Jean Toomer - Knowledge

415: 814:, Toomer had reached out and attempted to embrace his darkness, but what he had caught within his arms was the fear that if he continued to identify himself as a black man his life would always bear the stigma of restriction. Instead of expanding his perspective, blackness, he feared, would limit it. He had glimpsed the marketplace for the black writer and, in Nellie Y. McKay's words, realized that "it was offered to him on the basis of his 'Negro' blood." What he wanted was something larger, bigger, wider: completeness." 329:

as mulatto. When he registered for the World War I draft in 1917, he styled his name Eugene Pinchback Toomer, and he was identified as black by the draft board. "Jean" Toomer lived in Manhattan, New York, in 1920 and 1930, and his race was recorded as white by the census enumerators. "Nathan" is also recorded as white on the 1940 U.S. Census. When "Jean" registered for the World War II draft in 1942, he was identified as Negro. "Nathan" Toomer's 1967 death certificate also records his race as white.

1071: 651: 725: 182: 1057: 1997: 518: 286:, a former enslaved woman of mixed race whose inheritance from her white father resulted in great wealth. She was called the "wealthiest colored woman in America." She died intestate in 1893 after about a year of marriage. A legal struggle with her children, which did not end until years after his third marriage, left the senior Nathan with little to no inheritance. 666:. He was a student of Gurdjieff until the mid-1930s. Much of his writing from this period on was related to his spiritual quest and featured allegories. He no longer explored African-American characters. Some scholars have attributed Toomer's artistic silence to his ambivalence about his identity in a culture insistent on forcing binary racial distinctions. 31: 761:, a New York photographer. She was the daughter of Harry and Ada Content, a wealthy German-Jewish family. Her father was a successful stockbroker. Marjorie Content had been married and divorced three times. Because Toomer was a noted writer and Content was white, this marriage also attracted notice. 825:

at periods in his life. They note that he was classified as white in the 1920 and 1930 censuses (at that time, such data was provided by the census taker, often based on an individual's appearance, economic class, area of residence, neighbors, etc.). Toomer twice had been classified (or registered)

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in ancestry, and his appearance was considered "racially indeterminate". As noted above, he lived in both black and white societies as he was growing up and during his adult life, and appears to have not wanted to be bound by race, instead identifying as an "American" representative of a "new race":

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Toomer was enumerated as "Eugene P." Toomer on the 1900 U.S. Census, living with his mother in the household of his grandparents, Pinkney and Nina E. Pinchback. Everyone in the household was recorded as black. Eugene lived with his grandparents in 1910 as well, at which time his race was recorded

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Angered by her husband's abandonment, Nina's father insisted that they use another name for her son and started calling him Eugene, after the boy's godfather. He received a variety of nicknames by various family members. Toomer would see his father only once more, in 1897, before Nathan Sr.'s death

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to the North and Midwest. Planters feared losing their pool of cheap labor. Trying to control their movement, the legislature passed laws to prevent outmigration. It also established high license fees for Northern employers recruiting labor in the state. This was a formative period for Toomer; he

297:, both of mixed heritage. Her father was suspicious of Nathan Toomer and strongly opposed his daughter's choice for marriage, but he ultimately acquiesced. Born from this union and named "Nathan" after his father, Toomer would later use "Jean" as his first name at the start his literary career. 410:

As Richard Eldridge noted, Toomer "sought to transcend standard definitions of race. I think he never claimed that he was a white man. He always claimed that he was a representative of a new, emergent race that was a combination of various races. He averred this virtually throughout his life."

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Quakerism connects groups of different believers under the respect for everyone's belief of a creed. They encourage each other to be able to understand themselves and their own personalities. Jean Toomer's Quaker belief connects to his writings on the place of the African American in the 20th

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called it "the most astonishingly brilliant beginning of any Negro writer of his generation". He resisted being classified as a "Negro" writer, as he identified as "American". For more than a decade Toomer was an influential follower and representative of the pioneering spiritual teacher

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Latimer was a respected young writer known for her first two novels and short stories. Diagnosed with a heart leak, she suffered a hemorrhage and died during childbirth in August 1932, when their first child was born. Toomer named their only daughter Margery in his wife's memory.

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In 1939, Toomer changed his name again, using "Nathan Jean Toomer", to emphasize that he was male. He may also have been reaching toward his paternal ancestry by this action. He usually signed his name N. Jean Toomer, and continued to be called "Jean" by friends.

353:), studying agriculture, fitness, biology, sociology, and history, but he never completed a degree. His wide readings among prominent contemporary poets and writers, and the lectures that he attended during his college years, shaped the direction of his writing. 400:

By his early adult years, Toomer resisted racial classifications, wanting to be identified only as an American. He gained experience in both white and "colored" societies, and resisted being classified as a "Negro" writer. He grudgingly allowed his publisher of

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was inspired by his time in the rural, African-American South, being an imaginative exploration of the African-American world inspired by that heritage. This, itself, may have been part of the issue when it came to his identity — as Larson puts it: "In

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Toomer wrote a small amount of fiction in this later period. Mostly he published essays in Quaker publications during these years. He devoted most of his time to serving on Quaker committees for community service and working with high school students.

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Toomer's ambivalence toward racial identification corresponds to his interest in Quaker philosophy. In his early twenties, he attended meetings of the Religious Society of Friends in Doylestown, a Quaker group. Later, he joined a meeting group there.

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and Quakerism. In his essay, “The Negro Emergent,” Toomer describes how African Americans were able to rise from those past identifications in which they were portrayed only as slaves. He said that they were working to find a voice for themselves.

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most black people and many poor whites by raising barriers to voter registration. Other former Confederate states had passed similar laws since 1890, led by Mississippi, and they maintained such disenfranchisement essentially into the late 1960s.

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as "Negro", in draft registrations: in 1917 and, later, in 1942. When Toomer married Margery Latimer, a white woman, in Wisconsin in 1931, the license noted both as white. "If people didn’t ask," said William Andrews, "I expect he didn’t tell."

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as major themes of the first section". He had conceived it as a short-story cycle, in which he explores the tragic intersection of female sexuality, black manhood, and industrial modernization in the South. Toomer acknowledged the influence of

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Toomer devoted eight months to the study of Eastern philosophies and continued to be interested in this subject. Some of his early writing was political, and he published three essays from 1919 to 1920 in the prominent

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Toomer continued to write poetry, short stories and essays. His first wife died soon after the birth of their daughter. After he married again in 1934, Toomer moved with his family from New York to

801:"I wrote a poem called, "The First American," the idea of which was, that here in America we are in process of forming a new race, that I was one of the first conscious members of this race." 321:, and the youth began to attend an all-white school. Toomer returned to D.C. after his mother's death in 1909, when he was 15, and he lived with his maternal grandparents. He graduated from the 529:

During Toomer's time as principal of Sparta Agricultural and Industrial Institute in Georgia, he wrote stories, sketches, and poems drawn from his experience there. These formed the basis for

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and considered him to be one of the American group of writers that he wanted to join, "artists and intellectuals who were engaged in renewing American society at its multi-cultural core."

638:, "My racial composition and my position in the world are realities that I alone may determine." Toomer found it more difficult to get published throughout the 1930s, the period of the 1113: 662:, from Russia, who had a lecture tour in the United States in 1924. That year, and in 1926 and 1927, Toomer went to France for periods of study with Gurdjieff, who had settled at 438:. Southern schools were continuing to recruit teachers from the North, although they had also trained generations of teachers since the Civil War. The school was in the center of 305:

Toomer's father soon abandoned his wife and his young son, returning to Georgia seeking to obtain a portion of his late second wife's estate. Nina divorced him and took back her

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and began to withdraw from society. Toomer wrote extensively from 1935 to 1940 about relationships between the genders, influenced by his Gurdjieff studies, as well as

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and Modernism. However, as previously stated, Toomer resisted racial classification and did not want to be marketed as a "Negro" writer. As he wrote to his publisher

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After leaving college, Toomer returned to Washington, DC. He published some short stories and continued writing during the volatile social period following

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started writing about it while still in Georgia and, while living in Hancock County, submitted the long story "Georgia Night" to the socialist magazine

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100 miles southeast of Atlanta, near where his father had lived. Exploring his father's roots in Hancock County, Toomer learned that he sometimes

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is more urban and concerned with Northern life. The conclusion of the work is a prose piece entitled "Kabnis." People would call Toomer's

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is structured in three parts. The first third of the book is devoted to the black experience in the Southern farmland. The second part of

In 1893, the now 54-year-old widower married 28-year-old Nina Elizabeth Pinchback, another wealthy young woman of color. She was born in

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His father was married three times. His first marriage produced four daughters. After the death of his first wife, Nathan Sr. married

423: 1186: 2184: 2119: 2078: 397:(1919). In 1919, he adopted "Jean Toomer" as his literary name, and it was the way that he was known for most of his adult life. 2199: 1337: 1215:

Kent Anderson Leslie and Willard B. Gatewood Jr. "'This Father of Mine ... a Sort of Mystery': Jean Toomer's Georgia Heritage"

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Toomer continued with his spiritual exploration by traveling to India in 1939. Later, he studied the psychology developed by

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in Wisconsin. While traveling on the West Coast, their union was covered in sensational terms by a Hearst reporter. An anti-

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William Andrews has noted he "was one of the first writers to move beyond the idea that any black ancestry makes you black."

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As a child in Washington D.C., Toomer attended segregated black schools. After his mother remarried, they moved to suburban

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In the 1920s, Toomer and Frank were among many Americans who became deeply interested in the work of the spiritual leader

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was reprinted in 1969, it was favorably reviewed as a "Black Classic", leading to a revival of interest in Toomer's work.

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victimizing black people occurred in numerous major industrial cities during the summer of 1919, which became known as

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Barbara Foley, "Jean Toomer's Washington and the Politics of Class: From 'Blue Veins' to Seventh-Street Rebels",

1749: 211:. The novel intertwines the stories of six women and includes an apparently autobiographical thread; sociologist 750:

magazine sent a reporter to interview them. Toomer was criticized violently by some for marrying a white woman.

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man and farmer of mixed race, and his third wife, Nina Elizabeth Pinchback (1866–1909), whose parents became

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By Toomer's time, the state was suffering labor shortages due to thousands of rural blacks leaving in the

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psychology. He had fundamentally traditional views about men and women, which he put in symbolic terms.

365:. He worked for some months in a shipyard in 1919, then escaped to middle-class life. Labor strikes and 2139: 934: 908: 232: 201:, though he actively resisted the association, and with modernism. His reputation stems from his novel 503:. They had an intense friendship through 1923, and Frank served as his mentor and editor on his novel 341:, the Massachusetts College of Agriculture, the American College of Physical Training in Chicago, the 2209: 1272: 822: 594:

has been assessed since the late 20th century as an "analysis of class and caste", with "secrecy and

207:(1923), which Toomer wrote during and after a stint as a school principal at a black school in rural 866:

Since the late 20th century, collections of Toomer's poetry and essays have been published, and his

1641: 1373: 1245: 1191: 917: 765: 492: 350: 224: 72: 1724: 686:, were among those known to have been Toomer's students in the Gurdjieff work during this period. 587:. Toomer was the first poet to unite folk culture and the elite culture of the white avant-garde. 2154: 2062: 1768: 1368: 1305: 980: 605: 554: 439: 338: 272: 1489:

Cite error: The named reference "PF" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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scandal broke, incorporating rumors about the commune they had organized earlier that year in

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to use that term to increase sales, as there was considerable interest in new black writers.

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editors Michael Feith and Genevieve Fabre. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2000)

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In 1921, Toomer took a job for a few months as a principal at a new rural agricultural and

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was republished, originally self-published in 1931. It included "Gurdjieffian aphorisms".

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and Rudolph P. Byrd said in 2010 that, based on their research, they believe that Toomer

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of black men took place in Georgia during 1921 and 1922, as whites continued to enforce

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upper class. He later took his former enslaver's surname, "Toomer", after emancipation.

1609: 1434: 1118: 921: 741: 679: 631: 451: 414: 294: 264: 212: 198: 2096:, (Robert Siegel and Professor Byrd), 30 December 2010. (Transcript and audio, 5 mins) 1757:, (Robert Siegel and Professor Byrd), 30 December 2010. (Transcript and audio, 5 mins) 1982: 1936: 1901: 1880: 1827: 1704: 1472: 1398: 1160: 1076: 1034: 1009: 999: 984: 895: 600: 1556: 1601: 1114:"A Century Later, a Novel by an Enigma of the Harlem Renaissance Is Still Relevant" 913: 849: 789: 758: 639: 635: 584: 463: 325:, a prestigious academic black high school in the city with a national reputation. 252: 146: 55: 2009: 1644:

Stormy Weather: Middle-Class African American Marriages between the Two World Wars

1343:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998, "Introduction", accessed 15 January 2011 2033: 2014: 1973: 853: 746: 733: 683: 667: 580: 562: 558: 474: 435: 310: 236: 231:(also known as Quakers) and retired from public life. His papers are held by the 208: 121: 2020: 1978: 1969: 957:. Philadelphia: Committee on Religious Education of Friends General Conference. 943: 724: 630:

was hailed by critics and has been considered as an important work of both the

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Between 1914 and 1917, Jean attended six institutions of higher education (the

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He resisted being classified as a "Negro writer", but his most enduring work,

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was celebrated by well-known African-American critics and artists, including

383: 650: 1859:, "'In the Land of Cotton': Economics and Violence in Jean Toomer's Cane," 1312:. Urbana-Champaign, Illinois: Department of English, University of Illinois 1109: 890: 793: 675: 550: 546: 419: 403: 203: 102: 2043: 1853:, Edited by Kathleen Pfeiffer, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2010 1794: 1457:, Edited by Kathleen Pfeiffer, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2010 1264: 968:. Philadelphia: Young Friends Movement of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. 1950:(Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing, 2006, p. 17.) First published in 694: 616: 500: 393: 388: 362: 306: 290: 2079:

Felicia R. Lee, "Scholars Say Chronicler of Black Life Passed for White"

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A Spy in the Enemy's Country: The Emergence of Modern Black Literature

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Jean Toomer, Artist: A Study of His Literary Life and Work, 1894–1936

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The Wayward and the Seeking: A Collection of Writings by Jean Toomer

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as a result. At the same time, it was a period of artistic ferment.

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of Pinchback; she and her son returned to live with her parents in

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and was later sold with members of his family to John Toomer, in

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Brother Mine: The Correspondence of Jean Toomer and Waldo Frank

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Brother Mine: The Correspondence of Jean Toomer and Waldo Frank

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The book was reissued in 1969, two years after Toomer's death.

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violently. In 1908, the state had ratified a constitution that

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Toomer's papers and unpublished manuscripts are held by the

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Toomer returned to New York, where he became friends with

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as the third child of Nina Emily Hawthorne and politician

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His last literary work published during his lifetime was

1918:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984). 1703:. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 12, 38. 1631:. Vol. 19, no. 13. March 28, 1932. p. 21. 1431:"Scholars Say Chronicler of Black Life Passed for White" 744:. West Coast and Midwest press outlets were aroused and 255:

in 1894, the son of Nathan Toomer (1839–1906), a former

2017:, Jean Toomer Papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University 1510:, 2000 Spring; 32(2): 90–101, accessed 15 January 2011. 998:

Jones, Robert B; Latimer, Margery Toomer, eds. (1988).

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Harmon, Charles. " 'Cane,' Race, and 'Neither/Norism'"

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In 1934, the widowed Toomer married a second time, to

716:. He died in 1967 after several years of poor health. 2023:, Georgia Writers Hall of Fame, University of Georgia 1935:

by Jean Toomer (New York: Liveright, 1993). ix–xxv.

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Jean Toomer: Selected Essays and Literary Criticism

1701:Invisible darkness: Jean Toomer & Nella Larsen 541:was well received by both black and white critics. 817:In preparing a new edition of that work, scholars 581:mysterious brand of Southern psychological realism 1647:, University of North Carolina Press, 2010, p. 75 2101: 2063:Robert B. Jones, "Jean Toomer's Life and Career" 1893:The Lives of Jean Toomer: A Hunger for Wholeness 1890:Kerman, Cynthia Earl; Eldridge, Richard (1987). 1590:The Lives of Jean Toomer: A Hunger for Wholeness 1152:The Lives of Jean Toomer: A Hunger for Wholeness 1149:Kerman, Cynthia Earl; Eldridge, Richard (1987). 1340:Jean Toomer and the Terrors of American History 583:that has been matched only in the best work of 1948:The Coast Starlight: Collected Poems 1976–2006 1889: 1725:"Jean Toomer: The Fluidity of Racial Identity" 1148: 1816:Toomer, Jean (1996). Jones, Robert B. (ed.). 507:The two men came to have strong differences. 2190:Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 997: 887: 2044:Jean Toomer: Profile and Poems at Poets.org 2040:, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana 1655: 1653: 1387:Whalan, Mark, ed. (2006). "Introduction". 701:, but reverted to Gurdjieff's philosophy. 29: 1797:. Quaker Information Center. May 26, 2011 1694: 1692: 1635: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1324: 1286: 1133: 888:Toomer, Jean; Turner, Darwin T. (1993) . 1539:"In Harmony With the Music of Gurdjieff" 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1185:Leslie, Kent Anderson (July 17, 2020) . 1180: 1178: 1176: 792:parentage, Toomer was probably majority 723: 649: 516: 462:led Toomer to identify more strongly as 413: 2089:"A new look at the life of Jean Toomer" 1877:Jean Toomer and the Harlem Renaissance, 1750:"A new look at the life of Jean Toomer" 1729:Smithsonian - National Portrait Gallery 1672: 1650: 1582:Rehin, George (1990-01-01). "Review of 1380: 1357: 1259: 1257: 1255: 136: 1931; died 1932) 2102: 1946:Hans Ostrom, "Jean Toomer" (poem), in 1815: 1698: 1689: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1386: 1362:Jean Toomer and the Harlem Renaissance 1346: 1239: 1184: 1108: 1022: 972: 961: 950: 932: 842: 719: 267:. His father was born into slavery in 220:. Later in life he took up Quakerism. 2195:20th-century African-American writers 1766: 1581: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1390:The Letters of Jean Toomer, 1919–1924 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1199: 1173: 1026:The Letters of Jean Toomer, 1919–1924 936:Essentials: Definitions and Aphorisms 2069:Dan Schneider, "Book Review: 'Cane'" 1620: 1429:Lee, Felicia R. (26 December 2010). 1252: 1187:"Amanda America Dickson (1849-1893)" 954:An Interpretation of Friends Worship 2160:Writers from New Rochelle, New York 1587:The Collected Poems of Jean Toomer, 1488: 1428: 1411: 873:In 2002, Toomer was elected to the 450:. Seeing the life of rural blacks, 227:. There, he became a member of the 13: 2180:20th-century American male writers 1970:Works by Jean Toomer in eBook form 1931:Turner, Darwin T. "Introduction," 1844: 1717: 1460: 1224: 1090:Literature of Georgia (U.S. state) 1006:University of North Carolina Press 1001:The Collected Poems of Jean Toomer 881: 783: 14: 2221: 1958: 1673:Salinas, Andrew (July 27, 1969). 1303: 1240:Hulett, Keith (April 28, 2021) . 834:century. He also wrote essays on 1995: 1928:, University of Iowa Press, 1989 1898:Louisiana State University Press 1521:"The Big Sea by Langston Hughes" 1358:Scruggs, Charles (Spring 2002). 1338:Charles Scruggs, Lee VanDeMarr, 1157:Louisiana State University Press 1085:List of African American writers 1069: 1055: 768:. There, he formally joined the 180: 2185:Novelists from New York (state) 2120:20th-century American novelists 1809: 1787: 1769:"Jean Toomer's Life and Career" 1760: 1743: 1666: 1575: 1549: 1531: 1513: 1497: 1448: 1306:"Jean Toomer's Life and Career" 973:Turner, Darwin T., ed. (1980). 928:. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. 732:In 1931, Toomer married writer 728:Jean Toomer and Margery Latimer 155: 133: 2027:Charles Scruggs, "Jean Toomer" 1102: 764:In 1940, the Toomers moved to 622:Many scholars have considered 269:Chatham County, North Carolina 1: 2200:African-American male writers 1824:University of Tennessee Press 1775:. American National Biography 1563:. A&E Television Networks 1395:University of Tennessee Press 1095: 1031:University of Tennessee Press 654:Jean Toomer's passport (1926) 645: 300: 2205:Students of George Gurdjieff 1219:Georgia Historical Quarterly 875:Georgia Writers Hall of Fame 466:and with his father's past. 332: 229:Religious Society of Friends 7: 2165:20th-century American poets 1994:(public domain audiobooks) 1731:. Smithsonian. 20 July 2012 1594:Journal of American Studies 1048: 714:The Wayward and the Seeking 660:George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff 242: 10: 2226: 2135:African-American novelists 2059:42 (Summer 1996), 289–321. 1869:, "Jean Toomer's Sparta," 1795:"What Do Quakers Believe?" 1023:Whalan, Mark, ed. (2006). 626:to be Toomer's best work. 233:Beinecke Rare Book Library 16:American poet and novelist 2010:Poetry Foundation profile 1767:Jones, Robert B. (1999). 1642:Anastasia Carol Curwood, 1627:"Races: Just Americans". 1606:10.1017/S0021875800028929 1508:Southern Literary Journal 1273:Academy of American Poets 1242:"Jean Toomer (1894-1967)" 537:novel published in 1923. 424:National Portrait Gallery 422:(c. 1925). Housed at the 356: 179: 174: 166: 110: 97: 87: 79: 62: 40: 28: 21: 2150:African-American Quakers 1699:Larson, Charles (1993). 1246:New Georgia Encyclopedia 1192:New Georgia Encyclopedia 951:Toomer, N. Jean (1947). 926:Problems of Civilization 918:Charlotte Perkins Gilman 766:Doylestown, Pennsylvania 351:City College of New York 225:Doylestown, Pennsylvania 73:Doylestown, Pennsylvania 2130:American male novelists 2050:Reviews and scholarship 1861:African American Review 1557:"Jean Toomer Biography" 1369:African American Review 981:Howard University Press 894:. New York: Liveright. 642:, as did many authors. 521:First edition cover of 510: 339:University of Wisconsin 273:Houston County, Georgia 249:Nathan Pinchback Toomer 195:Nathan Pinchback Toomer 44:Nathan Pinchback Toomer 2125:African-American poets 2057:Modern Fiction Studies 2038:Modern American Poetry 1954:23, no. 2 (Fall 2003). 1773:Modern American Poetry 1310:Modern American Poetry 819:Henry Louis Gates, Jr. 803: 729: 655: 526: 427: 319:New Rochelle, New York 284:Amanda America Dickson 35:Toomer circa 1920–1930 2145:Converts to Quakerism 1112:(December 25, 2018). 962:Toomer, Jean (1949). 933:Toomer, Jean (1931). 799: 727: 699:Church of Scientology 653: 520: 418:Drawing of Toomer by 417: 343:University of Chicago 1988:Works by Jean Toomer 1979:Works by Jean Toomer 910:Ellsworth Huntington 788:Like some others of 670:, Dorothy Peterson, 454:, and virtual labor 434:for black people in 432:manual labor college 323:M Street High School 261:free people of color 2170:American male poets 2085:, 26 December 2010. 1964:Digital collections 1922:Donald A. Petesch, 1873:67 (December 1995). 1871:American Literature 1677:. Tulane University 843:Legacy and archives 720:Marriage and family 347:New York University 2175:Harlem Renaissance 2032:2005-03-30 at the 1826:. pp. 47–48. 1543:Washingtonpost.com 1435:The New York Times 1119:The New York Times 922:Thomas Dawes Eliot 742:Portage, Wisconsin 730: 680:Zora Neale Hurston 656: 632:Harlem Renaissance 527: 452:racial segregation 428: 295:P. B. S. Pinchback 213:Charles S. Johnson 199:Harlem Renaissance 2140:Modernist writers 1983:Project Gutenberg 1914:Nellie Y. McKay, 1863:32 (summer 1998). 1477:Poetry Foundation 1304:Jones, Robert B. 1077:Literature portal 965:The Flavor of Man 601:Sherwood Anderson 188: 187: 88:Literary movement 53:December 26, 1894 2217: 2210:American Quakers 1999: 1998: 1911: 1838: 1837: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1764: 1758: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1696: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1670: 1664: 1659:Curwood (2010), 1657: 1648: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1517: 1511: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1469: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1426: 1409: 1408: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1372:. 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Eliot 501:Waldo Frank 394:Our America 389:Waldo Frank 363:World War I 307:maiden name 291:New Orleans 191:Jean Toomer 23:Jean Toomer 2104:Categories 1833:1572335823 1801:August 19, 1779:August 20, 1710:087745437X 1681:August 20, 1483:2024-02-02 1125:January 1, 1096:References 868:Essentials 836:George Fox 697:, and the 646:Later work 460:Deep South 444:Black Belt 371:Red Summer 367:race riots 349:, and the 301:Early life 80:Occupation 49:1894-12-26 1735:March 26, 1491:help page 691:Carl Jung 471:lynchings 379:socialist 333:Education 314:in 1906. 265:Civil War 175:Signature 92:Modernism 2030:Archived 2004:Profiles 1992:LibriVox 1614:27555288 1440:27 March 1049:See also 924:(1929). 469:Several 442:and the 257:enslaved 243:Ancestry 167:Children 774:Jungian 770:Quakers 458:in the 456:peonage 160: 152: 138: 130: 126: 1939: 1904: 1883: 1830: 1707: 1612: 1401: 1316:29 May 1278:27 Dec 1163: 1037: 1012: 987: 898: 674:, and 533:, his 525:(1923) 381:paper 357:Career 193:(born 111:Spouse 106:(1923) 1610:JSTOR 1584:Cane, 940:(PDF) 859:When 505:Cane. 277:white 247:Born 154:( 150: 132:( 128: 1937:ISBN 1933:Cane 1902:ISBN 1881:ISBN 1828:ISBN 1803:2018 1781:2018 1737:2023 1705:ISBN 1683:2018 1629:Time 1569:2016 1442:2014 1399:ISBN 1318:2012 1280:2010 1161:ISBN 1127:2019 1035:ISBN 1010:ISBN 985:ISBN 896:ISBN 891:Cane 861:Cane 812:Cane 807:Cane 747:Time 682:and 628:Cane 624:Cane 592:Cane 577:Cane 573:Cane 569:Cane 561:and 543:Cane 539:Cane 531:Cane 523:Cane 512:Cane 404:Cane 204:Cane 103:Cane 63:Died 41:Born 2093:NPR 1990:at 1981:at 1972:at 1754:NPR 1602:doi 1592:". 852:at 615:of 603:'s 391:'s 251:in 235:at 2106:: 2081:, 2071:, 2036:, 1900:. 1896:. 1771:. 1727:. 1691:^ 1652:^ 1608:. 1598:24 1596:. 1559:. 1541:. 1523:. 1506:, 1493:). 1475:. 1462:^ 1433:. 1413:^ 1397:. 1393:. 1366:. 1348:^ 1326:^ 1308:. 1288:^ 1271:. 1267:. 1254:^ 1244:. 1226:^ 1217:, 1201:^ 1189:. 1175:^ 1159:. 1155:. 1135:^ 1116:. 1033:. 1029:. 1008:. 983:. 979:. 920:; 912:; 579:a 565:. 557:, 553:, 549:, 426:. 345:, 239:. 156:m. 134:m. 1943:. 1910:. 1836:. 1805:. 1783:. 1739:. 1713:. 1685:. 1616:. 1604:: 1571:. 1545:. 1527:. 1486:. 1444:. 1407:. 1360:" 1320:. 1282:. 1248:. 1195:. 1169:. 1129:. 1043:. 1018:. 993:. 946:. 904:. 877:. 856:. 170:1 51:) 47:(

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