald Rumsfeld
4187:
4168:
4163:Henry Kissinger
4149:
4145:
4140:
4115:
4104:
4091:
4061:
4052:
4029:Donald Rumsfeld
4005:Arthur F. Burns
3991:
3960:
3929:
3910:
3895:
3890:Claude Brinegar
3870:
3845:
3814:
3783:
3752:
3727:
3702:
3683:
3646:
3615:
3578:
3573:Henry Kissinger
3553:
3549:
3544:
3513:
3502:
3489:
3459:
3454:
3445:
3357:
3352:
3322:
3317:
3308:
3162:
3151:
3146:
3116:
3111:
3058:
3054:
3049:
2941:
2932:
2902:
2897:
2847:
2839:
2805:
2796:
2778:
2776:John F. O'Leary
2768:
2766:Donald Rumsfeld
2759:
2751:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2723:
2715:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2646:MITRE Biography
2633:, August 2005,
2619:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2592:
2588:
2575:
2573:
2563:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2529:
2525:
2518:Washington Post
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2441:
2436:Wayback Machine
2427:
2423:
2418:Wayback Machine
2409:
2405:
2392:
2390:
2389:on May 29, 2016
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2247:
2243:
2226:
2217:
2210:
2188:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2162:Air War College
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2110:
2070:
2064:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1880:
1876:
1853:
1783:
1743:
1706:
1651:The OSS Society
1555:
1535:
1475:
1413:
1387:
1362:captured Saigon
1329:George S. Brown
1314:
1305:Henry Kissinger
1279:Henry Kissinger
1270:overt operation
1238:George S. Brown
1223:
1170:
1161:
1145:
1129:
1081:
1019:
990:
989:
952:
897:
889:
888:
874:Peter W. Rodino
859:
851:
850:
836:L. Patrick Gray
821:
813:
812:
761:
753:
752:
733:
725:
724:
720:Rose Mary Woods
710:G. Gordon Liddy
685:John Ehrlichman
660:
652:
651:
606:
598:
597:
588:Watergate Seven
568:
560:
559:
530:
520:
515:
514:
451:
438:
419:
374:
366:
362:
359:
343:Political party
322:
318:
301:
295:
293:
292:
291:
265:
253:
237:
232:
211:
199:
173:
168:
154:Donald Rumsfeld
148:
136:
128:
116:
111:
91:
80:John F. O'Leary
74:
58:
53:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5305:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5137:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5103:Donald McHenry
5100:
5093:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5068:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5050:
5043:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4991:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4959:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4897:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4853:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4790:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4690:Walter Mondale
4686:
4684:
4682:Vice President
4678:
4677:
4667:
4666:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4537:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4480:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4462:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4372:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4288:John A. Knebel
4285:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4232:Edward H. Levi
4229:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4204:
4197:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4125:
4123:
4121:Vice President
4117:
4116:
4106:
4105:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3924:Robert P. Mayo
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3880:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3656:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3563:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3519:Vice President
3515:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2874:John A. McCone
2871:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2803:Charles Duncan
2801:
2798:
2789:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2728:
2725:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2627:Chris Mooney,
2625:
2618:
2617:External links
2615:
2613:
2612:
2586:
2554:
2537:Military Times
2523:
2504:
2491:New York Times
2478:
2474:Military Times
2465:
2450:
2439:
2421:
2403:
2369:
2339:
2318:
2296:
2266:
2241:
2239:(October 1987)
2228:Glastris, Paul
2215:
2208:
2175:
2166:
2149:
2108:
2053:
2021:
1986:
1954:
1943:
1921:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1883:" Both author
1873:Chuck Grassley
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1833:
1819:
1805:
1782:
1779:
1742:
1739:
1723:Mount Vesuvius
1705:
1702:
1698:global warming
1686:Peabody Energy
1624:George W. Bush
1554:
1551:
1539:climate change
1534:
1531:
1474:
1471:
1455:'s 1999 book,
1412:
1409:
1386:
1385:Defense budget
1383:
1313:
1310:
1266:Yom Kippur War
1253:David C. Jones
1222:
1219:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1144:
1141:
1128:
1125:
1097:Russian Empire
1080:
1077:
1065:nuclear weapon
1034:public servant
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
979:
971:
963:
957:
947:
939:
935:Blind Ambition
931:
924:The Final Days
920:
909:
904:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
766:Carl Bernstein
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
745:
740:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
700:E. Howard Hunt
697:
695:H. R. Haldeman
692:
687:
682:
677:
675:Charles Colson
672:
667:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
627:Robert Mardian
624:
619:
614:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
535:Bernard Barker
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
517:
516:
513:
512:
507:
502:
495:
490:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
440:
439:
432:
424:
423:
411:
410:
407:
406:
388:
384:
383:
380:
376:
375:
364:
360:
357:
356:
354:
350:
349:
344:
340:
339:
336:
332:
331:
321:(aged 85)
317:March 27, 2014
315:
311:
310:
289:
287:
283:
282:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
262:
261:
256:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
229:
228:
221:
220:
214:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
165:
164:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
123:
119:
118:
108:
107:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
77:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
50:
49:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5304:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5032:Cabinet-level
5029:
5025:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4944:Moon Landrieu
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4724:Edmund Muskie
4722:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4637:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4589:Rogers Morton
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4503:John A. Scali
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4444:Cabinet-level
4441:
4437:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4313:Rogers Morton
4311:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4251:Rogers Morton
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3986:John A. Scali
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3943:George Shultz
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3909:Cabinet-level
3906:
3902:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3884:John A. Volpe
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3797:George Shultz
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3766:Maurice Stans
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3722:Rogers Morton
3720:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3604:George Shultz
3602:
3599:
3598:John Connally
3596:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3499:Richard Nixon
3497:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3452:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3315:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Hillenkoetter
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:Lewis Strauss
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2713:Richard Helms
2708:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2691:Chair of the
2686:
2685:Glenn Seaborg
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2306:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:(1): 95–121.
2080:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2011:
1996:
1990:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:0-231-06922-7
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1753:as an adult.
1752:
1747:
1741:Personal life
1738:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1579:New York City
1576:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1527:Paul Glastris
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:North Vietnam
1346:
1345:South Vietnam
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Bill Clements
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1149:William Colby
1140:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:, the son of
1086:
1085:New York City
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Richard Nixon
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
994:
993:
985:
984:
980:
978:(2022 series)
977:
976:
972:
970:(2020 series)
969:
968:
964:
961:
958:
956:
954:
948:
946:
944:
940:
938:
936:
932:
930:
927:
925:
921:
919:
916:
914:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
893:
892:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
855:
854:
847:
844:
842:
841:Richard Helms
839:
837:
834:
831:
827:
824:
823:
817:
816:
809:
808:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
786:Howard Simons
784:
782:
779:
777:
776:Barry Sussman
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
757:
756:
749:
746:
744:
743:Leon Jaworski
741:
739:
738:Archibald Cox
736:
735:
729:
728:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
665:Richard Nixon
663:
662:
656:
655:
648:
647:Maurice Stans
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
612:
609:
608:
602:
601:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
564:
563:
556:
555:Frank Sturgis
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
526:
525:
519:
518:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:
496:
494:
491:
488:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
447:
446:
442:
441:
436:
430:
426:
425:
422:
417:
416:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
337:
335:Resting place
333:
329:
325:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:New York City
288:
284:
279:
275:
272:
269:
263:
260:
259:Glenn Seaborg
257:
251:
248:
247:Richard Nixon
245:
241:
235:
230:
227:
224:Chair of the
222:
218:
215:
209:
206:
205:Richard Helms
203:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
183:Richard Nixon
181:
177:
171:
166:
163:
158:
155:
152:
146:
143:
140:
134:
131:
127:
126:Richard Nixon
124:
120:
114:
109:
106:
101:
98:
95:
89:
85:
81:
78:
72:
69:
66:
62:
56:
51:
48:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
5097:Andrew Young
5078:Reubin Askew
4987:
4875:Ray Marshall
4812:Cecil Andrus
4787:Griffin Bell
4768:Harold Brown
4662:Jimmy Carter
4571:Kenneth Rush
4200:
4128:
4047:Kenneth Rush
4023:Robert Finch
4017:Bryce Harlow
3974:Charles Yost
3828:Robert Finch
3716:Wally Hickel
3640:
3629:Melvin Laird
3532:
3365:
3223:
2994:
2892:Dixy Lee Ray
2885:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2754:
2718:
2703:Dixy Lee Ray
2690:
2628:
2603:. Retrieved
2599:
2589:
2581:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:
2545:. Retrieved
2541:the original
2536:
2526:
2517:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2453:
2442:
2424:
2406:
2398:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:the original
2382:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2354:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2283:the original
2278:
2269:
2258:. Retrieved
2255:The Guardian
2254:
2244:
2234:
2193:
2169:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2078:
2074:
2044:. Retrieved
2037:the original
2024:
1999:. Retrieved
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1970:the original
1957:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1865:Robert Costa
1861:Bob Woodward
1856:
1854:
1836:
1822:
1808:
1787:
1775:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1730:Robert Gates
1727:
1707:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1643:
1640:
1617:
1613:9/11 attacks
1606:
1591:
1564:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1515:
1506:Jimmy Carter
1503:
1494:Jimmy Carter
1467:Melvin Laird
1463:
1456:
1453:Bob Woodward
1442:
1439:
1422:
1396:
1376:
1370:
1338:
1333:The Pentagon
1298:
1283:
1262:
1212:
1203:counterforce
1200:
1196:
1191:Soviet Union
1188:
1179:
1162:
1153:
1146:
1143:CIA Director
1130:
1116:
1082:
1062:
1058:Jimmy Carter
1050:CIA Director
1025:
1024:
981:
973:
965:
950:
942:
937:(miniseries)
934:
923:
912:
864:Howard Baker
845:
805:
801:Lesley Stahl
771:Bob Woodward
497:
319:(2014-03-27)
271:Dixy Lee Ray
266:Succeeded by
233:
212:Succeeded by
169:
149:Succeeded by
112:
92:Succeeded by
68:Jimmy Carter
54:
5172:2014 deaths
5167:1929 births
5143:(1977–1981)
5124:(1977–1981)
5105:(1979–1981)
5099:(1977–1979)
5080:(1979–1980)
5074:(1977–1979)
5055:(1977–1981)
5015:(1979–1981)
4996:(1979–1981)
4990:(1977–1979)
4971:(1979–1981)
4965:(1977–1979)
4963:Brock Adams
4946:(1979–1981)
4940:(1977–1979)
4921:(1980–1981)
4902:(1979–1980)
4896:(1977–1979)
4877:(1977–1981)
4858:(1980–1981)
4852:(1977–1979)
4833:(1977–1981)
4814:(1977–1981)
4795:(1979–1981)
4789:(1977–1979)
4770:(1977–1981)
4751:(1979–1981)
4745:(1977–1979)
4726:(1980–1981)
4720:(1977–1980)
4718:Cyrus Vance
4692:(1977–1981)
4664:(1977–1981)
4610:(1974–1977)
4585:(1974–1977)
4579:(1974–1977)
4542:(1975–1977)
4540:Dick Cheney
4536:(1974–1975)
4517:(1976–1977)
4511:(1975–1976)
4505:(1974–1975)
4486:(1975–1977)
4467:(1975–1977)
4461:(1974–1975)
4427:(1975–1977)
4421:(1974–1975)
4402:(1975–1977)
4396:(1974–1975)
4377:(1975–1977)
4371:(1974–1975)
4352:(1976–1977)
4346:(1975–1976)
4340:(1974–1975)
4321:(1976–1977)
4315:(1975–1976)
4309:(1974–1975)
4290:(1976–1977)
4284:(1974–1976)
4265:(1975–1977)
4253:(1974–1975)
4234:(1975–1977)
4228:(1974–1975)
4209:(1975–1977)
4203:(1974–1975)
4184:(1974–1977)
4165:(1974–1977)
4137:(1974–1977)
4103:(1974–1977)
4101:Gerald Ford
4037:(1973–1974)
4031:(1970–1971)
4025:(1970–1972)
4019:(1969–1970)
4013:(1969–1970)
3988:(1973–1974)
3982:(1971–1973)
3976:(1969–1971)
3957:(1973–1974)
3951:(1972–1973)
3945:(1970–1972)
3926:(1969–1970)
3892:(1973–1974)
3886:(1969–1973)
3867:(1973–1974)
3861:(1969–1973)
3842:(1973–1974)
3836:(1970–1973)
3830:(1969–1970)
3811:(1973–1974)
3805:(1970–1973)
3799:(1969–1970)
3780:(1973–1974)
3774:(1972–1973)
3768:(1969–1972)
3749:(1971–1974)
3743:(1969–1971)
3724:(1971–1974)
3718:(1969–1970)
3699:(1969–1971)
3668:(1972–1973)
3662:(1969–1972)
3643:(1973–1974)
3631:(1969–1973)
3606:(1972–1974)
3600:(1971–1972)
3594:(1969–1971)
3575:(1973–1974)
3569:(1969–1973)
3541:(1973–1974)
3539:Gerald Ford
3529:(1969–1973)
3527:Spiro Agnew
3501:(1969–1974)
3436:Brouillette
3366:Schlesinger
3224:Schlesinger
2995:Schlesinger
2862:Gordon Dean
2656:Appearances
2462:. ASPO-USA.
2362:October 26,
2332:October 26,
2311:October 26,
2046:October 26,
1979:October 26,
1885:Fred Kaplan
1869:Mark Milley
1751:Lutheranism
1646:White House
1498:Oval Office
1400:Vietnam War
1373:Khmer Rouge
1341:Vietnam War
1257:White House
1183:Eli Whitney
1101:Lutheranism
1046:Gerald Ford
955:(2017 film)
945:(1999 film)
830:Deep Throat
791:Ben Bradlee
760:Journalists
748:John Sirica
690:Gerald Ford
659:White House
254:Preceded by
200:Preceded by
137:Preceded by
130:Gerald Ford
75:Preceded by
5161:Categories
5047:Bert Lance
4565:Dean Burch
4041:Dean Burch
3406:Richardson
3386:Herrington
3239:Weinberger
3219:Richardson
2960:Vandenberg
2797:1977–1979
2760:1973–1975
2697:1971–1973
2307:. May 1995
2260:2022-06-14
2001:2010-03-01
1899:References
1682:BNFL, Inc.
1622:President
1405:Korean War
1093:Lithuanian
705:Egil Krogh
617:Fred LaRue
347:Republican
296:1929-02-15
4659:President
4282:Earl Butz
4098:President
3747:Earl Butz
3496:President
3169:Forrestal
2547:March 28,
2497:March 27,
2393:April 17,
2142:April 17,
2103:151821517
2095:0021-8758
1312:Indochina
1030:economist
967:Slow Burn
960:Watergate
869:Sam Ervin
826:Mark Felt
732:Judiciary
680:John Dean
387:Education
324:Baltimore
243:President
234:In office
179:President
170:In office
122:President
113:In office
64:President
55:In office
3441:Granholm
3274:R. Gates
3269:Rumsfeld
3244:Carlucci
3229:Rumsfeld
3209:Clifford
3204:McNamara
3199:T. Gates
3179:Marshall
3087:Petraeus
2937:and the
2600:Fox News
2432:Archived
2429:Peak oil
2414:Archived
2289:July 17,
2010:cite web
1803:19268030
1715:Peak Oil
1710:peak oil
1704:Peak oil
1521:and the
1449:Cambodia
1445:incident
1443:Mayaguez
1378:Mayaguez
1327:General
1251:General
1236:General
858:Congress
461:Timeline
379:Children
328:Maryland
307:New York
219:(acting)
4675:Cabinet
4655:Cabinet
4459:Roy Ash
4114:Cabinet
4094:Cabinet
3955:Roy Ash
3512:Cabinet
3492:Cabinet
3411:Abraham
3396:O'Leary
3391:Watkins
3376:Edwards
3279:Panetta
3194:McElroy
3174:Johnson
3092:Brennan
3082:Panetta
3030:Woolsey
3020:Webster
2605:16 July
2576:16 July
1845:1473931
1817:6699572
1719:Pompeii
1626:to the
1496:at The
1274:airlift
1255:at The
896:Related
437:in 2006
373:
365:
361:
5049:(1977)
4591:(1976)
4573:(1974)
4567:(1974)
4561:(1974)
4259:(1975)
4131:(1974)
4049:(1974)
4043:(1974)
4007:(1969)
3680:(1974)
3674:(1973)
3637:(1973)
3612:(1974)
3535:(1973)
3416:Bodman
3371:Duncan
3304:Austin
3294:Mattis
3289:Carter
3249:Cheney
3189:Wilson
3184:Lovett
3102:Haspel
3097:Pompeo
3077:Hayden
3035:Deutch
3010:Turner
2985:Raborn
2980:McCone
2975:Dulles
2955:Souers
2894:(1973)
2888:(1971)
2882:(1961)
2876:(1958)
2870:(1953)
2864:(1950)
2858:(1946)
2845:Chairs
2734:Acting
2660:C-SPAN
2206:
2101:
2093:
1843:
1829:
1815:
1801:
1794:
1458:Shadow
1301:Turkey
1290:Greece
1286:Cyprus
1089:Jewish
1056:under
975:Gaslit
926:(book,
915:(book,
567:Groups
521:People
443:Events
353:Spouse
330:, U.S.
309:, U.S.
189:Deputy
3431:Perry
3426:Moniz
3381:Hodel
3299:Esper
3284:Hagel
3264:Cohen
3259:Perry
3254:Aspin
3234:Brown
3214:Laird
3107:Burns
3040:Tenet
3025:Gates
3015:Casey
3000:Colby
2990:Helms
2970:Smith
2724:1973
2669:JSTOR
2571:Slate
2351:(PDF)
2099:S2CID
2071:(PDF)
2040:(PDF)
2033:(PDF)
1973:(PDF)
1966:(PDF)
1939:1977.
1857:Peril
1577:, of
929:film)
918:film)
613:(CRP)
367:(
363:
103:12th
4129:None
3533:None
3401:Peña
3072:Goss
3045:Goss
3005:Bush
2607:2022
2578:2022
2549:2014
2499:2014
2395:2016
2364:2016
2334:2016
2313:2016
2291:2017
2204:ISBN
2144:2016
2091:ISSN
2048:2016
2016:link
1981:2016
1863:and
1841:OCLC
1831:3677
1827:OCLC
1813:OCLC
1799:OCLC
1792:ISBN
1620:U.S.
1587:1988
1430:F-16
1426:A-10
1354:Laos
1352:and
1247:and
1240:and
1207:ICBM
1107:and
1073:F-16
1069:A-10
1044:and
1032:and
943:Dick
450:List
433:The
314:Died
286:Born
160:9th
45:1st
4657:of
4096:of
3494:of
3421:Chu
2667:on
2658:on
2356:NPR
2200:626
2083:doi
1859:by
1602:GPS
1585:in
1569:at
1331:at
1272:to
605:CRP
403:PhD
84:FEA
5163::
2598:.
2580:.
2569:.
2557:^
2535:.
2516:.
2489:.
2397:.
2381:.
2353:.
2277:.
2253:.
2233:,
2218:^
2202:.
2178:^
2111:^
2097:.
2089:.
2079:53
2077:.
2073:.
2056:^
2012:}}
2008:{{
1936:.
1932:.
1914:.
1725:.
1688:,
1684:,
1638:.
1615:.
1589:.
1151:.
832:")
828:("
401:,
399:MA
397:,
395:BA
369:m.
326:,
305:,
4647:e
4640:t
4633:v
4086:e
4079:t
4072:v
3484:e
3477:t
3470:v
3347:e
3340:t
3333:v
3141:e
3134:t
3127:v
2927:e
2920:t
2913:v
2834:e
2827:t
2820:v
2609:.
2551:.
2520:.
2501:.
2366:.
2336:.
2315:.
2293:.
2263:.
2212:.
2146:.
2105:.
2085::
2050:.
2018:)
2004:.
1983:.
1918:.
1881:'
1877:"
1014:e
1007:t
1000:v
489:"
485:"
405:)
393:(
382:8
298:)
294:(
86:)
82:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)