Japanese sword - Knowledge

5046: 2159:(三十八年戦争) (AD 770–811). The Meikan describes that from earlier time there was a list of forty-two famous swordsmiths in the Toukou Meikan 刀工銘鑑 at Kanchiin 観智院. Eight of the swordsmiths on this list were from Ōshū schools. Five from Mokusa being Onimaru 鬼丸, Yoyasu 世安, Morifusa 森房, Hatafusa 幡房 and Gaan 瓦安, two from the Tamatsukuri Fuju 諷誦,Houji 寶次 and one from Gassan signing just Gassan 月山. According to the Nihonto Meikan, the Ōshū swordsmith group consists of the Mokusa (舞草), the Gassan (月山) and the Tamatsukuri (玉造), later to become the Hoju (寶壽) schools. Ōshū swords appear in various old books of this time, for example Heiji Monogatari 平治物語 (Tale of Heiji), Konjaku Monogatari 今昔物語 (Anthology of tales from the past), Kojidan 古事談 (Japanese collection of Setsuwa 説話), and Gikeiki 義経記 (War tale that focuses on the legends of Minamoto no Yoshitsune 源義経 and his followers). Ōshū swordsmiths appeared in books in quite early times compared to others. Tales in these books tell of the Emishi-to in the capital city and these swords seem to have been quite popular with the Bushi. Maybe a badge of honour being captured weapons. For example, In "Nihongiryaku" 日本紀略 983AD :" the number of people wearing a funny looking Tachi 太刀 is increasing." In "Kauyagokau" 高野御幸 1124AD :" when emperor Shirakawa 白河法皇 visited Kouyasan 高野山, Fujiwara Zaemon Michisue 藤原左衛門通季 was wearing a Fushū sword “ In “Heihanki" 兵範記 1158AD there was a line that mentioned the Emperor himself had Fushū Tachi." It seems that during the late Heian the Emishi-to was gaining popularity in Kyoto. 3249: 4724: 165: 1382: 5114: 1115: 3190: 3348: 2572: 4070: 3990:

wearing because people feared the outside world would view swords as a "tool for bloodshed" and would consequentially associate Japanese people as violent. Haitōrei (1876) outlawed and prohibited wearing swords in public, with the exception for those in the military and government official; swords lost their meaning within society. Emperor Meiji was determined to westernize Japan with the influence of American technological and scientific advances; however, he himself appreciated the art of sword making. The Meiji era marked the final moments of samurai culture, as samurai's were no match for conscript soldiers who were trained to use western firearms. Some samurai found it difficult to assimilate to the new culture as they were forced to give up their privileges, while others preferred this less-hierarchical way of life. Even with the ban, the Sino-Japanese War (1894) saw Japanese troops wear swords into battle, not for practical use but for symbolic reasons.

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It is properly distinguished, then, by the style of mount it currently inhabits. A long tanto may be classified as a wakizashi due to its length being over 30 cm (12 in); however, it may have originally been mounted and used as a tanto making the length distinction somewhat arbitrary but necessary when referring to unmounted short blades. When the mounts are taken out of the equation, a tanto and wakizashi will be determined by length under or over 30 cm (12 in), unless their intended use can be absolutely determined or the speaker is rendering an opinion on the intended use of the blade. In this way, a blade formally attributed as a wakizashi due to length may be informally discussed between individuals as a tanto because the blade was made during an age where tanto were popular and the wakizashi as a companion sword to katana did not yet exist.

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moon in February and August which are the two months that appear most commonly on dated inscriptions on the tang), the blade is plunged edge down and point forward into a tank of water. The precise time taken to heat the sword, the temperature of the blade and of the water into which it is plunged are all individual to each smith and they have generally been closely guarded secrets. Legend tells of a particular smith who cut off his apprentice's hand for testing the temperature of the water he used for the hardening process. In the different schools of swordmakers there are many subtle variations in the materials used in the various processes and techniques outlined above, specifically in the form of clay applied to the blade prior to the yaki-ire, but all follow the same general procedures.

884: 207: 4968: 2812: 1523:, or paper tang-rubbings, taken from a blade: to identify the mei, the hilt is removed and the sword is held point side up. The mei is chiseled onto the tang on the side which traditionally faces away from the wearer's body while being worn; since the katana and wakizashi are always worn with the cutting edge up, the edge should be held to the viewer's left. The inscription will be viewed as kanji on the surface of the tang: the first two kanji represent the province; the next pair is the smith; and the last, when present, is sometimes a variation of 'made by', or, 'respectfully'. The date will be inscribed near the mei, either with the reign name; the Zodiacal Method; or those calculated from the reign of the legendary 2511: 2557: 4316:, for the outer skin of the blade, is produced by heating a block of raw steel, which is then hammered out into a bar, and the flexible back portion. This is then cooled and broken up into smaller blocks which are checked for further impurities and then reassembled and reforged. During this process the billet of steel is heated and hammered, split and folded back upon itself many times and re-welded to create a complex structure of many thousands of layers. Each different steel is folded differently, to provide the necessary strength and flexibility to the different steels. The precise way in which the steel is folded, hammered and re-welded determines the distinctive grain pattern of the blade, the 3789: 2590: 2083: 2720: 5139: 1536: 5019: 3669: 31: 766:) are made by a few hundred swordsmiths. Many examples can be seen at an annual competition hosted by the All Japan Swordsmith Association, under the auspices of the Nihontō Bunka Shinkō Kyōkai (Society for the Promotion of Japanese Sword Culture). However, to maintain the quality of Japanese swords, the Japanese government limits the number of Japanese swords a swordsmith can make in a year to 24 (up to 2 swords per month). Therefore, many of the swords called "Japanese sword" distributed around the world today are made in China, and the manufacturing process and quality are not authorized. 5076: 4337:

hammered out and folded into a ‘U’ shape, into which the shingane is inserted to a point just short of the tip. The new composite steel billet is then heated and hammered out ensuring that no air or dirt is trapped between the two layers of steel. The bar increases in length during this process until it approximates the final size and shape of the finished sword blade. A triangular section is cut off from the tip of the bar and shaped to create what will be the kissaki. At this point in the process, the blank for the blade is of rectangular section. This rough shape is referred to as a

3890:(which makes them either brittle (if made from cutlery-grade 400-series stainless steel) or poor at holding an edge (if made from 300-series stainless steel)) and have either a blunt or very crude edge. There are accounts of good quality stainless steel Japanese swords, however, these are rare at best. Some replica Japanese swords have been used in modern-day armed robberies. As a part of marketing, modern ahistoric blade styles and material properties are often stated as traditional and genuine, promulgating disinformation. Some companies and independent smiths outside Japan produce 4615:

most, but, if such was not possible, the flat or the back of the blade was used for defense in many styles, rather than the precious edge. A popular method for defeating descending slashes was to simply beat the sword aside. In some instances, an "umbrella block", positioning the blade overhead, diagonally (point towards the ground, pommel towards the sky), would create an effective shield against a descending strike. If the angle of the block was drastic enough, the curve of the Japanese swords blade would cause the attacker's blade to slide along its counter and off to the side.

5061: 5098: 2763: 2257: 2743: 4457: 618:: An accessory or utility knife, sometimes found mounted in a pocket on the side of the scabbard of a sword. A typical blade is about 10 cm (3.9 in) long and 1 cm (0.39 in) wide, and is made using the same techniques as the larger sword blades. Also referred to as a "Kozuka" (小柄), which literally means 'small handle', but this terminology can also refer to the handle and the blade together. In entertainment media, the kogatana is sometimes shown as a throwing weapon, but its real purpose was the same as a 'pocket knife' in the West. 2534: 2163: 1322:(point) is not usually a "chisel-like" point, and the Western knife interpretation of a "tantō point" is rarely found on true Japanese swords; a straight, linearly sloped point has the advantage of being easy to grind, but less stabbing/piercing capabilities compared to traditional Japanese kissaki Fukura (curvature of the cutting edge of tip) types. Kissaki usually have a curved profile, and smooth three-dimensional curvature across their surface towards the edge—though they are bounded by a straight line called the 3706:. These smiths produced fine works that stand with the best of the older blades for the emperor and other high-ranking officials. The businessman Mitsumura Toshimo (光村利藻, 1877–1955) tried to preserve their skills by ordering swords and sword mountings from the swordsmiths and craftsmen. He was especially enthusiastic about collecting sword mountings, and he collected about 3,000 precious sword mountings from the end of the Edo period to the Meiji period. About 1200 items from a part of the collection are now in the 4469:

the hamon are all indicative of the period, smith, school or place of manufacture of the sword. As well as the aesthetic qualities of the hamon, there are, perhaps not unsurprisingly, real practical functions. The hardened edge is where most of any potential damage to the blade will occur in battle. This hardened edge is capable of being reground and sharpened many times, although the process will alter the shape of the blade. Altering the shape will allow more resistance when fighting in hand-to-hand combat.

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to draw the sword from any other place on his body. When unarmored, samurai would carry their sword with the blade facing up. This made it possible to draw the sword and strike in one quick motion. In one such method of drawing the sword, the samurai would turn the sheath downward ninety degrees and pull it out of his sash just a bit with his left hand, then gripping the hilt with his right hand he would slide it out while sliding the sheath back to its original position.

961: 4558:, the arms would follow through with the stroke, dragging the sword through its target. Because the Japanese swords slices rather than chops, it is this "dragging" which allows it to do maximum damage, and is thus incorporated into the cutting technique. At full speed, the swing will appear to be full stroke, the sword passing through the targeted object. The segments of the swing are hardly visible, if at all. Assuming that the target is, for example, a human torso, 3777: 3473: 4652: 3805: 220: 2866: 3974:

steel blades on the Korean Peninsula. Japan saw this as a threat to national security and felt the need to develop their military technology. As a result, clan leaders took power as military elites, fighting one another for power and territory. As dominant figures took power, loyalty and servitude became an important part of Japanese life – this became the catalyst for the honour culture that is often affiliated with Japanese people.

1260: 812: 4018:. Shinto is "the way of the gods", meaning that all elements of the world are embedded with god like spirits. Shinto endorses self-purification, ancestral worship, nature-worship and imperial divinity. It is said that swords are a source of wisdom and "emanate energy" to inspire the wielder. As Shintoism shaped the progress of Japanese expansionism and international affairs so too did the sword become a mechanism for change. 4329: 8218: 1574: 5045: 4394:) another distinctive characteristic of the Japanese sword, are added at this stage of the process. The smith's skill at this point comes into play as the hammering process causes the blade to naturally curve in an erratic way, the thicker back tending to curve towards the thinner edge, and he must skillfully control the shape to give it the required upward curvature. The 3933:, featuring anthropomorphic characters of famous Japanese swords, in 2015. Since then, sales of books on Japanese swords have increased dramatically, and the number of special exhibitions at various museums featuring famous historical swords has increased dramatically, leading to a dramatic increase in the number of visitors to museums. In addition, museums and 5113: 4859:, who was famous at that time for forging swords with high cutting ability, were not mentioned. The reasons for this are considered to be that Yamada was afraid of challenging the authority of the shogun, that he could not use the precious sword possessed by the daimyo in the examination, and that he was considerate of the legend of Muramasa's curse. 2504:(蛭巻太刀) with a scabbard covered with metal, which was used as a weapon until the Muromachi period. The meaning was a sword wrapped around a leech, and its feature was that a thin metal plate was spirally wrapped around the scabbard, so it was both sturdy and decorative, and chains were not used to hang the scabbard around the waist. 1275:. In the earlier picture, the examples were flat to the shinogi, then tapering to the blade edge. However, swords could narrow down to the shinogi, then narrow further to the blade edge, or even expand outward towards the shinogi then shrink to the blade edge (producing a trapezoidal shape). A flat or narrowing shinogi is called 4573:(Sword Hangers). There are several varieties, especially of ryo-goshiate (double hangers). All kinds which are attached with cords will be worn in the same way, but there are two kinds which have no cords and are therefore worn differently. Swords may be carried without hangers by putting them between the folds of the obi. 8069: 1089:, they revolutionized the forging process to make stronger swords. Although this forging method is not fully understood to date, one of the elements is heating at higher temperatures and rapid cooling. Their revolution influenced other schools to make the highest quality swords, but this technique was lost before the 4940:(無鑑査) since 1958 are considered to be the highest-ranking swordsmiths. The best sword forged by Japanese swordsmiths is awarded the most honorable Masamune prize by the Society for Preservation of Japanese Art Swords. Since 1961, eight swordsmiths have received the Masamune Prize, and among them, three swordsmiths, 1152:(feudal lords). The Mino school started in the middle of the Kamakura period, when swordsmiths of the Yamato school who learned from the Sōshū school gathered in Mino. The Mino school became the largest production area of Japanese swords after the Bizen school declined due to a great flood. The production rate of 4967: 931:. At first, they often forged swords in response to aristocrats' demands, so importance was placed on aesthetics and practicality was not emphasized. However, when a domestic conflict occurred at the end of the Heian period, practicality was emphasized and a swordsmith was invited from the Bizen school. In the 3978:

turn, samurai would gift Daimyo swords as a sign of respect, most Daimyo would keep these swords as family heirlooms. In this period, it was believed that swords were multifunctional; in spirit they represent proof of military accomplishment, in practice they are coveted weapons of war and diplomatic gifts.

4040:"The blade represents the juncture where the wisdom of leaders and gods intersects with the commoner. The sword represents the implement by which societies are managed. The effectiveness of the sword as a tool and the societal beliefs surrounding it both lift the sword to the pinnacle of warrior symbolism." 3404:). This is thought to be because Bizen school, which was the largest swordsmith group of Japanese swords, was destroyed by a great flood in 1590 and the mainstream shifted to Mino school, and because Toyotomi Hideyoshi virtually unified Japan, uniform steel began to be distributed throughout Japan. The 5911:

The way to Kwan Yi is distant and not accessible anymore, the legend of its sword being able to cut jade is unbeatable. A treasured sword from the near country Japan (could be obtained easier), all you need to do is cross the sea to the east. The sheath is decorated by fish skin, the yellow and white

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There is a rich relationship between swords, Japanese culture, and societal development. The different interpretations of the origins of swords and their connection to the spirit world, each hold their own merit within Japanese society, past and present. Which one and how modern-day samurai interpret

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was moving his army through the land, a deity blocked their path with toxic gas which caused them to drift into an indefinite slumber. Upon seeing this, Amaterasu pleaded with the God of Thunder to punish the deity and allow the emperor to proceed. The God of Thunder, instead of following her orders,

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For a portion of the US occupation of Japan, sword making, swordsmiths and wielding of swords was prohibited. As a means to preserve the warrior culture of Japan, martial arts was put into the school curriculum. In 1953, America finally lifted the ban on swords after realizing that sword making is an

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Prior to and during WWII, even with the modernization of the army, the demand for swords exceeded the number of swordsmiths still capable of making them. As a result, swords of this era are of poor quality. In 1933, during the Shōwa era (1926–1989), a sword making factory designed to re-establish the

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The peace of the Edo period saw the demand for swords fall. To retaliate, in 1719 the eighth Tokugawa shogun, Yoshimune, compiled a list of "most famous swords". Masamune, Awatacuchi Yoshimitsu, and Go no Yoshihiro were dubbed the "Three Famous Smiths", their swords became sought after by the Daimyo.

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In the Edo period (1603–1868), swords gained prominence in everyday life as the "most important" part of a warrior's amour. The Edo era saw swords became a mechanism for bonding between Daimyo and Samurai. Daimyo would gift samurai's with swords as a token of their appreciation for their services. In

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It was not simply that the swords were worn by cords on a belt, as a 'style' of sorts. Such a statement trivializes an important function of such a manner of bearing the sword. It was a very direct example of 'form following function.' At this point in Japanese history, much of the warfare was fought

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The type classifications for Japanese swords indicate the combination of a blade and its mounts as this, then, determines the style of use of the blade. An unsigned and shortened blade that was once made and intended for use as a tachi may be alternately mounted in tachi koshirae and katana koshirae.

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Historically, Japanese swords have been regarded not only as weapons but also as works of art, especially for high-quality ones. For a long time, Japanese people have developed a unique appreciation method in which the blade is regarded as the core of their aesthetic evaluation rather than the sword

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The sword would be carried in a sheath and tucked into the samurai's belt. Originally, they would carry the sword with the blade turned down. This was a more comfortable way for the armored samurai to carry his very long sword or to draw while mounted. The bulk of the samurai armor made it difficult

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Many swordsmiths since the Edo period have tried to reproduce the sword of the Kamakura period which is considered as the best sword in the history of Japanese swords, but they have failed. Then, in 2014, Kunihira Kawachi succeeded in reproducing it and won the Masamune Prize, the highest honor as a

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that were broken or bent in battle, developed new production methods, and created innovative Japanese swords. They forged the blade using a combination of soft and hard steel to optimize the temperature and timing of the heating and cooling of the blade, resulting in a lighter but more robust blade.

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were particularly unsuitable for fighting from horseback. The curved sword is a far more efficient weapon when wielded by a warrior on horseback where the curve of the blade adds considerably to the downward force of a cutting action. Early models had uneven curves with the deepest part of the curve

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The Japanese swords razor-edge was so hard that upon hitting an equally hard or harder object, such as another sword's edge, chipping became a definite risk. As such, blocking an oncoming blow blade-to-blade was generally avoided. In fact, evasive body maneuvers were preferred over blade contact by

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of using the Japanese swords in combat. The Japanese swords are primarily a cutting weapon, or more specifically, a slicing one. Its moderate curve, however, allowed for effective thrusting as well. The hilt was held with two hands, though a fair amount of one-handed techniques exist. The placement

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This process takes place in a darkened smithy, traditionally at night, so that the smith can judge by eye the colour and therefore the temperature of the sword as it is repeatedly passed through the glowing charcoal. When the time is deemed right (traditionally the blade should be the colour of the

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The Meiji era also saw the integration of Buddhism into Shinto Japanese beliefs. Swords were no longer necessary, in war or lifestyle, and those who practiced martial arts became the "modern samurai" – young children were still groomed to serve the emperor and put loyalty and honour above all else,

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During the Late-Edo period, Suishinshi Masahide wrote that swords should be less extravagant. Swords began to be simplified and altered to be durable, sturdy and made to cut well. In 1543 guns arrived in Japan, changing military dynamic and practicality of swords and samurai's. This period also saw

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In Japan, genuine edged hand-made Japanese swords, whether antique or modern, are classified as art objects (and not weapons) and must have accompanying certification to be legally owned. Prior to WWII Japan had 1.5million swords in the country – 200,000 of which had been manufactured in factories

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can be seen by holding the sword in your hand and looking at it while changing the angle of the light shining on the blade. The object of appreciation is the shape of hammon and the crystal particles formed at the boundary of hammon. Depending on the size of the particles, they can be divided into

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The martensitic steel which forms from the edge of the blade to the hamon is in effect the transition line between these two different forms of steel, and is where most of the shapes, colours and beauty in the steel of the Japanese sword are to be found. The variations in the form and structure of

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The shingane (for the inner core of the blade) is of a relatively softer steel with a lower carbon content than the hadagane. For this, the block is again hammered, folded and welded in a similar fashion to the hadagane, but with fewer folds. At this point, the hadagane block is once again heated,

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During the Kofun period (250–538 CE) Animism was introduced into Japanese society. Animism is the belief that everything in life contains or is connected to a divine spirit. This connection to the spirit world premediates the introduction of Buddhism into Japan. During this time, China was craving

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Blades whose length is next to a different classification type are described with a prefix 'O-' (for great) or 'Ko-' (for small), e.g. a Wakizashi with a length of 59 cm is called an O-wakizashi (almost a Katana) whereas a Katana of 61 cm is called a Ko-Katana (for small Katana; but note

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Generally, the blade and the sword mounting of Japanese swords are displayed separately in museums, and this tendency is remarkable in Japan. For example, the Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum "Nagoya Touken World", one of Japan's largest sword museums, posts separate videos of the blade and the sword

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refers to an organized motion made by arms and wrist, during a descending strike. As the sword is swung downward, the elbow joint drastically extends at the last instant, popping the sword into place. This motion causes the swordsman's grip to twist slightly and if done correctly, is said to feel

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Almost all blades are decorated, although not all blades are decorated on the visible part of the blade. Once the blade is cool, and the mud is scraped off, grooves and markings (hi or bo-hi) may be cut into it. One of the most important markings on the sword is performed here: the file markings.

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Swords are a symbol of Japanese honour and esteem for hand-to-hand combat. They represent the idea that taking another's life should be done with honour, and long-range combat (firearms) is a cowardly way to end another's life. This also connects to the Japanese belief of self-sacrifice, warriors

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The Meiji period (1868–1912) saw the dissolution of the samurai class, after foreign powers demanded Japan open their borders to international trade – 300-hundred years of Japanese isolation came to an end. In 1869 and 1873, two petition were submitted to government to abolish the custom of sword

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The Yayoi period (1000 BCE – 300 CE) saw the establishment of villages and the cultivation of rice farming within Japan. Rice farming came as a result of Chinese and Korean influence, they were the first group of people to introduce swords into the Japanese Isles. Subsequently, bronze swords were

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and have crisp definition at all their edges. While the straight tip on the "American tanto" is identical to traditional Japanese fukura, two characteristics set it apart from Japanese sword makes: The absolute lack of curve only possible with modern tools, and the use of the word "tanto" in the

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when referring to the actual surface of the steel blade) a feature which is indicative of the period, place of manufacture and actual maker of the blade. The practice of folding also ensures a somewhat more homogeneous product, with the carbon in the steel being evenly distributed and the steel

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Japanese mythology states that the sword is a "symbol of truth" and a "token of virtue". Legend states originate from the battle between Amaterasu and her brother, Susa-no-wo-o-no Mikotot (Susa-no). To defeat Susa-no, Amaterasu split the ten-span sword until she broke herself into three pieces.

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The forging of a Japanese blade typically took weeks or even months and was considered a sacred art. As with many complex endeavors, rather than a single craftsman, several artists were involved. There was a smith to forge the rough shape, often a second smith (apprentice) to fold the metal, a

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After the Edo period, swordsmiths turned increasingly to the production of civilian goods. The Occupation and its regulations almost put an end to the production of Japanese swords. A few smiths continued their trade, and Honma went on to be a founder of the Society for the Preservation of the

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was incorporated into police training so that police officers would have at least the training necessary to properly use one. In time, it was rediscovered that soldiers needed to be armed with swords, and over the decades at the beginning of the 20th century swordsmiths again found work. These

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have launched a number of crowdfunding programmes to purchase historical swords featured in games from private owners, as well as reproductions of swords and new sword mountings, increasing the number of opportunities to view these masterpieces. With the increased interest in Japanese swords,

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weapons would be destroyed while swords of artistic merit could be owned and preserved. Even so, many Japanese swords were sold to American soldiers at a bargain price; in 1958 there were more Japanese swords in America than in Japan. The vast majority of these one million or more swords were

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of the Sōshū school, the greatest swordsmith in Japan. While they forged high-quality swords by order, at the same time, from the Muromachi period, when wars became large-scale, they mass-produced low-quality swords for drafted farmers and for export. The Bizen school had enjoyed the highest

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By the 15th century, Japanese swords had already gained international fame by being exported to China and Korea. For example, Korea learned how to make Japanese swords by sending swordsmiths to Japan and inviting Japanese swordsmiths to Korea. According to the record of June 1, 1430, in the

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The Museum of Fine Arts states that when an artisan plunged the newly crafted sword into the cold water, a portion of his spirit was transferred into the sword. His spirit, morals and state of mind at the time became crucial to the defining of the swords moral and physical characteristics

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is then covered all over with a clay mixture which is applied more thickly along the back and sides of the blade than along the edge. The blade is left to dry while the smith prepares the forge for the final heat treatment of the blade, the yaki-ire, the hardening of the cutting edge.

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as this new era of rapid development required loyal, hard working men. The practice of sword making was prohibited, thus swords during the Meiji period were obsolete and a mere symbol of status. Swords were left to rust, sold or melted into more ‘practical’ objects for everyday life.

3998:"spirit of Japan" through the art of sword making was built to preserve the legacy and art of swordsmiths and sword making. The government at the time feared that the warrior spirit (loyalty and honour) was disappearing within Japan, along with the integrity and quality of swords. 4562:

will break the initial resistance supplied by shoulder muscles and the clavicle. The follow through would continue the slicing motion, through whatever else it would encounter, until the blade inherently exited the body, due to a combination of the motion and its curved shape.

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The Hon'ami clan, which was an authority of appraisal of Japanese swords, rated Japanese swords from these artistic points of view. In addition, experts of modern Japanese swords judge when and by which swordsmith school the sword was made from these artistic points of view.

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sent his sword down to the emperor to subdue the land. Upon receiving the sword, the emperor woke up, along with his troops and they proceeded with their mission. According this legend, swords have the power to save the imperial (divine) bloodline in times of need.

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period). The Sōshū school declined after the fall of the Kamakura shogunate. Their swords are often characterized by a shallow curve, a wide blade to the back, and a thin cross-section. There are irregular fingerprint-like patterns on the surface of the blade, the

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is the signature inscribed on to the tang of the Japanese sword. Fake signatures ("gimei") are common not only due to centuries of forgeries but potentially misleading ones that acknowledge prominent smiths and guilds, and those commissioned to a separate signer.

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on horseback. Being so, if the sword or blade were in a more vertical position, it would be cumbersome, and awkward to draw. Suspending the sword by 'cords' allowed the sheath to be more horizontal, and far less likely to bind while drawing it in that position.

4312:: a harder outer jacket of steel wrapped around a softer inner core of steel. This creates a blade which has a hard, razor sharp cutting edge with the ability to absorb shock in a way which reduces the possibility of the blade breaking when used in combat. The 2692: 2131:. The Nihonto Meikan shows the earliest and by far the largest group of Ōshū smiths from the beginning of the 8th century were from the Mokusa school, listing over 100 Mokusa smiths before the beginning of the Kamakura period. Archaeological excavations of the 4473:

These are cut into the tang or the hilt-section of the blade, where they will be covered by the hilt later. The tang is never supposed to be cleaned; doing this can reduce the value of the sword by half or more. The purpose is to show how well the steel ages.

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However, the historical shaku was slightly longer (13.96 inches or 35.45 cm). Thus, there may sometimes be confusion about the blade lengths, depending on which shaku value is being assumed when converting to metric or U.S. customary measurements.

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During the Jōmon period (10,000–1000 BCE) swords resembled iron knife blades and were used for hunting, fishing and farming. There is the idea that swords were more than a tool during the Jōmon period, no swords have been recovered to back this hypothesis.

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were often oil-tempered, or simply stamped out of steel and given a serial number rather than a chiseled signature. The mass-produced ones often look like Western cavalry sabers rather than Japanese swords, with blades slightly shorter than blades of the

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steel characteristics of relative softness and flexibility. The precise way in which the clay is applied, and partially scraped off at the edge, is a determining factor in the formation of the shape and features of the crystalline structure known as the

3832:, Honma produced blades from the various periods of Japanese history and MacArthur was able to identify very quickly what blades held artistic merit and which could be considered purely weapons. As a result of this meeting, the ban was amended so that 4258:

made as a pair, mounted as a pair, and owned/worn as a pair, are therefore uncommon and considered highly valuable, especially if they still retain their original mountings (as opposed to later mountings, even if the later mounts are made as a pair).

2143:(蕨手刀) show a high concentration in the burial goods of the Ōshū and Hokkaido regions. Mokusa Area was famous for legendary swordsmiths in the Heian period (AD 794–1185). They are considered as the original producers of the Japanese swords known as " 943:

school became popular among samurai. After that, they also adopted the forging method of Sōshū school. Their swords are often characterized as long and narrow, curved from the base or center, and have a sparkle on the surface of the blade, with the

4021:

There is a Japanese legend that, along with the mirror and the jewels, the sword makes up one of three Imperial Icons. The Imperial Icons present the three values and personality traits that all good emperors should possess as leaders of celestial

774:

Many old Japanese swords can be traced back to one of five provinces, each of which had its own school, traditions, and "trademarks" (e.g., the swords from Mino province were "from the start famous for their sharpness"). These schools are known as

113:(794–1185) to the present day when speaking of "Japanese swords". There are many types of Japanese swords that differ by size, shape, field of application and method of manufacture. Some of the more commonly known types of Japanese swords are the 3248: 4916:

are not designated as National Treasures or Important Cultural Properties because they are outside the jurisdiction of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, there are many swords of the National Treasure class, and they are called

2372:

of the blade was inscribed in such a way that it would always be on the outside of the sword when worn. This characteristic is important in recognizing the development, function, and different styles of wearing swords from this time onwards.

3697:

in 1876 all but banned carrying swords and guns on streets. Overnight, the market for swords died, many swordsmiths were left without a trade to pursue, and valuable skills were lost. Swords forged after the Haitōrei Edict are classified as

2634:

They also made the curve of the blade gentle, lengthened the tip linearly, widened the width from the cutting edge to the opposite side of the blade, and thinned the cross section to improve the penetration and cutting ability of the blade.

495:: A general term for a sword between one and two shaku long (30 and 60 cm (12 and 24 in) in modern measurements), predominantly made after 1600. Generally it is the short blade that accompanies a katana in the traditional samurai 2972:, a Korean swordsmith who went to Japan and mastered the method of making Japanese swords presented a Japanese sword to the King of Korea and was rewarded for the excellent work which was no different from the swords made by the Japanese. 5018: 1156:

was high, because it was the newest school among five big schools. Their swords are often characterized by a slightly higher central ridge and a thinner back. There are irregular fingerprint-like patterns on the surface of the blade, the

4723: 4689:. It is a fuzzy line in the white pattern of the cutting edge produced by quenching and tempering. It does not refer to the white area on the side of the blade. The white part is the part that is whitened by a polishing process called 4400:

is finished by a process of filing and scraping which leaves all the physical characteristics and shapes of the blade recognisable. The surface of the blade is left in a relatively rough state, ready for the hardening processes. The

2403:

in China, described Japanese swords as "It is a treasured sword with a scabbard made of fragrant wood covered with fish skin, decorated with brass and copper, and capable of exorcising evil spirits. It is imported at a great cost.".

4554:

like wringing a towel (Thomas Hooper reference). This motion itself caused the sword's blade to impact its target with sharp force, and is used to break initial resistance. From there, fluidly continuing along the motion wrought by

3066:

was invented. The quicker draw of the sword was well suited to combat where victory depended heavily on short response times. (The practice and martial art for drawing the sword quickly and responding to a sudden attack was called

3788: 4439:

The application of the clay in different thicknesses to the blade allows the steel to cool more quickly along the thinner coated edge when plunged into the tank of water and thereby develop into the harder form of steel called

4773:" (享保名物帳) 249 precious swords were described, and additional 25 swords were described later. The list also includes 81 swords that had been destroyed in previous fires. The precious swords described in this book were called " 2845:

became popular. The reason for this is thought to be that the conditions for making a practical large-sized sword were established due to the nationwide spread of strong and sharp swords of the Sōshū school. In the case of

338:: A straight two-edged sword that was mainly produced prior to the 10th century. After the 10th century, they completely disappeared as weapons and came to be made only as offerings to Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples. 164: 4530:

of the right hand was dictated by both the length of the handle and the length of the wielder's arm. Two other martial arts were developed specifically for training to draw the sword and attack in one motion. They are

869:, and the school disappeared. Their swords are often characterized by a deep curve, a narrow width from blade to back, a high central ridge, and a small tip. There are direct lines on the surface of the blade, the 3908:

during the Meiji Restoration. As of 2008, only 100,000 swords remain in Japan. It is estimated that 250,000–350,000 sword have been brought to other nations as souvenirs, art pieces or for Museum purposes. 70% of

5912:

parts are mixed by chalcopyrite and copper. A good help that could be bought by hundred gold, equipping it can dispel evil. Original script: 昆夷道遠不復通，世傳切玉誰能窮。寶刀近出日本國，越賈得之滄海東。魚皮裝貼香木鞘，黃白閒雜鍮與銅。百金傳入好事手，佩服可以禳妖凶。 see

1381: 2556: 1924:

translates to "field sword". These greatswords were used during war, as the longer sword gave a foot soldier a reach advantage. These swords are now illegal in Japan. Citizens are not allowed to possess an

3827:

were disbanded and production of Japanese swords with edges was banned except under police or government permit. The ban was overturned through a personal appeal by Dr. Junji Honma. During a meeting with

4714:, which makes them look like stars or mist. In addition to these three objects, a swordsmith signature and a file pattern engraved on tang, and a carving inscribed on the blade, which is referred to as 499:

pairing of swords, but may be worn by classes other than the samurai as a single blade, also worn edge up as the katana. The name derives from the way the sword would be stuck at one's side through the

8300: 988:. Bizen has been a major production area of high-quality iron sand since ancient times. The Ko-bizen school in the mid Heian period was the originator. The Bizen school consisted of schools such as 3689:

In 1867, the Tokugawa Shogunate declared the return of Japan's sovereignty to the emperor, and from 1868, the government by the emperor and rapid modernization of Japan began, which was called the

587:: A spear, or spear-like polearm. Yari have various blade forms, from a simple double edged and flat blade, to a triangular cross section double edged blade, to those with a symmetric cross-piece ( 4504:

samurai went about on foot unarmored, and with much less combat being fought on horseback in open battlefields the need for an effective close quarter weapon resulted in samurai being armed with

1888:, averaging 70–74 cm (2 shaku 3 sun to 2 shaku 4 sun 5 bu) in blade length. However, Japanese swords of longer lengths also existed, including lengths up to 78 cm (2 shaku 5 sun 5 bu). 5075: 462:: A sword with a curved blade longer than 60 cm (24 in) (there is no upper length limit but generally they are shorter than 90 cm (35 in)), worn with the edge upwards in the 4924:

Currently, there are several authoritative rating systems for swordsmiths. According to the rating approved by the Japanese government, from 1890 to 1947, two swordsmiths who were appointed as

3179:. During this period, a great flood occurred in Bizen, which was the largest production area of Japanese swords, and the Bizen school rapidly declined, after which the Mino school flourished. 4851:, one of the top-rated swordsmiths, became very popular at the time when the book was published, and many counterfeits were made. In these books, the three swordsmiths treated specially in " 2510: 4948:

and Toshihira Osumi, have received the prize three times each and Sadakazu Gassan II has received the prize two times. These four persons were designated both Living National Treasures and

3453:

led the improvement of the artistry of Japanese swords in this period. They were both swordsmiths and metalsmiths, and were famous for carving the blade, making metal accouterments such as

1077:

was established in the Kamakura period. At the end of the 13th century, the Kamakura shogunate invited swordsmiths from Yamashiro school and Bizen school, and swordsmiths began to gather.

3702:. The craft of making swords was kept alive through the efforts of some individuals, notably Miyamoto kanenori (宮本包則, 1830–1926) and Gassan Sadakazu (月山貞一, 1836–1918), who were appointed 3535:. Samurai could wear decorative sword mountings in their daily lives, but the Tokugawa shogunate regulated the formal sword that samurai wore when visiting a castle by regulating it as a 2719: 5097: 4026:

Legend states that the sword can "create union by imposing social order" because it hold the ability to cut objects into two or more pieces and dictate the shape and size of the pieces.

4900:, 国宝). The swords designated as cultural properties based on the law of 1930, which was already abolished, have the rank next to Important Cultural Properties as Important Art Object ( 2533: 591:) or those with an asymmetric cross piece. The main blade is symmetric and straight, unlike a naginata, and usually smaller, but can be as large as or bigger than some naginata blades. 4675:. Curvature, length, width, tip, and shape of tang of the sword are the objects for appreciation. The second is a fine pattern on the surface of the blade, which is referred to as 5060: 2762: 927:

in 794, swordsmiths began to gather. The founder of the school was Sanjō Munechika in the late 10th century in the Heian period. The Yamashiro school consisted of schools such as

1223:(noted swords) is a special designation given to sword masterpieces which are listed in a compilation from the 18th century called the "Kyoho Meibutsucho". The swords listed are 1602:. Since 1891, the modern Japanese shaku is approximately equal to a foot (11.93 inches), calibrated with the meter to equal exactly 10 meters per 33 shaku (30.30 cm). 355:: A straight single edged sword that was mainly produced prior to the 10th century. Since the 10th century, they disappeared as weapons and came to be made only as offerings to 4500:, used by cavalry. The sword was mostly considered as a secondary weapon until then, used in the battlefield only after the bow and polearm were no longer feasible. During the 3316:

In the Muromachi period, especially the Sengoku period, anybody such as farmers, townspeople and monks could equip a sword. However, in 1588 during the Azuchi–Momoyama period,

3189: 3092:

From the 15th century, low-quality swords were mass-produced under the influence of the large-scale war. These swords, along with spears, were lent to recruited farmers called

2395:

By the 11th century during the Heian period, Japanese swords had already been exported to neighboring countries in Asia. For example, in the poem "The Song of Japanese Swords"

1114: 803:, as confirmed by signatures and documents, were 4005 in Bizen, 1269 in Mino, 1025 in Yamato, 847 in Yamashiro and 438 in Sōshū. These traditions and provinces are as follows: 8293: 737:

in forging method and steel. This was due to the destruction of the Bizen school due to a great flood, the spread of the Mino school, and the virtual unification of Japan by

2850:

whose blade was 150 cm long, it was impossible to draw a sword from the scabbard on the waist, so people carried it on their back or had their servants carry it. Large

2742: 2419:

is wrapped in leather or ray skin, and it is wrapped with black thread or leather cord, and the scabbard is coated with black lacquer. On the other hand, court nobles wore

2804:

because its hilt was wrapped in leather or ray skin, lacquer was painted on top of it, leather straps and cords were wrapped around it, and the scabbard and sometimes the

5193: 3958:

The events of Japanese society have shaped the craft of sword making, as has the sword itself influenced the course of cultural and social development within the nation.

3904:

analyzed that this is because the Japanese government allowed swordsmiths to make only 24 Japanese swords per person per year to maintain the quality of Japanese swords.

3036:

fighting with leased guns. On the battlefield in Japan, guns and spears became main weapons in addition to bows. Due to the changes in fighting styles in these wars, the

270:

from the 15th century onwards. Western historians have said that Japanese katana were among the finest cutting weapons in world military history, for their intended use.

847:

who first signed the tang of a sword, he is sometimes regarded as the founder and the oldest school. However, the founder identified in the material is Yukinobu in the

8286: 4352:

is again heated, section by section and hammered to create a shape which has many of the recognisable characteristics of the finished blade. These are a thick back (

3347: 3660:

were often longer than 90 cm (35 in) in blade length, less curved, and had a big and sharp point, which was advantageous for stabbing in indoor battles.

2667:(lit., "new swords") period focused on reproducing the blade of the Japanese sword made in Kamakura period. There are more than 100 Japanese swords designated as 2229:, which was developed in the first half of the 10th century, has a three-dimensional cross-sectional shape of an elongated pentagonal or hexagonal blade called 10195: 2360:, and is worn suspended with the cutting edge down. This was the standard form of carrying the sword for centuries, and would eventually be displaced by the 9418: 570:: A polearm with a curved single-edged blade. Naginata mounts consist of a long wooden pole, different from a nagamaki mount, which is shorter and wrapped. 8259: 7888: 4785:

hid some swords for fear that they would be confiscated by the Tokugawa Shogunate, so even some precious swords were not listed in the book. For example,

3581:

blades only emphasized decoration and had a problem with their toughness. He insisted that the bold and strong kotō blade from the Kamakura period to the

531:

There are other bladed weapons made in the same traditional manner as Japanese swords, which are not swords, but are still classified as Japanese swords (

5295: 6714: 4415: 3894:

as well, with varying levels of quality. According to the Parliamentary Association for the Preservation and Promotion of Japanese Swords, organized by

10525: 9931: 7207: 4069: 2151:" gained its fame through the series of battles between Emishi people (蝦夷) and the Yamato-chotei government (大和朝廷) in the late eighth century. Using " 1286:

The shinogi can be placed near the back of the blade for a longer, sharper, more fragile tip or a more moderate shinogi near the center of the blade.

1004:

school which started in the Kamakura period, and it developed to the largest school in the history of Japanese swords. Kanemitsu and Nagayoshi of the

527:

are generally classified as a sword, but its usage is the same as that of a knife. Usually one-edged, but some were double-edged, though asymmetrical.

10576: 6882: 4671:

It is said that the following three objects are the most noteworthy objects when appreciating a blade. The first is the overall shape referred to as

3606:, "new revival swords" or literally "new-new swords." One of the most popular swordsmiths in Japan today is Minamoto Kiyomaro who was active in this 6557: 2338:, was completed. Its shape may reflect the changing form of warfare in Japan. Cavalry were now the predominant fighting unit and the older straight 10214: 8045: 4250:, it was often composed of whichever two swords could be conveniently acquired, sometimes by different smiths and in different styles. Even when a 3552:

on their travels. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, swordmaking and the use of firearms declined. Japanese swords made in this period is classified as

2075:

sword, which sharpened only the part close to the cutting edge side of a planar blade, gradually appeared. Swords of this period are classified as

4517:, was practiced on a variety of materials (often the bodies of executed criminals) to test the sword's sharpness and practice cutting techniques. 1361:

and through the mekugi-ana, thus restricting the blade from slipping out. To remove the handle one removes the mekugi. The swordsmith's signature

10571: 10455: 1271:

Each blade has a unique profile, mostly dependent on the swordsmith and the construction method. The most prominent part is the middle ridge, or

6942: 1017:. Their swords are often characterized as curved from the base, with irregular fingerprint-like patterns on the surface of the blade, while the 5756: 5742: 4683:. By repeatedly folding and forging the blade, fine patterns such as fingerprints, tree rings and bark are formed on its surface. The third is 875:

is linear, and the grain at the boundary of the hamon is medium in size. It is often evaluated as a sword with a simple and strong impression.

762:

Japanese swords are still commonly seen today; antique and modern forged swords can be found and purchased. Modern, authentic Japanese swords (

445:: A longer version of the tachi, generally with a blade length of more than 90 cm (35 in), mostly found in the 14th century or later. 313:, despite being polearms, are still considered to be swords, which is a common misconception; naginata, nagamaki and yari differ from swords. 215:. The blade was made by Fusamune. Sōshū school. Blade, late 15th or early 16th century; mounting, 18th century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art 5634: 4839:" (最上大業物) has 12 selected. In the reprinting in 1805, 1 swordsmith was added to the highest grade, and in the major revised edition in 1830 " 1334:

by Kanzan Sato. Because American bladesmiths use this design extensively it is a common misconception that the design originated in America.

7979: 3878:. Due to their popularity in modern media, display-only Japanese swords have become widespread in the sword marketplace. Ranging from small 3186:, where katana-style swords were made and prized for battle and art work, and some of them are in the collections of the Thai royal family. 3085:) with the sharpened edge facing up. Ideally, samurai could draw the sword and strike the enemy in a single motion. Previously, the curved 2384:(腰刀, "waist sword"); a type of short sword with no handguard, and where the hilt and scabbard meet to form the style of mounting called an 714:

period focused on reproducing the blade of a Japanese sword in the Kamakura period. There are more than 100 Japanese swords designated as

10465: 3767: 7123: 4480:

depicting gods, dragons, or other acceptable beings. Some are more practical. The presence of a groove (the most basic type is called a

10439: 9456: 6889: 6487: 3986:

introduction of martial arts as a means to connecting to the spirit world and allowed common people to participate in samurai culture.

3614:" and his disastrous life. His works were traded at high prices and exhibitions were held at museums all over Japan from 2013 to 2014. 380:: A sword that is generally longer and more curved than the later katana, with curvature often centered from the middle or towards the 7295: 5153: 553:: A sword with an exceptionally long handle, usually about as long as the blade. The name refers to the length of the handle wrapping. 10581: 10520: 9926: 7267: 7235: 7162: 6093: 4777:" (名物) and the criteria for selection were artistic elements, origins and legends. The list of "Meibutsu" includes 59 swords made by 996:. According to a sword book written in the Kamakura period, out of the 12 best swordsmiths in Japan who were convened by the Retired 535:) (as "tō" means "blade", rather than specifically "sword") because of the way they are made in a similar manner to Japanese swords: 5682: 4908:, a public interest incorporated foundation, rates high-value swords in four grades, and the highest grade Special Important Sword ( 3898:

members, many Japanese swords distributed around the world as of the 21st century are fake Japanese-style swords made in China. The

3481:

for formal attire with black scabbard, hilt winding thread and white ray skin hilt, which were regulated by the Tokugawa Shogunate.

2423:

decorated with precisely carved metal and jewels for ceremonial purposes. High-ranking court nobles wore swords of the style called

9499: 4825:

Yamada Asaemon V, who was the official sword cutting ability examiner and executioner of the Tokugawa shogunate, published a book,

3287:-style (edge-downward), rather than with the scabbard thrust through the belt with the edge upward. This style of swords is called 6883:"Reception and transformation of foreign cultures in Thailand; focusing on the foreign trade items of the 13 th to 18th centuries" 4843:" (古今鍛冶備考), two swordsmiths were added to the highest grade, and in the end, 15 swordsmiths were ranked as the highest grade. The 4829:(懐宝剣尺), in 1797 in which he ranked the cutting ability of swords. The book lists 228 swordsmiths, whose forged swords are called " 3950: 3441:

decorations on the scabbard. This was due to the economic development and the increased value of swords as arts and crafts as the

1805:(approximately 24 inches or 60 centimeters) in a straight line. While there is a well defined lower limit to the length of a 751:

decorations on the scabbard. This was due to the economic development and the increased value of swords as arts and crafts as the

384:, and often including the tang. Tachi were worn suspended, with the edge downward. The tachi was in vogue before the 15th century. 10550: 9494: 9489: 7916: 4748:

In Japan, Japanese swords are rated by authorities of each period, and some of the authority of the rating is still valid today.

2968: 8273: 5723: 4453:. This distinctive tempering line found near the edge is one of the main characteristics to be assessed when examining a blade. 10800: 5138: 3927:

The popularity of Japanese swords among Japanese women increased dramatically after the release of a browser video game called

3424:

have almost disappeared. In addition, the whole body of the blade became whitish and hard. Almost no one was able to reproduce

4884:

At present, by the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, important swords of high historical value are designated as

3335:

on a daily basis until the middle of the 18th century. After then they wore it special times (travel, wedding, funeral) until

8238: 8164: 7947: 7841: 7803: 7178: 7072: 6927: 6801: 6773: 6697: 6627: 6542: 6381: 6365: 6283: 6076: 5927: 5896: 5877: 5858: 5834: 5815: 5796: 5535: 2994:

in the late 15th century in the Muromachi period expanded into a large-scale domestic war, in which employed farmers called

1327:

nomenclature of the western tribute is merely a nod to the Japanese word for knife or short sword, rather than a tip style.

9423: 6642: 5177: 4293:(hand guard)). It is said that the sharpening and polishing process takes just as long as the forging of the blade itself. 4010:

The origins of Japanese swords and their effects and influence on society differs depending on the story that is followed.

2233:

and a gently curved single-edged blade, which are typical features of Japanese swords. There is no wooden hilt attached to

6252: 5696: 3804: 1330:

Although it is not commonly known, the "chisel point" kissaki originated in Japan. Examples of such are shown in the book

883: 7111: 5036: 4885: 2606: 2178: 2041: 1809:, the upper limit is not well enforced; a number of modern historians, swordsmiths, etc. say that swords that are over 3 1231:

blades being very well represented. The "Kyoho Meibutsucho" also listed the nicknames, prices, history and length of the

1013:

prosperity for a long time, but declined rapidly due to a great flood which occurred in the late 16th century during the

828: 247: 5993: 2135:

Tohoku region show iron ore smelting sites dating back to the early Nara period. The Tohoku region and indeed the whole

405:: A shorter version of the tachi, but with similar mounts and intended use, mostly found in the 13th century or earlier. 160:

A range of Japanese blade types, from left to right: naginata, ken, tantō, katana (uchigatana) and tachi (not to scale).

8005: 7757: 7641: 7601: 6978: 6678: 6524: 6475: 6448: 6428: 6408: 6354: 6331: 6307: 6236: 3120:

in the area to arm. In the Ming dynasty of China, Japanese swords and their tactics were studied to repel pirates, and

2621:

in the 13th century during the Kamakura period spurred further evolution of the Japanese sword. The swordsmiths of the

1289:

The sword also has an exact tip shape, which is considered an extremely important characteristic: the tip can be long (

783:

era there were several other schools that did not fit within the Five Traditions or were known to mix elements of each

2330:

was adopted. As a result, a sword with three basic external elements of Japanese swords, the cross-sectional shape of

206: 9275: 8084: 7772: 7013: 6845: 6825: 6751: 6739: 6657: 6606: 6591: 6140: 5937: 5777: 5669: 5652: 5619: 5598: 5479: 5452: 5392: 2811: 2249:

is derived from the fact that the central part of tang is hollowed out in the shape of an ancient Japanese tweezers (

2208: 6868: 6856: 6569: 6051:

The Genealogy of the Miochin Family: Armourers, Sword- smiths and Artists in Iron, Twelfth to the Eighteenth Century

3970:

used for religious ceremonies. The Yayoi period saw swords be used primarily for religious and ceremonial purposes.

2482:

was covered with a gilt copper plate and hung by chains at the waist. At the end of the Kamakura period, simplified

1419:, and the handguard piece, often intricately designed as an individual work of art—especially in later years of the 8072: 4933: 4929: 4905: 3916:

swordsmith. No one could win the Masamune Prize unless he made an extraordinary achievement, and in the section of

1457: 6989: 4476:

Some other marks on the blade are aesthetic: dedications written in Kanji characters as well as engravings called

7099: 3776: 1858:

Before about 1500 most swords were usually worn suspended from cords on a belt, edge-down. This style is called

9889: 9449: 9434: 8256: 7892: 7666: 7492: 4308:". The most common lamination method the Japanese sword blade is formed from is a combination of two different 4215:

Japanese swords were often forged with different profiles, different blade thicknesses, and varying amounts of

17: 1981:

Since 1867, restrictions and/or the deconstruction of the samurai class meant that most blades have been worn

8705: 7003: 6718: 5245: 3618: 2139:

district in the 8th century was controlled and populated by the Emishi. Archaeological evidence of recovered

1596:

What generally differentiates the different swords is their length. Japanese swords are measured in units of

7213: 4912:, 特別重要刀剣) is considered to be equivalent to the value of Important Art Object. Although swords owned by the 600: 5409: 4435:, the viewer must hold the sword in his hand and change the angle of the light on the blade as he views it. 3954:

The Three Great Masters of Soshu-den. Go Yoshihiro (top), Masamune (centre), Awataguchi Yoshimitsu (bottom)

3116:

China in official trade in an attempt to soak up the production of Japanese weapons and make it harder for

2192: 7054:

Perrin, Noel. Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879. Boston: David R. Godine, 1979.

6893: 10299: 8429: 8050:

Japanese sword course, volume 8, Historical Anecdotes and Practical Appreciation. (日本刀講座第8巻歴史及説話・実用及鑑賞)

5220: 3204: 1721:

are in this category. The length is measured in a straight line across the back of the blade from tip to

1345: 64: 51: 3912:(long swords), formerly owned by Japanese officers, have been exported or brought to the United States. 1085:, who learned from Shintōgo Kunimitsu, became the greatest swordsmith in Japan. From the lessons of the 8650: 6132:

A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times

5125: 4781:, 34 by Awataguchi Yoshimitsu and 22 by Go Yoshihiro, and these 3 swordsmiths were considered special. 4444:, which can be ground to razor-like sharpness. The thickly coated back cools more slowly retaining the 4254:

contained a pair of blades by the same smith, they were not always forged as a pair or mounted as one.

3264: 3212: 2156: 2082: 1978:

that a small accessory blade sometimes found in the sheath of a long sword is also a "kogatana" (小刀)).

1481: 1090: 278: 199: 6179: 3794:"Type 95" Non Commissioned Officer's sword of World War II; made to resemble a Commissioned Officer's 3585:

was the ideal Japanese sword, and started a movement to restore the production method and apply it to

2906:

used by lower-ranking samurai who fought on foot in the Kamakura period. Their main weapon was a long

10394: 9473: 9442: 9408: 4998: 4925: 4893: 3829: 3703: 2668: 2618: 2589: 2524: 2392:), were also carried for close combat fighting as well as carried generally for personal protection. 2283: 1430: 1227:

blades from several different provinces; 100 of the 166 swords listed are known to exist today, with

1081:

forged experimental swords by combining the forging technology of Yamashiro school and Bizen school.

900: 715: 1535: 10795: 9469: 9413: 9403: 8733: 8446: 8441: 8222: 7921:(in Japanese). Bizen Osafune touken Museum/Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company. Archived from 5271: 4180:

are a three-dimensional cross-sectional shape of an elongated pentagonal or hexagonal blade called

4064: 3761: 3713:

The Japanese sword remained in use in some occupations such as the police force. At the same time,

3631:(尊王攘夷派), who wanted to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and rule by the emperor, and the forces of 2467:

worn by court nobles were for ceremonial use, they generally had an iron plate instead of a blade.

2155:," the small number of Emishi soldiers could resist against the numerous Yamato-chotei army over a 1592:

for use as a "katana" by cutting off the original tang and reforming it higher up the cutting edge.

1376: 1318: 1086: 41: 9700: 3610:

period. His popularity is due to his timeless exceptional skill, as he was nicknamed "Masamune in

2753: 10732: 10658: 8698: 4913: 2216: 2037: 1463: 1445: 1439: 1351: 1339: 1194: 5508: 4763:, ordered Hon'ami Kōchū, who was an authority of sword appraisal, to record swords possessed by 843:. Nara was the capital of ancient Japan. Since there is a legend that it was a swordsmith named 10224: 9612: 9604: 8451: 8141: 5952: 5504: 5107:

forged by Hasebe Kunishige. Nanboku-chō period. (top) Tantō mounting, Late Edo period. (bottom)

4060: 3622: 3548:) and farmers were allowed to equip a short wakizashi, and the public were often equipped with 3383: 3108:

produced them by division of labor. The export of Japanese sword reached its height during the

2496:

and fell out of use as weapons. On the other hand, in the Kamakura period, there was a type of

1469: 1451: 1357: 30: 7159: 6204: 4204:

sword is viewed from the side, there is a ridge line of the thickest part of the blade called

3032:

were introduced from Portugal, and Japanese swordsmiths mass-produced improved products, with

3014:(1467–1615, period of warring states) in the late Muromachi period, the war became bigger and 1102:

has a pattern of undulations with continuous roundness, and the grains at the boundary of the

861:. Each school forged swords under the supervision of a different temple. In the middle of the 741:, which made almost no difference in the steel used by each school. Japanese swords since the 8780: 7040: 6273: 6166: 6155: 6034: 5556: 5002: 4685: 4450: 3637: 3371: 3272: 2098: 2045: 1870:(average blade length of 75–80 cm). From 1600 to 1867, more swords were worn through an 1566: 1475: 1415: 1406: 871: 174: 6495: 5442: 5088: 5032: 3668: 3635:(佐幕派), who wanted the Tokugawa Shogunate to continue. These political activists, called the 3625:

caused chaos in Japanese society. Conflicts began to occur frequently between the forces of

3582: 3327:

However, Toyotomi's sword hunt couldn't disarm peasants. Farmers and townspeople could wear

2886: 2832: 2581: 1078: 233: 7301: 6126: 4542:, which are superficially similar, but do generally differ in training theory and methods. 4526: 4085:

Japanese swords are generally made by a division of labor between six and eight craftsmen.

1363: 109:(1,000 BC – 300 AD), though most people generally refer to the curved blades made from the 86: 7273: 7245: 6102: 4073:

Blacksmith Munechika (end of the 10th century), helped by a fox spirit, forging the blade

2267: 8: 10272: 10252: 9855: 9787: 9723: 9647: 8278: 4727:

A Japanese sword authentication paper (Origami) from 1702 that Hon'ami Kōchū certified a

4051:

the history of swords, help influence the kind of samurai and warrior they choose to be.

3982:

The prestige and demand for these status symbols spiked the price for these fine pieces.

2637:

Historically in Japan, the ideal blade of a Japanese sword has been considered to be the

2256: 2064: 1235:, with swords by Yoshimitsu, Masamune, Yoshihiro, and Sadamune being very highly priced. 1070: 698:

Historically in Japan, the ideal blade of a Japanese sword has been considered to be the

8560: 4456: 9093: 7336: 6018: 5129: 5054:

mounting with a polished black lacquer sheath, Edo period. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

4760: 4752: 4077:("Little fox"). The spirit is represented by a woman surrounded by foxes. Engraving by 3494: 3449:

began. The Umetada school led by Umetada Myoju who was considered to be the founder of

3317: 3283:, certain high-ranking warriors of what became the ruling class would wear their sword 2776: 2296:, is considered one of the best Japanese swords in terms of art and is compared to the 2116: 1074: 1054: 985: 912: 738: 7922: 5407: 4583: 3241:

and flashy colored threads, and was used as a gift, a ceremony, or an offering to the

1000:, 10 were from the Bizen school. Great swordsmiths were born one after another in the 595:

Other edged weapons or tools that are made using the same methods as Japanese swords:

10626: 9327: 9176: 9145: 8799: 8677: 8160: 8001: 7952:(in Japanese). The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum "Nagoya Touken World". Archived from 7837: 7753: 7662: 7637: 7597: 7488: 7241: 7009: 6974: 6923: 6841: 6821: 6797: 6769: 6674: 6587: 6520: 6471: 6444: 6424: 6404: 6350: 6327: 6303: 6279: 6232: 6136: 6072: 5933: 5773: 5720: 5531: 5475: 5448: 5388: 5286: 5069:

mounting. The metal parts are made by Goto Ichijo. Edo period. Tokyo National Museum.

4941: 3883: 3690: 3577:

In the late 18th century, swordsmith Suishinshi Masahide criticized that the present

3336: 3026: 2032:, believed to have been made in the Nara period of the 8th century, preserved in the 1173:

was used in ancient Japan and is still used today, whereas the old usage of the word

78: 8268: 6838:

Complete Works on Strategic and Tactical Weapons. From Ancient China to Modern China

4601: 4589: 3694: 2565:. 13th century, Kamakura period. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum. 2459:, but since the Kamakura period they have had a gentle curve under the influence of 2063:

and others with unusual shapes, some of the styles and techniques were derived from

10642: 10370: 10162: 9522: 9254: 9030: 8053: 6491: 5997: 5290: 5230: 5225: 4936:, a public interest incorporated foundation, 39 swordsmiths who were designated as 4876: 4848: 4831: 4807: 4802: 4624: 4484:) reduces the weight of the sword yet keeps its structural integrity and strength. 4461: 4015: 3109: 2836: 2785: 2610: 2407:

From the Heian period (794–1185), ordinary samurai wore swords of the style called

2170: 2136: 2132: 2094: 1836: 1123: 916: 862: 360: 194: 8233: 7953: 5913: 4985: 2162: 2128: 1985:

style, like Western navy officers. Since 1953, there has been a resurgence in the

10540: 10177: 10128: 10108: 9965: 9537: 9465: 8875: 8760: 8691: 8638: 8486: 8405: 8263: 8154: 8033: 7166: 6715:"Analyzing the words of Wae-geom and Wae-geom-sa in Classical Korean literatures" 5727: 5525: 5469: 5306: 5128:. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum. These swords were owned by 4497: 4325:

having no voids that could lead to fractures and failure of the blade in combat.

4273: 4235:, in which the cross-sectional shape of the blade becomes an isosceles triangle. 3887: 3734:

periods. In 1934 the Japanese government issued a military specification for the

2733: 2547: 2471: 2053: 1264: 1135: 1066: 997: 973: 932: 840: 836: 703: 325: 274: 9464: 8130: 4212:

contributes to lightening and toughening of the blade and high cutting ability.

3089:

had been worn with the edge of the blade facing down and suspended from a belt.

1139: 173:. The blade was made by Masatsune. Blade, 12th century; mounting, 18th century. 10505: 10429: 10424: 10329: 10324: 10314: 10262: 10185: 10082: 9622: 9545: 8977: 8765: 8726: 6258: 5721:

Nihonto Bunka Shinko Kyokai Public Foundation: NBSK newsletter (September 2009)

5700: 5637: 5250: 4945: 4595: 3900: 3824: 3627: 3559: 3539:

made of a black scabbard, a hilt wrapped with white ray skin and black string.

3442: 3011: 2493: 1014: 981: 752: 356: 8663: 8500: 7784: 7147: 7135: 7087: 5979: 4932:

are regarded as the best swordsmiths. According to the rating approved by the

4798: 4296: 4078: 3408:

swords, especially the Bizen school swords made in the Kamakura period, had a

10789: 10380: 10339: 9767: 9753: 9733: 9680: 9660: 9484: 9194: 8917: 8770: 8243: 5327: 4862: 4153:, but from the Muromachi period onwards, specialized craftsmen began to make 4030: 3934: 3895: 3879: 2959: 2025: 1876:(sash), paired with a smaller blade; both worn edge-up. This style is called 1524: 1143: 1131: 920: 866: 180: 9655: 9155: 7212:(in Japanese). The Japanese Sworm Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from 7005:

Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts

6275:

A Military History of Japan: From the Age of the Samurai to the 21st Century

5955:, H. Russell. Japanese Arms and Armor. New York: Crown Publishers Inc., 1969 4532: 3681:

lacquer in the 1800s. Although the number of forged swords decreased in the

3068: 2245:) which is integrated with the blade is directly gripped and used. The term 10450: 10375: 10355: 10334: 10133: 10067: 9874: 9738: 9617: 9261: 8970: 8889: 8785: 8775: 8755: 8228: 7160:

Sword Forum Magazine – Metallurgy – Is Stainless Steel Suitable for Swords?

5332: 5322: 4994: 4623:

Japanese swords were carried in several different ways, varying throughout

4566: 4185: 3929: 3820: 3745: 3682: 3199: 3113: 2520: 2400: 2369: 2279: 2186: 2174: 2090: 2033: 1726: 1598: 1499: 1182: 1037: 848: 824: 381: 110: 106: 8627: 5124:

style sword mounting, gold banding on red-lacquered ground. 16th century,

4880:) Late Muromachi period. (top) Katana mounting, Early Edo period. (bottom) 2650:(lit., "old swords") in the Kamakura period, and the swordsmiths from the 1161:

are various, and the grain on the border of the hamon are hardly visible.

960: 952:

being small. It is often evaluated as a sword with an elegant impression.

10740: 10610: 9921: 9905: 9728: 9685: 9368: 9303: 8924: 8910: 8903: 8457: 7867: 5408:

Daniel Coit Gilman; Harry Thurston Peck; Frank Moore Colby, eds. (1906).

5317: 5300: 5006: 4513: 4141:

use apprentice swordsmiths as assistants. Prior to the Muromachi period,

3707: 3486: 3435:

period often have gorgeous decorations carved on the blade and lacquered

3136: 2319: 2238: 2124: 1997:

The production of swords in Japan is divided into specific time periods:

1029:. It is often evaluated as a sword with a showy and gorgeous impression. 904: 745:

period often have gorgeous decorations carved on the blade and lacquered

633:

Each Japanese sword is classified according to when the blade was made.:

523:: A sword with a blade shorter than one shaku (30 cm (12 in)). 8620: 8335: 8019: 4978: 3079:

further facilitated this by being worn thrust through a belt-like sash (

2991: 2292: 1355:, a small bamboo pin that is inserted into another cavity in the handle 1243: 1025:, and there is little grain but a color gradient at the boundary of the 10685: 10445: 10232: 10053: 9803: 9665: 9347: 9208: 9127: 9002: 8963: 8750: 8553: 8479: 8384: 7807: 7340: 7076: 6740:

History of Japanese swords "Muromachi period – Azuchi-Momoyama period".

6701: 6631: 6546: 6385: 5900: 5881: 5862: 5838: 5819: 5800: 5562: 5235: 4791: 4651: 4635:, if also present) carried edge up, with the sheath thrust through the 4607: 4501: 4441: 4305: 3736: 3472: 3446: 3400: 3367: 3321: 3300: 3280: 3268: 3081: 3048:, which was easy to carry, became the mainstream. The dazzling looking 2651: 2396: 2347:. As eras changed the center of the curve tended to move up the blade. 1872: 1780: 1589: 1562: 1420: 1402: 1186: 756: 707: 502: 463: 449: 290: 246:(mountings) and bare blade. Blade, 13th or 14th century. Sōshu school. 115: 10048: 9960: 9222: 9169: 8719: 8670: 8567: 8370: 8328: 6791: 6095:

The Japanese Sword Law & Export/Import of Swords Into/Out of Japan

5523: 2478:, which meant a sword with chains in the arsenal. The scabbard of the 2221:

without decorations on the tip of the hilt, and the samurai developed

2059: 851:. They forged the swords that were often worn by monk warriors called 342: 253:

In modern times the most commonly known type of Japanese sword is the

219: 10566: 10409: 10017: 9839: 9808: 9670: 9627: 9589: 9389: 9296: 9215: 9106: 8984: 8949: 8815: 8712: 8532: 8525: 8412: 8057: 7487:(1st ed.). Tokyo; New York: Kodansha International. p. 42. 5337: 5240: 5200: 5083: 3651: 3503: 3332: 2865: 2710: 2364:

style where the blade was worn thrust through the belt, edge up. The

1960: 1944: 1735: 1653: 1551: 857:

in Nara's large temples. The Yamato school consists of five schools:

482: 294: 263: 211: 133: 58: 46: 9986: 9016: 8882: 8377: 5965: 5120: 4505: 4002:

important cultural asset to preserving Japanese history and legacy.

3544: 3519: 3477: 3379: 3253: 3182:

From around the 16th century, many Japanese swords were exported to

3167:

that Masamune forged during the Kamakura period were converted into

3052:

gradually became a symbol of the authority of high-ranking samurai.

2914:

was a spare weapon. In the Nanboku-chō period, long weapons such as

2858: 2841: 2823: 1940: 1901: 1819: 1771: 1557: 1393:(top right) made by Ishiguro Masayoshi in the 18th or 19th century. 409: 282: 127: 10722: 10485: 10475: 10414: 10242: 10237: 10190: 9996: 9834: 9824: 9748: 9637: 9632: 9574: 9382: 9333: 9321: 9236: 9120: 8896: 8808: 8546: 8539: 8435: 8363: 6467: 6323: 5312: 5276: 5255: 4856: 4795:, which are now designated as National Treasures, were not listed. 4778: 4716: 4538: 4521: 4445: 4046:

should be ready to lay down their lives for their nation (emperor).

3183: 3056: 2996: 2852: 2626: 2602: 2298: 2197:-early Japanese sword-. To be more precise, it is thought that the 1082: 1058: 1009: 557: 540: 306: 302: 289:, which are older styles of a very long curved single-edged sword; 10043: 10038: 10001: 9375: 9354: 9069: 9055: 8599: 8398: 8342: 7148:

Pinnacle of Elegance －Sword fittings of the Mitsumura Collection－.

7124:

Pinnacle of Elegance －Sword fittings of the Mitsumura Collection－.

5342: 5265: 5204:(storage mounts), used to protect the blade when not mounted in a 4813: 3874: 3868: 3720: 3565: 3509: 2958:, which was forged in the Nanbokuchō period, and was dedicated to 2902: 1966: 1619: 1305:). In addition, whether the front edge of the tip is more curved ( 853: 811: 510: 298: 224: 156: 139: 10745: 10717: 10535: 10530: 10500: 10360: 10285: 10257: 10209: 10167: 10113: 9991: 9860: 9743: 9718: 9690: 9569: 9555: 9527: 9361: 9268: 9162: 9076: 8956: 8850: 8836: 8613: 8518: 8356: 7661:. Tokyo; New York: Kodansha International. pp. 25, 51, 117. 7272:(in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun. 14 January 2021. Archived from 6917: 6766:

The Japanese Sword: A Comprehensive Guide (Japanese arts Library)

4332:

Cross sections of Japanese sword blades showing lamination types.

4243: 3611: 3128: 2817: 1970: 1936: 1907: 1783: 1749: 1717: 1659: 1259: 844: 428: 388: 267: 238: 8656: 8121:

Modern Japanese Swords and Swordsmiths: From 1868 to the Present

7575: 7573: 7533: 7531: 7518: 7516: 5683:"The Secrets and Traditional Methods of Forging Japanese Swords" 5527:

Modern Japanese Swords and Swordsmiths: From 1868 to the Present

4328: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10690: 10515: 10495: 10460: 10434: 10419: 10319: 10200: 10123: 10118: 10092: 10022: 9708: 9579: 9560: 9289: 9282: 9201: 9099: 9023: 8931: 8857: 8829: 8822: 8684: 8606: 8592: 8349: 8217: 5357: 5347: 4811:, was one of the most popular swordsmiths in the Edo period. A 4765: 4756: 4581:

share the same five basic guard postures. They are as follows;

3942:

swordsmiths are now being asked by women for their autographs.

3677: 3532: 3437: 3358: 3328: 3237: 3096:

and swords ware exported. Such mass-produced swords are called

3002: 2356: 2120: 2079:

and are often referred to in distinction from Japanese swords.

1954: 1685: 1628: 1545: 1148: 747: 474:, around the 14th century, and became the mainstream replacing 258: 7427: 7425: 7371: 7327:

wa Bushi no tamashii (The Sword Is the Soul of the Samurai)".

4701:

is a fuzzy line within the white part. The actual line of the

4271:(the various fittings used to decorate the finished blade and 4037:

In martial arts training, it is believed that within a sword:

3299:, both styles were often mixed, for example, fastening to the 1073:. Sagami Province was the political center of Japan where the 10510: 10490: 10480: 10470: 10365: 10247: 10205: 10087: 9981: 9829: 9713: 9675: 9565: 9550: 9340: 9229: 9113: 9009: 8493: 8391: 7570: 7528: 7513: 7454: 7452: 5352: 5309:: Various types of swords in other countries as well as Japan 5281: 5260: 4627:. The style most commonly seen in "samurai" movies is called 4309: 4216: 3740:(new army sword), the first version of which was the Type 94 3714: 3352: 3235:

was decorated with gorgeous lacquer decorations with lots of

3122: 3117: 3072: 2380:

would be accompanied by a shorter blade in the form known as

2261: 2107: 1950: 1691: 1624: 1425: 1138:. Mino Province was a strategic traffic point connecting the 1061:. 14th century, Kamakura period. Important Cultural Property. 1022: 924: 440: 421: 400: 367: 286: 169: 121: 102: 98: 36: 9062: 9048: 8132:

Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879

6053:. London: Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society. 4743: 4109:) is in charge of making metal fittings for sword fittings, 1573: 10545: 10280: 9782: 9594: 9584: 9134: 8843: 8574: 7437: 7422: 7410: 7400: 7398: 6019:"Oshigata of Japanese Swordsmiths of the Showa (Ww Ii) Era" 5524:

Leon Kapp; Hiroko Kapp; Yoshindo Yoshihara (January 2002).

4668:

mountings decorated with luxurious lacquer or metal works.

4304:

The legitimate Japanese sword is made from Japanese steel "

3663: 3019: 3000:

were mobilized in large numbers. They fought on foot using

2976: 2488: 2344: 2334:, a gently curved single-edged blade, and the structure of 2303: 1963:: between 30.3 and 60.6 cm (between one and two shaku) 574: 310: 8308: 7449: 4892:, 重要文化財), and special swords among them are designated as 4014:

Swords and warriors are closely associated with Shinto in

2189:(794–1185), samurai improved on the Warabitetō to develop 8034:

Touken World YouTube videos on koshirae (sword mountings)

3841:, but there were still a sizable number of older swords. 3279:

In later Japanese feudal history, during the Sengoku and

3227:

wound with thread, appeared and became the mainstream of

2934:

which was equipped by high ranking samurai together with

2368:

was worn slung across the left hip. The signature on the

2147:" which can date back to the sixth to eighth centuries. " 1932:

Here is a list of lengths for different types of blades:

1916:

is also sometimes used as a synonym for Japanese swords.

7731: 7729: 7560: 7558: 7395: 6254:

The Review of the Study of History : Shigaku Kenkyu

6167:"Katana:The Samurai Sword", Stephen Turnbull, 2010, P.16 6069:

Secrets of the Samurai: The Martial Arts of Feudal Japan

5091:. (top) Wakizashi mounting, Early Meiji period. (bottom) 4496:

became the primary weapon on the battlefield during the

4227:, for instance, were not simply scaled-down versions of 8176:

Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior

7680: 7678: 7615: 7613: 7359: 4928:

and after 1955, six swordsmiths who were designated as

1609:

The three main divisions of Japanese blade length are:

1401:(bottom) made by Yanagawa Naomasa in the 18th century, 1263:

Diagram showing the parts of a Japanese sword blade in

899:, by Sanjō Munechika. Late 10th century, Heian period. 7659:

Mirror, Sword and Jewel: The Geometry of Japanese Life

7634:

Art of the Samurai: Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156–1868

7300:(in Japanese). J cast. 9 February 2019. Archived from 5494:

Samurai 1550-1600, p49, Anthony J Bryant,Angus McBride

4402: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4338: 4208:

between the cutting edge side and the back side. This

3258: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 2784:

From the end of the Kamakura period to the end of the

1486: 1122:, by Seki Kanemoto (Magoroku Kanemoto). 16th century, 794: 788: 7726: 7714: 7690: 7636:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 120. 7555: 7501: 7485:

The Yasukuni Swords: Rare Weapons of Japan, 1933–1945

6250: 6156:"The Craft of the Japanese Sword",Leon Kapp,1987,P.20 5599:

Transition of kotō, shintō, shinshintō, and gendaitō.

5517: 5031:

school influenced by the Sōshū school. 14th century,

4300:

Engraving from the Edo period depicting forge scenes.

3569:

forged by Minamoto Kiyomaro. Late Edo period. (left)

3501:

and shorter swords in pairs. These short swords were

3071:’, which is still kept alive through the teaching of 3025:

lent to them. Furthermore, in the late 16th century,

2889:. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum. 2584:. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum. 2550:. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum. 1507:) on the tangs of a katana (top); and tachi (bottom). 948:

being straight and the grains on the boundary of the

293:, a slightly shorter curved single-edged long sword; 7889:"Japanse Swordmaking Process ~ www.samuraisword.com" 7702: 7675: 7610: 7543: 7383: 7347: 7029:

Taiho-jutsu: law and order in the age of the samurai

6951: 6918:

Kapp, Leon; Hiroko Kapp; Yoshindo Yoshihara (1987).

6066: 6048: 4545:

For cutting, there was a specific technique called "

3744:, and many machine- and hand-crafted swords used in 1201:

was adopted to distinguish it from the Western sword

911:

The Yamashiro school is a school that originated in

151: 8015: 8013: 7464: 7044:, Kōkan Nagayama, Kodansha International, 1998 P.48 6792:Leon Kapp; Hiroko Kapp; Yoshindo Yoshihara (1987). 6658:

Differences in Japanese swords according to status.

6030: 6028: 5296:

List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts-swords)

4731:

made by Yukimitsu in the 14th century as authentic.

4431:. It is difficult to photograph, and to appreciate 4172:Typical features of Japanese swords represented by 3945: 3342: 8129: 7855:Samurai Fighting Arts: The Spirit and the Practice 7752:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 107. 6643:List of terms related to Japanese swords "Sasuga". 5378: 5376: 5374: 3685:, many artistically excellent mountings were made. 3517:were mainly selected. This set of two is called a 3324:and banned farmers from owning them with weapons. 1989:style, permitted only for demonstration purposes. 1743:were designed with blades slightly shorter than 2 793:(small school). There were 19 commonly referenced 202:. (top) Katana mounting, Late Edo period. (bottom) 8020:Touken World YouTube videos about Japanese swords 7795: 7793: 7196:. North Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing. p. 47. 4005: 3819:Under the United States occupation at the end of 3531:: it represented their social power and personal 2476:hyogo gusari tachi (hyogo kusari no tachi, 兵庫鎖太刀) 2435:, and lower-ranking court nobles wore simplified 1197:. Due to importation of Western swords, the word 835:The Yamato school is a school that originated in 10787: 10678: 8269:Dramatic and Accurate Explanation of Manufacture 8010: 7942: 7940: 7775:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World 7064: 7062: 7060: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6534: 6532: 6038:, Kanzan Satō, Kodansha International, 1983 p.68 6025: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5752: 5750: 5738: 5736: 5440: 4267:) as well as the various artisans that made the 2687:from the Kamakura period (Tokyo National Museum) 2318:, a structure in which the hilt is fixed to the 1827:is often used when explaining the related terms 1065:The Sōshū school is a school that originated in 980:The Bizen school is a school that originated in 6135:. Mineola NY: Dover Publications. p. 314. 5630: 5628: 5371: 4934:Society for Preservation of Japanese Art Swords 4906:Society for Preservation of Japanese Art Swords 4125:is in charge of applying lacquer to scabbards, 3924:, no one had won for 18 years before Kawauchi. 3854: 2675:of the Kamakura period account for 80% and the 1947:: 90.9 cm and over (more than three shaku) 1899:), usually carried across the back, are called 1210: 1130:The Mino school is a school that originated in 722:of the Kamakura period account for 80% and the 90: 8029: 8027: 7790: 7579: 7537: 7522: 7482: 7136:The World of Edo Dandyism From Swords to Inro. 7031:, Don Cunningham, Tuttle Publishing, 2004 P,23 6922:. Japan: Kodansha International. p. 168. 6796:. Japan: Kodansha International. p. 167. 6768:. Japan: Kodansha International. p. 220. 5594: 5592: 5590: 5574: 5572: 4961:mounting on its official website and YouTube. 4740:mounting on its official website and YouTube. 3848: 3599: 3428:until Kunihira Kawachi reproduced it in 2014. 2885:influenced by the Sōshū school. 14th century, 2660: 2643: 2455:worn by nobles were initially straight like a 1676: 1644: 1413:In Japanese, the scabbard is referred to as a 1204: 865:, swordsmiths moved to various places such as 689: 677: 665: 653: 641: 611: 580: 563: 546: 516: 488: 455: 434: 415: 394: 373: 348: 331: 301:, which is an even smaller knife-sized sword. 97:is one of several types of traditionally made 9450: 8294: 8038: 7937: 7911: 7909: 7057: 6688: 6686: 6612: 6529: 6271: 5932:. Tokyo: Kodansha International. p. 31. 5886: 5867: 5843: 5824: 5805: 5786: 5747: 5733: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5648: 5646: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 3112:when at least 200,000 swords were shipped to 3105: 3101: 2878: 2702: 2622: 2272: 2020: 2017:(modern or contemporary swords 1876–present) 694:"modern or contemporary swords" 1876–present) 262:, which is a single-edged and usually curved 8257:Classification and history of Japanese sword 7992: 7990: 7988: 7878:"A History of Metallography", by Cyril Smith 6880: 6787: 6785: 5625: 3309:style, but metalworking of the scabbard was 2946:, and it is possible that both developed to 2354:is a sword which is generally larger than a 2051:Early examples of iron swords were straight 320:The following are types of Japanese swords: 8156:Japanese Swords: Cultural Icons of a Nation 8103:The Japanese Sword, the Soul of the Samurai 8024: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7824:The Japanese Sword: The Soul of the Samurai 7632:Ogawa, Morihiro; Harada, Kazutoshi (2010). 7631: 7458: 7443: 7431: 7416: 7377: 6763: 6653: 6651: 6371: 6246: 6244: 5587: 5569: 5434: 4769:all over Japan in books. In the completed " 4231:; they were often forged in a shape called 3810:World War II Japanese naval officers sword 2835:(1336–1392) which corresponds to the early 2808:(hand guard) were also wrapped in leather. 2409:kurourusi tachi (kokushitsu no tachi, 黒漆太刀) 1503:A pair of examples of chiseled signatures ( 769: 622: 27:Type of traditionally made sword from Japan 9457: 9443: 8301: 8287: 8087:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 7906: 7591: 7008:. Kodansha International. pp. 18–24. 6890:Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 6871:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 6862: 6683: 6660:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 6645:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6395: 6393: 6341: 6339: 6042: 5658: 5643: 5604: 5471:Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor 5467: 4382:) which separate the blade from the tang ( 4029:Mythology also suggests that when Emperor 3331:until 1683. And most of them kept wearing 2982:were the main weapon of war in Japan, and 2942:through the same historical background as 2839:(1336–1573), huge Japanese swords such as 1973:: under 30.3 cm (less than one shaku) 1801:the sword must have a blade longer than 2 859:Senjuin, Shikkake, Taima, Tegai, and Hōshō 281:, which is a straight double-edged sword; 105:. Bronze swords were made as early as the 44:(middle and bottom right), a sword with a 8182: 8173: 7985: 7868:NOVA | Secrets of the Samurai Sword | PBS 7042:The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords 6963: 6782: 6754:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World 6742:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World 6584:The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords 6480: 6458: 6456: 6292: 5929:The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords 5770:The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords 5672:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World 5655:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World 5601:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World 5385:The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords 4744:Rating of Japanese swords and swordsmiths 3756:Military Swords of Imperial Japan (Guntō) 3211:In the Sengoku period (1467–1615) or the 3132:were developed based on Japanese swords. 3062:that makes use of the characteristics of 2613:, it was commonly called Ishida Masamune. 2001:(ancient swords, until around 900 A.D.), 1957:: over 60.6 cm (more than two shaku) 1835:(the set of both large and small sword). 1349:. It is used to anchor the blade using a 8239:Japanese Sword Index and Visual Glossary 8140: 8048:(1934), "Muramasa's curse (村正の祟りについて)", 7968: 7817: 7815: 7088:幕末に活躍した日本刀の名工「清麿」展＝ダイナミックな切っ先、躍動感あふれる刃文. 6648: 6581: 6241: 5925: 5767: 5714: 5503: 5382: 4861: 4797: 4722: 4720:, are also the objects of appreciation. 4650: 4565: 4455: 4414: 4327: 4295: 4192:) are integrated and fixed to the hilt ( 4068: 3949: 3667: 3664:Gendaitō (Modern or contemporary swords) 3558: 3471: 3366:style sword mountings. (top and bottom) 3346: 3247: 3188: 2864: 2810: 2713:killed his vassal Okada with this sword. 2654:(1603–1868) to the present day from the 2588: 2255: 2161: 2081: 2024: 1813:in blade length are "longer than normal 1572: 1534: 1498: 1491:), received similar levels of artistry. 1380: 1258: 1242: 1146:regions, and was surrounded by powerful 1113: 1036: 959: 882: 810: 646:"ancient swords", until around 900 A.D.) 273:Other types of Japanese swords include: 218: 205: 179: 163: 155: 29: 8044: 6752:Arms for battle – spears, swords, bows. 6712: 6663: 6502: 6433: 6413: 6390: 6336: 6221: 6062: 6060: 5772:. Kodansha International. p. 217. 5578: 5461: 5425:...one edged sword in general called a 3044:became obsolete among samurai, and the 2969:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 2474:(1185–1333), high-ranking samurai wore 14: 10788: 8309:Japanese weapons, armour and equipment 8200: 8191: 8127: 8100: 7852: 7821: 7735: 7696: 7656: 7191: 6957: 6586:. Kodansha International. p. 21. 6453: 6251:Shimomukai, Tatsuhiko (30 June 2000). 6067:Ratti, Oscar; Adele Westbrook (1991). 5530:. Kodansha International. p. 18. 5387:. Kodansha International. p. 49. 3469:), and inscriptions inlaid with gold. 2486:came to be made as an offering to the 1929:unless it is for ceremonial purposes. 1895:Abnormally long blades (longer than 3 1485:(professional handle wrap, also named 1021:has a flashy pattern like a series of 9438: 8282: 8152: 7857:. Kodansha International. p. 35. 7812: 7720: 7708: 7684: 7619: 7564: 7507: 7483:Kishida, Tom; Mishina, Kenji (2004). 7404: 7389: 7365: 7353: 6177: 6125: 5416:. Dodd, Mead and company. p. 765 4242:was not always forged together. If a 4184:, a style in which the blade and the 4149:(armorer) used surplus metal to make 3886:, these items are commonly made from 2990:were used only for close combat. The 2796:wrapped in leather, was popular. The 1494: 990:Ko-bizen, Fukuoka-ichimonji, Osafune, 929:Sanjō, Ayanokōji, Awataguchi, and Rai 8109: 7830: 7747: 7592:Yumoto, John; Ford, T (2011-03-10). 7549: 7470: 6911: 6757: 6091: 6057: 3390:(New swords). Japanese swords since 2709:. The name comes from the fact that 1753:and are somewhere in between a true 1473:(decorative skewer-like implement), 7998:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 7980:How to appreciate a Japanese sword. 7001: 6671:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 6517:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 6441:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 6421:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 6401:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 6347:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 6300:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 6229:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 6180:"和爾下神社の参道⑨東大寺山古墳（天理市・櫟本町）に関する記事です。" 6049:Gilbertson, E.; Kowaki, G. (1892). 5474:. DK Publishing. pp. 66, 120. 5414:The New International Encyclopaedia 4388:). Details such as the ridge line ( 3593:made after this is classified as a 3263:sword mounting. 16th－17th century, 2918:were popular, and along with this, 2005:(old swords from around 900–1596), 1449:(blade collar and scabbard wedge), 1337:A hole is punched through the tang 1279:, whereas a flat blade is called a 1193:became more common in Japan in the 878: 24: 8094: 7787:Setouchi City, Okayama Prefecture. 7297:刀鍛冶にサインを求める女性殺到　「刀剣乱舞」の影響？職人に聞いてみた 7244:. 10 December 2023. Archived from 6071:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 484. 5757:Sankei Shimbun, June 22, 2018. p.2 5743:Sankei Shimbun, June 22, 2018. p.1 5697:"All Japan Swordsmith Association" 4427:area, but a fuzzy line within the 4121:is in charge of making scabbards, 4101:is in charge of polishing blades, 4097:) is in charge of forging blades, 3573:mounting, Late Edo period. (right) 3356:mountings decorated with gorgeous 3018:fought in a close formation using 2862:were also popular in this period. 2431:(飾太刀, 飾剣), which meant decorative 1729:). Most blades that fall into the 1711:but less than two is considered a 658:"old swords" from around 900–1596) 25: 10812: 8210: 8148:. New York: Crown Publishers Inc. 7179:"Sword Robbers Strike Third Shop" 6859:Nagoya Touken Museum Touken World 6560:Masamune Sword and Blade Workshop 6272:John T. Kuehn (15 January 2014). 4464:practicing his trade, around 1909 4129:is in charge of making hilt, and 3856:Nippon Bijutsu Tōken Hozon Kyōkai 3171:, so his only existing works are 1817:" and are usually referred to as 1797:, or long sword. To qualify as a 1779:was the symbolic armament of the 1715:(short sword). The wakizashi and 1707:(knife). A blade longer than one 1519:Sword scholars collect and study 1429:. Other aspects of the mountings 1177:is found in the poem the Song of 152:Classification by shape and usage 146: 8234:Glossary of Japanese sword terms 8216: 8118: 8078: 8073:Nihon Bijutsu Token Hozon Kyokai 8063: 7881: 7872: 7861: 7846: 7836:鉄と生活研究会編　『鉄の本 (Book of iron) 』 7778: 7766: 7741: 7650: 7625: 7585: 7476: 7316: 7237:北野天満宮の名刀「鬼切丸」、刀剣ファン後押し　CFは目標2倍超え 6881:Ayumi Harada (24 October 2016). 6494:. March 27, 2016. Archived from 5447:. Osprey Publishing. p. 4. 5192: 5176: 5152: 5137: 5112: 5096: 5074: 5059: 5044: 5017: 4966: 4054: 3946:Cultural and social significance 3803: 3787: 3775: 3760: 3378:Swords forged after 1596 in the 3343:Shintō – Shinshintō (New swords) 3163:(磨上げ). For example, many of the 3157:. This kind of remake is called 2775:school. This sword was owned by 2761: 2752:school. This sword was owned by 2741: 2732:school. This sword was owned by 2718: 2691: 2570: 2555: 2532: 2509: 2376:When worn with full armour, the 1866:worn in this fashion are called 806: 9087:Projectile and throwing weapons 8112:The Craft of the Japanese Sword 7826:. London: V&A Publications. 7802:September 2020. p36, p47, p50. 7288: 7260: 7228: 7200: 7185: 7171: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7117: 7105: 7093: 7081: 7048: 7034: 7022: 6995: 6983: 6936: 6920:The Craft of the Japanese Sword 6874: 6850: 6830: 6810: 6794:The Craft of the Japanese Sword 6745: 6733: 6706: 6636: 6600: 6575: 6563: 6551: 6359: 6312: 6265: 6197: 6171: 6160: 6149: 6119: 6085: 6011: 5986: 5980:"Nengou – Japanese Reign Names" 5972: 5958: 5946: 5919: 5905: 5761: 5689: 5675: 5303:– the five best swords in Japan 4646: 3641:(志士), fought using a practical 2926:. Also, there is a theory that 2036:. The blade collar was made by 1775:(literally, "big-little"). The 1588:(greatly shortened) during the 1134:, corresponding to present-day 1069:, corresponding to present-day 1032: 984:, corresponding to present-day 955: 915:, corresponding to present-day 799:. The number of swordsmiths of 706:, and the swordsmiths from the 8052:, Yuzankaku, pp. 91–118, 6816:Koichi Shinoda. (1 May 1992). 5544: 5513:. Faber and Faber. p. 28. 5510:The arts of the Japanese sword 5497: 5488: 5401: 4263:specialist polisher (called a 4006:Religion, honour and mythology 2922:lengthened and finally became 2827:worn on the back of a samurai. 2105:The direct predecessor of the 1467:(small utility knife handle), 1109: 972:, by Nagamitsu. 13th century, 779:(The Five Traditions). In the 478:from the 15th century onwards. 13: 1: 10801:Samurai weapons and equipment 9500:Straight swords (Double-edge) 8194:The Samurai Sword: A Handbook 7785:Bizen Osafune Japanese Sword. 6836:Rekishi Gunzo. (2 July 2011) 5966:"Reading Japanese Signatures" 5364: 5246:Category:Japanese swordsmiths 5007:"Five Swords Under Heaven". ( 4886:Important Cultural Properties 4693:to make it easier to see the 4663:, and the photograph (right). 4423:. It is not the entire white 4200:, and a gentle curve. When a 3457:(handguard), remodeling from 3398:in forging method and steel ( 2954:in existence today is called 2306:wrestler) of Japanese swords. 1561:(matched set). 19th century, 1301:), or even hooked backwards ( 839:corresponding to present-day 629:Japanese sword § History 9899:Iron Age – Three Kingdom Era 9187:Improvised and other weapons 8196:. Boston: Tuttle Publishing. 7329:Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin 6717:. p. 72. Archived from 6318:Tatsuhiko Shimomukai (2007) 5561:] (in Japanese). Tokyo: 3748:conformed to this and later 3362:lacquer and metal carvings. 3193:Mounting for a sword of the 3151:were cut and shortened into 2411:, which meant black lacquer 2388:("meeting mouth"). Daggers ( 2213:with a hole in the hilt and 2013:(new new swords 1781–1876), 1839:refers to the long sword in 1527:, dependent upon the period. 1370: 1309:) or (relatively) straight ( 1164: 903:. This sword is one of the " 710:to the present day from the 628: 297:, a medium-sized sword; and 7: 9495:Curved swords (Single-edge) 9490:Thrusting swords (Edgeless) 9424:Military equipment of Japan 6368:Toyo keizai, August 2, 2017 5221:Glossary of Japanese swords 5213: 5037:Important Cultural Property 5005:. This sword is one of the 4904:, 重要美術品). In addition, the 4618: 4605:(eight-sided posture), and 4403: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4339: 3855: 3621:in 1853 and the subsequent 3259: 3205:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 2669:National Treasures in Japan 2607:Important Cultural Property 2439:swords of the style called 2179:Important Cultural Property 2042:Important Cultural Property 1847:in this, and refers to the 1555:(bottom), in the form of a 1487: 1211: 1008:school were apprentices to 829:Important Cultural Property 795: 789: 716:National Treasures in Japan 682:"new new swords" 1781–1876) 248:Important Cultural Property 91: 10: 10817: 8136:. Boston: David R. Godine. 7750:Samurai: A Concise History 7596:. Tuttle Pub. p. 47. 7580:Kishida & Mishina 2004 7538:Kishida & Mishina 2004 7523:Kishida & Mishina 2004 7335:(21): 29–31. August 1906. 7269:「刀剣乱舞」が教えてくれた刀の美　知識深める女性たち 7071:September 2020. pp.42–43. 6380:September 2020. pp.36–37. 5895:September 2020. pp.74–75. 5876:September 2020. pp.72–73. 5857:September 2020. pp.70–71. 5833:September 2020. pp.68–69. 5814:September 2020. pp.66–67. 5795:September 2020. pp.64–65. 5653:History of Japanese sword. 4955: 4511:Testing of swords, called 4058: 3431:Japanese swords since the 3412:like a white mist between 2021:Jōkotō – Kotō (Old swords) 1992: 1443:(decorative grip swells), 1374: 1238: 626: 10731: 10710: 10703: 10671: 10651: 10635: 10619: 10603: 10594: 10559: 10402: 10393: 10348: 10307: 10298: 10271: 10223: 10176: 10155: 10146: 10101: 10075: 10066: 10031: 10010: 9974: 9953: 9944: 9914: 9898: 9882: 9873: 9848: 9817: 9796: 9775: 9766: 9699: 9646: 9603: 9536: 9515: 9508: 9480: 9399: 9313: 9246: 9186: 9144: 9086: 9040: 8994: 8941: 8867: 8798: 8743: 8646: 8637: 8584: 8510: 8471: 8422: 8323: 8314: 8183:Sinclaire, Clive (2009). 8174:Sinclaire, Clive (2001). 7594:Samurai Sword: A Handbook 7194:Samurai Sword: A Handbook 6818:Chinese Weapons and Armor 6541:September 2020. pp.37–41 6257:. 広島史学研究会. Archived from 5994:"Oshigata Gallery |" 5444:Katana: The Samurai Sword 5441:Stephen Turnbull (2012). 5087:forged by Soshu Akihiro. 4926:Imperial Household Artist 4659:(left), an exact copy of 3849: 3830:General Douglas MacArthur 3782:"Type 98" officer's sword 3704:Imperial Household Artist 3675:mountings decorated with 3600: 3497:required samurai to wear 3100:, and swordsmiths of the 2661: 2644: 2619:Mongol invasions of Japan 2286:, Tokyo National Museum. 2123:(Not to be confused with 1920:means "great sword", and 1884:worn in this fashion are 1843:. He is referring to the 1699:A blade shorter than one 1677: 1645: 1530: 1461:(handle collar and cap), 1205: 923:relocated the capital to 690: 678: 666: 654: 642: 612: 581: 564: 547: 517: 489: 456: 435: 416: 395: 374: 349: 332: 82: 9975:Heian – Kamakura periods 9419:National Treasure swords 8201:Hujiki, Hisashi (2005). 8153:Roach, Colin M. (2010). 8101:Irvine, Gregory (2000). 7948: 7917: 7822:Irvine, Gregory (2000). 7296: 7268: 7236: 7208: 6990:特別展「埋忠〈UMETADA〉桃山刀剣界の雄」. 6582:Nagayama, Kokan (1997). 5926:Nagayama, Kōkan (1998). 5768:Nagayama, Kokan (1997). 5635:鎌倉期の古名刀をついに再現　論説委員・長辻象平. 5383:Nagayama, Kokan (1997). 5272:Japanese sword mountings 5039:. Tokyo National Museum. 4993:) school. 12th century, 4930:Living National Treasure 4914:Japanese imperial family 4835:" (業物) and the highest " 4370:), notches on the edge ( 4065:Japanese sword polishing 3493:During this period, the 3203:(family crests). 1600s. 2527:. Tokyo National Museum. 2443:(細太刀), which meant thin 2009:(new swords 1596–1780), 1855:as "extra-long swords". 1789:A blade longer than two 1377:Japanese sword mountings 1254: 1087:Mongol invasion of Japan 905:Five Swords under Heaven 770:Classification by school 623:Classification by period 466:. It was developed from 62:(top left), and various 10659:Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si 10032:Meiji period and beyond 10011:Muromachi – Edo periods 8192:Yumoto, John M (1958). 8187:. Chartwell Books, Inc. 8146:Japanese Arms and Armor 8105:. V&A Publications. 7996:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 7459:Ogawa & Harada 2010 7444:Ogawa & Harada 2010 7432:Ogawa & Harada 2010 7417:Ogawa & Harada 2010 7378:Ogawa & Harada 2010 7112:源清麿四谷正宗の異名を持つ新々刀随一の名工. 6669:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 6515:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 6439:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 6419:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 6399:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 6345:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 6298:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 6278:. Praeger. p. 34. 6227:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 5581:Nihonto no Soe Kogatana 5579:Suenaga, Masao (1975). 4631:, with the katana (and 4277:(sheath) including the 4133:is in charge of making 4113:is in charge of making 3445:ended and the peaceful 3420:, but the swords since 3223:, 糸巻太刀), which means a 2302:(the highest rank of a 2225:based on these swords. 2207:Kenukigata-warabitetō ( 2157:Thirty-Eight Years' War 1367:is carved on the tang. 1195:late Tokugawa shogunate 787:, and they were called 755:ended and the peaceful 670:"new swords" 1596–1780) 9890:Liaoning bronze dagger 9613:Migration Period sword 8942:Chain and rope weapons 8244:Diagrams of different 8070:＜審査規程第17条第1項に基づく審査基準＞. 7853:Tanaka, Fumon (2003). 7748:Wert, Michael (2019). 6973:p.120. Me no Me, 2017 6209:kakkou1210.stars.ne.jp 6205:"石上神宮のフツノミタマ4―製作地について" 5183:Hilt and handguard of 5126:Azuchi–Momoyama period 5027:, by Motoshige. Bizen 4881: 4822: 4732: 4664: 4574: 4487: 4465: 4436: 4333: 4301: 4082: 4061:Japanese swordsmithing 3955: 3686: 3623:Convention of Kanagawa 3574: 3490: 3384:Azuchi-Momoyama period 3375: 3276: 3213:Azuchi–Momoyama period 3208: 3135:From this period, the 2956:Hishizukuri uchigatana 2890: 2828: 2800:was stronger than the 2792:(革包太刀), which means a 2771:, by Kagemitsu. Bizen 2614: 2307: 2182: 2102: 2048: 1841:The Book of Five Rings 1769:together are called a 1593: 1570: 1508: 1410: 1268: 1251: 1127: 1091:Azuchi–Momoyama period 1062: 977: 908: 832: 729:Japanese swords since 266:traditionally worn by 250: 216: 203: 200:Azuchi–Momoyama period 177: 161: 69: 10225:Post-classical period 9915:Goryeo and Joseon era 9883:Bronze Age – Gojoseon 9605:Post-classical period 8868:Samurai accoutrements 8781:Mail and plate armour 8159:. Tuttle Publishing. 8144:, H. Russell (1969). 8128:Perrin, Noel (1979). 8114:. Kodansha Intl. Ltd. 7657:Singer, Kurt (1981). 7323:"The Japanese Sword. 7192:Yumoto, John (2008). 6696:. p.348. Shibunkaku. 6626:September 2020. p40. 6462:Takeo Tanaka. (2012) 6127:Stone, George Cameron 5730:Retrieved 2010-02-16. 5670:日本刀鑑賞のポイント「日本刀の映りとは」. 5557:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 5289:– Sacred treasure of 5268:—An unsharpened blade 5003:Tokyo National Museum 4865: 4801: 4726: 4654: 4577:Nearly all styles of 4569: 4459: 4418: 4331: 4299: 4246:was able to afford a 4072: 4059:Further information: 3953: 3671: 3562: 3475: 3372:Tokyo National Museum 3350: 3273:Tokyo National Museum 3251: 3192: 2877:forged by Motoshige. 2868: 2814: 2754:Kishū Tokugawa family 2609:. As it was owned by 2592: 2399:, a statesman of the 2259: 2185:In the middle of the 2165: 2111:(太刀) has been called 2099:Tokyo National Museum 2085: 2046:Tokyo National Museum 2028: 1683:(long sword, such as 1576: 1567:Tokyo National Museum 1538: 1502: 1407:Tokyo Fuji Art Museum 1384: 1375:Further information: 1313:) is also important. 1262: 1246: 1117: 1040: 963: 886: 814: 222: 209: 183: 175:Tokyo National Museum 167: 159: 34:Japanese swords. Two 33: 10560:Spanish colonization 9954:Yayoi – Nara periods 8995:Clubs and truncheons 8225:at Wikimedia Commons 6764:Kanzan Sato (1983). 6692:Takeo Tanaka (1982) 6366:｢日本刀｣の文化的な価値を知っていますか 4910:Tokubetsu Juyo Token 4527:Japanese martial art 4196:) with a pin called 4161:sometimes serves as 3823:all armed forces in 3197:type with design of 2326:) with a pin called 1747:. These were called 976:. National Treasure. 599:Arrowheads for war, 10273:Early modern period 10196:Parthian Long Sword 10102:Medieval and modern 9724:Basket-hilted sword 9648:Early modern period 8511:Polearms and spears 8110:Kapp, Leon (1987). 7276:on 29 February 2024 7002:Mol, Serge (2003). 6498:on August 28, 2016. 5468:Roger Ford (2006). 4787:Daihannya Nagamitsu 4655:Difference between 4358:), a thinner edge ( 3394:are different from 3245:of Shinto shrines. 3055:On the other hand, 2748:By Sukezane. Bizen 2699:Okadagiri Yoshifusa 1725:(where blade meets 1071:Kanagawa Prefecture 939:from a magnificent 733:are different from 493:, "side inserted ") 460:, "striking sword") 353:, "straight sword") 10620:Post-Classic stage 10253:Turko-Mongol Sabre 9701:Late modern period 8472:Knives and daggers 8274:Forging the Katana 8262:2011-06-23 at the 8178:. The Lyons Press. 7925:on 22 January 2022 7248:on 7 February 2024 7165:2007-08-06 at the 7100:清麿展－幕末の志士を魅了した名工－ 6899:on 25 October 2021 6721:on 9 December 2022 6036:The Japanese sword 5914:Chinese wikisource 5726:2010-12-13 at the 5187:. Late Edo period. 5130:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 5089:Nanboku-chō period 5033:Nanboku-chō period 4894:National Treasures 4882: 4853:Kyōhō Meibutsu Chō 4823: 4771:Kyōhō Meibutsu Chō 4761:Tokugawa shogunate 4753:Tokugawa Yoshimune 4733: 4665: 4587:(middle posture), 4575: 4466: 4437: 4334: 4302: 4083: 4081:(1859–1920), 1873. 3956: 3687: 3583:Nanboku-chō period 3575: 3495:Tokugawa shogunate 3491: 3489:. Late Edo period. 3386:are classified as 3376: 3318:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 3277: 3209: 2891: 2887:Nanboku-chō period 2833:Nanboku-chō period 2829: 2798:kawatsutsumi tachi 2790:kawatsutsumi tachi 2777:Kusunoki Masashige 2683:National treasure 2615: 2582:Nanboku-chō period 2563:Hyogo gusari tachi 2484:hyogo gusari tachi 2308: 2276:(old Bizen) school 2191:Kenukigata-tachi ( 2183: 2103: 2049: 1831:(short sword) and 1594: 1584:ca. 1300 CE, made 1571: 1509: 1495:Signature and date 1411: 1332:The Japanese Sword 1269: 1252: 1128: 1079:Shintōgo Kunimitsu 1075:Kamakura shogunate 1063: 986:Okayama Prefecture 978: 913:Yamashiro Province 909: 897:Mikazuki Munechika 833: 739:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 551:, "long wrapping") 251: 234:Shintōgo Kunimitsu 217: 204: 178: 162: 70: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10699: 10698: 10679:Pre-Columbian era 10667: 10666: 10590: 10589: 10389: 10388: 10294: 10293: 10142: 10141: 10062: 10061: 9940: 9939: 9869: 9868: 9762: 9761: 9432: 9431: 9328:Edo period police 8794: 8793: 8651:Auxiliary armours 8467: 8466: 8221:Media related to 8205:. Iwanami Shoten. 8166:978-4-8053-1035-9 8085:日本刀の刀匠・刀工「無鑑査刀匠」. 7918:備前長船刀剣博物館に関しての対談2 7842:978-4-526-06012-0 7407:, p. 52, 60. 7380:, p. 5, 117. 7242:The Asahi Shimbun 6969:Masayuki Murata. 6945:Handachi-Goshirae 6929:978-0-87011-798-5 6857:日本刀鑑賞のポイント「日本刀の姿」 6803:978-0-87011-798-5 6775:978-0-87011-562-2 6320:武士の成長と院政日本の歴史 07 6285:978-1-59228-720-8 6092:Schiller, Guido. 6078:978-0-8048-1684-7 5559:, Revised Edition 5537:978-4-7700-1962-2 5287:Sugari no Ontachi 5171:. Mid-Edo period. 5163:) and handguard ( 4999:National Treasure 4982:", by Yasutsuna. 4942:Masamine Sumitani 4872:Magoroku Kanemoto 4697:, and the actual 4364:), a curved tip ( 3882:to scale replica 3691:Meiji Restoration 3337:meiji restoration 3215:(1568–1600), the 2750:Fukuoka-Ichimonji 2730:Fukuoka-Ichimonji 2705:Fukuoka-Ichimonji 2679:account for 70%. 2525:National Treasure 2284:National Treasure 1247:Named parts of a 901:National Treasure 726:account for 70%. 16:(Redirected from 10808: 10708: 10707: 10676: 10675: 10643:Preah Khan Reach 10601: 10600: 10400: 10399: 10371:Langgai Tinggang 10305: 10304: 10163:Bronze Age sword 10153: 10152: 10073: 10072: 9951: 9950: 9932:Four Tiger Sword 9880: 9879: 9773: 9772: 9523:Bronze Age sword 9513: 9512: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9436: 9435: 9409:Weapons of Japan 8644: 8643: 8585:Practice weapons 8561:Torimono sandōgu 8321: 8320: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8280: 8279: 8220: 8206: 8197: 8188: 8179: 8170: 8149: 8137: 8135: 8124: 8115: 8106: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058:10.11501/1265855 8042: 8036: 8031: 8022: 8017: 8008: 7994: 7983: 7977: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7956:on 30 April 2021 7944: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7913: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7891:. Archived from 7885: 7879: 7876: 7870: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7850: 7844: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7819: 7810: 7797: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7673: 7672: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7608: 7607: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7568: 7562: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7526: 7520: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7368:, p. 51,59. 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7066: 7055: 7052: 7046: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7019: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6898: 6892:. Archived from 6887: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6834: 6828: 6820:. Shinkigensha. 6814: 6808: 6807: 6789: 6780: 6779: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6710: 6704: 6690: 6681: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6621: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6536: 6527: 6513: 6500: 6499: 6492:Mainichi Shimbun 6484: 6478: 6460: 6451: 6437: 6431: 6417: 6411: 6397: 6388: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6343: 6334: 6316: 6310: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6248: 6239: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6175: 6169: 6164: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6107: 6101:. Archived from 6100: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6064: 6055: 6054: 6046: 6040: 6032: 6023: 6022: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 5996:. Archived from 5990: 5984: 5983: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5923: 5917: 5916:for full script. 5909: 5903: 5890: 5884: 5871: 5865: 5852: 5841: 5828: 5822: 5809: 5803: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5765: 5759: 5754: 5745: 5740: 5731: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5699:. Archived from 5693: 5687: 5686: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5656: 5650: 5641: 5632: 5623: 5617: 5602: 5596: 5585: 5584: 5576: 5567: 5566: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5501: 5495: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5380: 5291:Ise Grand Shrine 5231:List of Wazamono 5226:Tatara (furnace) 5208:(formal mounts). 5196: 5180: 5156: 5141: 5116: 5100: 5078: 5063: 5048: 5021: 5009:天下五剣 Tenka-Goken 4970: 4877:Saijo Ō Wazamono 4849:Nagasone Kotetsu 4837:Saijo Ō Wazamono 4819:Hōraisan Kotetsu 4808:Saijo Ō Wazamono 4803:Nagasone Kotetsu 4625:Japanese history 4611:(side posture). 4593:(high posture), 4406: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4342: 4117:(blade collar), 4016:Japanese culture 3862: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3807: 3791: 3779: 3764: 3752:specifications. 3605: 3603: 3602: 3364:Itomaki-no-tachi 3262: 3221:itomaki no tachi 3195:itomaki no tachi 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3110:Muromachi period 2930:(腰刀), a kind of 2896:originates from 2873:modified from a 2837:Muromachi period 2802:kurourushi tachi 2786:Muromachi period 2765: 2745: 2722: 2701:, by Yoshifusa. 2695: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2611:Ishida Mitsunari 2605:. Sōshū school. 2597:modified from a 2580:. 14th century, 2574: 2559: 2546:. 13th century, 2536: 2519:. 12th century, 2513: 2415:. The hilt of a 2316:kenukigata-tachi 2314:developed after 2290:, together with 2278:. 12th century, 2235:kenukigata-tachi 2227:Kenukigata-tachi 2223:kenukigata-tachi 2171:Ise Grand Shrine 2167:Kenukigata tachi 2095:Satsumon culture 1837:Miyamoto Musashi 1793:is considered a 1739:. However, some 1703:is considered a 1682: 1680: 1679: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1634:Between 1 and 2 1490: 1423:—was called the 1385:Sword fittings. 1216: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1124:Muromachi period 1045:modified from a 917:Kyoto Prefecture 879:Yamashiro school 863:Muromachi period 823:. 12th century, 815:A Yamato school 798: 792: 693: 692: 681: 680: 669: 668: 657: 656: 645: 644: 617: 616:, "small blade") 615: 614: 586: 584: 583: 569: 567: 566: 552: 550: 549: 522: 521:, "short blade") 520: 519: 494: 492: 491: 461: 459: 458: 444: 438: 437: 425: 419: 418: 404: 398: 397: 379: 377: 376: 361:Buddhist temples 354: 352: 351: 337: 335: 334: 228:with signature ( 195:Saijo Ō Wazamono 96: 94: 84: 21: 10816: 10815: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10796:Japanese swords 10786: 10785: 10784: 10775: 10727: 10695: 10663: 10647: 10631: 10615: 10596: 10586: 10555: 10385: 10344: 10290: 10267: 10219: 10172: 10148: 10138: 10129:Kayamkulam vaal 10097: 10058: 10027: 10006: 9970: 9936: 9910: 9894: 9865: 9844: 9813: 9792: 9758: 9695: 9642: 9599: 9532: 9504: 9476: 9470:classifications 9463: 9433: 9428: 9414:Japanese swords 9404:Japanese armour 9395: 9309: 9242: 9182: 9140: 9082: 9036: 8990: 8937: 8863: 8790: 8739: 8633: 8580: 8506: 8463: 8447:Sword polishing 8442:Sword mountings 8418: 8310: 8307: 8264:Wayback Machine 8213: 8167: 8097: 8095:Further reading 8092: 8091: 8083: 8079: 8068: 8064: 8046:Iwasaki, Kosuke 8043: 8039: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 7995: 7986: 7978: 7969: 7959: 7957: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7907: 7898: 7896: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7873: 7866: 7862: 7851: 7847: 7835: 7831: 7820: 7813: 7798: 7791: 7783: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7746: 7742: 7734: 7727: 7719: 7715: 7707: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7630: 7626: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7536: 7529: 7521: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7457: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7430: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7304:on 4 April 2024 7298: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7279: 7277: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7251: 7249: 7240:(in Japanese). 7238: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7190: 7186: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7167:Wayback Machine 7158: 7154: 7150:Internet Museum 7146: 7142: 7138:Internet Museum 7134: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7102:Internet Museum 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7067: 7058: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7000: 6996: 6992:Internet Museum 6988: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6888:(in Japanese). 6885: 6879: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6835: 6831: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6711: 6707: 6691: 6684: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6649: 6641: 6637: 6622: 6613: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6537: 6530: 6514: 6503: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6461: 6454: 6438: 6434: 6418: 6414: 6398: 6391: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6344: 6337: 6317: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6261:on 18 May 2021. 6249: 6242: 6226: 6222: 6213: 6211: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6189: 6187: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6124: 6120: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6065: 6058: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6026: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6003: 6001: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5906: 5891: 5887: 5872: 5868: 5853: 5844: 5829: 5825: 5810: 5806: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5728:Wayback Machine 5719: 5715: 5706: 5704: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5659: 5651: 5644: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5605: 5597: 5588: 5577: 5570: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5522: 5518: 5505:Robinson, B. W. 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5439: 5435: 5419: 5417: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5381: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5307:Types of swords 5216: 5209: 5197: 5188: 5181: 5172: 5157: 5148: 5142: 5133: 5117: 5108: 5101: 5092: 5079: 5070: 5064: 5055: 5049: 5040: 5022: 5013: 4971: 4958: 4902:Jūyō Bijutsuhin 4746: 4649: 4621: 4599:(low posture), 4584:chūdan-no-kamae 4498:Kamakura period 4490: 4320:, (also called 4067: 4057: 4008: 3948: 3888:stainless steel 3859: 3846: 3815: 3808: 3799: 3792: 3783: 3780: 3771: 3765: 3718:swords, called 3666: 3617:The arrival of 3597: 3527:could wear the 3345: 3265:Azuchi–Momoyama 3060:(swordsmanship) 2975:Traditionally, 2938:, developed to 2780: 2769:Koryū Kagemitsu 2766: 2757: 2746: 2737: 2734:Tokugawa Ieyasu 2728:, by Sukezane. 2723: 2714: 2696: 2671:, of which the 2658: 2641: 2625:represented by 2585: 2575: 2566: 2560: 2551: 2548:Kamakura period 2540:Kurourusi tachi 2537: 2528: 2514: 2472:Kamakura period 2271:, by Kanehira. 2089:, 8th century, 2023: 1995: 1983:jindachi-zukuri 1860:jindachi-zukuri 1733:size range are 1674: 1666:Greater than 2 1642: 1533: 1497: 1389:(top left) and 1379: 1373: 1281:shinogi-takushi 1277:shinogi-hikushi 1257: 1241: 1202: 1167: 1136:Gifu Prefecture 1112: 1067:Sagami Province 1051:Kiriha Sadamune 1041:A Sōshū school 1035: 998:Emperor Go-Toba 974:Kamakura period 958: 933:Kamakura period 881: 841:Nara Prefecture 837:Yamato Province 809: 772: 718:, of which the 704:Kamakura period 631: 625: 609: 578: 561: 544: 514: 486: 453: 432: 413: 392: 378:, "long sword") 371: 346: 329: 190:Hizen Tadayoshi 154: 149: 76: 56:(top right), a 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10814: 10804: 10803: 10798: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10737: 10735: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10714: 10712: 10705: 10701: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10682: 10680: 10673: 10669: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10661: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10645: 10639: 10637: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10623: 10621: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10607: 10605: 10598: 10597:Southeast Asia 10592: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10406: 10404: 10397: 10391: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10352: 10350: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10311: 10309: 10302: 10296: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10288: 10283: 10277: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10263:Mameluke sword 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10229: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10217: 10215:Sasanian Sword 10212: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10186:Iron Age sword 10182: 10180: 10178:Ancient period 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10159: 10157: 10150: 10144: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10105: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10079: 10077: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10035: 10033: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9978: 9976: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9968: 9963: 9957: 9955: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9908: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9892: 9886: 9884: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9852: 9850: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9806: 9800: 9798: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9790: 9785: 9779: 9777: 9770: 9764: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9705: 9703: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9652: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9609: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9546:Iron Age sword 9542: 9540: 9538:Ancient period 9534: 9533: 9531: 9530: 9525: 9519: 9517: 9510: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9474:historical era 9472:by region and 9462: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9439: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9330: 9325: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9250: 9248: 9247:Signal devices 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9233: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9190: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9173: 9166: 9159: 9151: 9149: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8981: 8978:Kyoketsu-shoge 8974: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8900: 8893: 8886: 8879: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8812: 8804: 8802: 8796: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8737: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8483: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8332: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8254: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8212: 8211:External links 8209: 8208: 8207: 8203:刀狩り: 武器を封印した民衆 8198: 8189: 8185:Samurai Swords 8180: 8171: 8165: 8150: 8138: 8125: 8116: 8107: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8077: 8062: 8037: 8023: 8009: 8006:978-4651200408 7984: 7967: 7936: 7905: 7880: 7871: 7860: 7845: 7829: 7811: 7789: 7777: 7765: 7759:978-0190932947 7758: 7740: 7725: 7723:, p. 169. 7713: 7701: 7689: 7674: 7667: 7649: 7643:978-0300142051 7642: 7624: 7609: 7603:978-4805311349 7602: 7584: 7569: 7567:, p. 141. 7554: 7552:, p. 107. 7542: 7527: 7512: 7510:, p. 137. 7500: 7493: 7475: 7463: 7448: 7446:, p. 123. 7436: 7434:, p. 122. 7421: 7419:, p. 121. 7409: 7394: 7382: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7315: 7287: 7259: 7227: 7216:on 20 May 2023 7209:刀剣ブームの効果（刀剣女子） 7199: 7184: 7181:. IC Coventry. 7170: 7152: 7140: 7128: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7056: 7047: 7033: 7021: 7014: 6994: 6982: 6979:978-4907211110 6962: 6950: 6935: 6928: 6910: 6873: 6861: 6849: 6829: 6809: 6802: 6781: 6774: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6705: 6682: 6679:978-4651200408 6662: 6647: 6635: 6611: 6599: 6592: 6574: 6562: 6550: 6528: 6525:978-4651200408 6501: 6479: 6476:978-4062920933 6452: 6449:978-4651200408 6432: 6429:978-4651200408 6412: 6409:978-4651200408 6389: 6370: 6358: 6355:978-4651200408 6335: 6332:978-4062919074 6311: 6308:978-4651200408 6291: 6284: 6264: 6240: 6237:978-4651200408 6220: 6196: 6170: 6159: 6148: 6141: 6118: 6084: 6077: 6056: 6041: 6024: 6010: 5985: 5971: 5957: 5945: 5938: 5918: 5904: 5885: 5866: 5842: 5823: 5804: 5785: 5778: 5760: 5746: 5732: 5713: 5688: 5674: 5657: 5642: 5640:. July 2, 2017 5638:Sankei Shimbun 5624: 5603: 5586: 5583:(in Japanese). 5568: 5543: 5536: 5516: 5496: 5487: 5480: 5460: 5453: 5433: 5400: 5393: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5293: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5251:Kiku-ichimonji 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5198: 5191: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5173: 5158: 5151: 5149: 5143: 5136: 5134: 5118: 5111: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5093: 5080: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5041: 5023: 5016: 5014: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4954: 4946:Akitsugu Amata 4841:Kokon Kajibiko 4745: 4742: 4648: 4645: 4620: 4617: 4602:hassō-no-kamae 4596:gedan-no-kamae 4590:jōdan-no-kamae 4489: 4486: 4289:(pommel), and 4202:shinogi-zukuri 4182:shinogi-zukuri 4137:(hand guard). 4075:kogitsune-maru 4056: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4007: 4004: 3947: 3944: 3935:Shinto shrines 3901:Sankei Shimbun 3880:letter openers 3845:Japanese Sword 3825:occupied Japan 3817: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3766: 3759: 3757: 3695:Haitōrei Edict 3665: 3662: 3443:Sengoku period 3426:midare-utsurii 3382:period of the 3344: 3341: 3145:) of many old 3012:Sengoku period 2782: 2781: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2747: 2740: 2738: 2726:Nikkō Sukezane 2724: 2717: 2715: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2587: 2586: 2578:Hirumaki tachi 2576: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2554: 2552: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2515: 2508: 2502:hirumaki tachi 2494:Shinto shrines 2332:shinogi-zukuri 2231:shinogi-zukuri 2215:kenukigatatō ( 2205:and developed 2040:in the 1800s, 2022: 2019: 1994: 1991: 1975: 1974: 1964: 1958: 1948: 1697: 1696: 1664: 1632: 1532: 1529: 1496: 1493: 1437:, such as the 1372: 1369: 1303:ikuri-ōkissaki 1265:transliterated 1256: 1253: 1240: 1237: 1166: 1163: 1118:A Mino school 1111: 1108: 1034: 1031: 1015:Sengoku period 982:Bizen Province 957: 954: 880: 877: 808: 805: 771: 768: 753:Sengoku period 696: 695: 683: 671: 659: 647: 627:Main article: 624: 621: 620: 619: 604: 593: 592: 571: 554: 529: 528: 507: 479: 446: 406: 385: 364: 357:Shinto shrines 339: 255:Shinogi-Zukuri 153: 150: 148: 147:Classification 145: 74:Japanese sword 68:(bottom left). 26: 18:Japanese Sword 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10813: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10730: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711:Ancient Egypt 10709: 10706: 10702: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10683: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10670: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10650: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10634: 10628: 10627:Krabi–krabong 10625: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604:Classic stage 10602: 10599: 10593: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10572:Espada y daga 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10558: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10392: 10382: 10381:Sikin Panjang 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10270: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10222: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10175: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10151: 10145: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10009: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9943: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9897: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9872: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9847: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9795: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9755: 9754:Sword bayonet 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9734:Hunting sword 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9698: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9681:Espada ropera 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9661:Spada da lato 9659: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9645: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9485:Swordsmanship 9483: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9460: 9455: 9453: 9448: 9446: 9441: 9440: 9437: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9378: 9377: 9373: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9345: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9301: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9287: 9285: 9284: 9280: 9278: 9277: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9206: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041:Staff weapons 9039: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9007: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8968: 8966: 8965: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8922: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8908: 8906: 8905: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8731: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8717: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8523: 8521: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8453: 8452:Swordsmithing 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8304: 8299: 8297: 8292: 8290: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8229:Nihonto forum 8227: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8134: 8133: 8126: 8122: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8099: 8098: 8086: 8081: 8074: 8071: 8066: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8030: 8028: 8021: 8016: 8014: 8007: 8003: 8000:. pp.117–119 7999: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7981: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7941: 7924: 7920: 7912: 7910: 7895:on 2009-09-23 7894: 7890: 7884: 7875: 7869: 7864: 7856: 7849: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7825: 7818: 7816: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7794: 7786: 7781: 7774: 7769: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7738:, p. 41. 7737: 7732: 7730: 7722: 7717: 7711:, p. 57. 7710: 7705: 7699:, p. 25. 7698: 7693: 7687:, p. 55. 7686: 7681: 7679: 7670: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7645: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7622:, p. 53. 7621: 7616: 7614: 7605: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7582:, p. 41. 7581: 7576: 7574: 7566: 7561: 7559: 7551: 7546: 7540:, p. 43. 7539: 7534: 7532: 7525:, p. 42. 7524: 7519: 7517: 7509: 7504: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7479: 7473:, p. 95. 7472: 7467: 7461:, p. 22. 7460: 7455: 7453: 7445: 7440: 7433: 7428: 7426: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7401: 7399: 7392:, p. 59. 7391: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7356:, p. 51. 7355: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7303: 7299: 7291: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7215: 7211: 7203: 7195: 7188: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7125: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7089: 7084: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7051: 7045: 7043: 7037: 7030: 7025: 7017: 7015:4-7700-2941-1 7011: 7007: 7006: 6998: 6991: 6986: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6960:, p. 51. 6959: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6939: 6931: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6846:9784056063448 6843: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6826:9784883172115 6823: 6819: 6813: 6805: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6786: 6777: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6720: 6716: 6713:Junko Oishi. 6709: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6652: 6644: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6608: 6603: 6595: 6593:4-7700-2071-6 6589: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6558:なぜ「正宗」は名刀なのか. 6554: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6488:"日本の技術の精巧さは…" 6483: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6287: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6247: 6245: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6186:(in Japanese) 6185: 6181: 6174: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6152: 6144: 6142:0-486-40726-8 6138: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6108:on 2011-09-29 6104: 6097: 6096: 6088: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6061: 6052: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6020: 6014: 6000:on 2012-09-13 5999: 5995: 5989: 5981: 5975: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5941: 5939:9784770020710 5935: 5931: 5930: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5781: 5779:4-7700-2071-6 5775: 5771: 5764: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5717: 5703:on 2010-02-19 5702: 5698: 5692: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5649: 5647: 5639: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5621: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5600: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5582: 5575: 5573: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5539: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5520: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5491: 5483: 5481:9780756622107 5477: 5473: 5472: 5464: 5456: 5454:9781849086585 5450: 5446: 5445: 5437: 5430: 5428: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5396: 5394:4-7700-2071-6 5390: 5386: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5370: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5328:Chinese sword 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5147:, Edo period. 5146: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4890:Jūyō Bunkazai 4887: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4827:Kaiho Kenjaku 4820: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4706:two types, a 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4419:Example of a 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4055:Manufacturing 4052: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3896:Japanese Diet 3893: 3889: 3885: 3884:"wallhangers" 3881: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3857: 3842: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3659: 3656:(幕末刀). Their 3655: 3653: 3649:(勤皇刀) or the 3648: 3645:, called the 3644: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3619:Matthew Perry 3615: 3613: 3609: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3542:Townspeople ( 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410:midare-utsuri 3407: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3233:itomaki tachi 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3217:itomaki tachi 3214: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3006:shorter than 3005: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2960:Kasuga Shrine 2957: 2953: 2950:. The oldest 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2884: 2882: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2788:(1333–1573), 2787: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2657: 2653: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2212: 2210: 2204: 2201:improved the 2200: 2196: 2194: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2073:kiriha-zukuri 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1528: 1526: 1525:Emperor Jimmu 1522: 1517: 1514: 1506: 1501: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1479:lacquer, and 1478: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397:(middle) and 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1312: 1311:fukura-kareru 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1266: 1261: 1250: 1245: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:Mino Province 1125: 1121: 1116: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 975: 971: 967: 962: 953: 951: 947: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 921:Emperor Kanmu 918: 914: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 876: 874: 873: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855: 850: 846: 842: 838: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 807:Yamato school 804: 802: 797: 791: 786: 782: 778: 767: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 687: 684: 675: 672: 663: 660: 651: 648: 639: 636: 635: 634: 630: 608: 605: 602: 598: 597: 596: 590: 577: 576: 572: 560: 559: 555: 543: 542: 538: 537: 536: 534: 526: 513: 512: 508: 505: 504: 498: 485: 484: 480: 477: 473: 469: 465: 452: 451: 447: 442: 431: 430: 423: 412: 411: 407: 402: 391: 390: 386: 383: 370: 369: 365: 362: 358: 345: 344: 340: 328: 327: 323: 322: 321: 318: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 271: 269: 265: 261: 260: 256: 249: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 227: 226: 221: 214: 213: 208: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 182: 176: 172: 171: 166: 158: 144: 142: 141: 136: 135: 130: 129: 124: 123: 118: 117: 112: 108: 104: 100: 93: 88: 80: 75: 67: 66: 61: 60: 55: 54: 49: 48: 43: 39: 38: 32: 19: 10451:Dahong palay 10376:Parang Nabur 10356:Keris bahari 10308:Early period 10149:Central Asia 9945: 9739:Pistol sword 9623:Arming sword 9618:Viking sword 9388: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9320: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9262:Hata-jirushi 9260: 9253: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9175: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9054: 9047: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8983: 8976: 8971:Kusari-fundo 8969: 8962: 8955: 8948: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8456: 8434: 8423:Construction 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8327: 8315: 8252:blade shapes 8249: 8245: 8202: 8193: 8184: 8175: 8155: 8145: 8131: 8120: 8119:Kapp, Leon. 8111: 8102: 8080: 8065: 8049: 8040: 7997: 7958:. Retrieved 7954:the original 7927:. Retrieved 7923:the original 7897:. Retrieved 7893:the original 7883: 7874: 7863: 7854: 7848: 7832: 7823: 7799: 7780: 7768: 7749: 7743: 7716: 7704: 7692: 7658: 7652: 7633: 7627: 7593: 7587: 7545: 7503: 7484: 7478: 7466: 7439: 7412: 7385: 7373: 7361: 7349: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7306:. Retrieved 7302:the original 7290: 7278:. Retrieved 7274:the original 7262: 7250:. Retrieved 7246:the original 7230: 7218:. Retrieved 7214:the original 7202: 7193: 7187: 7173: 7155: 7143: 7131: 7119: 7107: 7095: 7083: 7068: 7050: 7041: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7004: 6997: 6985: 6970: 6965: 6953: 6944: 6938: 6919: 6913: 6901:. Retrieved 6894:the original 6876: 6864: 6852: 6837: 6832: 6817: 6812: 6793: 6765: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723:. Retrieved 6719:the original 6708: 6693: 6670: 6665: 6638: 6623: 6609:Touken world 6607:日本刀の歴史南北朝時代 6602: 6583: 6577: 6572:Touken world 6570:五箇伝（五ヵ伝、五ヶ伝） 6565: 6553: 6538: 6519:. pp.36–44. 6516: 6496:the original 6482: 6463: 6440: 6435: 6420: 6415: 6400: 6377: 6373: 6361: 6346: 6319: 6314: 6299: 6294: 6274: 6267: 6259:the original 6253: 6228: 6223: 6212:. Retrieved 6208: 6199: 6188:. Retrieved 6183: 6173: 6162: 6151: 6131: 6121: 6110:. Retrieved 6103:the original 6094: 6087: 6068: 6050: 6044: 6035: 6013: 6002:. Retrieved 5998:the original 5988: 5974: 5960: 5948: 5928: 5921: 5907: 5892: 5888: 5873: 5869: 5854: 5830: 5826: 5811: 5807: 5792: 5788: 5769: 5763: 5716: 5705:. Retrieved 5701:the original 5691: 5677: 5622:Touken World 5580: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5526: 5519: 5509: 5499: 5490: 5470: 5463: 5443: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5418:. Retrieved 5413: 5403: 5384: 5333:Korean sword 5323:Indian sword 5205: 5199: 5184: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5144: 5119: 5104: 5082: 5066: 5051: 5028: 5024: 5008: 4995:Heian period 4990: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4959: 4949: 4937: 4923: 4918: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4750: 4747: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4647:Appreciation 4641: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4613: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4570: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4520: 4519: 4512: 4510: 4493: 4491: 4481: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4376:) and back ( 4345: 4335: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4171: 4166: 4163:shiroganeshi 4162: 4158: 4157:. Nowadays, 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4127:tsukamakishi 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4111:shiroganeshi 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4074: 4049: 4009: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3939: 3930:Touken Ranbu 3928: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3899: 3891: 3873: 3872:is used for 3867: 3865: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3821:World War II 3818: 3811: 3795: 3749: 3746:World War II 3741: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3712: 3699: 3688: 3683:Meiji period 3676: 3672: 3657: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3616: 3607: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3482: 3476: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3436: 3432: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3326: 3320:conducted a 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3252: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3231:after that. 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3198: 3194: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3134: 3127: 3121: 3114:Ming dynasty 3102:Bisen school 3098:kazuuchimono 3097: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2900:, a kind of 2897: 2893: 2892: 2880: 2874: 2870: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2830: 2822: 2816: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2772: 2768: 2749: 2729: 2725: 2704: 2698: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2655: 2638: 2636: 2630: 2623:Sōshū school 2616: 2598: 2594: 2577: 2562: 2543: 2539: 2521:Heian period 2517:Kazari tachi 2516: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2425:kazari tachi 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2406: 2401:Song dynasty 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2349: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2297: 2291: 2287: 2280:Heian period 2273: 2266: 2260: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2187:Heian period 2184: 2175:Heian period 2166: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2091:Heian period 2086: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2052: 2050: 2029: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1996: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1690: 1684: 1671: 1667: 1658: 1652: 1639: 1635: 1618: 1614: 1613:Less than 1 1608: 1604: 1597: 1595: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1540: 1539:Two antique 1520: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1504: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1398: 1394: 1391:fuchigashira 1390: 1386: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1307:fukura-tsuku 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1248: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1198: 1190: 1183:Song dynasty 1178: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1158: 1153: 1147: 1129: 1119: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1064: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1033:Sōshū school 1026: 1018: 1005: 1001: 993: 989: 979: 969: 965: 956:Bizen school 949: 945: 940: 936: 928: 910: 896: 892: 888: 887:A Yamashiro 870: 858: 852: 849:Heian period 834: 825:Heian period 820: 816: 800: 784: 780: 776: 773: 763: 761: 746: 742: 734: 730: 728: 723: 719: 711: 699: 697: 685: 673: 661: 649: 637: 632: 606: 603:(or yanone). 594: 589:jumonji-yari 588: 573: 556: 539: 532: 530: 524: 509: 501: 496: 481: 475: 471: 470:, a kind of 467: 448: 427: 408: 387: 366: 341: 324: 319: 315: 272: 257: 254: 252: 243: 237: 229: 223: 210: 193: 189: 185: 168: 138: 132: 126: 120: 114: 111:Heian period 107:Yayoi period 73: 71: 63: 57: 52: 45: 35: 10672:Mesoamerica 10395:Philippines 10349:Late period 10147:Western and 9922:Bonguk geom 9906:Hwandudaedo 9818:Ming – Qing 9729:Small sword 9686:Swiss degen 9466:Sword types 9369:Shinsengumi 9304:Uma-jirushi 9177:Tanegashima 8925:Uchi-bukuro 8911:Kubi bukuro 8904:Kate-bukuro 8501:Yoroi-dōshi 8458:Tameshigiri 7960:26 February 7949:いろんな刃文を観てみる 7929:26 February 7736:Singer 1981 7697:Singer 1981 7126:Nezu Museum 6958:Hujiki 2005 6903:11 December 6869:相州伝の名工「正宗」. 6349:. pp32-33. 6231:. pp31-32. 6178:myacyouen. 5620:日本刀の格付けと歴史. 5318:Dha (sword) 5301:Tenka-Goken 4805:, rated as 4629:buke-zukuri 4514:tameshigiri 4233:hira-zukuri 4079:Ogata Gekkō 4031:Jimmu Tennō 3708:Nezu Museum 3487:Uesugi clan 3281:Edo periods 3106:Mino school 3028:tanegashima 2928:koshigatana 2815:Edo period 2382:koshigatana 2069:hira-zukuri 2065:Chinese dao 2038:Kano Natsuo 1987:buke-zukuri 1878:buke-zukuri 1823:. The word 1343:, called a 1293:), medium ( 1189:. The word 1110:Mino school 1106:are large. 326:Tsurugi/Ken 236:. Complete 10790:Categories 10686:Macuahuitl 10442:(Binangon) 10233:Arab sword 10156:Prehistory 10054:Shikomizue 9804:Hook sword 9666:Katzbalger 9656:Zweihänder 9516:Prehistory 9348:Onna-musha 9209:Metsubushi 9156:Bajō-zutsu 8964:Kusarigama 8751:Brigandine 8554:Sodegarami 8480:Kabutowari 8385:Shikomizue 7899:2009-06-23 7808:B08DGRWN98 7721:Roach 2010 7709:Roach 2010 7685:Roach 2010 7668:0870114603 7620:Roach 2010 7565:Roach 2010 7508:Roach 2010 7494:4770027540 7405:Roach 2010 7390:Roach 2010 7366:Roach 2010 7354:Roach 2010 7090:Jiji Press 7077:B08DGRWN98 6840:. Gakken. 6725:9 December 6702:B000J7JC30 6632:B08DGRWN98 6547:B08DGRWN98 6386:B08DGRWN98 6214:2021-06-24 6190:2021-06-24 6184:エナガ先生の講義メモ 6112:2011-07-20 6004:2015-06-06 5901:B08DGRWN98 5882:B08DGRWN98 5863:B08DGRWN98 5839:B08DGRWN98 5820:B08DGRWN98 5801:B08DGRWN98 5707:2010-02-16 5563:Shogakukan 5552:国語大辞典（新装版） 5420:2007-12-19 5365:References 5236:Tamahagane 4870:forged by 4847:forged by 4792:Yamatorige 4755:, the 8th 4608:waki-gamae 4533:battōjutsu 4502:Edo period 4442:martensite 4306:Tamahagane 4285:(collar), 4095:Katanakaji 4022:authority. 3866:Nowadays, 3850:日本美術刀剣保存協会 3796:shin guntō 3770:army sabre 3750:shin guntō 3737:shin guntō 3732:shinshintō 3652:bakumatsut 3608:shinshintō 3595:shinshintō 3447:Edo period 3401:tamahagane 3368:Edo period 3322:sword hunt 3269:Edo period 3069:Battōjutsu 2652:Edo period 2601:forged by 2429:kaza tachi 2397:Ouyang Xiu 2247:kenukigata 2237:, and the 2203:warabitetō 2153:Warabitetō 2149:Warabitetō 2145:Warabitetō 2141:Warabitetō 2113:Warabitetō 2087:Warabitetō 2071:, and the 2011:shinshintō 1880:, and all 1781:Edo period 1590:Edo period 1563:Edo period 1421:Edo period 1403:Edo period 1346:mekugi-ana 1297:), short ( 1295:chūkissaki 1187:Ouyang Xiu 757:Edo period 708:Edo period 674:Shinshintō 585:, "spear") 450:Uchigatana 336:, "sword") 291:uchigatana 188:forged by 116:uchigatana 40:with full 10567:Balisword 10466:Ginunting 10410:Balasiong 10403:Classical 10300:Indonesia 10018:Wakizashi 9840:Yanmaodao 9809:Zhanmadao 9671:Cinquedea 9628:Longsword 9590:Rhomphaia 9390:Yamabushi 9297:Sashimono 9276:Kabura-ya 9107:Makibishi 9094:Artillery 9003:Hachiwari 8950:Chigiriki 8816:Hachimaki 8713:Men-yoroi 8628:Tanren bō 8533:Kama-yari 8526:Hoko yari 8413:Wakizashi 8250:wakizashi 7550:Wert 2019 7471:Wert 2019 7114:Kōgetudō. 6694:対外関係と文化交流 6129:(1999) . 5338:Wakizashi 5241:Tsujigiri 5201:shirasaya 5084:wakizashi 5067:Wakizashi 4751:In 1719, 4633:wakizashi 4462:sharpener 4379:munemachi 4221:Wakizashi 4147:kacchushi 4107:chokinshi 3812:kai gunto 3768:kyu guntō 3628:sonnō jōi 3550:wakizashi 3515:wakizashi 3504:wakizashi 3485:owned by 3333:wakizashi 3030:(muskets) 3010:. In the 2821:shows an 2711:Oda Nobuo 2453:hosodachi 2449:kazatachi 2441:hosodachi 2437:kazatachi 2288:Okanehira 2268:Okanehira 2209:ja:毛抜形蕨手刀 2119:) by the 1961:Wakizashi 1945:Jin tachi 1912:The word 1759:wakizashi 1736:wakizashi 1723:munemachi 1654:wakizashi 1586:ō-suriage 1582:Norishige 1552:wakizashi 1488:tsukamaki 1482:tsuka-ito 1371:Mountings 1299:kokissaki 1181:, by the 1169:The word 1165:Etymology 1057:, son of 483:Wakizashi 439:, "field 420:, "large 399:, "small 295:wakizashi 264:longsword 212:Wakizashi 134:wakizashi 59:wakizashi 47:Shirasaya 42:mountings 10733:Mainland 10723:Acinaces 10652:Thailand 10636:Cambodia 10595:Mainland 10526:Sansibar 10486:Karambit 10476:Kampilan 10440:Binagong 10430:Batangas 10415:Bangkung 10243:Shamshir 10238:Scimitar 10191:Acinaces 9997:Nagamaki 9835:Changdao 9825:Liuyedao 9797:Medieval 9749:Spadroon 9638:Falchion 9633:Claymore 9575:Makhaira 9383:Yabusame 9334:Kunoichi 9322:Ashigaru 9237:Suntetsu 9148:and guns 9146:Firearms 9121:Shuriken 8897:Kaginawa 8809:Fundoshi 8800:Clothing 8761:Lamellar 8678:Haramaki 8621:Suburitō 8547:Sasumata 8540:Naginata 8436:Horimono 8430:Glossary 8364:Nagamaki 8336:Dōtanuki 8260:Archived 8142:Robinson 7982:Tozando. 7163:Archived 6943:weblio. 6468:Kodansha 6466:p. 104. 6324:Kodansha 5953:Robinson 5724:Archived 5507:(1961). 5313:Hengdang 5277:Kenjutsu 5256:Iaijutsu 5214:See also 5206:koshirae 4979:Dōjigiri 4921:" (御物). 4919:Gyobutsu 4857:Muramasa 4832:Wazamono 4779:Masamune 4775:Meibutsu 4717:horimono 4657:Oshigata 4639:(sash). 4619:Carrying 4579:kenjutsu 4571:Koshiate 4560:ten-uchi 4556:ten-uchi 4551:Ten-uchi 4547:ten-uchi 4539:iaijutsu 4522:Kenjutsu 4478:horimono 4446:pearlite 4314:hadagane 4281:(hilt), 4269:koshirae 4167:tsubashi 4159:kinkoshi 4131:tsubashi 3940:gendaitō 3700:gendaitō 3297:handachi 3291:, "half 3289:handachi 3260:handachi 3184:Thailand 3094:ashigaru 3058:kenjutsu 3042:naginata 3034:ashigaru 3023:(spears) 3016:ashigaru 2997:ashigaru 2992:Ōnin War 2988:naginata 2908:naginata 2853:naginata 2629:studied 2627:Masamune 2603:Masamune 2463:. Since 2299:yokozuna 2293:Dōjigiri 2274:Ko-Bizen 2193:ja:毛抜形太刀 2015:gendaitō 1851:and the 1646:小刀:しょうとう 1541:koshirae 1521:oshigata 1433:koshirae 1291:ōkissaki 1267:Japanese 1233:Meibutsu 1221:Meibutsu 1083:Masamune 1059:Masamune 1055:Sadamune 1010:Masamune 994:Hatakeda 964:A Bizen 796:wakimono 790:wakimono 686:Gendaitō 607:Kogatana 565:なぎなた, 薙刀 558:Naginata 541:Nagamaki 307:nagamaki 303:Naginata 244:koshirae 79:Japanese 10746:Kaskara 10718:Khopesh 10582:Tenegre 10577:Hagibis 10541:Talibon 10536:Susuwat 10531:Sundang 10521:Sanduko 10501:Panabas 10366:Sundang 10361:Klewang 10286:Kindjal 10258:Yatagan 10210:Falcata 10168:Khopesh 10114:Kastane 10109:Firangi 10076:Ancient 10049:Ninjatō 9992:Kodachi 9966:Tsurugi 9961:Chokutō 9927:Wungeom 9861:Miaodao 9776:Ancient 9744:Shashka 9719:Cutlass 9691:Colhona 9570:Falcata 9556:Gladius 9528:Khopesh 9362:Samurai 9269:Horagai 9223:Ōtsuchi 9170:Ōdzutsu 9163:Bo-hiya 9077:Yubi-bo 8957:Kubotan 8851:Uwa-obi 8837:Shitagi 8766:Laminar 8720:Ō-yoroi 8671:Dō-maru 8614:Shinken 8568:Tsukubō 8519:Bisento 8406:Tsurugi 8371:Ninjatō 8357:Kodachi 8329:Chokutō 8246:nihontō 8223:Nihonto 7341:4423299 7308:4 April 7280:4 April 7252:4 April 7220:4 April 6673:. p43. 6443:. p38. 6423:. p48. 6403:. p46. 6302:. p33. 5565:. 1988. 5410:"Sword" 5029:Osafune 4956:Gallery 4950:Mukansa 4938:Mukansa 4759:of the 4525:is the 4391:shinogi 4373:hamachi 4367:kissaki 4287:kashira 4244:samurai 4210:shinogi 4206:shinogi 4123:nurishi 4119:sayashi 4103:kinkosi 4099:togishi 3647:kinnōtō 3612:Yotsuya 3525:samurai 3523:. Only 3467:suriage 3418:shinogi 3313:style. 3160:suriage 3129:miaodao 3118:pirates 3075:.) The 2962:later. 2881:Osafune 2831:In the 2818:ukiyo-e 2773:Osafune 2544:Shishio 2500:called 2470:In the 2457:chokutō 2386:aikuchi 2343:at the 2340:chokutō 2310:In the 2217:ja:毛抜形刀 2060:chokutō 2054:tsurugi 2034:Shōsōin 2030:Chokutō 1993:History 1971:Aikuchi 1937:Nodachi 1922:Nodachi 1908:nodachi 1849:nodachi 1825:"daitō" 1784:samurai 1750:kodachi 1731:"shōtō" 1718:kodachi 1660:kodachi 1549:(top), 1458:kashira 1319:kissaki 1273:shinogi 1239:Anatomy 1199:nihontō 1191:nihontō 1179:Nihontō 1175:nihontō 1006:Osafune 1002:Osafune 968:school 966:Osafune 919:. 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