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Cane (novel)

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343: 1693: 25: 509:"Kabnis" - The piece is primarily a dialogue and has elements of a short play. For example, the dialogue does not use tags ("he said") or describe the thoughts of a speaker. There also seem to be stage directions. In addition, "Kabnis" has some non-dramatic elements; it does not follow the format of a professional play. The language consists of highly poetic descriptions with the narrator commenting on the characters' feelings. 129: 616:." He goes on to say, "the Negro has been libeled rather than depicted accurately in American fiction" because fiction typically portrays African Americans as stereotypes. Cane gave white readers a chance to see a human portrayal of blacks—" were seldom ever presented to white eyes with any other sort of intelligence than that displayed by an idiot child with 375:, meeting ridicule, would be certain to die out. With Negroes also the trend was towards the small town and then towards the city—and industry and commerce and machines. The folk-spirit was walking in to die on the modern desert. That spirit was so beautiful. Its death was so tragic. Just this seemed to sum life for me. And this was the feeling I put into 335:
in the spring of 1923 he had written to the Associated Negro Press saying he would be pleased to write for the group's black readership on events that concerned them. However, when Toomer read Liveright's letter he was outraged. He responded that his "racial composition" was of no concern to anyone except himself, and asserted that he was not a "
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in 1923 were mostly positive about the novel, praising its new portrayal of African Americans. John Armstrong wrote: "It can perhaps be safely said that the Southern negro, at least, has found an authentic lyric voice in Jean Toomer…there is nothing of the theatrical coon-strutting high-brown, none
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builds from simple to complex forms; regionally, it moves from the South to the North and then back to the South; and spiritually, it begins with "Bona and Paul," grows through the Georgia narratives, and ends in "Harvest Song." The first section focuses on southern folk culture; the second section
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asking for revisions to the bibliographic statement Toomer had submitted for promotions of the book. Liveright requested that Toomer mention his "colored blood," because that was the "real human interest value" of his story. Toomer had a history of complex beliefs about his own racial identity, and
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addressed this in his essay "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain" by saying, "'O, be respectable, write about nice people, show how good we are,' say the Negroes. 'Be stereotyped, don't go too far, don't shatter our illusions about you, don't amuse us too seriously. We will pay you,' say the
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However, before the book was published, Toomer's initial euphoria began to fade. He wrote, "The book is done but when I look for the beauty I thought I'd caught, they thin out and elude me." He thought that the Georgia sketches lacked complexity and said they were "too damn simple for me." In a
319:, Toomer's close friend, suggested that Toomer combine the sketches into a book. In order to form a book-length manuscript, Toomer added sketches relating to the black urban experience. When Toomer completed the book, he wrote: "My words had become a book…I had actually finished something." 557:
was not widely read when it was published but was generally praised by both black and white critics. Montgomery Gregory, an African American, wrote in his 1923 review: "America has waited for its own counterpart of Maran—for that native son who would avoid the pitfalls of
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painter. Du Bois also wrote that Toomer's writing is deliberately puzzling—"I cannot, for the life of me, for instance, see why Toomer could not have made the tragedy of Carma something that I could understand instead of vaguely guess at."
745:/ NOVELIST FOLKLORIST / ANTHROPOLOGIST / 1901–1960. The line "a genius of the south" is from Toomer's poem "Georgia Dusk", which appears in the novel. Hurston, who could be deceptive about her age, was actually born in 1891, not 1901. 681:
as a measure of the Negro novelist's highest achievement. Jean Toomer belongs to that first rank of writers who use words almost as a plastic medium, shaping new meanings from an original and highly personal style."
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failed to be popular among the masses because it did not reinforce white views of African Americans. It did not fit the model of the "Old Negro" and did not depict the lifestyle of African Americans living in
277:. Though some characters and situations recur in different vignettes, the vignettes are mostly freestanding, tied to the other vignettes thematically and contextually more than through specific plot details. 627:
does not remotely resemble any of the familiar, superficial views of the South on which we have been brought up. On the contrary, Mr. Toomer's view is unfamiliar and bafflingly
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and moralizing on the one hand and the snares of a false and hollow race pride on the other hand. One whose soul mirrored the soul of his people, yet whose vision was universal.
288:. Some of the vignettes from the novel have been extracted and included in literary collections, while the poetic passage "Harvest Song" has been featured in multiple 364:
focuses on urban life in Washington D.C. and Chicago; and the third section is about the racial conflicts experienced by a black Northerner living in the South.
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was experimental, a potpourri of poetry and prose, in which the latter element is significant because of the influence it had on the course of Negro fiction."
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The novel's ambitious and unconventional structure, along with its lasting impact on subsequent generations of writers, has contributed to the recognition of
417:"November Cotton Flower" - A sonnet written in couplets with images of death in nature in the octave. These images become "beauty so sudden" in the sestet. 734: 538:. The colored people did not praise it. Although the critics gave it good reviews, the public remained indifferent. Yet (excepting the works of Du Bois) 456:"Blood Burning Moon" - Black man Tom Burwell and white man Bob Stone each pursue the young Louisa, resulting in a violent encounter and a tragic climax. 864:
Lemke, Sieglinde, "Interculturalism in Literature, the Visual and Performing Arts during the Harlem Renaissance", in Martín Flores and von Son,
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but he does know human beings." Du Bois goes on to say that Toomer does not depict an exact likeness of humans but rather depicts them like an
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Fabre, Geneviève, "Dramatic and Musical Structures in 'Harvest Song' and 'Kabnis': Toomer's Cane and the Harlem Renaissance", pp. 109–27.
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said of the book, "It has been reverberating in me to an astonishing degree. I love it passionately, could not possibly exist without it."
828:, Jean Toomer, and the Critique of Racial Voyeurism", in Hathaway, Heather (ed.); Jarab, Josef (ed. and introd.); Melnick, Jeffrey (ed.); 1757: 1663: 914:
Ickstadt, Heinz, "The (Re)Construction of an American Cultural Identity in Literary Modernism", in Hagenbüchle, Raab, and Messmer,
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contains the finest prose written by a Negro in America. And like the singing of Robeson it is truly racial." Hughes suggests that
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Farebrother, Rachel, "Adventuring through the Pieces of a Still Unorganized Mosaic": Reading Jean Toomer's Collage Aesthetic in
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Boutry, Katherine, "Black and Blue: The Female Body of Blues Writing in Jean Toomer, Toni Morrison, and Gayl Jones", in Simawe,
709:(1919), two other thematically related story collections that develop unified and coherent visions of societies. It also echoes 447:"Esther" - A young woman who works in a drug store ages and pines for the wandering preacher Barlo, eventually seeking him out. 1534: 414:"Reapers" - A poem written in couplets about reapers in a field, their "silent swinging," and the stark death of a field rat. 1122: 566:…is the answer to this call." Gregory criticized Toomer for his labored and puzzling style and for Toomer's overuse of the 89: 1772: 1411: 1072:
Da-Luz-Moreira, Paulo, "Macunaíma e Cane: Sociedades Multi-raciais além do Modernismo no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos",
61: 420:"Becky" - Vignette of an ostracized white woman with two black sons who lives in a small stone house with the railway. 265:
in the United States. The vignettes alternate in structure between narrative prose, poetry, and play-like passages of
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Baldanzi, Jessica Hays, "Stillborns, Orphans, and Self-Proclaimed Virgins: Packaging and Policing the Rural Women of
222: 108: 411:"Karintha" - A vignette about a young black woman desired by older men who wish "to ripen a growing thing too soon." 1747: 327:, Toomer wrote that the story-teller style of "Fern" "had too much waste and made too many appeals to the reader." 1406:. The University of Georgia Press Athens & London: University of Georgia Press; Reprint edition. p. 106. 962:
Nadell, Martha Jane, "Race and the Visual Arts in the Works of Jean Toomer and Georgia O'Keeffe", pp. 142–61.
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Within the Circle: An Anthology of African American Literary Criticism from the Harlem Renaissance to the Present
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Edmunds, Susan, "The Race Question and the 'Question of the Home': Revisiting the Lynching Plot in Jean Toomer's
490:"Box Seat" - Dan Moore lusts after a reluctant Muriel, and follows her to a dwarf fight, where he starts a scene. 965:
Soto, Michael, "Jean Toomer and Horace Liveright: Or, A New Negro Gets 'into the Swing of It'", pp. 162–87.
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Newark, DE; London, England: University of Delaware Press; Associated University Press; 2001. pp. 44–76.
42: 75: 1612: 717:(1915) ... Toomer surely was familiar with the Joyce and Masters books, and he knew Anderson personally." 339:" and would not "feature" himself as such. Toomer was even willing to cancel the publication of the book. 1220: 346:
Drawing of Jean Toomer by Winold Reiss (c. 1925). Housed at the National Portrait Gallery. Public domain.
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Kodat, Catherine Gunther, "To 'Flash White Light from Ebony': The Problem of Modernism in Jean Toomer's
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Petesch, Donald, "Jean Toomer's Cane", pp. 91–96, in Iftekharrudin, Boyden, Longo, and Rohrberger,
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Clary, Françoise, "'The Waters of My Heart': Myth and Belonging in Jean Toomer's Cane", pp. 68–83.
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Shigley, Sally Bishop, "Recalcitrant, Revered, and Reviled: Women in Jean Toomer's Short Story Cycle,
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Boelhower, William, "No Free Gifts: Toomer's 'Fern' and the Harlem Renaissance", in Fabre and Feith,
839:'s 'Of the Coming of John,' Toomer's 'Kabnis,' and the Dilemma of Self-Representation", in Hubbard, 315:
By Christmas of 1921, the first draft of those sketches and the short story "Kabnis" were complete.
1192: 438:"Fern" (short story) - A Northern man attempts to woo a southern black woman, with strange results. 662: 628: 466:"Seventh Street" - Brief vignette about a street which is "a bastard of Prohibition and the War." 35: 968:
Williams, Diana I., "Building the New Race: Jean Toomer's Eugenic Aesthetic", pp. 188–201.
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Coquet, Cécile, "Feeding the Soul with Words: Preaching and Dreaming in Cane", pp. 84–95.
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Sollors, Werner, "Jean Toomer's Cane: Modernism and Race in Interwar America", pp. 18–37.
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Black Orpheus: Music in African American Fiction from the Harlem Renaissance to Toni Morrison.
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Gerald Strauss points out that despite "critical uncertainty and controversy," he finds that
258: 1234: 922: 934:(Ed. Geneviève Fabre and Michel Feith, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 2001.) 752:
song "Cane", in which he sings about two main characters of the novel: Karintha and Becky.
581: 472:"Avey" - A young college student pursues a lazy girl named Avey, but cannot figure out why. 308: 1503:"A Headstone for an Aunt: How Alice Walker Found Zora Neale Hurston - The Urchin Movement" 1003:
Banks, Kimberly, "'Like a Violin for the Wind to Play': Lyrical Approaches to Lynching by
481:"Theater" - A dancer named Dorris seeks the approval and adoration of a patron named John. 8: 738: 429:"Carma" - Vignette about a strong woman whose husband becomes involved in shady business. 292:. The poem begins with the evocative line: "I am a reaper whose muscles set at sundown." 947:
Grandjeat, Yves-Charles, "The Poetics of Passing in Jean Toomer's Cane", pp. 57–67.
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Jean Toomer to Horace Liveright, September 5, 1923, Toomer Collection, Box 1, Folder 6.
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Toomer, "Why I Entered the Gurdjieff Work," Toomer Collection, Box 66, Folder 8, p. 29.
730: 570:. Gregory believed that Toomer was biased towards folk culture and resented city life. 522: 342: 250: 166: 136: 1343:
Hughes, Langston, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain", Angelyn Mitchell (ed.),
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Horace Liveright to Jean Toomer, August 29, 1923, Toomer Collection, Box I, Folder 6.
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As of March 2008, there were more than 100 scholarly articles on the book at the
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Fabre, Geneviève, "Tight-Lipped 'Oracle': Around and Beyond Cane", pp. 1–17.
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American Literature: A Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and Bibliography,
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American Literature: A Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and Bibliography
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The Gothic Other: Racial and Social Constructions in the Literary Imagination.
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Scruggs, Charles. "The Reluctant Witness: What Jean Toomer Remembered from
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Whalan, Mark, "'Taking Myself in Hand': Jean Toomer and Physical Culture",
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Jean Toomer began writing sketches that would become the first section of
1293:. Urbana, Chicago, Springfield: University of Illinois Press. p. 79. 825: 793: 690: 654: 563: 316: 254: 148: 1404:
Seizing the Word: History, Art, and Self in the Work of W. E. B. Du Bois
800:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 2007. pp. 206–23. 944:
Hutchinson, George, "Identity in Motion: Placing Cane", pp. 38–56.
816: 741:. Walker had it marked with a gray marker stating ZORA NEALE HURSTON / 667: 559: 372: 236: 1721: 1303:
Jean Toomer to Sherwood Anderson, Toomer Collection, Box 1, Folder 1.
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wrote: "By far the most impressive product of the Negro Renaissance,
631:, the vision of a poet far more than the account of things seen by a 609: 384: 285: 1332:
The Wayward and the Seeking: A Collection of Writings by Jean Toomer
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Callaloo: A Journal of African-American and African Arts and Letters
904:, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press; 2001. pp. 193–209. 24: 956:
Michlin, Monica, "'Karintha': A Textual Analysis", pp. 96–108.
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Fabre, Michel, "The Reception of Cane in France", pp. 202–14.
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Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press; 2003. pp. 130–60.
832:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 2003. pp. 92–114. 763:(1973), where he put "Karintha" to music, recited by Bill Hasson. 580:
in 1924, saying: "Toomer does not impress me as one who knows his
897:. New York, NY: New York University Press; 2001. pp. 151–70. 893:
Modernization, and the Spectral Folk", in Scandura and Thurston,
128: 1146:
Webb, Jeff, "Literature and Lynching: Identity in Jean Toomer's
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Fahy, Thomas, "The Enslaving Power of Folksong in Jean Toomer's
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Brother Mine: The Correspondence of Jean Toomer and Waldo Frank
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Jean Toomer to Waldo Frank, Toomer Collection, Box 1, Folder 3.
807:: Jean Toomer's Gothic Black Modernism", in Anolik and Howard, 548: 1639:
Black chant : Languages of African-American postmodernism
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Twentieth Century Literature: A Scholarly and Critical Journal
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of the conventional dice-throwing, chicken-stealing nigger of
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Toomer spent a great deal of time working on the structure of
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Speak, So You Can Speak Again: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston
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Temples for Tomorrow: Looking Back at the Harlem Renaissance
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In his 1939 review "The New Negro", Sanders Redding wrote: "
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Wardi, Anissa J., "Divergent Paths to the South: Echoes of
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Jean Toomer, Artist: A Study of His Literary Life and Work
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Rand, Lizabeth A., "'I Am I': Jean Toomer's Vision beyond
918:. Tübingen, Germany: Stauffenburg; 2000. pp. 206–28. 1613:"Deep in the Cane: The Southern Soul of Gil Scott-Heron" 1258:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984. 689:
s structure is not without precedent: "it is similar to
868:, Fair Haven, NJ: Nuevo Espacio; 2001. pp. 111–21. 821:
Westport, CT: Praeger; 2003. xi, 156 pp. (book article)
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in his "Georgia" trilogy of jazz albums, especially on
371:, Toomer wrote: "I realized with deep regret, that the 359:. He said that the design was a circle. Aesthetically, 1641:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 170. 1452:
The World Has Changed: Conversations with Alice Walker
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Columbus: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1971.
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Southern Quarterly: A Journal of the Arts in the South
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whites. Both would have told Jean Toomer not to write
1139:: Self as Montage and the Drive toward Integration", 1061:
Battenfeld, Mary, "'Been Shapin Words T Fit M Soul':
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Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi; 2002. pp. 47–63.
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Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston
1054:Whalan, Mark, "Jean Toomer, Technology, and Race", 1025:Ramsey, William M., "Jean Toomer's Eternal South", 848:
Biography of American Author Jean Toomer, 1894–1967
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1554: 269:. As a result, the novel has been classified as a 737:discovered a grave they thought was Hurston's in 1734: 1522: 841:The Souls of Black Folk One Hundred Years Later. 766: 469:"Rhobert" - Brief vignette about a solitary man. 261:revolving around the origins and experiences of 916:Negotiations of America's National Identity, II 811:Jefferson, NC: McFarland; 2004. pp. 54–71. 1032:Hedrick, Tace, "Blood-Lines That Waver South: 798:The Cambridge Companion to the Modernist Novel 623:Robert Littell wrote in his 1923 review that " 499:"Bona and Paul" - A story of indifferent love. 330:In August 1923, Toomer received a letter from 1526:Zora Neale Hurston: A Biography of the Spirit 1347:, Durham: Duke University Press, 1994. 55-59. 1275: 1273: 911:New York, NY: Garland; 2000. pp. 91–118. 850:. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press; 2002. 1529:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 57–. 1518: 1516: 1490:Masterplots II: African American Literature 1426: 1270: 127: 1513: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 884:: Strategy and Technique, Magic and Myth. 257:. The novel is structured as a series of 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 341: 1636: 1585: 1401: 1382: 1250: 1248: 796:' and the Modernist Novel", in Shiach, 1735: 1611:Harold, Claudrena N. (July 12, 2011). 1610: 1350: 1232: 1163:Journal of American Studies of Turkey, 929:Jean Toomer and the Harlem Renaissance 895:Modernism, Inc.: Body, Memory, Capital 1132:, Fall-Winter 2000, 25 (3-4): 141–60. 1036:, the 'South,' and American Bodies", 513: 1549: 1448: 1402:Byerman, Keith E. (August 1, 2010). 1288: 1245: 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 1112:Fike, Matthew A., "Jean Toomer and 1079:Scruggs, Charles, "Jean Toomer and 975: 889:Nicholls, David G., "Jean Toomer's 775:Book monographs / articles/chapters 638: 487:"Calling Jesus" - A brief vignette. 13: 1758:Novels set in Georgia (U.S. state) 1590:. New York: Doubleday. p. 5. 1083:and the Persistence of the Past", 866:Double Crossings/EntreCruzamientos 14: 1784: 1684: 1661: 1135:Peckham, Joel B., "Jean Toomer's 1123:In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens 484:"Her Lips are Copper Wire" (poem) 307:in November 1921 on a train from 1691: 1109:, September 2000, 44 (1): 43–64. 1065:, Language, and Social Change", 1058:, December 2002, 36 (3): 459–72. 23: 1655: 1630: 1604: 1579: 1543: 1495: 1482: 1469: 1449:Byrd, Rudolph P. (March 2011). 1442: 1427:Cottonmeyer, Tom (March 2011). 1420: 1395: 1385:"The Younger Literary Movement" 1376: 1337: 1324: 1172:, Race, and 'Neither/Norism'", 521:was largely ignored during the 295: 34:needs additional citations for 1768:Novels set in Washington, D.C. 1561:. New York: Scribner. p.  1479:. Yale University Press, 1965. 1334:. Washington: Howard UP, 1980. 1315: 1306: 1297: 1282: 1261: 1226: 1213: 1176:, Spring 2000, 32 (2): 90–101. 1154:, Spring 2000, 67 (1): 205–28. 989:December 2006; 40 (3): 503–21. 819:Approaches to the Short Story. 1: 1233:Toomer, Jean (May 10, 2018). 1207: 1087:, Spring 2001, 13 (1): 41–66. 1069:, Fall 2002, 25 (4): 1238–49. 767:Critical studies (since 2000) 453:"'Portrait in Georgia" (poem) 1637:Nielsen, Aldon Lynn (1997). 1203:, Spring 2000, 46 (1): 1–19. 1189:2000 Spring; 28 (1): 77–100. 1187:Studies in American Fiction, 1157:Bus, Heiner, "Jean Toomer's 1143:, June 2000, 72 (2): 275–90. 1098:, Spring 2001, 9 (1): 88–98. 1015:, Fall 2004, 38 (3): 451–65. 987:Journal of American Studies, 835:Fontenot, Chester J., Jr., " 387:. It was a song of an end." 350: 180:; 101 years ago 7: 1586:Hurston, Lucy Anne (2004). 1383:Du Bois, W.E.B (Feb 1924). 1056:Journal of American Studies 1051:March 2003, 75 (1): 141–68. 1040:, Fall 2003, 42 (1): 39–52. 1029:, Fall 2003, 36 (1): 74–89. 599:White critics who reviewed 551:that whites wanted to see. 390: 10: 1789: 1773:Boni & Liveright books 1477:The Negro Novel in America 1022:2003 Nov; 10 (4): 597–615. 1000:, 2005; 42: 39 paragraphs. 830:Race and the Modern Artist 651:The Negro Novel in America 1523:Deborah G. Plant (2007). 1488:Strauss, Gerald. "Cane." 1174:Southern Literary Journal 1085:American Literary History 1027:Southern Literary Journal 720: 525:by the average white and 290:Norton poetry anthologies 249:is a 1923 novel by noted 228: 216: 208: 200: 192: 172: 162: 154: 144: 126: 16:1923 novel by Jean Toomer 846:Griffin, John Chandler, 432:"Song of the Son" (poem) 284:as an important part of 1748:African-American novels 1165:2000 Spring; 11: 21–29. 1013:African American Review 748:The novel inspired the 1507:www.urchinmovement.com 1455:. ReadHowYouWant.com. 1076:, Fall 2001, 5: 75–90. 347: 1763:Novels set in Chicago 1365:Durham, Frank (ed.), 1289:Jean, Toomer (2010). 761:Geechee Recollections 743:A GENIUS OF THE SOUTH 715:Spoon River Anthology 713:'s poetry collection 496:"Harvest Song" (poem) 478:"Storm Ending" (poem) 444:"Evening Song" (poem) 435:"Georgia Dusk" (poem) 345: 1743:1923 American novels 1330:Turner, Darwin, ed. 1020:Modernism/Modernity, 859:Literature and Music 792:, Jean Toomer: The ' 426:"Cotton Song" (poem) 43:improve this article 1664:"Album of the Week" 755:The novel inspired 739:Ft. Pierce, Florida 450:"Conversion" (poem) 123: 1168:Harmon, Charles. " 927:in the collection 803:Lamothe, Daphne, " 771:as of March 2008: 731:Zora Neale Hurston 523:Harlem Renaissance 514:Critical reception 348: 251:Harlem Renaissance 167:Boni and Liveright 137:Boni and Liveright 121: 1727:Project Gutenberg 1699:Literature portal 1662:Beven, Mariella. 1536:978-0-275-98751-0 1239:Poetry Foundation 1161:as a Swan Song", 824:Terris, Daniel, " 735:Charlotte D. Hunt 711:Edgar Lee Masters 701:Sherwood Anderson 325:Sherwood Anderson 275:short story cycle 263:African Americans 242: 241: 193:Publication place 119: 118: 111: 93: 58:"Cane" novel 1780: 1753:Modernist novels 1729: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1560: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1520: 1511: 1510: 1499: 1493: 1486: 1480: 1475:Bone, Robert A. 1473: 1467: 1466: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1380: 1374: 1363: 1348: 1341: 1335: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1252: 1243: 1242: 1230: 1224: 1217: 976:Journal articles 837:W. E. B. Du Bois 639:Modern criticism 612:in the pages of 574:W. E. B. Du Bois 527:African American 475:"Beehive" (poem) 332:Horace Liveright 232: 188: 186: 181: 174:Publication date 131: 124: 120: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1733: 1732: 1719: 1713:Standard Ebooks 1697: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1617:Southern Spaces 1609: 1605: 1598: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1548: 1544: 1537: 1521: 1514: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1474: 1470: 1463: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1400: 1396: 1381: 1377: 1364: 1351: 1342: 1338: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1254:McKay, Nellie. 1253: 1246: 1231: 1227: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1182:Winesburg, Ohio 1011:, and Toomer", 978: 932: 780:Snaith, Anna, " 777: 769: 750:Gil Scott-Heron 723: 706:Winesburg, Ohio 641: 531:Langston Hughes 516: 493:"Prayer" (poem) 461:Second section: 393: 353: 313:Washington D.C. 301: 271:composite novel 201:Media type 184: 182: 179: 175: 140: 134: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1786: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1731: 1730: 1717: 1715: 1703: 1702: 1686: 1685:External links 1683: 1681: 1680: 1654: 1647: 1629: 1603: 1596: 1578: 1571: 1542: 1535: 1512: 1494: 1481: 1468: 1461: 1441: 1419: 1413:978-0820337753 1412: 1394: 1375: 1349: 1336: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1296: 1281: 1269: 1260: 1244: 1235:"Harvest Song" 1225: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1190: 1177: 1166: 1155: 1144: 1133: 1110: 1099: 1088: 1077: 1070: 1059: 1052: 1041: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1001: 990: 977: 974: 973: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 931: 921: 920: 919: 912: 905: 898: 887: 869: 862: 851: 844: 833: 822: 812: 801: 794:Black Atlantic 782:C. L. R. James 776: 773: 768: 765: 722: 719: 663:Richard Wright 655:Robert A. 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Boni and Liveright
Jean Toomer
Boni and Liveright
ISBN
9780871405357
OCLC
168697
Harlem Renaissance
Jean Toomer
vignettes
African Americans
dialogue
composite novel
short story cycle
modernism
Norton poetry anthologies
Georgia
Washington D.C.

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