6622:
vulnerability has emerged because of this blind trust. Relied-upon libraries can have new releases that cause bugs or vulnerabilities to appear in all programs that rely upon the libraries. Inversely, a library can go unpatched with known vulnerabilities out in the wild. In a study done looking over a sample of 133,000 websites, researchers found 37% of the websites included a library with at least one known vulnerability. "The median lag between the oldest library version used on each website and the newest available version of that library is 1,177 days in ALEXA, and development of some libraries still in active use ceased years ago." Another possibility is that the maintainer of a library may remove the library entirely. This occurred in March 2016 when Azer Koçulu removed his repository from npm. This caused tens of thousands of programs and websites depending upon his libraries to break.
6551:(CSRF). In CSRF, code on an attacker's site tricks the victim's browser into taking actions the user did not intend at a target site (like transferring money at a bank). When target sites rely solely on cookies for request authentication, requests originating from code on the attacker's site can carry the same valid login credentials of the initiating user. In general, the solution to CSRF is to require an authentication value in a hidden form field, and not only in the cookies, to authenticate any request that might have lasting effects. Checking the HTTP Referrer header can also help.
209:
181:
405:
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13253:
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6518:. XSS vulnerabilities occur when an attacker can cause a target Website, such as an online banking website, to include a malicious script in the webpage presented to a victim. The script in this example can then access the banking application with the privileges of the victim, potentially disclosing secret information or transferring money without the victim's authorization. One important solution to XSS vulnerabilities is
87:
13110:
6583:
Developers of client-server applications must recognize that untrusted clients may be under the control of attackers. The application author cannot assume that their JavaScript code will run as intended (or at all) because any secret embedded in the code could be extracted by a determined adversary.
2390:
A built-in
Promise object provides functionality for handling promises and associating handlers with an asynchronous action's eventual result. Recently, the JavaScript specification introduced combinator methods, which allow developers to combine multiple JavaScript promises and do operations based
6529:
XSS attacks, in which the attacker provides a URL including malicious script. However, even users of those browsers are vulnerable to other XSS attacks, such as those where the malicious code is stored in a database. Only correct design of Web applications on the server-side can fully prevent XSS.
1966:
You make prototype objects, and then ... make new instances. Objects are mutable in JavaScript, so we can augment the new instances, giving them new fields and methods. These can then act as prototypes for even newer objects. We don't need classes to make lots of similar objects... Objects inherit
6621:
and Bower are popular with JavaScript developers. Such systems allow a developer to easily manage their program's dependencies upon other developers' program libraries. Developers trust that the maintainers of the libraries will keep them secure and up to date, but that is not always the case. A
1680:
JavaScript has received criticism for the way it implements these conversions as the complexity of the rules can be mistaken for inconsistency. For example, when adding a number to a string, the number will be cast to a string before performing concatenation, but when subtracting a number from a
6489:
There are subsets of general JavaScript—ADsafe, Secure ECMAScript (SES)—that provide greater levels of security, especially on code created by third parties (such as advertisements). Closure
Toolkit is another project for safe embedding and isolation of third-party JavaScript and HTML.
2643:
functionality in JavaScript, instead it is provided by the run-time environment. The ECMAScript specification in edition 5.1 mentions that "there are no provisions in this specification for input of external data or output of computed results". However, most runtime environments have a
6640:. These flaws can allow attackers to write scripts that would run any code they wish on the user's system. This code is not by any means limited to another JavaScript application. For example, a buffer overrun exploit can allow an attacker to gain access to the operating system's
2254:
in JavaScript, implicit delegation already happens every time the prototype chain is walked in order to, e.g., find a method that might be related to but is not directly owned by an object. Once the method is found it gets called within this object's context. Thus
2405:
Async/await allows an asynchronous, non-blocking function to be structured in a way similar to an ordinary synchronous function. Asynchronous, non-blocking code can be written, with minimal overhead, structured similarly to traditional synchronous, blocking code.
6595:
JavaScript form validation only provides convenience for users, not security. If a site verifies that the user agreed to its terms of service, or filters invalid characters out of fields that should only contain numbers, it must do so on the server, not only the
8932:
898:
where data can be loaded in the background, avoiding the need for full page reloads. This sparked a renaissance period of JavaScript, spearheaded by open-source libraries and the communities that formed around them. Many new libraries were created, including
993:, and editions are produced via regular annual snapshots. Potential revisions to the language are vetted through a comprehensive proposal process. Now, instead of edition numbers, developers check the status of upcoming features individually.
3388:. They shorten the syntax for writing functions in JavaScript. Arrow functions are anonymous, so a variable is needed to refer to them in order to invoke them after their creation, unless surrounded by parenthesis and executed immediately.
7616:
671:
could only be static, lacking the capability for dynamic behavior after the page was loaded in the browser. There was a desire in the flourishing web development scene to remove this limitation, so in 1995, Netscape decided to add a
6796:, and JavaScript was designed with Java's syntax and standard library in mind. In particular, all Java keywords were reserved in original JavaScript, JavaScript's standard library follows Java's naming conventions, and JavaScript's
6681:
Incorrectly granting privileges to JavaScript from the Web has played a role in vulnerabilities in both
Internet Explorer and Firefox. In Windows XP Service Pack 2, Microsoft demoted JScript's privileges in Internet Explorer.
6486:: scripts from one website do not have access to information such as usernames, passwords, or cookies sent to another site. Most JavaScript-related security bugs are breaches of either the same origin policy or the sandbox.
764:. These differences made it difficult for developers to make their websites work well in both browsers, leading to widespread use of "best viewed in Netscape" and "best viewed in Internet Explorer" logos for several years.
8929:
7759:
871:), who were implementing E4X in their ActionScript 3 language, which was based on an ECMAScript 4 draft. The goal became standardizing ActionScript 3 as the new ECMAScript 4. To this end, Adobe Systems released the
9944:
2057:
property determines the object used for the new object's internal prototype. New methods can be added by modifying the prototype of the function used as a constructor. JavaScript's built-in constructors, such as
7804:
6677:
Web browsers are capable of running JavaScript outside the sandbox, with the privileges necessary to, for example, create or delete files. Such privileges are not intended to be granted to code from the Web.
7044:
7778:
2155:
of the outer function (including any constant, local variable, or argument value) becomes part of the internal state of each inner function object, even after execution of the outer function concludes.
835:
Microsoft initially participated in the standards process and implemented some proposals in its JScript language, but eventually it stopped collaborating on ECMA work. Thus ECMAScript 4 was mothballed.
9910:
10302:
9987:
1470:. The call stack shrinks and grows based on the function's needs. When the call stack is empty upon function completion, JavaScript proceeds to the next message in the queue. This is called the
7608:
6478:
provide the potential for malicious authors to deliver scripts to run on a client computer via the Web. Browser authors minimize this risk using two restrictions. First, scripts run in a
10300:
940:. This led to the eventual agreement in early 2009 to combine all relevant work and drive the language forward. The result was the ECMAScript 5 standard, released in December 2009.
9877:
9606:
9244:
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8000:
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ince the 1996 introduction of JScript version 1.0 ... we've been seeing a steady increase in the usage of JScript on the server—particularly in Active Server Pages (ASP)
948:
Ambitious work on the language continued for several years, culminating in an extensive collection of additions and refinements being formalized with the publication of
9707:
9436:
7499:
7796:
813:
The standards process continued for a few years, with the release of ECMAScript 2 in June 1998 and ECMAScript 3 in
December 1999. Work on ECMAScript 4 began in 2000.
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10301:
1228:
However, the term "Vanilla JS" was coined for websites not using any libraries or frameworks at all, instead relying entirely on standard JavaScript functionality.
9007:
7028:
6661:
In
Windows Vista, Microsoft has attempted to contain the risks of bugs such as buffer overflows by running the Internet Explorer process with limited privileges.
699:". Netscape management soon decided that the best option was for Eich to devise a new language, with syntax similar to Java and less like Scheme or other extant
9146:
6857:
is a data format derived from JavaScript; hence the name JavaScript Object
Notation. It is a widely used format supported by many other programming languages.
9116:
7649:
4737:
objects (in the form of generator functions) provide a function which can be called, exited, and re-entered while maintaining internal context (statefulness).
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8414:
8240:
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controls enabled by default in
Microsoft Internet Explorer, may also have flaws exploitable via JavaScript (such flaws have been exploited in the past).
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in which they can only perform Web-related actions, not general-purpose programming tasks like creating files. Second, scripts are constrained by the
8663:
7461:
2838:// Elements can be imperatively grabbed with querySelector for one element, or querySelectorAll for multiple elements that can be looped with forEach
1615:
operator casts both operands to a string unless both operands are numbers. This is because the addition operator doubles as a concatenation operator
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2781:// After setting this, the tag will look like this: `<span class="foo" id="bar" data-attr="baz"></span>`
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Website authors cannot perfectly conceal how their JavaScript operates because the raw source code must be sent to the client. The code can be
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7002:
806:, as the starting point for a standard specification that all browser vendors could conform to. This led to the official release of the first
10755:
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9625:
6602:
It is considered very bad practice to embed sensitive information such as passwords in JavaScript because it can be extracted by an attacker.
2092:
definition. Rather, the distinction occurs during function calling. When a function is called as a method of an object, the function's local
8172:
6599:
Scripts can be selectively disabled, so JavaScript cannot be relied on to prevent operations such as right-clicking on an image to save it.
9843:
Gruss, Daniel; Maurice, Clémentine; Mangard, Stefan (24 July 2015). "Rowhammer.js: A Remote
Software-Induced Fault Attack in JavaScript".
6842:. Finally, Java did not support functional programming until Java 8, while JavaScript has done so from the beginning, being influenced by
1474:, described as "run to completion" because each message is fully processed before the next message is considered. However, the language's
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or a standalone system) to enable scripts to interact with the broader environment. The runtime system includes the necessary APIs for
9792:
9731:
9669:
9048:
7553:
1665:
Values are cast to numbers by casting to strings and then casting the strings to numbers. These processes can be modified by defining
13303:
9667:
Apple Safari JavaScript Buffer
Overflow Lets Remote Users Execute Arbitrary Code and HTTP Redirect Bug Lets Remote Users Access Files
7996:
7927:
5911:// Note that this leads to a wrong result if the LCMCalculator object members "a" or "b" are altered afterwards.)
2256:
2022:
879:
project. However, Tamarin and ActionScript 3 were too different from established client-side scripting, and without cooperation from
8203:
9413:
6933:"Netscape and Sun announce JavaScript, the Open, Cross-platform Object Scripting Language for Enterprise Networks and the Internet"
6932:
4508:
are often used to create closures. Closures allow gathering properties and methods in a namespace and making some of them private:
2360:, which provide a concise and powerful syntax for text manipulation that is more sophisticated than the built-in string functions.
2189:
2183:
2070:
prototype, it is generally considered bad practice because most objects in JavaScript will inherit methods and properties from the
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8270:
848:
dominance in the early 2000s, client-side scripting was stagnant. This started to change in 2004, when the successor of
Netscape,
11307:
7988:
6792:. Both indeed have a C-like syntax (the C language being their most immediate common ancestor language). They are also typically
4505:
2304:
1865:
is interpreted as an empty code block instead of an empty object, and the empty array is cast to a number by the remaining unary
9573:
9176:
8724:
3160:// The following line is a function expression to recursively compute the factorial. It uses the arrow syntax introduced in ES6.
11888:
10944:
9351:
1490:. This means, for example, that JavaScript can process a mouse click while waiting for a database query to return information.
8702:
7584:
2037:
will create an instance of a prototype, inheriting properties and methods from the constructor (including properties from the
11796:
11297:
10235:
9704:
9534:
9500:
Lauinger, Tobias; Chaabane, Abdelberi; Arshad, Sajjad; Robertson, William; Wilson, Christo; Kirda, Engin (21 December 2016),
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8768:
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have been used to create many applications with behavior implemented in JavaScript. Other non-browser applications include
978:, thereby providing a stand-alone JavaScript runtime system. As of 2018, Node had been used by millions of developers, and
10692:
8633:
8034:
6688:
allows JavaScript source files on a computer's hard drive to be launched as general-purpose, non-sandboxed programs (see:
2273:
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11038:
11011:
10092:
9688:
9266:
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7835:
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1004:, established programming practices, and substantial usage of JavaScript outside of web browsers. Plus, with the rise of
886:
Meanwhile, very important developments were occurring in open-source communities not affiliated with ECMA work. In 2005,
303:
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8951:
652:, was released in 1993. Accessible to non-technical people, it played a prominent role in the rapid growth of the early
12053:
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714:
The choice of the JavaScript name has caused confusion, implying that it is directly related to Java. At the time, the
7871:
2259:
in JavaScript is covered by a delegation automatism that is bound to the prototype property of constructor functions.
1513:
The following features are common to all conforming ECMAScript implementations unless explicitly specified otherwise.
11043:
10518:
9756:
9138:
7181:
7038:
3157:// The above checks need not be repeated in the recursion, hence defining the actual recursive part separately below.
975:
578:
2088:
Unlike in many object-oriented languages, in JavaScript there is no distinction between a function definition and a
718:
had begun and Java was a popular new language, so Eich considered the JavaScript name a marketing ploy by Netscape.
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on different scenarios. The methods introduced are: Promise.race, Promise.all, Promise.allSettled and Promise.any.
1463:
1267:, but they were small niches. Server-side usage eventually started to grow in the late 2000s, with the creation of
318:
11470:
11445:
11440:
8444:
8422:
7086:
6352:// sort with this comparative function; => is a shorthand form of a function, called "arrow function"
1995:
of an object (and any property that belongs to an object's prototype inheritance chain) can be enumerated using a
10702:
9968:
9383:
8896:
8232:
7956:
7427:
3615:// An arrow function, like other function definitions, can be executed in the same statement as they are created.
1487:
1202:
532:
7367:"Netscape Communications Corp.", Browser enhancements. Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
284:
13333:
11806:
11599:
11317:
11249:
11122:
11004:
9754:
Vulnerability Note VU#713878: Microsoft Internet Explorer does not properly validate source of redirected frame
9078:
7901:
6636:
JavaScript provides an interface to a wide range of browser capabilities, some of which may have flaws such as
3378:
2649:
2629:
2148:
2144:
function is a function defined within another function. It is created each time the outer function is invoked.
2135:
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904:
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200:
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Logging data about the user's behavior then sending it to a server. The website owner can use this data for
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12892:
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11450:
11264:
11167:
11137:
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The many talents of JavaScript for generalizing Role-Oriented Programming approaches like Traits and Mixins
8492:
7775:
5956:// Object property names can be specified by strings delimited by double (") or single (') quotes.
2928:
1582:
1573:
997:
8655:
7469:
6726:
attacks against Speculative Execution in Intel and other processors included a JavaScript implementation.
6608:
is a runtime vulnerability in which attackers can overwrite arbitrary properties in an object's prototype.
13257:
12544:
12377:
12316:
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11234:
11177:
11157:
10488:
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6789:
6666:
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2118:; a function is considered to be an object. As such, a function may have properties and methods, such as
2014:
2008:
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551:
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342:
334:
172:
122:
63:
42:
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tag on an attacker's site exploits a page on the victim's site that returns private information such as
2445:(E4X), an extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (unsupported in Firefox since version 21)
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11182:
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10533:
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Functions double as object constructors, along with their typical role. Prefixing a function call with
1451:
1447:
1365:
vendors, and every major browser has one. In a browser, the JavaScript engine runs in concert with the
1256:
390:
17:
10347:. A community maintained continuously updated collection of tutorials on the entirety of the language.
10031:
9548:
12937:
12786:
12633:
11480:
11192:
11147:
10460:
10336:
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8353:
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have been created to convert code written in other languages, which can aid the development process.
4021:
3813:
3385:
2290:
An indefinite number of parameters can be passed to a function. The function can access them through
2219:
2215:
2205:
2201:
2089:
2083:
1972:
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sparked a significant increase in the usage of JavaScript outside of web browsers. Node combines the
38:
8517:
856:
browser. Firefox was well received by many, taking significant market share from Internet Explorer.
13328:
12668:
11343:
11229:
11112:
10714:
10380:
10195:
8324:"Tessel 2... Leverage all the libraries of Node.JS to create useful devices in minutes with Tessel"
6994:
6697:
5908:// so that this.gcd refers to this "redefinition" instead of LCMCalculator.prototype.gcd.
3821:
2018:
1915:
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1355:
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645:
612:
facilities. In practice, the web browser or other runtime system provides JavaScript APIs for I/O.
563:
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106:
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11791:
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1005:
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will be rounded to the closest integer. For non-integers consider using gamma function instead.`
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to objects that need to feature additional behavior that is not shared via the prototype chain.
208:
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The differences between the two languages are more prominent than their similarities. Java has
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bindings. However, the use of JavaScript engines is not limited to browsers; for example, the
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The goal was a "language for the masses", "to help nonprogrammers create dynamic, interactive
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Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2005–41: Privilege escalation via DOM property overrides
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3618:// This is useful when writing libraries to avoid filling the global scope, and for closures.
1532:
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is the standardized specification of JavaScript, ECMAScript engine is another name for these
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590:
9502:"Thou Shalt Not Depend on Me: Analysing the Use of Outdated JavaScript Libraries on the Web"
8104:
2045:
method, allowing explicit creation of an instance without automatically inheriting from the
1873:- the curly brackets are interpreted as an empty object and the result of the expression is
711:
in September 1995, the name was changed to JavaScript for the official release in December.
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9406:"Mozilla Cross-Site Scripting Vulnerability Reported and Fixed – MozillaZine Talkback"
9056:
7173:
6767:. Stand-alone profiling libraries have also been created, such as benchmark.js and jsbench.
6647:
These flaws have affected major browsers including Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari.
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format designed to complement JavaScript, especially the performance-critical portions of
6533:
XSS vulnerabilities can also occur because of implementation mistakes by browser authors.
6496:
is the main intended method of ensuring that only trusted code is executed on a Web page.
2685:// This is frowned upon, as it can overwrite the document if the document is fully loaded.
8:
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in other languages) can each be created with a succinct shortcut syntax. In fact, these
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10176:"How to integrate create-react-app with all the libraries you need to make a great app"
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bytecode, while JavaScript is loaded as human-readable source code. Java's objects are
6515:
6483:
5974:// Variable names do not collide with object properties, e.g., |lcm| is not |this.lcm|.
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7609:"Big browser comparison test: Internet Explorer vs. Firefox, Opera, Safari and Chrome"
2608:// Reassigns `myNumber`, setting it to a string literal (the value `"foo"`).
2025:. It is possible to simulate many class-based features with prototypes in JavaScript.
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2922:// Returns an Array-like NodeList of all elements with the "multiple" class
2455:
2415:
2285:
1976:
1959:
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1335:
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and described a set of technologies, of which JavaScript was the backbone, to create
876:
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gaining an increasingly dominant position in the browser market. By the early 2000s,
730:
609:
505:
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2962:// Checking the argument for legitimacy. Factorial is defined for positive integers.
2494:// var is generally considered bad practice and let and const are usually preferred.
408:
12702:
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12559:
12271:
12174:
11946:
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9522:
8698:
7864:"JavaScript Standard Moves to Yearly Release Schedule; Here is What's New for ES16"
7594:
6469:
4221:// Using the "show" function logs "6" - the new instance value.
2480:
keywords. Variables defined without keywords will be defined at the global scope.
2291:
1979:, augmented with a prototype (see below); each key provides the name for an object
1556:
1479:
1428:
1214:
1096:
1029:
677:
624:
601:
425:
10351:
6715:
In 2017, a JavaScript-based attack via browser was demonstrated that could bypass
6136:// Define generic output function; this implementation only works for Web browsers
2226:. Such a function defines additional behavior by at least one method bound to the
1647:
Arrays have their elements cast to strings after which they are joined by commas (
1106:
Web page animations, such as fading objects in and out, resizing, and moving them.
13047:
12927:
12781:
12761:
12129:
11647:
10908:
10870:
10836:
10010:
9991:
9972:
9873:
9831:
9779:
9760:
9711:
9692:
9673:
9629:
9610:
8955:
8936:
8548:
7952:
7782:
7763:
7203:
6637:
6631:
6589:
6235:// They are used here to demonstrate JavaScript's inherent functional nature.
2569:// Declares a global-scoped variable and assigns 3. This is generally considered
1607:, which means certain types are implicitly cast depending on the operation used.
1498:
1347:
1309:
1157:
1134:
1121:
983:
895:
129:
67:
7225:"Usage Statistics of JavaScript as Client-side Programming Language on Websites"
2587:// Declares a variable named `myNumber`, and assigns a number literal (the value
2542:// a string literal. The `const` keyword was also introduced in ECMAScript 2015,
2066:, also have prototypes that can be modified. While it is possible to modify the
707:
implementation were called LiveScript when first shipped as part of a Navigator
12388:
12209:
12164:
12149:
11652:
11621:
11465:
10898:
10784:
10602:
9932:
9801:
9685:
8625:
8022:
7280:
6827:
6618:
3762:// The supplied argument "seeds" the expression and is retained by a.
3570:// If an arrow function has only one parameter, the parentheses can be removed.
2936:
2331:
2321:
1903:
1897:
1502:
1467:
1416:
1385:
1366:
1282:
979:
929:
JavaScript engine that was faster than its competition. The key innovation was
757:
715:
653:
586:
544:
521:
475:
370:
314:
237:
102:
11455:
10088:
8293:
7827:
7344:
7122:
7108:
6088:// Using both ES6 template literals and the (+) operator to concatenate values
4188:// Creates a new ball object with radius 5. No "new" keyword needed.
2548:// The keyword `const` means constant, hence the variable cannot be reassigned
2539:// Declares a block-scoped, un-reassignable variable named `z`, and sets it to
13267:
13194:
12638:
12247:
12134:
12114:
11956:
11707:
11581:
11202:
10697:
10478:
9823:
For one example of a rare JavaScript Trojan Horse, see Symantec Corporation,
9652:
9526:
8948:
7161:
6823:
6812:
6662:
2488:// special value `undefined` to it. Variables without value are automatically
1564:
1294:
1225:. Multiple options can be used in conjunction, such as jQuery and Bootstrap.
1218:
1188:
1149:
1032:
on 6 May 1997, and was transferred to Oracle when they acquired Sun in 2009.
1001:
922:
868:
708:
404:
7199:
6760:, scan JavaScript code for conformance to a set of standards and guidelines.
2485:// Declares a function-scoped variable named `x`, and implicitly assigns the
13225:
12997:
12877:
12776:
12712:
12707:
12697:
12648:
12643:
12588:
12158:
11756:
11727:
11556:
11524:
11485:
11405:
11378:
11373:
11254:
11093:
10980:
10928:
10653:
10483:
10084:
9985:
New ASLR-busting JavaScript is about to make drive-by exploits much nastier
9937:"Rowhammer security exploit: Why a new security attack is truly terrifying"
9905:
8870:
7863:
7275:
7157:
6950:
6876:
6816:
5704:// when reassigning a prototype, set the constructor property appropriately
3483:// If there are no braces, the arrow function simply returns the expression
2640:
1983:, and there are two syntactical ways to specify such a name: dot notation (
1598:
1432:
1424:
1286:
1110:
1100:
972:
908:
774:
685:
605:
597:
374:
362:
134:
11657:
10320:
was created from a revision of this article dated 20 August 2013
7207:
1926:. JavaScript supports various ways to test the type of objects, including
933:(JIT), so other browser vendors needed to overhaul their engines for JIT.
676:
to Navigator. They pursued two routes to achieve this: collaborating with
13157:
12982:
12962:
12831:
12796:
12732:
12658:
12421:
12310:
12305:
12204:
12189:
12179:
12039:
11996:
11991:
11897:
11697:
10821:
9753:
9686:
Microsoft WebViewFolderIcon ActiveX Control Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
6887:
6771:
6567:
2400:
2373:
1927:
1911:
1420:
1399:
1362:
1343:
1302:
1245:
1237:
1167:
1153:
1138:
1071:
1063:
1041:
790:
734:
641:
509:
501:
245:
241:
232:
10996:
10003:
9574:"How one programmer broke the internet by deleting a tiny piece of code"
7249:
7078:
6912:
is a subset of JavaScript that served as the forerunner of WebAssembly.
6028:// Only need to calculate lcm once, so "redefine" this method.
5902:// Only need to calculate GCD once, so "redefine" this method.
2524:// Declares a block-scoped variable named `y`, and implicitly sets it to
936:
In July 2008, these disparate parties came together for a conference in
816:
However, the effort to fully standardize the language was undermined by
748:
Microsoft first released JScript in 1996, alongside initial support for
13230:
13134:
12887:
12673:
12663:
12608:
12598:
12467:
12290:
12194:
12169:
11737:
11616:
11415:
11359:
10985:
10771:
10670:
10658:
10597:
10548:
10538:
10498:
10445:
7644:
7435:
6987:
6872:
6866:
6571:
6232:// Note: Array's map() and forEach() are defined in JavaScript 1.6.
2811:// Finally append it as a child element to the <body> in the HTML
2808:// Which could also be written as `myElem.dataset.attr = 'baz'`
2706:// Elements can be made too. First, they have to be created in the DOM.
2214:
JavaScript natively supports various function-based implementations of
2111:
1471:
1459:
1455:
1391:
1142:
968:
949:
864:
807:
786:
540:
394:
142:
71:
9965:
9373:
8892:
5905:// (Actually not redefinition—it's defined on the instance itself,
2901:// Selects the first element with the "data-other" attribute
1950:
function that can execute statements provided as strings at run-time.
1681:
string, the string is cast to a number before performing subtraction.
13139:
12722:
12717:
12578:
12411:
12406:
12367:
12336:
12331:
12295:
12252:
12063:
11702:
11420:
11259:
10975:
10115:"Edge Browser Switches WebAssembly to 'On' -- Visual Studio Magazine"
6709:
2932:
1589:, which allow semicolons (which terminate statements) to be omitted.
1260:
1210:
1128:
1092:
1021:
989:
The ECMAScript draft specification is currently maintained openly on
960:
880:
817:
782:
726:
350:
13252:
7893:
3916:// Classes (and thus objects) can contain functions known as methods
2527:// `undefined`. The `let` keyword was introduced in ECMAScript 2015.
1051:
using it for this purpose. Scripts are embedded in or included from
859:
In 2005, Mozilla joined ECMA International, and work started on the
13199:
13167:
13151:
13099:
12972:
12836:
12653:
12583:
12539:
12534:
12416:
12341:
12326:
11811:
11594:
11589:
11475:
11410:
10903:
10826:
10687:
10579:
10468:
9901:"DRAM 'Bitflipping' exploit for attacking PCs: Just add JavaScript"
9849:
9517:
7589:
7057:
Eich: The immediate concern at Netscape was it must look like Java.
6895:
6891:
6831:
6743:
6693:
4823:// It is not recommended to utilize while true loops in most cases.
4015:// Using the inherited "show" function logs "6"
1084:
912:
799:
778:
668:
657:
495:
138:
10255:
2677:
In HTML documents, a program like this is required for an output:
1991:). A property may be added, rebound, or deleted at run-time. Most
1244:
are now embedded in a variety of other software systems, both for
737:
with Netscape. On the JavaScript front, Microsoft created its own
86:
13173:
13129:
13084:
13070:
12932:
12917:
12791:
12529:
12462:
12280:
12144:
11642:
11609:
11460:
11400:
11152:
11142:
10918:
10875:
10865:
10592:
9240:
9206:
8729:
8418:
7757:
Professional Node.js: Building JavaScript Based Scalable Software
7127:
6811:
Both languages first appeared in 1995, but Java was developed by
6788:
A common misconception is that JavaScript is directly related to
6708:
In 2015, a JavaScript-based proof-of-concept implementation of a
6655:
4110:// Objects are mutable, and functions can be added as properties.
2074:
prototype, and they may not expect the prototype to be modified.
1494:
1382:
1374:
1268:
1048:
956:
853:
849:
825:
742:
696:
525:
487:
8968:
7378:"TechVision: Innovators of the Net: Brendan Eich and JavaScript"
7191:
6444:
The following output should be displayed in the browser window.
5668:// The prototype of object instances created by a constructor is
2611:// JavaScript is a dynamically-typed language, so this is legal.
1255:
Initial attempts at promoting server-side JavaScript usage were
13204:
13189:
13109:
12992:
12957:
12942:
12907:
12811:
12742:
12628:
12623:
12593:
12519:
12353:
12285:
12242:
12237:
12058:
12011:
11866:
11781:
11776:
11662:
11576:
11566:
11393:
11219:
11187:
11071:
10789:
10523:
10440:
10432:
10422:
10417:
10412:
9499:
9378:
7961:
6909:
6757:
6753:
1222:
1206:
1194:
1103:
can send and receive messages without leaving the current page.
990:
918:
900:
627:, the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design.
386:
8294:"Answering the question: "How do I develop an app for GNOME?""
7523:"The Unwelcome Return of "Best Viewed with Internet Explorer""
6700:, although JavaScript Trojan horses are uncommon in practice.
2652:
in JavaScript in a runtime environment with a console object:
2648:
object that can be used to print output. Here is a minimalist
12897:
12806:
12034:
12006:
11969:
11766:
11328:
11127:
11117:
11088:
11066:
10954:
10809:
10630:
10450:
10365:
10144:
10055:"JSBEN.CH Performance Benchmarking Playground for JavaScript"
7554:"Mozilla Firefox Internet Browser Market Share Gains to 7.4%"
6574:
parameters for any response that returns private information.
5914:// Also, 'gcd' === "gcd", this === this.gcd
4000:// Object properties can usually be modified from the outside
3399:// Here `long_example` points to an anonymous function value.
2859:// Selects the first element with the "class" class
2682:// Text nodes can be made using the "write" method.
2223:
2209:
1028:
in the United States. The trademark was originally issued to
434:
366:
9468:"Why You Should Never Put Sensitive Data in Your JavaScript"
8383:
7727:
1967:
from objects. What could be more object oriented than that?
12826:
12372:
12029:
11964:
11786:
11771:
11604:
11209:
10913:
10816:
10804:
10513:
10344:
10023:
9647:
8678:
8464:
8462:
6972:
6854:
6559:
6554:"JavaScript hijacking" is a type of CSRF attack in which a
5455:/* Finds the lowest common multiple (LCM) of two numbers */
2880:// Selects the first element with an `id` of "id"
2632:
in the examples above, all of which were preceded with two
2353:
2335:
1946:
1939:
1052:
937:
753:
479:
440:
382:
13039:
9604:
Developer's 11 lines of deleted code 'breaks the internet'
9321:
9169:"ECMAScript Language Specification – ECMA-262 Edition 5.1"
8130:
7123:"Brendan Eich: An Introduction to JavaScript, JSConf 2010"
3982:// Creates a new instance of the ball object with radius 5
2049:
prototype (older environments can assign the prototype to
1166:
Storing and retrieving data on the user's device, via the
431:
13089:
12472:
11976:
11244:
11214:
10844:
7672:"TraceMonkey: JavaScript Lightspeed, Brendan Eich's Blog"
7145:
Eich: "function", eight letters, I was influenced by AWK.
6712:
attack was described in a paper by security researchers.
6641:
5977:// not using |this.a*this.b| to avoid FP precision issues
5671:// that constructor's "prototype" property.
5638:// semicolons ^^^^ are optional, a newline is enough
2195:
1843:
1674:
1298:
863:(E4X) standard. This led to Mozilla working jointly with
749:
483:
452:
346:
9866:"Rowhammer.js Is the Most Ingenious Hack I've Ever Seen"
8459:
6879:
are two notable languages that transpile to JavaScript.
2736:// Attributes like classes and the id can be set as well
2572:// bad practice, and will not work if strict mode is on.
1869:
operator. If the expression is wrapped in parentheses -
10230:. 7th edition. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly, 2020.
9805:. Changes to Functionality in Windows XP Service Pack 2
8911:
8080:"Usage statistics of JavaScript libraries for websites"
7797:"The secret history behind the success of npm and Node"
7545:
7030:
Coders at Work: Reflections on the Craft of Programming
5450:
This sample code displays various JavaScript features.
4986:// This function remains private, as it is not exported
2506:// Variables can be manually set to `undefined` like so
1953:
11909:
9055:. Mozilla Foundation. 14 February 2014. Archived from
8550:
JavaScript: The Definitive Guide: The Definitive Guide
8484:
8469:
3396:// Arrow functions let us omit the `function` keyword.
2326:
Like in many scripting languages, arrays and objects (
2250:
Whereas explicit function-based delegation does cover
1402:, some engines can also execute this code in the same
781:
language. It's considered slow or annoying. People do
13241:
8323:
7728:"ECMAScript 6: New Features: Overview and Comparison"
6774:
have syntax highlighting support for JavaScript code.
5722:// method that calculates the greatest common divisor
2245:
2234:
body. A Role then has to be delegated explicitly via
2096:
keyword is bound to that object for that invocation.
1958:
Prototypal inheritance in JavaScript is described by
660:
corporation, which released a more polished browser,
446:
443:
7492:"Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 Beta Now Available"
7455:
7453:
6665:
similarly confines its page renderers to their own "
2439:; this experimental syntax predated arrow functions)
1644:
Numbers are converted to their string representation
1197:
is by far the most-used. Other notable ones include
760:
was noticeably different from their counterparts in
458:
455:
449:
437:
10054:
9842:
6625:
2028:
1922:initially bound to a number may be reassigned to a
890:released a white paper in which he coined the term
428:
8595:"JavaScript quirks in one image from the Internet"
7165:
1183:Over 80% of websites use a third-party JavaScript
1012:have been created to aid the development process.
10267:, 1st edition. No Starch Press, 2014. 120 pages.
10245:. 3rd edition. No Starch Press, 2018. 472 pages.
8384:"Espruino – JavaScript for Microcontrollers"
8230:
7450:
6525:Some browsers include partial protection against
6458:LCMCalculator: a = 22, b = 58, gcd = 2, lcm = 638
6455:LCMCalculator: a = 25, b = 55, gcd = 5, lcm = 275
6452:LCMCalculator: a = 21, b = 56, gcd = 7, lcm = 168
6449:LCMCalculator: a = 28, b = 56, gcd = 28, lcm = 56
3546:// Prints "Hello, World!" and returns 5
1577:. Like C, JavaScript makes a distinction between
777:later said of this period: "It's still kind of a
656:. The lead developers of Mosaic then founded the
13265:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8582:
7400:"JavaScript Runs the World—Maybe Even Literally"
7219:
7217:
6935:(Press release). 4 December 1995. Archived from
6734:Important tools have evolved with the language.
6672:
6612:
6578:
6510:A common JavaScript-related security problem is
6076:// Methods can also be declared using ES6 syntax
3381:capture their non-local variables by reference.
3076:// Factorial of negative numbers is not defined.
1077:
8233:"Server-Side JavaScript, Back with a Vengeance"
6927:
6925:
4975:JavaScript can export and import from modules:
2998:"Non-numerical argument not allowed."
2017:where many other object-oriented languages use
1637:Values are cast to strings like the following:
1622:operator always casts both operands to a number
1567:was added in ECMAScript 2015 with the keywords
141:initially; others have also contributed to the
7947:
7945:
7022:
7020:
5521:"Non-numeric arguments not allowed."
4024:can be instantiated directly from a function.
2468:in JavaScript can be defined using either the
1439:, and provides the ability to import scripts.
1415:A JavaScript engine must be embedded within a
1361:JavaScript engines are typically developed by
1236:The use of JavaScript has expanded beyond its
664:, in 1994. This quickly became the most-used.
13055:
11882:
11344:
11012:
10381:
8579:
8226:
8224:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7214:
6536:
2409:
1458:associated with each new message, creating a
1008:and other JavaScript-heavy websites, several
839:
824:'s market share reached 95%. This meant that
596:The ECMAScript standard does not include any
9863:
8540:
8074:
8072:
8070:
7640:"Lifehacker Speed Tests: Safari 4, Chrome 2"
7393:
7391:
7338:
7336:
7334:
6922:
6902:support WebAssembly, which runs in the same
6808:objects are based on classes from Java 1.0.
6592:, but obfuscation can be reverse-engineered.
5830:// swap using destructuring assignment (ES6)
3223:// Note the use of the ternary operator `?`.
2563:"this value cannot be reassigned!"
2311:
1677:for string and number casting respectively.
1661:is the name of the constructor of the object
1516:
1035:
10077:
9437:"Right-click "protection"? Forget about it"
9284:
8939:, Peterseliger.blogpsot.de, April 11, 2014.
8656:"JavaScript data types and data structures"
7942:
7017:
6703:
6562:or JavaScript. Possible solutions include:
2363:
1178:
23:
13314:Programming languages with an ISO standard
13062:
13048:
11889:
11875:
11843:
11825:
11351:
11337:
11285:
11019:
11005:
10388:
10374:
8813:"Understanding "Prototypes" in JavaScript"
8415:"A Guide to JavaScript Engines for Idiots"
8221:
7861:
7850:
7370:
7276:"Bloomberg Game Changers: Marc Andreessen"
2188:JavaScript supports implicit and explicit
2147:In addition, each nested function forms a
1918:rather than an expression. For example, a
1654:Other objects are converted to the string
996:The current JavaScript ecosystem has many
512:. These engines are also utilized in some
207:
179:
24:
11026:
9848:
9516:
9495:
9493:
9131:
9020:
8783:
8623:
8067:
7997:United States Patent and Trademark Office
7585:"The assault on software giant Microsoft"
7520:
7422:
7420:
7388:
7331:
6973:"ECMAScript® 2025 Language Specification"
6951:"ECMAScript® 2024 Language Specification"
6566:requiring an authentication token in the
4206:// The instance property can be modified.
3384:Arrow functions were first introduced in
667:During these formative years of the Web,
10328:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
10311:
10265:Principles of Object-Oriented JavaScript
9931:
9790:
9705:Macromedia Flash ActiveX Buffer Overflow
9434:
9322:"Making JavaScript Safe for Advertising"
8917:
8684:
8546:
8354:"Node.js Raspberry Pi GPIO Introduction"
8291:
7459:
7428:"Chapter 5. Standardization: ECMAScript"
7250:"ECMAScript 2020 Language Specification"
7073:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7065:
5445:
4506:Immediately-invoked function expressions
3377:This example shows that, in JavaScript,
2184:Delegation (object-oriented programming)
1191:as part of their client-side scripting.
1087:content without reloading the page, via
721:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
13289:Dynamically typed programming languages
10193:
9571:
9465:
9101:
8592:
8193:
7776:Sams Teach Yourself Node.js in 24 Hours
7079:"Chapter 4. How JavaScript Was Created"
6865:Many websites are JavaScript-heavy, so
6778:
6499:
2432:and generator expressions (like Python)
2418:supported these non-standard features:
2267:
2077:
1551:loops, etc.). One partial exception is
883:, ECMAScript 4 never reached fruition.
785:or those scrolling messages in the old
635:
14:
13266:
10196:"Angular vs React Detailed Comparison"
10046:
9898:
9724:"Protected Mode in Vista IE7 – IEBlog"
9490:
8837:
8756:
8699:"Prototypal Inheritance in JavaScript"
8553:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 16.
8412:
8231:Mahemoff, Michael (17 December 2009).
7957:"List of languages that compile to JS"
7794:
7521:McCracken, Harry (16 September 2010).
7417:
7342:
7026:
6815:of Sun Microsystems and JavaScript by
6722:In 2018, the paper that announced the
6696:) a theoretically viable vector for a
5368:// Import all properties from a module
4389:// As of ES6, using the rest operator.
2545:// and must be explicitly assigned to.
2376:for handling asynchronous operations.
2341:
2196:Functions as roles (Traits and Mixins)
1933:
1354:, but all relevant modern engines use
767:
13319:Prototype-based programming languages
13309:Programming languages created in 1995
13043:
12493:
12084:
11908:
11870:
11332:
11000:
10369:
10125:from the original on 10 February 2018
10065:from the original on 27 February 2021
10034:from the original on 19 December 2016
9640:
9584:from the original on 22 February 2017
9213:from the original on 28 February 2013
9179:from the original on 26 November 2012
9089:from the original on 23 December 2012
9027:. No Starch Press. pp. 139–149.
8997:
8725:"Inheritance and the prototype chain"
8696:
8528:from the original on 5 September 2015
8304:from the original on 11 February 2013
8206:from the original on 10 November 2017
7825:
7637:
7582:
7551:
7502:from the original on 24 November 2020
7306:
7089:from the original on 27 February 2020
7062:
7047:from the original on 24 December 2020
6738:Every major web browser has built-in
3486:// So here it's (input1 + input2)
2279:
2159:
1633:) always cast the operand to a number
1585:. One syntactic difference from C is
810:language specification in June 1997.
581:(APIs) for working with text, dates,
10173:
10083:
10052:
9913:from the original on 27 January 2018
9880:from the original on 27 January 2018
9793:"Part 5: Enhanced Browsing Security"
9734:from the original on 23 January 2010
9623:Buffer overflow in crypto.signText()
9386:from the original on 22 January 2021
8979:from the original on 4 February 2017
8899:from the original on 28 January 2013
8844:. Addison-Wesley. pp. 125–127.
8810:
8636:from the original on 28 October 2019
8605:from the original on 28 October 2019
8490:
8057:"Oracle to buy Sun in $ 7.4-bn deal"
7989:"U.S. Trademark Serial No. 75026640"
7969:from the original on 31 January 2020
7951:
7930:from the original on 4 December 2020
7904:from the original on 7 February 2021
7874:from the original on 16 January 2021
7766:, John Wiley & Sons, 01-Oct-2012
7678:from the original on 4 December 2015
7242:
7156:
6729:
6719:. It is called "ASLR⊕Cache" or AnC.
6547:Another cross-site vulnerability is
2041:prototype). ECMAScript 5 offers the
1954:Object-orientation (prototype-based)
1493:The notable standalone runtimes are
1320:
1248:website deployments and non-browser
943:
703:. Although the new language and its
619:and JavaScript are similar in name,
91:Screenshot of JavaScript source code
10756:Comparison of JavaScript frameworks
9864:Jean-Pharuns, Alix (30 July 2015).
9049:"E4X – Archive of obsolete content"
9010:from the original on 15 April 2020.
9000:"A fresh look at JavaScript Mixins"
8893:"Properties of the Function Object"
8790:. No Starch Press. pp. 95–97.
8705:from the original on 13 August 2013
8493:"WebAssembly: What's the big deal?"
8364:from the original on 13 August 2021
7397:
7309:"The Evolution of the Web Browsers"
7135:from the original on 29 August 2020
7027:Seibel, Peter (16 September 2009).
7005:from the original on 29 August 2020
6617:Package management systems such as
6274:// array literal + mapping function
1163:Redirecting a user to another page.
56:
13299:Object-based programming languages
10298:
10221:ECMAScript Specification Documents
10214:
9247:from the original on 13 April 2013
8738:from the original on 25 April 2013
8666:from the original on 14 March 2017
8567:from the original on 1 August 2020
8547:Flanagan, David (17 August 2006).
8518:"Concurrency model and Event Loop"
8273:from the original on 7 August 2009
8175:from the original on 11 March 2021
7838:from the original on 2 August 2021
7807:from the original on 2 August 2021
7769:
7738:from the original on 18 March 2018
7698:"Mozilla asks, 'Are we fast yet?'"
7652:from the original on 14 April 2021
7615:. Computec Media AG. 3 July 2009.
7462:"JavaScript, How Did We Get Here?"
7345:"Brendan Eich – CEO of Brave"
3013:// The special value: Not a Number
2460:
2246:Object composition and inheritance
2129:
1861:(number). This is misleading: the
1305:extensions written in JavaScript.
579:application programming interfaces
57:
13345:
10279:
10194:Panchal, Krunal (26 April 2022).
9947:from the original on 30 July 2015
9791:Andersen, Starr (9 August 2004).
9466:Rehorik, Jan (29 November 2016).
9416:from the original on 21 July 2011
9302:from the original on 17 July 2022
9149:from the original on 28 June 2018
8819:from the original on 5 April 2013
8593:Korolev, Mikhail (1 March 2019).
8421:Developer Network. Archived from
8413:Looper, Jen (21 September 2015).
8243:from the original on 17 June 2016
8141:from the original on 16 June 2020
8003:from the original on 13 July 2021
7708:from the original on 22 June 2018
7552:Baker, Loren (24 November 2004).
7533:from the original on 23 June 2018
4922:// {value: undefined, done: true}
2302:can also be created by using the
1555:: originally JavaScript only had
1482:: program I/O is performed using
1410:
1312:, usually by leveraging Node.js.
1308:JavaScript has been used in some
828:became the de facto standard for
13304:High-level programming languages
13251:
13108:
12494:
11896:
11842:
11824:
11313:
11312:
11284:
10352:"JavaScript: The First 20 Years"
10310:
10228:JavaScript: The Definitive Guide
10174:Dere, Mohan (21 December 2017).
10151:from the original on 4 June 2014
10137:
10107:
10095:from the original on 3 July 2011
10016:
9997:
9978:
9959:
9925:
9892:
9857:
9836:
9817:
9784:
9765:
9572:Collins, Keith (27 March 2016).
9478:from the original on 3 June 2019
9354:from the original on 15 May 2013
9328:from the original on 6 July 2021
9119:from the original on 28 May 2019
8334:from the original on 26 May 2021
8194:Clinick, Andrew (14 July 2000).
8037:from the original on 5 June 2021
7460:Champeon, Steve (6 April 2001).
7288:from the original on 16 May 2012
7131:. 20 January 2013. p. 22m.
6650:Plugins, such as video players,
6626:Browser and plugin coding errors
2262:
2029:Functions as object constructors
1527:JavaScript supports much of the
1446:language. The runtime processes
1326:This section is an excerpt from
1055:documents and interact with the
424:
403:
85:
9746:
9716:
9697:
9678:
9659:
9634:
9615:
9596:
9565:
9459:
9435:Kottelin, Thor (17 June 2008).
9428:
9398:
9366:
9340:
9314:
9259:
9225:
9191:
9161:
9071:
9041:
9014:
8991:
8961:
8942:
8923:
8885:
8858:
8831:
8811:Katz, Yehuda (12 August 2011).
8804:
8777:
8750:
8717:
8690:
8648:
8617:
8510:
8437:
8406:
8394:from the original on 1 May 2020
8376:
8346:
8316:
8285:
8255:
8187:
8153:
8123:
8097:
8049:
8015:
7981:
7916:
7886:
7862:Branscombe, Mary (4 May 2016).
7826:Brown, Paul (13 January 2017).
7819:
7795:Lawton, George (19 July 2018).
7788:
7750:
7720:
7690:
7664:
7631:
7619:from the original on 2 May 2012
7601:
7576:
7564:from the original on 7 May 2021
7514:
7484:
7361:
7307:Enzer, Larry (31 August 2018).
7300:
7268:
7256:from the original on 8 May 2020
6826:, while JavaScript's typing is
6692:). This makes JavaScript (like
1592:
59:High-level programming language
11807:Asynchronous module definition
11358:
10395:
10345:The Modern JavaScript Tutorial
9641:Festa, Paul (19 August 1998).
9267:"function* - JavaScript | MDN"
9137:
8763:. Addison-Wesley. p. 83.
8161:"Server-Side JavaScript Guide"
7785:, Sams Publishing, 05-Sep-2012
7150:
7115:
7101:
6882:
6860:
2551:// as the value is `constant`.
2435:concise function expressions (
2394:
2136:Closure (computer programming)
1454:one at a time, and it calls a
1231:
539:language that conforms to the
13:
1:
9899:Goodin, Dan (4 August 2015).
8105:"Using jQuery with Bootstrap"
7638:Purdy, Kevin (11 June 2009).
6915:
6673:Sandbox implementation errors
6613:Misplaced trust in developers
6579:Misplaced trust in the client
5596:"is not an integer"
5311:// Import multiple properties
3386:6th Edition - ECMAScript 2015
2177:
2099:
2002:
1587:automatic semicolon insertion
1265:Internet Information Services
1141:before the data is sent to a
1078:Examples of scripted behavior
10761:List of JavaScript libraries
10145:"frequently asked questions"
9107:
8998:Croll, Angus (31 May 2011).
8866:"Function – JavaScript"
8292:treitter (2 February 2013).
7284:. Bloomberg. 17 March 2011.
6906:as regular JavaScript code.
6819:of Netscape Communications.
6763:Some browsers have built-in
5407://> "Alice", 23
5365://> "Alice", 23
3750:generate_multiplier_function
3678:generate_multiplier_function
1685:JavaScript type conversions
1478:describes the event loop as
1315:
1047:of the Web, with 99% of all
1015:
982:had the most modules of any
684:language, while also hiring
7:
13069:
10715:Visual Studio Team Services
9643:"Buffer-overflow bug in IE"
8200:Microsoft Developer Network
7398:Han, Sheon (4 March 2024).
7109:"Popularity – Brendan Eich"
6890:is a newer language with a
6644:with superuser privileges.
6463:
4027:Object functional example:
3391:Example of arrow function:
2379:
2356:, JavaScript also supports
2294:and also through the local
2009:Prototype-based programming
1508:
1406:as regular JavaScript code.
1381:is a core component of the
1040:JavaScript is the dominant
289:/publications-and-standards
64:Java (programming language)
10:
13350:
12085:
10738:List of ECMAScript engines
10218:
10167:
9609:February 23, 2017, at the
9348:"Secure ECMA Script (SES)"
9021:Haverbeke, Marijn (2011).
8784:Haverbeke, Marijn (2011).
8196:"Introducing JScript .NET"
7498:. Microsoft. 29 May 1996.
6898:scripts. All of the major
6629:
6549:cross-site request forgery
6543:Cross-site request forgery
6540:
6537:Cross-site request forgery
6514:(XSS), a violation of the
6503:
6467:
4967:// {value: 3, done: false}
4952:// {value: 2, done: false}
4937:// {value: 1, done: false}
4907:// {value: 2, done: false}
4892:// {value: 1, done: false}
2931:function to calculate the
2453:
2410:Vendor-specific extensions
2398:
2383:
2345:
2315:
2283:
2199:
2181:
2163:
2133:
2103:
2081:
2006:
1937:
1895:
1884:
1880:
1596:
1520:
1462:frame with the function's
1358:for improved performance.
1325:
1257:Netscape Enterprise Server
925:browser in 2008, with the
840:Growth and standardization
789:at the bottom of your old
630:
61:
13213:
13182:
13117:
13106:
13077:
13014:
12938:Internet Explorer for Mac
12845:
12741:
12682:
12558:
12504:
12500:
12489:
12430:
12386:
12352:
12270:
12218:
12105:
12095:
12091:
12080:
12022:
11955:
11929:
11925:
11904:
11820:
11749:
11720:
11688:
11674:
11633:
11547:
11538:
11429:
11366:
11280:
11057:
11034:
10963:
10927:
10884:
10858:
10835:
10769:
10746:
10728:
10639:
10621:
10578:
10557:
10459:
10431:
10403:
9237:Mozilla Developer Network
9203:Mozilla Developer Network
9083:Mozilla Developer Network
9053:Mozilla Developer Network
8522:Mozilla Developer Network
7828:"State of the Union: npm"
7583:Weber, Tim (9 May 2005).
6838:, while JavaScript's are
6803:
6797:
6742:, including a JavaScript
5076:// Export named functions
3444:"Hello, World!"
2669:"Hello, World!"
2449:
2312:Array and object literals
2206:Traits (computer science)
2202:Role-oriented programming
2170:JavaScript also supports
2084:Method (computer science)
1891:
1517:Imperative and structured
1342:that executes JavaScript
1036:Website client-side usage
524:for non-browser usage is
508:that executes the client
400:
361:
356:
333:
328:
309:
301:
279:
251:
231:
227:
199:
171:
167:
149:
128:
96:
84:
9710:August 13, 2011, at the
9527:10.14722/ndss.2017.23414
8969:"Home | CocktailJS"
8624:Bernhardt, Gary (2012).
8263:"JavaScript for Acrobat"
6704:Hardware vulnerabilities
6654:, and the wide range of
6446:
5452:
5251:
4980:
4739:
4510:
4239:
4029:
3829:
3393:
3267:
2941:
2679:
2654:
2482:
2364:Promises and Async/await
1987:) and bracket notation (
1853:Often also mentioned is
1356:just-in-time compilation
1179:Libraries and frameworks
1006:single-page applications
931:just-in-time compilation
802:submitted JavaScript to
646:graphical user interface
466:), often abbreviated as
62:Not to be confused with
39:latest accepted revision
13284:Cross-platform software
13150:MEEN (substituted with
10603:Microsoft Edge DevTools
10504:Google Closure Compiler
9509:Northeastern University
9004:JavaScript, JavaScript…
7343:Fin JS (17 June 2016),
7313:Monmouth Web Developers
7160:(1998). "Foreword". In
6849:
6783:
6750:Static program analysis
6584:Some implications are:
6494:Content Security Policy
5821:// t = b; b = a; a = t;
5725:// Euclidean algorithm:
5482:// constructor function
5335:'./mymodule.js'
5272:'./mymodule.js'
2650:"Hello, World!" program
2352:In a manner similar to
1944:JavaScript includes an
1442:JavaScript is a single-
1346:. The first JavaScript
474:and core technology of
11856:server-side JavaScript
10795:Cascading Style Sheets
10306:
10286:Listen to this article
10119:Visual Studio Magazine
8838:Herman, David (2013).
8757:Herman, David (2013).
7924:"ECMAScript proposals"
7900:. Ecma International.
6830:. Java is loaded from
5254:// Import one property
3827:Object class example:
2334:form the basis of the
2106:Functional programming
1969:
1641:Strings are left as-is
1625:Both unary operators (
1529:structured programming
1523:Structured programming
1297:support for scripting
1291:application frameworks
1074:on the user's device.
795:
733:in 1995, leading to a
490:use JavaScript on the
214:; 6 months ago
186:; 3 months ago
155:; 28 years ago
13334:Programming languages
11851:JavaScript frameworks
11028:Programming languages
10800:Document Object Model
10703:Visual Studio Express
10305:
9665:SecurityTracker.com,
9621:Mozilla Corporation,
9374:"Google Caja Project"
9271:developer.mozilla.org
8949:Traits for JavaScript
7597:on 25 September 2017.
7558:Search Engine Journal
7174:John Wiley & Sons
6939:on 16 September 2007.
6740:web development tools
6630:Further information:
5446:More advanced example
5380:'./module.js'
2639:There is no built-in
2053:). The constructor's
1964:
1914:is associated with a
1398:. With the advent of
1371:Document Object Model
875:implementation as an
844:During the period of
830:client-side scripting
772:
722:Adoption by Microsoft
591:Document Object Model
556:first-class functions
537:just-in-time compiled
206:ECMAScript 2025
178:ECMAScript 2024
13294:Functional languages
13258:Computer programming
12923:IBM Home Page Reader
11833:JavaScript libraries
10613:Safari Web Inspector
10337:More spoken articles
9771:Mozilla Foundation,
9655:on 25 December 2002.
9292:"JavaScript modules"
8973:Cocktailjs.github.io
8841:Effective JavaScript
8760:Effective JavaScript
8697:Crockford, Douglas.
8662:. 16 February 2017.
8630:Destroy All Software
8470:"Documentation · V8"
8171:. 11 December 1998.
6779:Related technologies
6512:cross-site scripting
6506:Cross-site scripting
6500:Cross-site scripting
6421:", lcm = "
6400:", gcd = "
6094:`LCMCalculator: a =
2491:// set to undefined.
2430:array comprehensions
2386:Futures and promises
2368:JavaScript supports
2268:Zero-based numbering
2078:Functions as methods
1985:obj.x = 10
1427:operations, such as
674:programming language
636:Creation at Netscape
472:programming language
153:4 December 1995
13324:Scripting languages
13279:American inventions
10894:Active Server Pages
10243:Eloquent JavaScript
10241:Haverbeke, Marijn.
9730:. 9 February 2006.
9472:ServiceObjects Blog
9024:Eloquent JavaScript
8787:Eloquent JavaScript
8687:, pp. 176–178.
8491:Nelaturu, Keerthi.
7384:on 8 February 2008.
6690:Windows Script Host
6606:Prototype pollution
6474:JavaScript and the
5037:// Export variables
4549:// Private property
2916:'.multiple'
2796:'data-attr'
2437:function(args) expr
2426:clauses (like Java)
2414:Historically, some
2358:regular expressions
2342:Regular expressions
2230:keyword within its
2172:anonymous functions
1934:Run-time evaluation
1908:scripting languages
1887:Dynamic Programming
1686:
888:Jesse James Garrett
867:(later acquired by
768:The rise of JScript
701:scripting languages
583:regular expressions
520:. The most popular
253:Filename extensions
150:First appeared
81:
29:Page version status
11762:Ecma International
11572:Google Web Toolkit
10710:Visual Studio Code
10565:JavaScript library
10509:Google Web Toolkit
10307:
10009:2018-01-03 at the
9994:Ars Technica, 2017
9990:2017-03-16 at the
9971:2017-03-16 at the
9830:2011-09-13 at the
9778:2014-06-04 at the
9759:2009-10-30 at the
9703:Fusion Authority,
9691:2011-10-11 at the
9672:2010-02-18 at the
9628:2014-06-04 at the
9474:. ServiceObjects.
9173:Ecma International
9079:"var – JavaScript"
8954:2014-07-24 at the
8935:2017-10-05 at the
8895:. Es5.github.com.
8425:on 8 December 2018
8169:Oracle Corporation
8061:The Economic Times
8031:Oracle Corporation
7894:"The TC39 Process"
7781:2017-03-23 at the
7762:2017-03-24 at the
7438:on 1 November 2021
6900:JavaScript engines
6516:same-origin policy
6484:same-origin policy
3816:can be created as
3263:anonymous function
3229:recursivelyCompute
3196:recursivelyCompute
3166:recursivelyCompute
2443:ECMAScript for XML
2416:JavaScript engines
2348:Regular expression
2328:associative arrays
2318:Associative arrays
2300:Variadic functions
2280:Variadic functions
2166:Anonymous function
2160:Anonymous function
1989:obj = 10
1971:In JavaScript, an
1684:
1488:callback functions
1340:software component
1242:JavaScript engines
1137:input values of a
1070:that executes the
1045:scripting language
1026:Oracle Corporation
1020:"JavaScript" is a
861:ECMAScript for XML
804:Ecma International
798:In November 1996,
762:Netscape Navigator
752:and extensions to
662:Netscape Navigator
640:The first popular
625:standard libraries
575:programming styles
552:object-orientation
285:ecma-international
79:
35:
13239:
13238:
13170:(uses Express.js)
13037:
13036:
13010:
13009:
13006:
13005:
12693:Internet Explorer
12485:
12484:
12481:
12480:
12266:
12265:
12076:
12075:
12072:
12071:
11864:
11863:
11733:Douglas Crockford
11716:
11715:
11626:Wakanda Framework
11326:
11325:
11308:Non-English-based
10994:
10993:
10971:Douglas Crockford
10593:Firefox Inspector
10570:JavaScript syntax
10303:
10263:Zakas, Nicholas.
10260:
10236:978-1-491-95202-3
10226:Flanagan, David.
9536:978-1-891562-46-4
9034:978-1-59327-282-1
8851:978-0-321-81218-6
8797:978-1-59327-282-1
8770:978-0-321-81218-6
8732:Developer Network
8599:The DEV Community
8560:978-0-596-55447-7
8445:"How Blink Works"
8269:. 7 August 2009.
7613:PC Games Hardware
7527:technologizer.com
7319:on 31 August 2018
6995:"nodejs/node-eps"
6730:Development tools
6686:Microsoft Windows
6520:HTML sanitization
5818:// swap variables
5689:// object literal
5551:// inner function
4983:/* mymodule.js */
4877:// Implementation
4558:// Public methods
4227:Variadic function
3379:function closures
2456:JavaScript syntax
2292:formal parameters
2286:Variadic function
1977:associative array
1960:Douglas Crockford
1904:dynamically typed
1851:
1850:
1673:functions on the
1476:concurrency model
1336:JavaScript engine
1328:JavaScript engine
1321:JavaScript engine
1068:JavaScript engine
944:Reaching maturity
846:Internet Explorer
822:Internet Explorer
731:Internet Explorer
623:, and respective
543:standard. It has
516:and a variety of
506:JavaScript engine
504:have a dedicated
417:
416:
233:Typing discipline
47:19 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
13341:
13256:
13255:
13247:
13112:
13064:
13057:
13050:
13041:
13040:
12502:
12501:
12491:
12490:
12103:
12102:
12093:
12092:
12082:
12081:
11927:
11926:
11906:
11905:
11891:
11884:
11877:
11868:
11867:
11846:
11845:
11828:
11827:
11545:
11544:
11353:
11346:
11339:
11330:
11329:
11316:
11315:
11288:
11287:
11021:
11014:
11007:
10998:
10997:
10938:
10837:Package managers
10647:
10390:
10383:
10376:
10367:
10366:
10362:
10360:
10358:
10327:
10325:
10314:
10313:
10304:
10294:
10292:
10287:
10254:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10190:
10188:
10186:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10156:
10141:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10111:
10105:
10104:
10102:
10100:
10087:(3 April 2008).
10081:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10050:
10044:
10043:
10041:
10039:
10020:
10014:
10001:
9995:
9982:
9976:
9963:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9935:(28 July 2015).
9929:
9923:
9922:
9920:
9918:
9896:
9890:
9889:
9887:
9885:
9861:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9840:
9834:
9821:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9810:
9788:
9782:
9769:
9763:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9739:
9720:
9714:
9701:
9695:
9682:
9676:
9663:
9657:
9656:
9651:. Archived from
9638:
9632:
9619:
9613:
9602:SC Magazine UK,
9600:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9569:
9563:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9554:on 29 March 2017
9553:
9547:, archived from
9520:
9506:
9497:
9488:
9487:
9485:
9483:
9463:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9447:on 9 August 2011
9443:. Archived from
9432:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9421:
9402:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9391:
9370:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9344:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9318:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9288:
9282:
9281:
9279:
9277:
9263:
9257:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9229:
9223:
9222:
9220:
9218:
9195:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9165:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9154:
9135:
9129:
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8747:
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8694:
8688:
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8676:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8652:
8646:
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8641:
8621:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8590:
8577:
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8574:
8572:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8514:
8508:
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8503:
8488:
8482:
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8479:
8477:
8466:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8452:
8441:
8435:
8434:
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8430:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8369:
8350:
8344:
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8341:
8339:
8320:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8289:
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8280:
8278:
8259:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8228:
8219:
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8213:
8211:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8157:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8146:
8137:. 16 June 2020.
8127:
8121:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8076:
8065:
8064:
8063:. 21 April 2009.
8053:
8047:
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8044:
8042:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8008:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7953:Ashkenas, Jeremy
7949:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7890:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7859:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7823:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7792:
7786:
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7754:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7732:es6-features.org
7724:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7593:. Archived from
7580:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7468:. Archived from
7457:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7434:. Archived from
7424:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7395:
7386:
7385:
7380:. Archived from
7374:
7368:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7340:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7315:. Archived from
7304:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7221:
7212:
7211:
7172:(3rd ed.).
7171:
7168:JavaScript Bible
7154:
7148:
7147:
7142:
7140:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7105:
7099:
7098:
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6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6929:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6800:
6638:buffer overflows
6557:
6470:Browser security
6459:
6456:
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6437:
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6425:
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5279:
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5273:
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5255:
5249:Import example:
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5218:
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4987:
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4978:Export example:
4971:
4970:// ...infinitely
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2272:JavaScript is a
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2013:JavaScript uses
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1557:function scoping
1550:
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1367:rendering engine
1310:embedded systems
1273:other approaches
1116:Controlling the
1066:have a built-in
1030:Sun Microsystems
955:The creation of
896:web applications
756:. Each of these
678:Sun Microsystems
531:JavaScript is a
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12928:IBM WebExplorer
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10859:Module bundlers
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10318:This audio file
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10217:
10215:Further reading
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10028:benchmarkjs.com
10022:
10021:
10017:
10011:Wayback Machine
10002:
9998:
9992:Wayback Machine
9983:
9979:
9973:Wayback Machine
9964:
9960:
9950:
9948:
9933:Auerbach, David
9930:
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9832:Wayback Machine
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9712:Wayback Machine
9702:
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9693:Wayback Machine
9684:SecurityFocus,
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9410:Mozillazine.org
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9059:on 24 July 2014
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8023:"Legal Notices"
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7473:
7472:on 19 July 2016
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6975:. 27 March 2024
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6840:prototype-based
6804:
6798:
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6752:tools, such as
6732:
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6632:Buffer overflow
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5959:"lcm"
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5124:// Export class
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5052:'Alice'
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4229:demonstration (
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10251:978-1593279509
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10024:"Benchmark.js"
10015:
10013:Spectre Attack
10004:Spectre Attack
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8135:vanilla-js.com
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8111:. 10 June 2019
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7999:. 6 May 1997.
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6541:Main article:
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5133:Multiplication
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3780:five_multiples
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2730:'span'
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10405:Code analysis
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8918:Flanagan 2006
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8202:. Microsoft.
8201:
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8109:clouddevs.com
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7868:The New Stack
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7801:TheServerSide
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7183:0-7645-3188-3
7179:
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7159:
7158:Eich, Brendan
7153:
7146:
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7058:
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6824:static typing
6820:
6818:
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6813:James Gosling
6809:
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6791:
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6663:Google Chrome
6659:
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6487:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6445:
6283:LCMCalculator
6217:createElement
5698:LCMCalculator
5674:LCMCalculator
5461:LCMCalculator
5451:
5250:
4979:
4976:
4738:
4736:
4509:
4507:
4238:
4236:
4233:is a special
4228:
4028:
4025:
4023:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3807:// Returns 60
3792:// Returns 15
3549:short_example
3492:short_example
3392:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3266:
3265:(or lambda):
3264:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2889:querySelector
2874:'#id'
2868:querySelector
2847:querySelector
2802:'baz'
2775:'bar'
2757:'foo'
2724:createElement
2700:'foo'
2678:
2653:
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2642:
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2339:
2338:data format.
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2263:Miscellaneous
2260:
2258:
2253:
2243:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2185:
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2157:
2154:
2153:lexical scope
2150:
2145:
2143:
2137:
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2117:
2113:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2075:
2043:Object.create
2036:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1888:
1878:
1877:as expected.
1857:resulting in
1845:
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1690:left operand
1689:
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1566:
1565:block scoping
1558:
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1296:
1295:Adobe Acrobat
1292:
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1274:
1270:
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1262:
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1253:
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1226:
1224:
1220:
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1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:web framework
1186:
1173:
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1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:browser games
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
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1090:
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939:
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920:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:Adobe Systems
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
811:
809:
805:
801:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
765:
763:
759:
755:
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746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
719:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
688:to embed the
687:
683:
680:to embed the
679:
675:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
628:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
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588:
584:
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569:
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562:, supporting
561:
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546:
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388:
384:
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372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:Influenced by
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
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296:
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278:
269:
264:
259:
258:
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234:
230:
226:
219:27 March 2024
210:
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101:
99:
95:
88:
83:
77:
73:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
13226:CoffeeScript
13220:
12998:WorldWideWeb
12713:MediaBrowser
12708:GreenBrowser
12589:Firefox Lite
12495:Discontinued
11986:
11947:Privacy mode
11898:Web browsers
11742:Scott Isaacs
11728:Brendan Eich
11525:JScript .NET
11486:SpiderMonkey
11434:(comparison)
11406:JScript .NET
11383:
11374:ActionScript
11303:Generational
11293:Alphabetical
11289:
11269:
11162:
11094:Visual Basic
10981:Brendan Eich
10929:Unit testing
10772:technologies
10484:CoffeeScript
10396:
10355:. Retrieved
10264:
10256:
10242:
10227:
10203:. Retrieved
10199:
10183:. Retrieved
10180:freeCodeCamp
10179:
10153:. Retrieved
10139:
10127:. Retrieved
10118:
10109:
10097:. Retrieved
10089:"Popularity"
10079:
10067:. Retrieved
10058:
10048:
10036:. Retrieved
10027:
10018:
9999:
9980:
9961:
9949:. Retrieved
9940:
9927:
9915:. Retrieved
9906:Ars Technica
9904:
9894:
9882:. Retrieved
9869:
9859:
9838:
9819:
9807:. Retrieved
9800:
9786:
9767:
9748:
9736:. Retrieved
9727:
9718:
9699:
9680:
9661:
9653:the original
9646:
9636:
9617:
9598:
9586:. Retrieved
9577:
9567:
9556:, retrieved
9549:the original
9508:
9480:. Retrieved
9471:
9461:
9449:. Retrieved
9445:the original
9440:
9430:
9418:. Retrieved
9409:
9400:
9388:. Retrieved
9377:
9368:
9356:. Retrieved
9342:
9330:. Retrieved
9316:
9304:. Retrieved
9296:MDN Web Docs
9295:
9286:
9276:27 September
9274:. Retrieved
9270:
9261:
9249:. Retrieved
9236:
9227:
9215:. Retrieved
9202:
9193:
9181:. Retrieved
9163:
9151:. Retrieved
9143:MDN web docs
9142:
9133:
9121:. Retrieved
9113:MDN web docs
9112:
9103:
9091:. Retrieved
9073:
9061:. Retrieved
9057:the original
9052:
9043:
9023:
9016:
9003:
8993:
8981:. Retrieved
8972:
8963:
8944:
8925:
8913:
8901:. Retrieved
8887:
8875:. Retrieved
8871:MDN Web Docs
8869:
8860:
8840:
8833:
8821:. Retrieved
8806:
8786:
8779:
8759:
8752:
8740:. Retrieved
8728:
8719:
8707:. Retrieved
8692:
8680:
8668:. Retrieved
8659:
8650:
8638:. Retrieved
8629:
8619:
8607:. Retrieved
8598:
8569:. Retrieved
8549:
8542:
8530:. Retrieved
8521:
8512:
8500:. Retrieved
8496:
8486:
8474:. Retrieved
8449:. Retrieved
8439:
8427:. Retrieved
8423:the original
8408:
8396:. Retrieved
8388:espruino.com
8387:
8378:
8366:. Retrieved
8357:
8348:
8336:. Retrieved
8327:
8318:
8306:. Retrieved
8297:
8287:
8275:. Retrieved
8266:
8257:
8245:. Retrieved
8236:
8215:
8208:. Retrieved
8199:
8189:
8177:. Retrieved
8164:
8155:
8143:. Retrieved
8134:
8131:"Vanilla JS"
8125:
8113:. Retrieved
8108:
8099:
8087:. Retrieved
8083:
8060:
8051:
8039:. Retrieved
8026:
8017:
8005:. Retrieved
7992:
7983:
7971:. Retrieved
7960:
7932:. Retrieved
7918:
7906:. Retrieved
7897:
7888:
7876:. Retrieved
7867:
7840:. Retrieved
7831:
7821:
7809:. Retrieved
7800:
7790:
7771:
7752:
7740:. Retrieved
7731:
7722:
7710:. Retrieved
7701:
7692:
7680:. Retrieved
7666:
7654:. Retrieved
7643:
7633:
7621:. Retrieved
7612:
7603:
7595:the original
7588:
7578:
7566:. Retrieved
7557:
7547:
7535:. Retrieved
7526:
7516:
7504:. Retrieved
7495:
7486:
7474:. Retrieved
7470:the original
7465:
7440:. Retrieved
7436:the original
7431:
7407:. Retrieved
7403:
7382:the original
7372:
7363:
7352:, retrieved
7348:
7321:. Retrieved
7317:the original
7312:
7302:
7290:. Retrieved
7279:
7270:
7258:. Retrieved
7244:
7232:. Retrieved
7228:
7167:
7152:
7144:
7137:. Retrieved
7126:
7117:
7103:
7091:. Retrieved
7082:
7056:
7049:. Retrieved
7029:
7007:. Retrieved
6998:
6989:
6977:. Retrieved
6967:
6955:. Retrieved
6945:
6937:the original
6908:
6886:
6877:CoffeeScript
6871:
6864:
6853:
6821:
6817:Brendan Eich
6810:
6787:
6772:text editors
6733:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6698:Trojan horse
6684:
6680:
6676:
6660:
6649:
6646:
6635:
6616:
6582:
6553:
6546:
6532:
6526:
6524:
6509:
6492:
6488:
6473:
6443:
6223:'br'
5449:
5248:
4977:
4974:
4844:// Instances
4733:
4729:// Returns 8
4714:// Returns 7
4681:// Returns 0
4504:
4500:// Returns 6
4473:// Returns 3
4386:// Returns 6
4359:// Returns 3
4225:
4026:
4019:
3826:
3811:
3777:// Returns 5
3612:// Returns 5
3567:// Returns 7
3528:long_example
3405:long_example
3390:
3383:
3376:
3372:// Returns 3
3363:// Returns 2
3354:// Returns 1
3260:
3256:// Returns 6
2926:
2790:setAttribute
2676:
2641:Input/output
2638:
2627:
2464:
2422:conditional
2413:
2404:
2389:
2367:
2351:
2325:
2289:
2271:
2249:
2213:
2187:
2169:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2109:
2093:
2087:
2034:
2032:
2012:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1943:
1901:
1852:
1679:
1664:
1636:
1605:weakly typed
1602:
1599:Weakly typed
1593:Weakly typed
1547:statements,
1539:statements,
1531:syntax from
1526:
1512:
1492:
1480:non-blocking
1441:
1425:input/output
1414:
1360:
1352:interpreters
1333:
1307:
1289:, and other
1287:React Native
1277:
1254:
1250:applications
1235:
1227:
1193:
1182:
1101:social media
1083:Loading new
1064:web browsers
1061:
1039:
1019:
995:
988:
954:
947:
935:
921:debuted its
917:
909:Dojo Toolkit
885:
858:
843:
834:
832:on the Web.
815:
812:
797:
775:Brendan Eich
773:
747:
725:
716:dot-com boom
713:
694:
686:Brendan Eich
666:
639:
614:
598:input/output
595:
564:event-driven
530:
502:Web browsers
500:
478:, alongside
467:
419:
418:
411:at Wikibooks
375:CoffeeScript
363:ActionScript
319:SpiderMonkey
135:Brendan Eich
107:event-driven
76:
46:
37:This is the
31:
13158:Backbone.js
13024:Comparisons
12983:ThunderHawk
12963:NetPositive
12903:Edge Legacy
12832:WebPositive
12797:Opera Coast
12659:Swiftweasel
12422:qutebrowser
12311:Tor Browser
12306:SlimBrowser
12107:Proprietary
12045:third-party
11997:Web storage
11992:WebAssembly
11847:Comparisons
11698:Backbone.js
11635:Server-side
11549:Client-side
11496:JägerMonkey
11491:TraceMonkey
11298:Categorical
10931:frameworks
10886:Server-side
10822:WebAssembly
10681:Light Table
10461:Transpilers
9975:VUSec, 2017
9870:Motherboard
9825:JS.Seeker.K
9738:24 February
9588:22 February
9420:24 February
9298:. Mozilla.
9233:"arguments"
9183:22 December
9145:. Mozilla.
9115:. Mozilla.
9093:22 December
8983:24 February
8670:24 February
7466:oreilly.com
7234:27 February
7139:25 November
7093:21 November
7051:25 December
6953:. June 2024
6888:WebAssembly
6883:WebAssembly
6867:transpilers
6861:Transpilers
6836:class-based
6652:Adobe Flash
6373:printResult
6364:printResult
6205:appendChild
6169:appendChild
5692:constructor
5139:constructor
3841:constructor
2826:appendChild
2401:Async/await
2395:Async/await
2374:Async/await
2257:inheritance
2252:composition
2116:first-class
2110:JavaScript
2023:inheritance
1928:duck typing
1618:The binary
1611:The binary
1579:expressions
1421:web browser
1419:(such as a
1400:WebAssembly
1363:web browser
1303:GNOME Shell
1246:server-side
1238:web browser
1232:Other usage
1154:ad tracking
1127:Generating
1042:client-side
1010:transpilers
967:engine, an
959:in 2009 by
952:6 in 2015.
877:open source
739:interpreter
735:browser war
705:interpreter
642:web browser
585:, standard
184:/ June 2024
13274:JavaScript
13268:Categories
13231:TypeScript
13221:JavaScript
13135:Express.js
13118:Frameworks
12669:Timberwolf
12664:TenFourFox
12609:Kazehakase
12599:Ghostzilla
12468:Opera Mini
12402:DuckDuckGo
12291:GNU IceCat
12035:Encryption
11987:JavaScript
11942:Extensions
11738:John Resig
11681:Cappuccino
11617:SproutCore
11540:Frameworks
11513:ChakraCore
11416:TypeScript
11384:JavaScript
11360:ECMAScript
11163:JavaScript
11039:Comparison
10986:John Resig
10748:Frameworks
10671:CodeMirror
10659:Cloud9 IDE
10644:comparison
10598:Komodo IDE
10549:WebSharper
10539:PureScript
10519:LiveScript
10499:Emscripten
10446:TypeScript
10397:JavaScript
10357:6 February
10333:Audio help
10324:2013-08-20
10257:(download)
10219:See also:
10200:Groovy Web
10147:. asm.js.
10129:9 February
10099:19 January
10053:JSBEN.CH.
10038:6 November
9917:26 January
9884:26 January
9850:1507.06955
9809:20 October
9518:1811.00918
9324:. ADsafe.
8877:30 October
8640:28 October
8609:28 October
8497:medium.com
8429:8 December
8308:7 February
8165:oracle.com
8027:oracle.com
7973:6 February
7934:15 January
7908:15 January
7878:15 January
7712:18 January
7645:Lifehacker
7442:1 November
7354:7 February
7292:7 December
7033:. Apress.
6916:References
6873:TypeScript
6590:obfuscated
6468:See also:
4856:rawCounter
4748:rawCounter
2895:''
2276:language.
2274:zero-index
2190:delegation
2178:Delegative
2100:Functional
2015:prototypes
2003:Prototypes
1993:properties
1754:(boolean)
1583:statements
1472:event loop
1460:call stack
1429:networking
1392:ECMAScript
1350:were mere
1219:Underscore
1174:standards.
1143:web server
1135:Validating
1129:pop-up ads
1062:All major
1002:frameworks
969:event loop
950:ECMAScript
865:Macromedia
808:ECMAScript
787:status bar
692:language.
602:networking
589:, and the
572:imperative
568:functional
541:ECMAScript
533:high-level
498:behavior.
420:JavaScript
409:JavaScript
395:TypeScript
357:Influenced
291:/standards
160:1995-12-04
143:ECMAScript
119:procedural
115:imperative
111:functional
80:JavaScript
72:ECMAScript
18:Javascript
13214:Languages
13183:Libraries
13140:AngularJS
12948:Line Mode
12772:Google TV
12728:SpaceTime
12723:NetCaptor
12718:NeoPlanet
12604:IceDragon
12579:Classilla
12412:Lunascape
12407:Konqueror
12368:GNOME Web
12337:SeaMonkey
12332:Pale Moon
12296:LibreWolf
12258:ungoogled
12253:Supermium
12064:WebSocket
12023:Protocols
12002:IndexedDB
11937:Bookmarks
11918:protocols
11915:standards
11802:SunSpider
11703:SWFObject
11690:Libraries
11667:WakandaDB
11600:Prototype
11421:WMLScript
11260:Smalltalk
10976:Ryan Dahl
10580:Debuggers
10433:Supersets
10069:13 August
9941:slate.com
9752:US CERT,
9199:"console"
8709:20 August
8532:28 August
8328:tessel.io
8277:18 August
8267:adobe.com
7993:uspto.gov
7832:Linux.com
7409:21 August
7323:31 August
7281:Bloomberg
6957:30 August
6794:sandboxed
6765:profilers
6710:rowhammer
6527:reflected
5680:prototype
5584:TypeError
5515:TypeError
4735:Generator
4723:increment
4708:increment
4666:// Module
4627:increment
4323:arguments
4296:arguments
4231:arguments
3818:instances
3244:factorial
3070:undefined
3046:// 0! = 1
2947:factorial
2933:factorial
2929:recursive
2927:A simple
2745:classList
2628:Note the
2518:undefined
2466:Variables
2296:arguments
2112:functions
2055:prototype
1847:(number)
1839:(string)
1828:(string)
1820:(number)
1814:(number)
1803:(string)
1795:(string)
1789:(number)
1778:(string)
1770:(string)
1746:(string)
1693:operator
1675:prototype
1464:arguments
1379:V8 engine
1316:Execution
1261:Microsoft
1211:Modernizr
1203:Bootstrap
1172:IndexedDB
1150:analytics
1093:WebSocket
1022:trademark
1016:Trademark
998:libraries
961:Ryan Dahl
905:Prototype
881:Microsoft
818:Microsoft
727:Microsoft
697:Web sites
669:web pages
615:Although
577:. It has
494:side for
486:. 99% of
351:HyperTalk
293:/ecma-262
191:June 2024
13200:React.js
13168:Sails.js
13152:Ember.js
13100:CommonJS
13078:Platform
13019:Category
12973:Skweezer
12968:Netscape
12893:Deepfish
12837:xombrero
12654:Swiftfox
12584:Conkeror
12540:SalamWeb
12535:Rockmelt
12448:Ladybird
12417:NetFront
12342:Waterfox
12327:K-Meleon
12322:Basilisk
12228:Chromium
12185:Sleipnir
11930:Features
11912:Features
11812:CommonJS
11675:Multiple
11595:MooTools
11590:MochiKit
11476:QtScript
11471:Linear B
11451:InScript
11411:QtScript
11367:Dialects
11318:Category
11084:Assembly
11044:Timeline
10904:CommonJS
10827:WebAuthn
10770:Related
10688:PhpStorm
10676:Brackets
10640:Editors
10558:Concepts
10469:AtScript
10335: ·
10155:13 April
10149:Archived
10123:Archived
10093:Archived
10063:Archived
10059:jsben.ch
10032:Archived
10007:Archived
9988:Archived
9969:Archived
9945:Archived
9911:Archived
9878:Archived
9828:Archived
9776:Archived
9757:Archived
9732:Archived
9708:Archived
9689:Archived
9670:Archived
9626:Archived
9607:Archived
9582:Archived
9545:17885720
9476:Archived
9414:Archived
9384:Archived
9352:Archived
9326:Archived
9300:Archived
9245:Archived
9211:Archived
9177:Archived
9147:Archived
9117:Archived
9087:Archived
9008:Archived
8977:Archived
8952:Archived
8933:Archived
8897:Archived
8817:Archived
8736:Archived
8703:Archived
8664:Archived
8634:Archived
8603:Archived
8571:29 March
8565:Archived
8526:Archived
8472:. Google
8451:12 March
8447:. Google
8392:Archived
8362:Archived
8332:Archived
8302:Archived
8271:Archived
8241:Archived
8210:10 April
8204:Archived
8173:Archived
8139:Archived
8115:17 March
8035:Archived
8001:Archived
7967:Archived
7928:Archived
7926:. TC39.
7902:Archived
7872:Archived
7842:2 August
7836:Archived
7811:2 August
7805:Archived
7779:Archived
7760:Archived
7742:19 March
7736:Archived
7706:Archived
7676:Archived
7650:Archived
7617:Archived
7590:BBC News
7562:Archived
7531:Archived
7500:Archived
7286:Archived
7254:Archived
7200:38888873
7192:97078208
7133:Archived
7087:Archived
7045:Archived
7003:Archived
6979:17 April
6896:web page
6892:bytecode
6832:compiled
6744:debugger
6694:VBScript
6464:Security
6370:function
6259:function
6211:document
6193:document
6175:document
6157:document
6139:function
6079:toString
6043:function
5965:function
5923:function
5713:function
5653:checkInt
5626:checkInt
5536:function
5530:checkInt
5458:function
5440://> 3
5308://> 3
5082:function
4955:counter2
4940:counter2
4925:counter2
4910:counter1
4895:counter1
4880:counter1
4865:counter2
4850:counter1
4778:function
4742:function
4633:function
4597:function
4567:function
4525:function
4392:function
4242:function
4235:variable
4032:function
3306:function
3279:function
2944:function
2904:document
2883:document
2862:document
2841:document
2814:document
2718:document
2688:document
2630:comments
2614:myNumber
2596:myNumber
2380:Promises
2370:promises
2332:literals
2308:method.
2298:object.
2232:function
1997:for...in
1981:property
1920:variable
1667:toString
1549:do while
1509:Features
1456:function
1448:messages
1444:threaded
1437:graphics
1369:via the
1279:Electron
1139:web form
1118:playback
1109:Playing
1085:web page
1049:websites
913:MooTools
800:Netscape
779:sidekick
729:debuted
658:Netscape
610:graphics
558:. It is
535:, often
488:websites
145:standard
139:Netscape
98:Paradigm
43:reviewed
13174:Next.js
13144:Angular
13130:MongoDB
13085:Node.js
13071:Node.js
12978:Skyfire
12933:IBrowse
12918:HotJava
12913:Gazelle
12863:Arachne
12792:OmniWeb
12782:Mercury
12762:Dolphin
12703:Deepnet
12545:Sputnik
12530:Redcore
12463:NetSurf
12281:Firefox
12200:Vivaldi
12175:Samsung
12165:Puffin
12145:Maxthon
12130:Coc Coc
12040:Cookies
11797:Sputnik
11643:Node.js
11610:qooxdoo
11530:Nashorn
11503:Tamarin
11461:JScript
11446:Futhark
11441:Carakan
11431:Engines
11401:JScript
11389:engines
11271:more...
11250:Scratch
11153:Haskell
11143:Fortran
11099:classic
11049:History
10945:Jasmine
10919:Node.js
10876:esbuild
10866:Webpack
10730:Engines
10322: (
10293:minutes
10185:14 June
10168:Sources
9951:29 July
9797:TechNet
9558:28 July
9451:28 July
9306:28 July
9251:6 April
9241:Mozilla
9217:6 April
9207:Mozilla
9153:27 June
9139:"const"
9123:27 June
9063:13 July
8958:, 2010.
8823:6 April
8742:6 April
8730:Mozilla
8502:3 March
8476:3 March
8419:Telerik
8247:16 July
8145:17 June
8089:9 April
8084:W3Techs
7898:tc39.es
7682:22 July
7623:28 June
7537:16 July
7506:16 July
7476:16 July
7349:YouTube
7229:W3Techs
7208:712205M
7164:(ed.).
7128:YouTube
6904:sandbox
6828:dynamic
6724:Spectre
6667:sandbox
6656:ActiveX
6596:client.
6480:sandbox
6358:forEach
6112:, b = `
5410:console
5383:console
5341:console
5278:console
4717:counter
4702:counter
4684:counter
4669:counter
4516:counter
4131:console
4022:objects
3928:console
3814:objects
3432:console
3342:counter
3273:counter
3100:console
2986:console
2657:console
2646:console
2124:.bind()
2120:.call()
2019:classes
1881:Dynamic
1871:({} + )
1768:"false"
1699:result
1671:valueOf
1553:scoping
1543:loops,
1535:(e.g.,
1495:Node.js
1450:from a
1433:storage
1404:sandbox
1383:Node.js
1375:Web IDL
1348:engines
1283:Cordova
1269:Node.js
1240:roots.
1199:Angular
1185:library
1168:storage
957:Node.js
873:Tamarin
854:Firefox
850:Mozilla
826:JScript
791:browser
783:pop-ups
743:JScript
741:called
644:with a
631:History
606:storage
593:(DOM).
526:Node.js
514:servers
496:webpage
476:the Web
470:, is a
280:Website
238:Dynamic
217: (
189: (
158: (
13244:Portal
13205:Vue.js
13190:Lodash
13163:Meteor
12993:WinWAP
12988:Vision
12958:MSN TV
12953:Mosaic
12943:KidZui
12908:ELinks
12883:Charon
12873:Blazer
12812:Shiira
12802:Origyn
12745:-based
12743:WebKit
12686:-based
12684:MSHTML
12649:Strata
12629:Minimo
12624:MicroB
12594:Galeon
12574:Camino
12569:Beonex
12562:-based
12520:Citrio
12515:Beaker
12508:-based
12389:engine
12387:Multi-
12363:Safari
12356:-based
12354:WebKit
12315:Gecko
12301:Midori
12286:Floorp
12274:-based
12243:Falkon
12238:Dooble
12210:Yandex
12190:SRWare
12159:Mobile
12135:Comodo
12099:-based
12086:Active
12059:WebRTC
12012:WebGPU
11782:JSLint
11777:JSHint
11721:People
11663:AppJet
11586:midori
11577:jQuery
11567:Ext JS
11518:Chakra
11394:asm.js
11290:Lists:
11225:Python
11220:Prolog
11198:Pascal
11188:MATLAB
11173:Kotlin
11133:Erlang
11072:Simula
10964:People
10790:asm.js
10544:Reason
10524:Morfik
10423:JSLint
10418:JSHint
10413:ESLint
10271:
10249:
10234:
10205:5 June
9578:Quartz
9543:
9533:
9482:3 June
9390:9 July
9379:Google
9358:26 May
9081:. The
9031:
8903:26 May
8848:
8794:
8767:
8557:
7962:GitHub
7206:
7198:
7190:
7180:
7037:
7009:5 July
6999:GitHub
6910:asm.js
6844:Scheme
6758:JSLint
6754:ESLint
6388:output
6277:return
6142:output
6091:return
6064:return
6052:return
5944:return
5932:return
5602:return
5371:import
5314:import
5257:import
5208:return
5127:export
5106:return
5079:export
5058:export
5040:export
5019:return
4552:return
4419:reduce
4410:return
4329:return
4302:length
4209:myBall
4197:radius
4191:myBall
4170:myBall
4155:return
4149:radius
4098:radius
4074:radius
4041:radius
4003:myBall
3991:radius
3985:myBall
3961:myBall
3946:radius
3901:radius
3868:radius
3862:radius
3847:radius
3522:input2
3516:input1
3507:input2
3501:input1
3474:output
3471:return
3465:input2
3459:input1
3453:output
3420:input2
3414:input1
3315:return
3303:return
3226:return
3067:return
3037:return
3004:return
2832:myElem
2784:myElem
2763:myElem
2739:myElem
2712:myElem
2450:Syntax
2224:Mixins
2220:Traits
2208:, and
2151:: the
2142:nested
2090:method
2072:Object
2068:Object
2064:Object
2047:Object
2039:Object
1999:loop.
1975:is an
1973:object
1924:string
1892:Typing
1793:"1231"
1659:Object
1657:where
1545:switch
1501:, and
1484:events
1435:, and
1390:Since
1221:, and
1207:Lodash
1195:jQuery
1156:, and
991:GitHub
971:, and
923:Chrome
919:Google
911:, and
901:jQuery
690:Scheme
650:Mosaic
621:syntax
570:, and
554:, and
492:client
339:Scheme
323:Chakra
302:Major
12898:Dillo
12868:Arena
12858:Amaya
12853:abaco
12846:Other
12817:Steel
12807:QtWeb
12767:Fluid
12752:Arora
12619:Lotus
12560:Gecko
12550:Torch
12525:Flock
12506:Blink
12453:Links
12431:Other
12378:Orion
12317:forks
12272:Gecko
12248:Otter
12233:Brave
12205:Whale
12155:Opera
12125:Avast
12097:Blink
12007:WebGL
11829:Lists
11767:JSDoc
11757:DHTML
11750:Other
11658:Jaxer
11481:Rhino
11265:Swift
11255:Shell
11168:Julia
11138:Forth
11128:COBOL
11089:BASIC
11067:ALGOL
10955:QUnit
10950:Mocha
10810:HTML5
10693:Orion
10631:JSDoc
10474:Babel
10451:ArkTS
9845:arXiv
9552:(PDF)
9541:S2CID
9513:arXiv
9505:(PDF)
9332:8 May
9109:"let"
8626:"Wat"
8398:3 May
8368:3 May
8338:8 May
8179:8 May
8041:8 May
8007:8 May
7702:Wired
7656:8 May
7568:8 May
7404:Wired
7260:8 May
6770:Many
6322:=>
5836:while
5578:throw
5527:const
5509:throw
5491:isNaN
5130:class
5013:=>
4862:const
4847:const
4832:count
4826:yield
4808:while
4796:count
4766:yield
4757:yield
4663:})();
4642:alert
4618:value
4603:value
4576:alert
4437:=>
4167:const
4128:=>
4086:const
4050:const
3958:const
3832:class
3822:class
3820:of a
3741:const
3699:isNaN
3696:=>
3687:=>
3675:const
3645:=>
3624:three
3588:input
3585:=>
3582:input
3573:const
3513:=>
3489:const
3450:const
3426:=>
3402:const
3333:const
3321:count
3291:count
3270:const
3175:=>
3163:const
3142:round
2992:error
2971:isNaN
2935:of a
2709:const
2694:write
2554:const
2478:const
2424:catch
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2210:Mixin
2060:Array
1916:value
1855:{} +
1837:"abc"
1826:"123"
1801:"123"
1776:"123"
1752:false
1574:const
1559:with
1541:while
1452:queue
1338:is a
1215:React
1097:users
1091:or a
608:, or
367:ArkTS
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13125:MEAN
13029:List
12878:Cake
12827:Uzbl
12822:surf
12777:Iris
12757:BOLT
12644:Pogo
12614:Kylo
12458:Lynx
12443:Flow
12373:iCab
12220:FOSS
12180:Silk
12140:Epic
12054:OCSP
12030:HTTP
11965:HTML
11792:JSSS
11787:JSON
11772:JSGI
11648:Deno
11622:Spry
11605:Pyjs
11562:Echo
11557:Dojo
11379:Caja
11240:Rust
11235:Ruby
11210:Perl
11178:Lisp
11158:Java
11104:.NET
10935:list
10914:JSGI
10909:Deno
10871:Vite
10850:yarn
10817:JSON
10805:HTML
10780:Ajax
10666:Atom
10514:Haxe
10489:Dart
10441:JS++
10359:2022
10269:ISBN
10247:ISBN
10232:ISBN
10207:2023
10187:2018
10157:2014
10131:2018
10101:2012
10071:2021
10040:2016
9953:2015
9919:2018
9886:2018
9874:Vice
9811:2021
9740:2017
9648:CNET
9590:2017
9560:2022
9531:ISBN
9484:2019
9453:2022
9422:2017
9392:2021
9360:2013
9334:2021
9308:2022
9278:2022
9253:2013
9219:2013
9185:2012
9155:2018
9125:2018
9095:2012
9065:2014
9029:ISBN
8985:2017
8905:2013
8879:2021
8846:ISBN
8825:2013
8792:ISBN
8765:ISBN
8744:2013
8711:2013
8672:2017
8642:2019
8611:2019
8573:2019
8555:ISBN
8534:2015
8504:2024
8478:2024
8453:2024
8431:2018
8400:2020
8370:2020
8340:2021
8310:2013
8279:2009
8249:2016
8212:2018
8181:2021
8147:2020
8117:2024
8091:2021
8043:2021
8009:2021
7975:2020
7936:2021
7910:2021
7880:2021
7844:2021
7813:2021
7744:2018
7714:2019
7684:2020
7658:2021
7625:2010
7570:2021
7539:2016
7508:2016
7478:2016
7444:2021
7411:2024
7356:2018
7325:2018
7294:2011
7262:2020
7236:2024
7196:OCLC
7188:LCCN
7178:ISBN
7141:2019
7095:2017
7053:2018
7035:ISBN
7011:2018
6981:2024
6959:2024
6875:and
6855:JSON
6850:JSON
6805:Date
6802:and
6799:Math
6790:Java
6784:Java
6756:and
6717:ASLR
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6568:POST
6560:JSON
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6289:pair
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5320:name
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4886:next
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4398:(...
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4215:show
4176:Ball
4119:show
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4059:Math
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4035:Ball
4009:show
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3940:this
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3835:Ball
3181:>
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3106:warn
3058:<
2820:body
2372:and
2354:Perl
2336:JSON
2320:and
2305:bind
2236:call
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