248:
369:
2400:
736:
1986, Duvalier had initially accepted, and
President Reagan actually announced his departure based on a report from the Haitian CIA Station Chief who saw Duvalier's car head for the airport. Duvalier's party returned to the palace unnoticed by the U.S. intelligence team due to their motorcade being blocked by a gun battle. Duvalier declared "we are as firm as a monkey tail" and decided against abdication. However, the Duvaliers made another attempt to depart on 7 February 1986, this time succeeding, flying to France in a U.S. Air Force aircraft.
33:
364:
717:
558:(nicknamed "Papa Doc"), becoming the world's youngest president, as well as the only non-royal state leader under the age of 20. Initially, Jean-Claude Duvalier resisted the dynastic arrangement that had made him Haiti's leader, having preferred that the presidency go to his older sister Marie-Denise Duvalier. He was content to leave substantive and administrative matters in the hands of his mother,
642:... was enthusiastically received by a majority of Haitians". Discontent among the business community and elite intensified in response to increased corruption among the Duvaliers and the Bennett family's dealings, which included selling Haitian cadavers to foreign medical schools and trafficking in narcotics. Increased political repression added to the volatility of the situation.
708:, the closing of independent radio stations, a cabinet reshuffle, and a crackdown by police and army units, but these moves failed to dampen the momentum of the popular uprising against the dynastic dictatorship. Duvalier's wife and advisers, intent on maintaining their grip on power, urged him to put down the rebellion and remain in office.
807:
While apparently living modestly in exile, Duvalier did have supporters, who founded the François
Duvalier Foundation in 2006 to highlight positive aspects of the Duvalier presidency, including the creation of most of Haiti's state institutions and improved access to education for the country's black
735:
served as intermediaries who carried out the negotiations. At this point a number of
Duvalierists and business leaders met with the Duvaliers and pressed for their departure. The United States rejected a request to provide asylum for Duvalier, but offered to assist with their departure. On 30 January
886:
By 22 September 2011, legal procedures against him appeared to have stalled. He was reported to be living under poorly enforced house arrest, enjoying a life of luxury in a suburb of Port-au-Prince. By 30 January 2012, it was announced that the former president would face charges of corruption, but
811:
On 22â23 September 2007, an address by
Duvalier to Haitians was broadcast by radio. Although he said exile had "broken" him, he also said that what he described as the improving fortunes of the National Unity Party had "reinvigorated" him, and he urged readiness among his supporters, without saying
685:
visited Haiti. The pontiff declared that "things must change in Haiti", and he called on "all those who have power, riches and culture so that they can understand the serious and urgent responsibility to help their brothers and sisters". He called for a more equitable distribution of income, a more
607:
By neglecting his role in government, Duvalier squandered considerable domestic and foreign goodwill and facilitated the dominance of
Haitian affairs by a clique of hardline Duvalierist cronies, the so-called "dinosaurs". Foreign officials and observers also seemed tolerant toward Duvalier in areas
1568:
The Roman
Catholic pontiff responded with a stern lecture to the island country's tiny moneyed elite, telling the 31-year-old president-for-life of the Western Hemisphere's poorest country, 'Things must change in Haiti.' ... 'I call on all those who have power, riches and culture so that they
649:
whom
Duvalier had appointed, including Jean-Marie Chanoine, Frantz Merceron, Frantz-Robert Estime and Theo Achille. The Duvalierists' spiritual leader, Duvalier's mother, Simone Ovide Duvalier, was eventually expelled from Haiti, reportedly at the request of MichĂšle. With his wife Duvalier had two
751:
In his years of exile, Duvalier made no known attempts to find employment or gain self-employment, nor did he ever try to get a book written about his experience. "All I know about is politics", he was quoted when asked about the lack of effort. Duvalier did take some courses at a university in
454:
after his death in 1971. After assuming power, he introduced cosmetic changes to his father's regime and delegated much authority to his advisors. Thousands of
Haitians were tortured and killed, and hundreds of thousands fled the country during his presidency. He maintained a notoriously lavish
848:
million frozen in his Swiss bank account. Haiti also claimed this money, arguing that the assets were of a "criminal origin" and should not be returned to
Duvalier. Under Swiss law, however, states claiming money in Switzerland have to demonstrate that they have started criminal investigations
843:
campaign, Duvalier returned to Haiti after 25 years. Accompanied by Roy, he flew in from Paris, indicating that he wanted to help: "I'm not here for politics. I'm here for the reconstruction of Haiti", he said. However, many argued that
Duvalier returned to Haiti to gain access to the US$
890:
After the former president failed to appear for three previously scheduled court hearings, a Haitian judge issued a warrant ordering him to appear before the court 28 February 2013. Duvalier did so and for the first time pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and human rights abuse.
1352:
The ... wedding was one of the most glittering events this capital city had ever seen. It cost perhaps $ 2 million, and while some Haitians ... question such an expenditure, the event in the view of longtime observers was enthusiastically received by a majority of
882:
On 18 January 2011, he was taken into custody at his hotel by Haitian authorities. He was charged with corruption, theft, and misappropriation of funds committed during his 15-year presidency. He was released but was subject to recall by the court.
873:
with cheering and celebratory chanting ... The word from Duvalier is that he's come to help his country. According to everyone on the street and on the radio, the Americans and the French conspired to bring him here to upset current president
764:, which had abolished systematic border controls between France and the other participating countries. However, Duvalier's lawyer Sauveur Vaisse said that his client was still in France and denied that the exiled leader had fallen on hard times.
677:
was becoming a major problem in Haiti caused tourism to decline dramatically in the early 1980s. By the mid-1980s, most Haitians expressed hopelessness and despair, as economic conditions further worsened and hunger and malnutrition spread.
855:, "if Mr. Duvalier had been able to slip into the country and then quietly leave without incident... he may have been able to argue that Haiti was no longer interested in prosecuting himâand that the money should be his." According to
816:
rejected Duvalier's apology and, on 28 September, he said that, while Duvalier was constitutionally free to return to Haiti, he would face trial if he did so. Duvalier's radio broadcast address was given in French and not
1115:
686:
egalitarian social structure, and increased popular participation in public life. This message revitalized both laymen and clergy, contributed to increased popular mobilization and expanded political and social activism.
501:. On 18 January, Duvalier was charged with corruption. On 28 February 2013, Duvalier pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and human rights abuse. He died of a heart attack on 4 October 2014, at the age of 63.
760:, formed a committee in Paris to bring Duvalier to trial. At the time, the French Ministry of the Interior said that it could not verify whether Duvalier still remained in the country due to the recently enacted
247:
755:
A private citizen, named Jacques Samyn, unsuccessfully sued to expel Duvalier as an illegal immigrant (the Duvaliers were never officially granted asylum in France). In 1998, a Haitian-born photographer,
650:
children, François Nicolas and Anya. Over time, MichÚle grew to become a power in her own right. For example, she dressed down ministers at cabinet meetings while her husband dozed.
1772:
1111:
1843:
693:
was the first to have street demonstrations and raids on food-distribution warehouses. From October 1985 to January 1986, the protests spread to six other cities, including
2082:
1661:
921:
593:
Much of the Duvaliers' wealth came from the RĂ©gie du Tabac (Tobacco Administration). Duvalier used this "non-fiscal account", established decades earlier, as a
2945:
393:
965:
1507:
1725:
1085:
2950:
2317:
1970:
1521:
1424:
1380:
493:
Duvalier unexpectedly returned to Haiti on 16 January 2011, after two decades in self-imposed exile in France. The following day, he was arrested by
1932:
744:
The Duvaliers settled in France. For a time they lived a luxurious life, but eventually separated on 19 June 1990. Although he formally applied for
1875:
1213:
1585:
2098:
2015:
1751:
586:. However, there were no substantive changes to the regime's basic character. Opposition was not tolerated, and the legislature remained a
948:
1783:
1176:
870:
386:
2940:
507:
determined that the money embezzled by Duvalier was the sixth most embezzled by a sitting head of government between 1984 and 2004.
2920:
2885:
1347:
1975:
Last week, a Swiss court agreed to release more than $ 4 million in no doubt illâgotten gains to JeanâClaude Duvalier.
1238:
1142:
632:
million. The extravagance of the couple's wedding was criticized both by Haitian dissidents and the international press; though
2905:
333:
328:
2201:
2310:
2030:
1014:
379:
2139:
2915:
840:
578:
Duvalier was invested with absolute power by the constitution. He took some steps to reform the regime, by releasing some
913:
539:
470:
Relations with the United States improved after Duvalier's ascension to the presidency, and later deteriorated under the
295:
290:
285:
2399:
1821:
2113:
748:, his request was denied by French authorities. Duvalier lost most of his wealth with his 1993 divorce from his wife.
2821:
2586:
1314:
1277:
115:
2801:
831:
Duvalier lived in Paris with VĂ©ronique Roy, his longtime companion, until his return to Haiti in late January 2011.
2955:
2895:
2303:
2235:
828:
million to Duvalier, although the Swiss Foreign Ministry said it would continue to block the release of the money.
2559:
2326:
975:
2498:
2473:
2448:
2164:
697:. By the end of that month, Haitians in the south had revolted. The most significant rioting there broke out in
443:
343:
2565:
1608:
1060:
2056:
1857:
1491:
797:
634:
2655:
670:) spread already-serious economic devastation among the peasant population, who bred pigs as an investment.
2925:
2865:
2478:
1950:
1733:
801:
463:
million wedding in 1980) while poverty among his people remained the most widespread of any country in the
280:
139:
2513:
1914:
1529:
2890:
2625:
2369:
1551:
725:
613:
2548:
2247:
666:
in 1982. The Program for the Eradication of Porcine Swine Fever and for the Development of Pig Raising (
321:
2433:
2423:
2218:
1779:
1635:
1460:
504:
482:
stance of the Duvaliers. Rebellion against the Duvalier regime broke out in 1985, and Duvalier fled to
471:
2223:
1891:
1425:"Haiti Bad Times for Baby Doc: As violent protests grow, a besieged dictator imposes martial law"
1381:"Haiti Bad Times for Baby Doc: As violent protests grow, a besieged dictator imposes martial law"
600:, but he later expanded it to include the proceeds from other government enterprises and used it as a
2910:
729:
659:
1442:
1398:
2880:
1492:"Porkbarreling Pigs in Haiti: North American 'Swine Aid' an Economic Disaster for Haitian Peasants"
769:
796:
in February 2004, Duvalier announced his intention to return to Haiti to run for president in the
2935:
2930:
2900:
2344:
1593:
1412:
1368:
1112:"ExâHaiti dictator 'Baby Doc' Duvalier faces corruption charges for first time since revolt"
1086:"Revealing the Ultimate 2020 List: The 10 Most Corrupt Politicians in the World - The Sina Times"
861:
774:
728:
began to pressure Duvalier to renounce his rule and to leave Haiti. Representatives appointed by
587:
554:
In April 1971, he assumed the presidency of Haiti at the age of 19 upon the death of his father,
494:
431:
2007:
2750:
2740:
2715:
2710:
2409:
1569:
can understand the serious and urgent responsibility to help their brothers and sisters,' [
944:
793:
2384:
849:
against offenders holding money in the country. According to an article by Ginger Thompson in
2771:
2553:
720:
Jean-Claude and MichĂšle Duvalier en route to the airport to flee the country, 7 February 1986
2493:
2875:
2870:
2224:
Profile: Haiti's Jean-Claude Duvalier: The story of a former dictator upon his return home.
456:
2660:
2270:
555:
524:
447:
71:
8:
2518:
1826:
1691:
645:
The marriage also estranged the old-line Duvalierists in the government from the younger
612:
monitoring and foreign countries were more generous to him with economic assistance. The
567:
543:
219:
2735:
2610:
2575:
2523:
2359:
757:
662:
on the island in 1978, U.S. agricultural authorities insisted upon total eradication of
566:, his father's Interior Minister, while he attended ceremonial functions and lived as a
2755:
2503:
2379:
2335:
2277:
2206:
1861:
851:
761:
579:
464:
439:
48:
1447:
While JeanâClaude sometimes dozes through Cabinet meetings, his wife scolds ministers.
625:
356:
151:
2785:
2488:
2463:
2389:
2374:
2364:
2196:
2090:
1962:
1924:
1883:
1835:
1669:
1570:
1559:
1499:
1472:
1434:
1420:
1390:
1376:
1339:
1310:
1302:
1273:
1184:
1150:
1028:
1020:
1010:
682:
563:
531:
2725:
2705:
2650:
2595:
1677:
538:
and was brought up in an isolated environment. He attended Nouveau College Bird and
368:
2760:
2745:
2676:
2349:
1831:
996:
875:
813:
778:
520:
2790:
1807:
2780:
2543:
2533:
2443:
2428:
1429:
1385:
1331:
1036:
1000:
970:
745:
559:
516:
423:
414:
203:
2720:
2645:
2635:
773:
listed Duvalier as the sixth-most corrupt world leader – between
2690:
2630:
2483:
2468:
2458:
2418:
2354:
2252:
1876:"Haiti's president says exâdictator must face justice if he returns from exile"
856:
818:
535:
487:
479:
111:
2600:
2212:
1747:
694:
2859:
2810:
2700:
2620:
2615:
2605:
2528:
2236:
WikiLeaks cables: 'Baby Doc' Duvalier's possible return to Haiti concerned US
2094:
1966:
1928:
1887:
1839:
1673:
1563:
1503:
1476:
1438:
1394:
1343:
1188:
1154:
1032:
528:
475:
1040:
546:
under the direction of several professors, including MaĂźtre GĂ©rard Gourgue.
2695:
2685:
2538:
2287:
2240:
1919:
1613:
1209:
732:
609:
498:
83:
2295:
32:
2815:
2570:
2248:
Did Baby Doc Duvalier Return to Haiti to Pressure Préval in the Election?
2140:"Haiti's Jean Claude Duvalier Trial: 'Baby Doc' Faces Corruption Charges"
1987:
1946:
1416:
1372:
705:
646:
2083:"Charges filed against exâdictator JeanâClaude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier"
943:
Cook, Lonzo; Segal, Kim; Zarrella, John; et al. (19 January 2011).
690:
363:
2730:
2192:
2081:
Charles, Jacqueline; Clark, Lesley; Daniel, Trenton (18 January 2011).
663:
601:
583:
534:
anti-mulatto leader who became dictator of Haiti, Duvalier was born in
214:
1858:"Exiled dictator apologizes for 'wrongs' in rare address to Haitians"
1729:
894:
On 4 October 2014, Duvalier died of a heart attack at the age of 63.
698:
1558:. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. 10 March 1983. p. 15.
1309:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
716:
681:
Widespread discontent began manifesting further in March 1983, when
2228:
1992:
674:
667:
597:
338:
1024:
1703:
824:
In February 2010, a Swiss court agreed to release more than US$ 4
594:
2131:
1662:"A-hed: Exile in France Takes Toll On ExâTyrant 'Baby Doc'"
966:"'Firm as a Monkey Tail': JeanâClaude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier"
483:
878:, who's been accused of fixing his country's recent elections.
2157:
914:"Jean-Claude Duvalier, former Haitian dictator, dies aged 63"
451:
2214:
Jean Claude Duvalier and Michele Bennet Wedding 25 May 1980
2105:
418:; 3 July 1951 – 4 October 2014), nicknamed "
616:
restored the United States aid program for Haiti in 1971.
1699:
1332:"Haitians wonder which advisers will have Duvalier's ear"
1177:"Critic of Duvalier Is Most Trusted Man in Haitian Junta"
945:"Charges filed against 'Baby Doc' Duvalier in Haiti"
1915:"Penniless in exile, Baby Doc asks Haiti to forgive him"
1214:"Duvalier, 64, Dies in Haiti; Son, 19, Is New President"
2008:"Haiti's 'Baby Doc' in surprise return from exile"
2114:"Will 'Baby Doc' Duvalier ever face justice in Haiti?"
1061:"'Baby Doc' Duvalier charged with corruption in Haiti"
752:
France in an effort to sharpen his leadership skills.
2165:"Baby Doc avoids human rights abuse charges in Haiti"
942:
689:
A revolt began in the provinces in 1985. The city of
1988:
Swiss court awards Haiti funds to Baby Doc Duvalier
1552:"'Things in Haiti must change,' pope tells Duvalier"
1411:
1367:
1726:"History: Not just fade away: JeanâClaude Duvalier"
1307:
Dominican Republic and Haiti : Country Studies
821:, the language spoken by the majority of Haitians.
704:Duvalier responded with a 10 percent cut in staple
2080:
1696:Latin American Studies (Antonio Rafael de la Cova)
1522:"History of Haiti â Jean-Claude Duvalier, 1971â86"
812:whether he intended to return to Haiti. President
1692:"Haitian exiles want to take "Baby Doc" to court"
1586:"Comparative Criminology â North America â Haiti"
573:
2857:
1239:"At 19, President for Life Jean-Claude Duvalier"
1143:"At 19, President for Life Jean-Claude Duvalier"
1054:
1052:
1050:
781: – having amassed between US$ 300
1980:
1272:] (in Czech). Praha: Metafora. p. 52.
1655:
1653:
908:
906:
2946:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
2311:
2031:"Some See a Cash Motive in Duvalier's Return"
2022:
1047:
387:
1606:
1363:
1361:
1323:
1009: (1988). New York: The Overlook Press.
991:
989:
987:
985:
960:
958:
604:for which no balance sheets were ever kept.
2325:
2074:
1999:
1939:
1906:
1650:
1600:
1105:
1103:
903:
2318:
2304:
2171:. Port-au-Prince. Reuters. 30 January 2012
2054:
2048:
1813:
1405:
804:; however, he did not become a candidate.
624:On 27 May 1980, Duvalier married divorcee
446:in February 1986. He succeeded his father
394:
380:
31:
1867:
1822:"Haiti: Loyalists Seek Dictator's Return"
1483:
1358:
982:
955:
2951:National Unity Party (Haiti) politicians
2138:Delva, Joseph Guyler (30 January 2012).
2111:
2028:
1718:
1350:from the original on 28 September 2015.
1329:
1100:
715:
438:), was a Haitian politician who was the
61:22 April 1971 â 7 February 1986
2005:
1973:from the original on 14 February 2010.
1945:
1912:
1659:
1578:
1514:
1330:Goodsell, James Nelson (15 July 1980).
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1058:
936:
869:The former dictator was greeted at the
455:lifestyle (including a state-sponsored
442:from 1971 until he was overthrown by a
2858:
1874:Olson, Alexandra (28 September 2007).
1819:
1684:
1458:
1208:
1174:
995:
255:This article is part of a series about
2299:
2137:
1873:
1846:from the original on 5 February 2013.
1607:Chamblerlain, Greg (5 October 2014).
1489:
1118:from the original on 8 December 2015.
1109:
1007:Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy
951:from the original on 19 January 2011.
549:
413:
2029:Thompson, Ginger (20 January 2011).
1935:from the original on 6 October 2014.
1801:
1510:from the original on 3 October 2006.
1301:
1286:
1263:
1128:Transparency International. (2004).
924:from the original on 8 December 2015
175:
16:President of Haiti from 1971 to 1986
2112:Phillips, Tom (22 September 2011).
2055:McClelland, Mac (16 January 2011).
1913:Carroll, Rory (26 September 2007).
1820:Jacobs, Stevenson (23 April 2007).
1808:"Haiti vote attracts 30 candidates"
1660:Valbrun, Marjorie (16 April 2003).
834:
792:Following the ousting of president
540:Institution Saint-Louis de Gonzague
167:
13:
2006:Kushner, Jacob (17 January 2011).
1748:"World's Ten Most Corrupt Leaders"
653:
323:Duvalier dynasty (Jean-Claude Era)
14:
2967:
2822:Transitional Presidential Council
2204:collected news and commentary at
2186:
2018:from the original on 27 May 2013.
1636:"Jean-Claude Duvalier Fast Facts"
1459:Abrams, Elliott (November 2014).
1059:Carroll, Rory (18 January 2011).
2941:20th-century Haitian politicians
2398:
1175:Simons, Marlise (5 March 1986).
1110:Valme, Jean (28 February 2013).
367:
362:
246:
171:
2921:Politicians from Port-au-Prince
2886:Children of presidents of Haiti
2439:Council of Secretaries of State
1850:
1765:
1740:
1628:
1609:"Jean-Claude Duvalier obituary"
1544:
1452:
1257:
1231:
1202:
1168:
839:On 16 January 2011, during the
542:. Later, he studied law at the
189:Anya Duvalier, Nicolas Duvalier
163:
1810:, BBC News, 16 September 2005.
1135:
1122:
1078:
658:In response to an outbreak of
574:Political and economic factors
497:, facing possible charges for
344:Anti-Duvalier protest movement
329:1971 constitutional referendum
1:
2906:Haitian expatriates in France
1433:. Vol. 127, no. 6.
1389:. Vol. 127, no. 6.
1336:The Christian Science Monitor
1130:Global Corruption Report 2004
897:
635:The Christian Science Monitor
510:
2641:Executive Government Council
887:not of human rights abuses.
711:
628:in a wedding that cost US$ 2
448:François "Papa Doc" Duvalier
7:
2916:Haitian Vodou practitioners
2509:Commission for Public Order
1571:Pope John Paul II
619:
10:
2972:
1780:Transparency International
1773:"Global Corruption Report"
673:In addition, reports that
505:Transparency International
474:, only to normalize under
200:François Duvalier (father)
2831:
2799:
2769:
2674:
2584:
2407:
2396:
2333:
2284:
2275:
2267:
2262:
1961:(Opinion). p. WK12.
1461:"Getting Rid of Baby Doc"
1002:Haiti: A Shattered Nation
660:African swine fever virus
562:, and a committee led by
233:
225:
213:
193:
185:
145:
135:
121:
98:
93:
89:
77:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
23:
1005:. Rev. and updated from
770:Global Corruption Report
739:
638:reported that "the event
415:[ÊÉÌkloddyvalje]
2956:Politicide perpetrators
2896:Haitian anti-communists
2560:Revolutionary Committee
2327:Heads of state of Haiti
1880:San Diego UnionâTribune
1666:The Wall Street Journal
730:Jamaican prime minister
2454:Public Order Committee
880:
871:Port-au-Prince airport
794:Jean-Bertrand Aristide
721:
664:Haiti's pig population
435:
427:
1864:), 24 September 2007.
1680:on 10 September 2015.
1496:Multinational Monitor
1490:Ebert, Allan (1985).
1114:. NBC News. Reuters.
867:
841:presidential election
726:Reagan administration
724:In January 1986, the
719:
560:Simone Ovide Duvalier
472:Carter administration
131:Port-au-Prince, Haiti
2666:Jean-Claude Duvalier
2345:Dessalines/Jacques I
2202:Jean-Claude Duvalier
2193:Jean-Claude Duvalier
2014:. Associated Press.
1882:. Associated Press.
1860:, Associated Press (
1556:The Spokesman-Review
1423:(10 February 1986).
1379:(10 February 1986).
1264:Shaw, Karl (2005) .
802:National Unity Party
614:Nixon administration
407:Jean-Claude Duvalier
264:Jean-Claude Duvalier
25:Jean-Claude Duvalier
2926:Presidents for life
2866:Presidents of Haiti
2390:Soulouque/Faustin I
2144:The Huffington Post
1949:(6 February 2010).
1827:The Washington Post
1638:. CNN. 24 June 2015
785:million and US$ 800
580:political prisoners
544:University of Haiti
220:University of Haiti
2891:Exiled politicians
2350:Christophe/Henry I
2278:President of Haiti
2263:Political offices
2207:The New York Times
2101:on 11 August 2011.
2057:"Baby Doc is Back"
2035:The New York Times
1996:, 4 February 2010.
1959:The New York Times
1862:SignOnSanDiego.com
1856:Stevenson Jacobs,
1736:on 7 October 2008.
1526:travelinghaiti.com
1498:. Washington, DC.
1445:on 30 March 2009.
1421:Diederich, Bernard
1377:Diederich, Bernard
1303:Metz, Helen Chapin
1243:The New York Times
1218:The New York Times
1181:The New York Times
1147:The New York Times
920:. 4 October 2014.
852:The New York Times
775:Slobodan MiloĆĄeviÄ
762:Schengen Agreement
722:
550:President of Haiti
478:due to the strong
465:Western Hemisphere
440:President of Haiti
303:President of Haiti
49:President of Haiti
2853:
2852:
2661:François Duvalier
2294:
2293:
2285:Succeeded by
2271:François Duvalier
2256:, 19 January 2011
2244:, 17 January 2011
2232:, 17 January 2011
2226:Daniel Schwartz,
1894:on 6 October 2014
1706:. 8 December 1998
1401:on 30 March 2009.
1305:(December 1989).
1270:Ć ĂlenstvĂ mocnĂœch
1212:(23 April 1971).
1149:. 26 April 1971.
1016:978-1-59020-989-9
997:Abbott, Elizabeth
683:Pope John Paul II
582:and easing press
564:Luckner Cambronne
556:François Duvalier
525:François Duvalier
404:
403:
312:
273:
272:
237:
236:
72:François Duvalier
2963:
2911:Mulatto Haitians
2845:
2837:
2711:Pascal-Trouillot
2402:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2268:Preceded by
2260:
2259:
2250:, video report,
2215:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2097:. Archived from
2087:The Miami Herald
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2003:
1997:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1890:. Archived from
1871:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1832:Associated Press
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1782:. Archived from
1777:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1732:. Archived from
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1676:. Archived from
1657:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1596:on 25 June 2010.
1592:. Archived from
1582:
1576:
1575:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1528:. Archived from
1518:
1512:
1511:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1441:. Archived from
1409:
1403:
1402:
1397:. Archived from
1365:
1356:
1355:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1088:. 3 January 2020
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1045:
1044:
993:
980:
979:
978:on 27 June 2009.
974:. Archived from
962:
953:
952:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
910:
847:
835:Return and death
827:
788:
784:
779:Alberto Fujimori
758:GĂ©rald Bloncourt
746:political asylum
641:
631:
462:
450:as the ruler of
444:popular uprising
417:
412:
396:
389:
382:
371:
366:
306:
269:
268:
267:
265:
257:
256:
250:
243:
242:
239:
238:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
128:
108:
106:
94:Personal details
80:
68:
59:
37:Duvalier in 2011
35:
21:
20:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2881:Duvalier family
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2795:
2765:
2670:
2580:
2403:
2394:
2329:
2324:
2290:
2281:
2273:
2213:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2027:
2023:
2004:
2000:
1985:
1981:
1944:
1940:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1658:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1532:on 28 July 2007
1520:
1519:
1515:
1488:
1484:
1457:
1453:
1410:
1406:
1366:
1359:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1300:
1287:
1280:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1245:. 26 April 1971
1237:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1108:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1057:
1048:
1017:
994:
983:
964:
963:
956:
941:
937:
927:
925:
912:
911:
904:
900:
845:
837:
825:
786:
782:
742:
714:
656:
654:Destabilisation
639:
629:
626:MichĂšle Bennett
622:
576:
552:
521:Mulatto-Haitian
513:
460:
410:
400:
361:
357:MichĂšle Bennett
348:
313:
311:
300:
263:
261:
260:
259:
258:
254:
253:
209:
181:
161:
157:
154:
152:MichĂšle Bennett
136:Political party
130:
126:
110:
104:
102:
78:
66:
60:
55:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:1980s in Haiti
2933:
2931:1970s in Haiti
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2901:Haitian exiles
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2804:(2021âpresent)
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Boisrond-Canal
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2474:Boisrond-Canal
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Boisrond-Canal
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:RiviĂšre-HĂ©rard
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2253:Democracy Now!
2245:
2233:
2221:
2210:
2199:
2188:
2187:External links
2185:
2183:
2182:
2156:
2130:
2104:
2073:
2047:
2021:
1998:
1979:
1938:
1905:
1866:
1849:
1812:
1800:
1789:on 4 July 2007
1764:
1739:
1717:
1683:
1649:
1627:
1599:
1577:
1543:
1513:
1482:
1451:
1404:
1357:
1322:
1315:
1285:
1278:
1256:
1230:
1201:
1167:
1134:
1132:. Pluto Press.
1121:
1099:
1077:
1046:
1015:
981:
954:
935:
901:
899:
896:
857:Mac McClelland
836:
833:
819:Haitian Creole
798:2006 elections
741:
738:
713:
710:
655:
652:
621:
618:
575:
572:
551:
548:
536:Port-au-Prince
512:
509:
495:Haitian police
488:U.S. Air Force
480:anti-communist
432:Haitian Creole
402:
401:
399:
398:
391:
384:
376:
373:
372:
360:
359:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
307:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
275:
274:
271:
270:
251:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
217:
211:
210:
208:
207:
201:
197:
195:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
159:
155:
150:
149:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
129:(aged 63)
125:4 October 2014
123:
119:
118:
112:Port-au-Prince
100:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
52:
51:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2968:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:Guillaume Sam
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:Revolutionary
2332:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1637:
1631:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1316:0-8444-1044-6
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1279:80-7359-002-6
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:Bigart, Homer
1205:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1087:
1081:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
992:
990:
988:
986:
977:
973:
972:
967:
961:
959:
950:
946:
939:
923:
919:
915:
909:
907:
902:
895:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
872:
866:
864:
863:
858:
854:
853:
842:
832:
829:
822:
820:
815:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
790:
780:
776:
772:
771:
765:
763:
759:
753:
749:
747:
737:
734:
731:
727:
718:
709:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
684:
679:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
651:
648:
643:
637:
636:
627:
617:
615:
611:
605:
603:
599:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
508:
506:
502:
500:
496:
491:
489:
486:in 1986 on a
485:
481:
477:
476:Ronald Reagan
473:
468:
466:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
408:
397:
392:
390:
385:
383:
378:
377:
375:
374:
370:
365:
358:
355:
354:
353:
352:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:
320:
319:
318:
317:
310:
305:
304:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
277:
276:
266:
252:
249:
245:
244:
241:
240:
232:
228:
224:
221:
218:
216:
212:
205:
202:
199:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
153:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
124:
120:
117:
113:
101:
97:
92:
88:
85:
82:
76:
73:
70:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2838:
2820:
2665:
2640:
2626:Pierre-Louis
2566:Dartiguenave
2558:
2508:
2453:
2438:
2288:Henri Namphy
2276:
2251:
2241:The Guardian
2239:
2227:
2205:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:The Guardian
2168:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2118:The Guardian
2117:
2107:
2099:the original
2086:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2061:Mother Jones
2060:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:
2024:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1982:
1974:
1958:
1952:
1947:Wilentz, Amy
1941:
1920:The Guardian
1918:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:the original
1879:
1869:
1852:
1825:
1815:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1742:
1734:the original
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1678:the original
1668:. New York.
1665:
1640:. Retrieved
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:The Guardian
1612:
1602:
1594:the original
1589:
1580:
1567:
1555:
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:the original
1525:
1516:
1495:
1485:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1446:
1443:the original
1428:
1417:Brelis, Dean
1407:
1399:the original
1384:
1373:Brelis, Dean
1351:
1335:
1325:
1306:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1249:25 September
1247:. Retrieved
1242:
1233:
1223:25 September
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1180:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1090:. Retrieved
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1065:The Guardian
1064:
1006:
1001:
976:the original
969:
938:
926:. Retrieved
918:The Guardian
917:
893:
889:
885:
881:
868:
862:Mother Jones
860:
850:
838:
830:
823:
810:
806:
791:
768:
766:
754:
750:
743:
733:Edward Seaga
723:
703:
688:
680:
672:
657:
644:
633:
623:
610:human rights
606:
592:
588:rubber stamp
577:
553:
517:Simone Ovide
514:
503:
499:embezzlement
492:
469:
419:
406:
405:
350:
349:
322:
315:
314:
308:
302:
301:
262:
204:Simone Ovide
127:(2014-10-04)
84:Henri Namphy
79:Succeeded by
56:
18:
2876:2014 deaths
2871:1951 births
2846:Provisional
2774:(2011â2021)
2679:(1986â2011)
2589:(1930â1986)
2412:(1859â1930)
2338:(1804â1859)
1573:] said.
1413:Moody, John
1369:Moody, John
876:René Préval
814:René Préval
706:food prices
695:Cap-HaĂŻtien
647:technocrats
532:nationalist
523:woman, and
515:The son of
109:3 July 1951
67:Preceded by
2860:Categories
2772:earthquake
2736:Jonassaint
2587:Occupation
2282:1971â1986
2066:17 January
2040:25 January
1955:This Time"
1923:. London.
1752:Infoplease
1642:19 October
1620:6 February
1465:Commentary
1338:. Boston.
1266:Power Mad!
1194:5 February
1160:5 February
1070:18 January
1025:2013496344
898:References
865:magazine:
808:majority.
602:slush fund
584:censorship
511:Early life
316:Government
215:Alma mater
170:;
105:1951-07-03
2756:Alexandre
2494:Simon Sam
2489:Hyppolite
2464:Hyppolite
2095:0898-865X
1967:0362-4331
1953:Dechoukaj
1929:0261-3077
1898:5 January
1888:1063-102X
1840:0190-8286
1730:Channel 4
1674:0099-9660
1564:1064-7317
1504:0197-4637
1477:0010-2601
1471:: 27â30.
1439:0040-781X
1395:0040-781X
1353:Haitians.
1344:0882-7729
1189:0362-4331
1155:0362-4331
1092:3 January
1041:25772018M
1033:859201061
789:million.
767:The 2004
712:Departure
699:Les Cayes
309:1971-1986
57:In office
47:35th
2839:De facto
2781:Martelly
2751:Aristide
2741:Aristide
2716:Aristide
2677:Duvalier
2621:Magloire
2549:Théodore
2544:Polynice
2534:Polynice
2479:LĂ©gitime
2444:Domingue
2419:Geffrard
2410:Imperial
2375:Guerrier
2355:Blanchet
2229:CBC News
2175:20 April
2149:20 April
2123:20 April
2016:Archived
1993:BBC News
1971:Archived
1933:Archived
1844:Archived
1793:6 August
1757:6 August
1590:sdsu.edu
1508:Archived
1348:Archived
1116:Archived
999:(2011).
949:Archived
928:17 April
922:Archived
800:for the
691:GonaĂŻves
675:HIV/AIDS
668:PEPPADEP
620:Marriage
608:such as
598:monopoly
490:flight.
436:Bebe DĂČk
428:Bébé Doc
420:Baby Doc
339:PEPPADEP
229:Baby Doc
226:Nickname
206:(mother)
186:Children
2844:‡
2786:Privert
2726:NĂ©rette
2706:Abraham
2691:Manigat
2656:KĂ©breau
2651:Fignolé
2646:Cantave
2636:Cantave
2631:Sylvain
2596:Vincent
2524:Auguste
2519:Leconte
2469:Salomon
2459:Lamothe
2429:Salnave
2380:Pierrot
2219:YouTube
1710:30 July
1704:Reuters
947:. CNN.
595:tobacco
568:playboy
411:French:
194:Parents
180:
160:
156:
2811:Joseph
2761:Préval
2746:Préval
2721:CĂ©dras
2696:Namphy
2686:Namphy
2616:Lavaud
2611:Estimé
2606:Lavaud
2601:Lescot
2529:Oreste
2504:Alexis
2360:PĂ©tion
2093:
1965:
1927:
1886:
1838:
1672:
1562:
1536:7 June
1502:
1475:
1437:
1393:
1342:
1313:
1276:
1187:
1153:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1013:
846:
826:
787:
783:
640:
630:
484:France
461:
424:French
351:Family
174:
166:
146:Spouse
2816:Henry
2802:MoĂŻse
2800:Postâ
2791:MoĂŻse
2770:Postâ
2731:Bazin
2701:Avril
2675:Postâ
2585:Postâ
2571:Borno
2539:Zamor
2514:Simon
2484:Jeune
2434:Saget
2424:Saget
2408:Postâ
2385:Riché
2365:Boyer
2334:Postâ
2012:Salon
1951:"The
1787:(PDF)
1776:(PDF)
1268:[
740:Exile
529:black
452:Haiti
178:)
162:(
158:
116:Haiti
2197:IMDb
2177:2013
2151:2013
2125:2013
2091:ISSN
2068:2011
2042:2011
1963:ISSN
1925:ISSN
1900:2016
1884:ISSN
1836:ISSN
1795:2009
1759:2009
1712:2019
1670:ISSN
1644:2015
1622:2018
1560:ISSN
1538:2007
1500:ISSN
1473:ISSN
1435:ISSN
1430:Time
1391:ISSN
1386:Time
1340:ISSN
1311:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1251:2022
1225:2022
1196:2018
1185:ISSN
1162:2018
1151:ISSN
1094:2024
1072:2011
1029:OCLC
1021:LCCN
1011:ISBN
971:Life
930:2016
777:and
527:, a
519:, a
457:US$
334:1985
296:1984
291:1979
286:1973
176:1990
172:div.
168:1980
122:Died
99:Born
2576:Roy
2217:on
2195:at
1990:",
1700:CNN
1469:138
859:of
570:.
422:" (
281:PUN
140:PUN
2862::
2238:,
2167:.
2142:.
2116:.
2089:.
2085:.
2059:.
2033:.
2010:.
1969:.
1957:.
1931:.
1917:.
1878:.
1842:.
1834:.
1830:.
1824:.
1778:.
1750:.
1728:.
1702:.
1698:.
1694:.
1664:.
1652:^
1611:.
1588:.
1566:.
1554:.
1524:.
1506:.
1494:.
1467:.
1463:.
1427:.
1419:;
1415:;
1383:.
1375:;
1371:;
1360:^
1346:.
1334:.
1288:^
1241:.
1216:.
1183:.
1179:.
1145:.
1102:^
1063:.
1049:^
1037:OL
1035:.
1027:.
1019:.
984:^
968:.
957:^
916:.
905:^
701:.
590:.
467:.
434::
430:,
426::
164:m.
114:,
2836:*
2319:e
2312:t
2305:v
2179:.
2153:.
2127:.
2070:.
2044:.
1986:"
1902:.
1797:.
1761:.
1714:.
1646:.
1624:.
1540:.
1479:.
1319:.
1282:.
1253:.
1227:.
1198:.
1164:.
1096:.
1074:.
1043:.
932:.
844:4
459:2
409:(
395:e
388:t
381:v
107:)
103:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.svg){kind=small}