930:
486:
622:
1106:
Penthievre (Mollat, G., op cit, pj, no II pp. 49–50. See also Jean XXII (1316–1334) Lettres secretes et curiales relating to France, by Coulon, A. and
Clemencet, S.) If Jeanne could not deny Guy's words. Guy could remarry (Mollat, G. op. Cit., p. 47) A little later, on 30 April 1330, Jeanne de Belleville, widow of Geoffroy de Chateaubriant, asked the Holy See for a dispensation to marry Olivier de Clisson (Mollat, G. op cit, p. 47 after Vatican Register, no 95, Lettres commune 81. See John XXII (1316–1334). Joint letters analyzed according to the so-called Avignon or Vatican registers, by Mollat, G. 1921–1947)
33:
204:
195:
181:
172:
869:, as part of their maritime trade. Jeanne had inherited Yeu from her deceased brother and had the old wooden fort demolished and replaced with a stone fortress. This was used to minimise pirate raids. When she eventually married Olivier, he added to the design. This was eventually one of her properties seized by the French Crown. Local tradition speaks of the "red men" or English Soldiers who came to rescue Jeanne at one stage when she had become entrapped by the French.
4222:
654:
873:
4234:
427:
3116:
927:, a book of prayers that follow the liturgical year. This manuscript in Latin and in French and in two volumes dated around 1323–1326 with illuminations by Jean Pucelle. Jeanne de Belleville would have received it as a gift for her wedding with Olivier. Around 1379–1380, an inventory was made of King Charles V's property, and the breviary was described herein.
564:, writing 300 years later claims that the evidence was private correspondence between King Edward with these lords to convince them to change allegiances, which was contrary to the Ninth Article of the Truce, i.e. That no-one in the obedience of one King, at the time of Truce, should put himself under the obedience of the other, while it continued.
1149:
in the hands of master
Guillaume de Dol. He was only, for the moment, suspended from his office. (Arche. Nat. X2A4, no 4097 G. Journa: Acts of the Parliament of Paris, Criminal Parliament. Reign of Philippe 6 de Valois. Analytical inventory of registers X2A to 5, by Brigitte Labat-Poussin, Monique Langlois and Yvonne Lanhers, Paris , 1987, p. 177)
685:. The castle was built on the edge of a forest in the parish of Bignon, not far from the abbey of Villeneuve. The castle was under command of Galois de la Heuse, an officer of Charles de Blois, who apparently recognised Jeanne and let her in, whereupon her forces massacred the entire garrison with the exception of one individual.
1148:
On 12 March 1343, it was decided that Pierre
Nicolas, the King's sergeant, detained at the Chatelet in Paris for having at the request of the Lady of Bellville, the Sire de Clisson hampered the execution, would be extended until further notice. His statement was made in front of Robert Mulet and were
1138:
The said lord, by his oath given before us, would answer us whether these things were true. He replied and recorded by his oath that the said proprieties and gifts were true and who wanted to hold and accomplish them in good faith, and by what communion has usually engendered dissension and intrigue,
938:
The Treaty of
Westminster of 1353, although the original document is lost, some details are known, such as a very particular clause stating that "The titles of property in Brittany are to be restored as they were before the war. If Englishmen are married to Breton Heiresses they must not be disturbed
600:
In the year of our Grace one thousand three hundred and forty-three, on
Saturday, the second day of August, Olivier, Lord of Clisson, knight, prisoner in the Chatelet of Paris for several treasons and other crimes perpetrated by him against the king and the crown of France, and for alliances that he
920:
Senadavy, Thibaut de
Morillon, Denis de Callac, and other lords of Brittany, to the number of ten knights and squires, were beheaded at Paris. Four other knights of Normandy: Sir William Baron, Sir Henry de Malestroit, the Lord of Rochetesson, and Sir Richard de Persy were put to death upon reports.
919:
Records exist where shortly after
Olivier de Clisson's execution, several other knights were accused of similar crimes. The Lord of Malestroit and his son, the Lord of Avaugour, Sir Tibaut de Morillon, Alain de Quédillac, Guillaume, Jean and Olivier de Brieux, Denis du Plessis, Jean Malart, Jean de
980:
On 24 September 1999, the City
Council of Nantes named a street Rue Jeanne la corsaire in honour of Jeanne: "A route beginning in the Embellie street is to be named: Rue Jeanne la Corsaire, wife of Olivier de Clisson, 1300–1359." Another street also bears her name: Rue Jeanne de Belleville, in La
701:
Jeanne is said to have converted three merchant ships for war. These may have also been painted black and their sails dyed red according to some references. Some versions of the story state that the
English King and Breton sympathizers assisted her in this. Her flagship was apparently also named
1105:
On 10 February 1330, in
Avignon, at the request of Guy de Bretagne, Pope Jean XXII appointed the bishops of Rennes and Vannes to investigate the alleged marriage which was allegedly contracted in 1328 by Jeanne de Belleville, widow of the Lord of Chateaubriant, and Guy de Bretagne, seigneur de
713:
type (a flat-bottomed cargo ship with high sides and distinctive straight-angled stem and stern post). The most visible giveaway that a ship was no longer just meant for cargo was if it had a forecastle or aftercastle constructed on it. Not all of these were permanent in structure and were not
734:
and is similar to guerrilla warfare on land. Its main intent is to destroy or disrupt the logistics of an enemy on the open seas by attacking merchant shipping rather than engaging actual combatants. A few ships would be used together in the employment of a swarming tactic. The crews would be
312:
area, the de Montaigu family would have had direct or indirect business in winemaking, salt farming, and the merchant movements of these goods to and from markets as far as the Iberian Peninsula and up towards England. This would have included contacts with merchant shipping along the river
446:
in the southeast of Clisson. In the marriage contract, there is evidence of Jeanne ensuring that the inheritances of her children from her previous marriage was legally secured. Combining these assets made Jeanne and Olivier the seigneurial power (senior Lord of an area) in the
969:
The Belleville lands were part of a lawsuit when her daughter Louise from her first marriage attempted to prohibit the King from redistributing the family's lands following their confiscation and another lawsuit from Louise's widower who also attempted to prevent this.
836:
while his case was heard. Eventually he was released and allowed to return. At this point the war had come to a halt as both nations were exhausted, one of the main factors being the spread of the Black Plague which had decimated at least 20 percent of the population.
559:
was signed between England and France. Under the perceived safe conditions of this truce, Olivier and fifteen other Breton and Norman lords were invited to a tournament on French soil, where he was subsequently arrested, taken to Paris and tried by his peers.
825:, had wrested control of several of Jeanne's properties from the French. In 1349, Edward III ordered that the estates be returned to Bentley, but this changed when Edward III changed allegiances and started negotiating with the new Duke of Brittany, Charles.
584:) and accompanied by Guilaume Bérard, Jeanne's squire and valet, Guionnet de Fay, and Guillaume Denart. Jean himself took refuge in Brittany after this and died soon after. Jeanne ignored the summons and was found guilty in absentia in June 1343.
324:
Jeanne's father died when she was four years old and there are no known records indicating that her mother remarried. It also appears she was born from her father's second marriage, as some records suggest he was previously married to Sibille of
729:
hunting down French commerce ships, whereupon her force would kill entire crews, leaving only a few witnesses to transmit the news to the French King. This earned Jeanne the moniker "The Lioness of Brittany". The type of warfare is termed
765:
Jeanne is sometimes cited as a privateer of the English, which would have meant she operated under certain legal protections and obligations. No letter patent or royal letter of protection is known to exist, however. In 1346, during the
1772:
Sjursen, K.E. Pirate, Traitor, Wife: Jeanne of Belleville and the categories of Fourteenth–Century French Noblewomen, pp. 135–156 in Tanner, H.J. (Ed) Medieval elite women and the exercise of power, 1100–1400, The New Middle Ages
337:
In 1312, Jeanne, aged about 12 years old, married her first husband, 19-year-old Geoffrey de Châteaubriant VIII (died 1326), a Breton nobleman, who himself was already a widower to Alix de Thouars. They had two children:
613:
This execution shocked the nobility, as the evidence of guilt was not publicly demonstrated and the process of desecrating/exposing a body was reserved mainly for low-class criminals. The execution was judged harshly by
547:(a prisoner of the French), and a surprisingly low sum was demanded. This led Olivier to be subsequently suspected of not having defended the city to his fullest and to be accused by Charles de Blois of being a traitor.
1429:
Jones, Michael, C.E. "Les capitaines Anglo-Bretons" 365–369 and "Edward the 3rd, Captains in Brittany" in between France and England: Politics, Power and Society in Late Medieval Brittany, Brulington VT, Ashgate 2003,
1392:
Jones, Michael C.E, "Les capitaines Anglo-Bretons" 365–369 and "Edward the 3rd, Captains in Brittany" in between France and England: Politics, Power and Society in Late Medieval Brittany, Brulington VT, Ashgate 2003,
773:
The French eventually managed to engage her fleet and sink her flagship. Jeanne and her two sons were adrift for five days; her son Guillaume died of exposure. Jeanne and Olivier were finally rescued and taken to
329:. This alliance had apparently produced a son, Maurice V Montaigu. In 1320(?), on the death of her half-brother Maurice V, Jeanne inherited the seigneury of Montaigu and that of Belleville, as he had no heirs.
809:
and was rewarded for his services with "the lands and castles" of Beauvoir-sur-mer, of Ampant, of Barre, Blaye, Châteauneuf, Ville Maine, the island of Chauvet, and from the islands of Noirmoutier and Bouin.
572:
Jeanne tried in vain to have Olivier set free. She seems to have tried to bribe a King's sergeant. Jeanne was therefore summoned to answer charges of rebellion, disobedience, and excesses against the King.
1420:
Letters patent of Edward III King of England dated 1349, Jeanne, Dame de Belleville et de Clisson was restored to possession of the estates which had been confiscated by Philippe de Valois, King of France
391:
Guy then married into the de Blois faction to Marie de Blois, who was also a niece of Philip VI of France. Guy died unexpectedly died on 26 March 1331, and his heritage passed to his daughter
754:
was an especially good spot to conduct piracy since these waters were dotted with numerous small, often uninhabited islands which were ideal for ambushes. Local tradition on the island of
677:
After Olivier's execution, Jeanne sold the de Clisson estates, raised a force of about 400 loyal men, and started attacking French forces in Brittany. Jeanne is said to have attacked:
605:
to Les Halles ... and there on a scaffold had his head cut off. From there, his corpse was drawn to the gibbet of Paris and there hanged on the highest level, and his head was sent to
419:. Olivier was initially married to Blanche de Bouville (died 1329). Olivier had a son, Jean, with this first marriage, who would go on to inherit his mother's lands as the Lord of
601:
made with the king of England, enemy of the king and kingdom of France, as the said Olivier ... has confessed, was by judgement of the king given at Orleans drawn from the
493:
Jeanne at one point took Olivier to court with regard to access to remuneration from his estates as had been agreed upon in the marriage contract. This case was heard by
1463:
Arthur de La Borderie, Le Quémenet-Héboi and the seigneuries of La Roche-Moisan, Fiefs-de-Léon and Pontcallec. Revue de Bretagne et de Vendée, Tome X, 1861, pp. 372–387
832:, Edward III ordered Bentley to surrender Jeanne's remaining castles in Brittany. Bentley refused and traveled to England to plead their case. He was imprisoned in the
3178:
929:
3168:
1785:
1519:
1454:
Some New Documents illustrating the early Years of the Hundred Years War (1353–1356) By Dr Freiedrich Bock, John Rylands Library escholar.manchester.ac.uk
1040:
Heebøll-Holm, Thomas, K. Ports, piracy, and maritime war: piracy in the English Channel and the Atlantic, c. 1280 – c. 1330 / by Thomas K. Heebøll-Holm.
797:'s military deputies during the campaign. Bentley had been appointed Edward's lieutenant in Brittany in September 1350. In 1351, he lifted the sieges of
455:
Isabeau (1325–1343), born out of wedlock (five years before the marriage to Olivier), she eventually married John I of Rieux and therefore was mother of
977:
was published in France. Written at the height of the French romantic movement, Pehant's novel shares many details with the legend attached to Jeanne.
1383:
Runyan, T.J. Naval Power and Maritime Technology during the Hundred Years War, Cambridge University Press, Edited by Hattendorf, J.B., Unger, R.W. 2013
916:(Jehanne de Montfort) to ask King Edward III for aid to relieve Hennebont. The de Clisson family was at that stage definitely on the de Montfort side.
852:, a port town on the Brittany coast, which was in the territory of her de Montfort allies. Walter died in December 1359 and Jeanne a few weeks later.
650:
Jeanne took her two young sons, Olivier and Guillaume, from Clisson to Nantes, to show them the head of their father displayed at the Sauvetout gate.
1078:
Sumption, The Hundred Years War, 55 and Charles Goude, Histoire de Chateaubriant. Baronnie, Ville & Paroisse (rennes: Oberthur et fils, 1870) 33
576:
Jeanne managed to evade arrest as she was being protected by Jean de Clisson (Olivier's eldest son from his first marriage, at the time the Lord of
265:
targeting French ships and often slaughtering their crew. It was her practice to leave at least one sailor alive to carry her message of vengeance.
3415:
1365:
Cassard, Jean-Christophe, Les marins Bretons a Bordeaux au debut du XIV siècle, Annales de Bretagne et des Pays del’Ouest, vol 86 (1979), 379–397
758:
is that Jeanne may have used her family castle on that island for the initial attacks. Jeanne is also said to have attacked coastal villages in
4303:
895:
Records from the English court from 1343, indicating King Edward granting Jeanne an income from lands controlled in Brittany by the English.
3887:
3304:
750:, Re, and Aix were known to be especially dangerous since confined waters made it easier for ships to be outmaneuvered and surprised. The
4313:
4135:
657:
Remnants of the Sauvetout Gate in Nantes. In its heyday, the gate would have been similar in design to that of the St Michaels gate in
3518:
4145:
1210:
1171:
3634:
866:
544:
4318:
1139:
the said lord, delivered and assigned from now on the said lady for the said third party. Historical Archives of Poitou, 13:110
384:
to protect their heritage, and an investigation was conducted on 10 February 1330, resulting in the marriage being annulled by
4298:
4293:
3720:
1797:
1764:
1693:
1620:
1045:
4046:
2086:
1334:
Thomas K. Heebøll-Holm, Ports, "Piracy and Maritime War: Piracy in the English Channel and the Atlantic, c. 1280–c. 1330",
497:, who found in her favour, as witnesses confirmed such promises had occurred. It appears this issue was resolved amicably.
4273:
2959:
2189:
1984:
625:
Execution of Olivier IV de Clisson. Painting attributed to Loyset Liédet, Flemish illuminator (v. 1420 – v. 1483) in the
1347:
Hutchinson, G. Pivotal points in the transmission of medieval shipbuilding technology, Archaeonautica, 1998, pp. 185–190
4268:
3188:
2989:
1778:
1557:
1314:
1260:
1569:
933:
Detail of the Belleville Breviary, 1323–26 kept at the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. (MS. Lat. 10484, folio 37 recto)
543:, the military commanders defending this city, were captured. Olivier was the only one released after an exchange for
2103:
1849:
1746:
1719:
1675:
1495:
1023:, English Admiral that relieved Hennebont, involved in several contemporary engagements around the coast of Brittany.
892:
A French judgement from 1343 convicting Jeanne as a traitor and confirming the confiscation of the de Clisson lands.
362:
4072:
3894:
3198:
2586:
2184:
2126:
1087:
Buffé, Marcel (1983). Châteaubriant, une cité dans l'histoire – De la préhistoire à nos jours. Éditions Cid. p. 15.
485:
4308:
4176:
2148:
2131:
443:
1817:
1017:, Franco-Castillian Admiral of France involved in several contemporary engagements around the coast of Brittany.
4278:
3603:
3430:
3425:
3398:
3258:
2576:
1599:
638:
On 26 August 1343, for her attempted bribery of the King's sergeant, Jeanne was also charged with the crime of
2964:
1125:
3973:
3611:
3445:
3440:
3317:
3309:
3278:
2969:
2671:
1020:
3859:
3740:
2934:
2110:
2073:
1874:
3333:
1096:
Ville de Châteaubriant (ed.). "Castelbus". Archived from the original on 2012-12-28. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
532:
was chosen as headquarters by Robert Bertrand, the French King's Lieutenant sent to aid Charles de Blois.
3502:
3148:
2741:
348:
Louise (1316–1383), married Guy XII de Laval and subsequently inherited her brother's estate as Baroness.
372:
The union was short-lived, as relatives of the ducal family – in particular, from the de
4186:
3575:
3389:
3143:
2249:
2143:
1884:
790:
448:
343:
112:
1587:
692:, about 20 km southeast of Nantes, which had been a former post under the control of her husband.
4288:
3915:
3647:
3624:
3325:
3223:
3138:
3133:
2531:
1866:
829:
735:
equipped with grappling equipment for closing in and weapons such as crossbows, swords, and daggers.
517:. The extended de Clisson family was not in full agreement in this matter, and Olivier IV's brother,
392:
2491:
1172:"Milly :: David Reverchon :: Quand l'outil devient jouet, alors le travail devient un jeu"
369:
and second son of the Duke of Brittany. Jeanne may have done this to protect her underage children.
4171:
3619:
3527:
3508:
3458:
3372:
2954:
2096:
506:
3478:
621:
4283:
4196:
4181:
4078:
3535:
3468:
3218:
3193:
3153:
3050:
2756:
2081:
1792:(in French), La Roche-sur-Yon: Research center & publishing house in Vendée, pp. 1–208,
1008:
1002:
781:
Both sides employed pirates and operated with royal permission to prey on each other's shipping.
416:
366:
2601:
2346:
840:
By January 1357, Walter and Jeanne were granted the barony of La Roche-Moisan as compensation.
3958:
3901:
3498:
3435:
3263:
3208:
3163:
3158:
3128:
2939:
540:
536:
125:
Geoffrey IX de Châteaubriant, Louise de Châteaubriant, Isabeau de Clisson, Maurice de Clisson,
1711:
1704:
1161:
Cazelles, R. Political society and the crisis of royalty under Philippe VI Valois, Paris, 1958
4051:
4041:
3936:
3675:
3341:
3253:
3238:
2979:
2731:
2691:
2661:
2606:
2596:
2406:
2366:
2179:
1999:
1969:
1944:
1842:
1630:
1537:
La maison de Laval, 1020–1605, etude historique accompagnee du cartulaire de Laval et de Vitr
404:
286:
107:
521:, embraced the de Montfort party whilst his other brother, Garnier de Clisson, had defended
408:
4263:
4258:
3929:
3588:
3380:
3349:
3296:
3203:
3123:
3022:
2506:
2336:
2331:
2169:
2016:
1927:
1922:
1879:
1403:
1005:, a contemporary Flemish pirate in the employ of the Scottish and subsequently the English.
942:
Great Chronicles of France, t.5, of John (II) the Good to Charles (V) the Wise (1350/1380);
689:
464:
188:
126:
2616:
2486:
358:
102:
8:
3990:
3835:
3745:
3593:
3367:
3268:
3078:
2351:
2239:
2138:
1937:
1281:"Women at the Helm: Rewriting Maritime History through Female Pirate Identity and Agency"
990:
924:
898:
Jeanne is mentioned in the truce between France and England in 1347 as an English ally. (
778:
by Montfort supporters. Jeanne continued her piracy in the channel for another 13 years.
666:
556:
514:
494:
468:
258:
32:
2326:
2244:
2214:
1218:
609:
in Brittany to be put on a lance over the city's Sauvetout Gate as a warning to others.
529:
274:
4150:
4140:
4107:
3852:
3760:
3715:
3705:
3598:
3562:
3553:
3483:
3420:
3354:
3233:
3183:
3173:
2701:
2686:
2551:
2536:
2456:
2396:
2361:
1651:
Les femmes d'abordage: Chroniques historiques et legendaires des aventurières de la mer
913:
278:
207:
53:
2771:
1823:
d'Histoire season 16 aired 25 April 2022 on France 3 Public Service Television Channel
1822:
1374:
Alvarez, S. Ships and Fleets in Anglo-French Warfare, 1337–1360 deremilitari.org, 2014
4085:
4020:
3880:
3820:
3815:
3710:
3665:
3570:
3463:
3450:
3407:
3248:
2896:
2891:
2871:
2711:
2651:
2501:
2321:
1793:
1774:
1760:
1742:
1715:
1689:
1671:
1616:
1595:
1553:
1501:
1491:
1310:
1256:
1041:
639:
518:
290:
184:
767:
577:
561:
420:
203:
4201:
4000:
3922:
3908:
3795:
3775:
3670:
3513:
3473:
3291:
3273:
3228:
3085:
3057:
3015:
2861:
2846:
2811:
2796:
2776:
2761:
2696:
2666:
2626:
2511:
2476:
2461:
2046:
1954:
1835:
1737:
Vázquez Chamorro, Germán (October 2004), "Jeanne de Classon. La leona sangrienta",
1014:
806:
743:
731:
510:
456:
439:
165:
1356:
Cassard, Jean-Christophe, Les Bretons et la mer as Moyen Age (Rennes, 1998) p. 152
1252:
Pirate Women: The Princesses, Prostitutes, and Privateers Who Ruled the Seven Seas
717:
The ships of this Black Fleet are said to have initially attacked shipping in the
509:, the de Clissons sided with the French choice for the vacant Breton ducal crown,
326:
4237:
4191:
4155:
4130:
3953:
3873:
3866:
3785:
3780:
3750:
3735:
3700:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3036:
2876:
2831:
2826:
2806:
2681:
2656:
2631:
2311:
2306:
2259:
2229:
2056:
1974:
1932:
1917:
1642:
Olivier de Clisson and political society in France under Charles V and Charles VI
1304:
1280:
1250:
899:
833:
818:
794:
739:
726:
434:
Jeanne, a recent widow herself of the Lord of Châteaubriant, controlled areas in
373:
262:
2571:
755:
722:
318:
3770:
3359:
2984:
2866:
2791:
2766:
2726:
2441:
2401:
2356:
2301:
2296:
1979:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1608:
1594:(in French), Saint-Amard-Montrond: Vernal and Philippe Lebaud, pp. 17–27,
939:
in their rights, and an amnesty is to be granted to all adherents of Montfort."
615:
602:
385:
194:
180:
171:
37:
Dual coat of arms of the de Belleville and de Clisson families with the motto:
3765:
1818:
Jeanne de Belleville, Pirate or Politician? – James Adams Historic Enterprises
342:
Geoffrey IX (1314–1347), inherited his father's estates as Baron, died in the
4252:
4226:
4010:
3730:
3725:
3685:
2994:
2949:
2929:
2901:
2786:
2736:
2716:
2636:
2481:
2436:
2391:
2286:
2209:
2174:
2026:
751:
718:
642:
and subsequently sentenced to banishment, with confiscation of her property.
522:
250:
1505:
4090:
4015:
3805:
3755:
3695:
3690:
3680:
3286:
3213:
3092:
3043:
3029:
2944:
2906:
2881:
2836:
2821:
2801:
2721:
2621:
2611:
2561:
2556:
2546:
2526:
2516:
2431:
2291:
2199:
2091:
2006:
1959:
665:
Jeanne, enraged by her husband's execution, swore retribution against King
2751:
999:, prevalent merchant ship type of the era sometimes converted for warfare.
945:
Latin chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis and his continuations, (1317/1368);
885:
Verifiable references relating to Jeanne's exploits exist. These include:
4005:
3980:
3968:
3830:
2816:
2746:
2541:
2521:
2471:
2386:
2376:
2153:
1812:
653:
314:
872:
798:
770:
in northern France, Jeanne used her ships to supply the English forces.
658:
317:
and along the coast of Poitou and Brittany with an island stronghold at
4102:
4036:
3800:
3660:
3580:
3523:
3243:
2924:
2886:
2851:
2646:
2466:
2446:
2416:
2411:
2371:
2316:
2254:
2234:
2219:
2031:
1989:
1632:
Oeuvres de Froissart: publiées avec les variantes des divers manuscrits
996:
912:
Amaury de Clisson, the brother of Olivier, is used as an emissary from
710:
593:
293:. She was a daughter of nobleman Maurice IV Montaigu of Belleville and
709:
The main sailing ships available in Brittany at that time were of the
669:
and Charles de Blois. She considered their actions a cowardly murder.
129:, Guillaume de Clisson and Jeanne de Clisson, Stepson: Jean de Clisson
3985:
3064:
2676:
2581:
2451:
2421:
1994:
1949:
849:
682:
478:
298:
254:
154:
68:
1660:
Les Pirates, forbans, flibustiers, boucaniers et autres gueux de mer
1126:"Jeanne de Clisson, the Lioness of Brittany – the Hundred Years War"
1060:, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Summer, 1977), pp. 117–139 (23 pages) The MIT Press
747:
282:
3963:
3810:
3790:
3655:
2641:
2591:
2496:
2381:
1964:
802:
759:
426:
305:
3099:
2706:
2041:
2021:
1706:
Wild Irish Roses: Tales of Brigits, Kathleens, and Warrior Queens
1668:
Olivier de Clisson, connétable de France ou chef de parti breton?
1570:"Rue Jeanne la Corsaire, Nantes (44109) – Base Adresse Nationale"
954:
Chronicles of the reigns of John II and Charles V, t1 (1350/1364)
775:
294:
198:
175:
535:
In 1342, the English, after four attempts, captured the city of
489:
Map of the Clisson and Belleville estates in Brittany and France
257:
to avenge her husband after he was executed for treason by King
4097:
3995:
2974:
2856:
2341:
2036:
2011:
1858:
1686:
Olivier de Clisson, connétable de France, grand seigneur breton
822:
606:
435:
412:
381:
377:
309:
135:
3115:
1526:. Edited by Graeme Dunphy. Brill Online, 2014. 30 October 2014
1330:
1328:
1326:
1194:
The Law of Treason and Treason Trials in Later Medieval France
3825:
2841:
2781:
2224:
2051:
581:
2426:
1323:
1011:, a contemporary pirate also in the employ of the English.
821:, Edward III's Lieutenant in the neighbouring province of
592:
On 2 August 1343, Olivier IV was executed by beheading at
1827:
1056:
Hajdu, R. "Family and Feudal Ties in Poitou, 1100–1300",
923:
The name of Jeanne de Belleville is also attached to the
1438:
1436:
376: – laid a complaint with the bishops of
1539:, Tome II (Paris: A. Pacard et fils, 1895) pp. 252–253
889:
Papal records of the annulment of her second marriage.
1433:
398:
1688:, Haute-Goulaine: Ediciones Opéra, pp. 39–43,
973:In 1868, French-Breton writer Émile Pehant's novel
451:. Jeanne and Olivier eventually had five children:
1703:
789:In the 1350s, Jeanne married for a fourth time to
477:Jeanne (1340–?), married Jean Harpedanne, Lord of
865:The lords of Belleville also owned the island of
273:Jeanne Louise de Belleville, de Clisson, Dame de
4250:
1736:
1644:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
1628:
960:Chronicles of Mont-Saint-Michel, t.1 (1343/1432)
948:Chronicles of the first four Valois, (1327/1393)
1732:, Paris: Le Livre Contemporain, pp. 37–47
1586:
1535:de Broussillon, A.B., de Farcy, P, Vallee, E.
1198:Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought
860:
467:(1336–1407), his father's successor, a future
1843:
1784:
1404:"Battle of Mauron, 14 August 1352 (Brittany)"
1157:
1155:
3888:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island
1727:
1615:, San Francisco: Chronicle, pp. 28–29,
16:14th-century Breton noblewoman and privateer
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
909:, confirms some of the details of her life.
742:, the Breton coast near Saint Mathieu, the
500:
1850:
1836:
1790:Jeanne de Belleville La veritable histoire
1629:Froissart, Jean; Scheler, Auguste (1875),
1298:
1296:
1294:
1152:
981:Bernerie-en-Retz, in the Rogère district.
528:In January 1342, the de Clisson castle of
289:on the French side of the border with the
3519:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
1653:, Paris: Clancier-Guénaud, pp. 31–39
4146:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
1741:(in Spanish), Algaba, pp. 107–115,
1670:, París: Jean Picollec, pp. 39–41,
1639:
1274:
1272:
1248:
1233:
1184:French Arch-Nat. Reg. X 2 a 4; f. 209 v°
1058:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
928:
905:A 15th-century manuscript, known as the
871:
848:Jeanne finally settled at the Castle of
762:and have put several to sword and fire.
672:
652:
620:
567:
484:
425:
407:, a wealthy Breton who held a castle at
1754:
1701:
1683:
1665:
1657:
1302:
1291:
721:, probably from the island fortress of
550:
545:Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford
474:Guillaume (1338–1345), died of exposure
297:(1263–1304) and Létice de Parthenay of
25:Jeanne Louise de Belleville, de Clisson
4251:
1648:
1607:
1524:Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle
1485:
1442:
1285:Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection
1278:
880:
805:and on 4 August 1352, Bentley won the
3305:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham
1831:
1488:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
1269:
438:just south of the Breton border from
4047:International Talk Like a Pirate Day
1490:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
957:Norman Chronicle of the 14th Century
580:, a castle about 55 km east of
281:(Bellville on the river Vie) in the
1552:, Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2009,
645:
13:
4314:Women in medieval European warfare
3114:
1580:
1200:: Third Series). 18 December 2003.
855:
813:
784:
627:Chronicles of Lord Jehan Froissart
513:, against the English preference,
352:
14:
4330:
3937:Silver: Return to Treasure Island
1806:
1640:Henneman, John Bell (June 1996),
1338:volume 15, Brill Publishers, 2013
633:
399:Marriage to Olivier IV de Clisson
332:
4304:People of the Hundred Years' War
4233:
4232:
4220:
4073:A General History of the Pyrates
3895:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
3416:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA
1279:Vencel, Wendy (1 January 2018).
1115:Morvan 71 Footnote 29, chapter 2
725:, but eventually moved into the
202:
193:
179:
170:
31:
1562:
1542:
1529:
1512:
1479:
1474:The castle of the island of Yeu
1466:
1457:
1448:
1423:
1414:
1396:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1203:
1187:
1178:
1164:
1142:
1132:
539:. Jeanne's husband Olivier and
3431:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden
3426:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
3179:Anti-piracy in the West Indies
1118:
1109:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1050:
1034:
696:
99:Geoffrey de Châteaubriant VIII
1:
4319:Women in 14th-century warfare
3287:Blockade of Charleston (Vane)
1520:Chronographia regum Francorum
1336:Medieval Law and its Practice
1027:
1021:Walter Manny, 1st Baron Manny
907:Chronographia Regum Francorum
461:Maurice (1333–1334), in Blain
268:
4299:People from Loire-Atlantique
4294:Military history of Brittany
3860:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea
3110:Pirate battles and incidents
1757:pirates Women: the foamy sea
587:
187:Second allegiance: Party of
7:
3259:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
2742:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami
1755:Sténuit, Marie-Ève (2015),
1728:de Tourville, Anne (1958),
1069:vendeens-archives.vendee.fr
984:
861:The sea castle of Ile d'Yeu
241:(1300–1359), also known as
164:First allegiance: Party of
80:Born French, married Breton
10:
4335:
4274:14th-century Breton people
4136:Pirate films and TV series
3576:African Slave Trade Patrol
3144:Action of 11 November 2008
1933:Barbary pirates (corsairs)
1857:
1684:Richard, Philippe (2007),
1649:Jaeger, Gérard A. (1984),
1635:, vol. 21, p. 12
1550:Jeanne De Belleville, 1868
714:integrated into the hull.
681:A castle at Touffou, near
525:against the de Montforts.
344:Battle of La Roche-Derrien
4269:14th-century Breton women
4214:
4164:
4123:
4116:
4064:
4029:
3946:
3844:
3646:
3633:
3625:Trans-Saharan slave trade
3561:
3492:
3224:Battle off Minicoy Island
3199:Battle of Cape Fear River
3169:Anti-piracy in the Aegean
3139:Action of 28 October 2007
3134:Action of 9 November 1822
3109:
3007:
2915:
2279:
2272:
2198:
2162:
2119:
2072:
2065:
1910:
1865:
1813:Jeanne de Clisson at h2g2
1710:, Conari Press, pp.
1319:– via Google Books.
1265:– via Google Books.
964:
876:Île d'Yeu – Vieux château
830:Charles, Duke of Brittany
828:As part of a treaty with
471:, nicknamed "The Butcher"
449:border region of Brittany
232:
221:
213:
160:
150:
142:
133:
121:
92:
84:
76:
61:
46:
30:
23:
3620:Indian Ocean slave trade
3509:International piracy law
3446:Pirate attacks in Borneo
3318:Capture of the schooner
3310:Capture of the schooner
3244:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet
2970:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1666:Gicquel, Yvonig (1981),
1658:Lapouge, Gilles (1987),
1592:Les grandes aventurieres
1303:Vázquez, Germán (2004).
1255:. Chicago Review Press.
1249:Duncombe, Laura (2017).
843:
618:and his contemporaries.
555:On 19 January 1343, the
507:Breton War of Succession
501:Breton War of Succession
403:In 1330, Jeanne married
357:In 1328, Jeanne married
253:noblewoman who became a
4079:Captain Charles Johnson
3503:1717–1718 Acts of Grace
3214:Battle of Mandab Strait
3194:Battle of Boca Teacapan
3189:Balanguingui Expedition
3154:Action of 23 March 2010
1702:Robbins, Trina (2004),
1009:John Hawley (died 1408)
1003:John Crabbe (died 1352)
41:("For what pleases me")
39:Pour ce que il me plest
4309:Women in war in France
3436:Operation Ocean Shield
3264:Battle of Tonkin River
3209:Battle of Doro Passage
3164:Action of 5 April 2010
3159:Action of 1 April 2010
3149:Action of 9 April 2009
3129:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
3119:
2955:Jose Campuzano-Polanco
2940:Duarte Pacheco Pereira
2087:British Virgin Islands
1486:Wagner, J. A. (2006).
1211:"The Online Froissart"
951:Chronicon, (1328/1364)
934:
925:Breviary of Belleville
877:
662:
630:
611:
490:
431:
277:, was born in 1300 in
4279:French female pirates
4052:Pirates versus Ninjas
3479:Slave raid of Suðuroy
3441:Persian Gulf Campaign
3326:Capture of the sloop
3254:Battle of the Leotung
3239:Battle of New Orleans
3118:
2980:Richard Avery Hornsby
2732:Piet Pieterszoon Hein
2692:Moses Cohen Henriques
2662:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal
2407:Christina Anna Skytte
1945:Brethren of the Coast
1928:Baltic Slavic pirates
1875:Ancient Mediterranean
1786:de Belleville, Astrid
1588:d'Eaubonne, Françoise
932:
875:
746:, and the islands of
673:Piracy and later life
656:
624:
598:
568:Failed rescue attempt
488:
429:
405:Olivier IV de Clisson
365:, widower of Joan of
108:Olivier IV de Clisson
3974:skull and crossbones
3930:Mistress of the Seas
3612:Capture of the brig
3589:Atlantic slave trade
3350:Falklands Expedition
3204:Battle of Cape Lopez
3124:1582 Cagayan battles
3051:Queen Anne's Revenge
2602:José Joaquim Almeida
2587:John Newland Maffitt
2507:Hayreddin Barbarossa
2347:Bartolomeu Português
2337:Artemisia I of Caria
2332:Alexandre Exquemelin
2170:Baltic Slavic piracy
1923:Anglo-Turkish piracy
1613:Extraordinary People
1408:www.historyofwar.org
993:, a book of prayers.
975:Jeanne de Belleville
902:, 28 September 1347)
551:Tournament and trial
393:Jeanne of Penthièvre
243:Jeanne de Belleville
127:Olivier V de Clisson
88:Jeanne de Belleville
3991:No purchase, no pay
3959:Davy Jones's locker
3902:The Angel's Command
3746:Guybrush Threepwood
3594:Barbary slave trade
3571:African slave trade
3368:Jiajing wokou raids
3269:Battle of Ty-ho Bay
2492:François l'Olonnais
2352:Bartholomew Roberts
2240:Republic of Pirates
1476:, Fromentine, 1980.
1215:www.hrionline.ac.uk
991:Belleville Breviary
881:Historical evidence
557:Truce of Malestroit
469:Constable of France
411:, a manor house in
363:House of Penthièvre
259:Philip VI of France
247:Lioness of Brittany
146:Lioness of Brittany
71:, Duchy of Brittany
56:, Kingdom of France
4151:Timeline of piracy
4108:Piracy kidnappings
3761:Jacquotte Delahaye
3716:Charlotte de Berry
3706:Captain Sabertooth
3599:Blockade of Africa
3554:Piracy Law of 1820
3484:Turkish Abductions
3421:Operation Atalanta
3355:Great Lakes Patrol
3234:Battle of Nam Quan
3184:Attack on Veracruz
3120:
2702:Nicholas van Hoorn
2687:Michel de Grammont
2552:Jacquotte Delahaye
2537:Hippolyte Bouchard
2457:Elise Eskilsdotter
2397:Charlotte de Berry
2362:Benjamin Hornigold
1221:on 1 December 2017
1128:. 4 December 2021.
935:
914:Joanna of Flanders
878:
663:
631:
491:
432:
430:Château de Clisson
308:family in the Bas-
279:Belleville-sur-Vie
261:. She crossed the
208:Kingdom of England
113:Sir Walter Bentley
54:Belleville-sur-Vie
4246:
4245:
4227:Piracy portal
4210:
4209:
4187:Fictional pirates
4086:Truce of Ratisbon
4060:
4059:
4021:Walking the plank
3881:On Stranger Tides
3821:Tony Tony Chopper
3711:Captain Stingaree
3648:Fictional pirates
3464:Sack of Baltimore
3459:Raid on Cartagena
3401:Moscow University
3280:Beluga Nomination
3249:Battle of Pianosa
3174:Antelope incident
3065:Marquis of Havana
3003:
3002:
2712:Olivier Levasseur
2652:Louis-Michel Aury
2617:Klaus Störtebeker
2567:Jeanne de Clisson
2487:François Le Clerc
2322:Anne Dieu-le-Veut
2268:
2267:
2185:South China Coast
2149:Strait of Malacca
1799:978-2-491575-12-0
1766:979-1-09-153415-4
1695:978-2-35370-030-1
1622:978-1-4521-2709-5
1548:Penhant, Emille.
1046:978-90-04-23570-0
603:Chatelet of Paris
541:Hervé VII de Léon
519:Amaury de Clisson
359:Guy de Penthièvre
291:Duchy of Brittany
239:Jeanne de Clisson
236:
235:
217:c. 1343 – c. 1356
185:Kingdom of France
103:Guy de Penthièvre
4326:
4289:Medieval pirates
4236:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4121:
4120:
3923:Pirate Latitudes
3916:Long John Silver
3909:Voyage of Slaves
3776:Long John Silver
3671:Captain Birdseye
3644:
3643:
3514:Letter of marque
3474:Salvador Pirates
3469:Sack of Campeche
3292:Chepo Expedition
3274:Battle of Tysami
3229:Battle off Mukah
3219:Battle of Manila
3058:Quedagh Merchant
3016:Adventure Galley
2862:Victual Brothers
2847:Thomas Cavendish
2812:Sayyida al Hurra
2797:Samuel Hall Lord
2777:Roche Braziliano
2762:Robert Culliford
2697:Nathaniel Gordon
2667:Martin Frobisher
2627:Laurens de Graaf
2597:Jørgen Jørgensen
2532:Henry Strangways
2512:Hendrick Lucifer
2462:Eustace the Monk
2327:António de Faria
2277:
2276:
2245:Republic of Salé
2215:Île Sainte-Marie
2070:
2069:
2047:Victual Brothers
1955:Cilician pirates
1852:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1802:
1769:
1751:
1733:
1730:Femmes de la mer
1724:
1709:
1698:
1680:
1662:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1625:
1604:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1560:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1483:
1477:
1472:Maurice Esseul,
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1300:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1246:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1217:. Archived from
1207:
1201:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1038:
1015:Luis de la Cerda
807:Battle of Mauron
744:Charente estuary
732:commerce raiding
646:Head on the pike
515:John de Montfort
511:Charles de Blois
457:Jean II de Rieux
440:Beauvoir-sur-Mer
287:Gâtine Vendéenne
206:
197:
183:
174:
136:Piratical career
85:Other names
35:
21:
20:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4221:
4219:
4206:
4172:Barbary pirates
4160:
4156:Women in piracy
4112:
4056:
4025:
3954:Buried treasure
3942:
3874:Facing the Flag
3867:Treasure Island
3840:
3786:Vaas Montenegro
3781:Monkey D. Luffy
3751:Hector Barbossa
3736:Elizabeth Swann
3701:Captain Pugwash
3638:
3636:
3629:
3606:Veloz Passagera
3604:Capture of the
3557:
3488:
3297:Capture of the
3105:
3037:Flying Dutchman
2999:
2965:Miguel Enríquez
2917:
2911:
2877:William Dampier
2832:Simon Mascarino
2827:Shirahama Kenki
2807:Samuel Pallache
2772:Roberto Cofresí
2682:Mary Wolverston
2657:Mansel Alcantra
2632:Lawrence Prince
2312:Albert W. Hicks
2264:
2202:
2194:
2158:
2115:
2061:
2057:Women in piracy
2022:Sindhi corsairs
1975:French corsairs
1965:Cossack pirates
1918:Albanian piracy
1911:Types of pirate
1906:
1861:
1856:
1809:
1800:
1767:
1749:
1739:Mujeres Piratas
1722:
1696:
1678:
1623:
1609:Hearst, Michael
1602:
1583:
1581:Further reading
1578:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1517:
1513:
1498:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1317:
1306:Mujeres Piratas
1301:
1292:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1247:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1039:
1035:
1030:
987:
967:
900:Truce of Calais
883:
863:
858:
856:Local tradition
846:
834:Tower of London
819:Raoul de Caours
816:
814:Estate disputes
795:King Edward III
787:
785:Fourth marriage
740:Gironde estuary
727:English Channel
699:
690:Château-Thébaud
675:
648:
636:
590:
570:
553:
503:
442:in the west to
415:, and lands at
401:
355:
353:Second marriage
335:
271:
263:English Channel
249:, was a French/
201:
192:
178:
169:
117:
72:
66:
57:
51:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4332:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4284:French pirates
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4230:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4197:Piracy by year
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:Female pirates
4179:
4177:By nationality
4174:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Joshamee Gibbs
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3374:Maersk Alabama
3370:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Robert Maynard
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Vincenzo Gambi
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Samuel Bellamy
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Robert Surcouf
2764:
2759:
2757:Richard Glover
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Pierre Lafitte
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2502:Grace O'Malley
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Edward England
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Cheung Po Tsai
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Benito de Soto
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Abraham Samuel
2299:
2297:Adam Baldridge
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:Saint Augustin
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2127:Horn of Africa
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2111:Gulf of Guinea
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2097:Lake Nicaragua
2089:
2078:
2076:
2074:Atlantic World
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Jewish pirates
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1807:External links
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1782:
1779:978-3030013455
1770:
1765:
1752:
1747:
1734:
1725:
1720:
1699:
1694:
1681:
1676:
1663:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1626:
1621:
1605:
1600:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1561:
1558:978-1104253738
1541:
1528:
1511:
1496:
1478:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1432:
1422:
1413:
1395:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1322:
1316:978-8496107267
1315:
1290:
1268:
1262:978-1613736043
1261:
1232:
1202:
1186:
1177:
1163:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1117:
1108:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1049:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
986:
983:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
936:
921:
917:
910:
903:
896:
893:
890:
882:
879:
862:
859:
857:
854:
845:
842:
815:
812:
791:Walter Bentley
786:
783:
768:Crécy campaign
698:
695:
694:
693:
688:A garrison at
686:
674:
671:
647:
644:
635:
634:Evading arrest
632:
616:Jean Froissart
589:
586:
569:
566:
562:André Duchesne
552:
549:
502:
499:
495:King Philip VI
483:
482:
481:IV's successor
475:
472:
462:
459:
423:, near Paris.
400:
397:
386:Pope John XXII
354:
351:
350:
349:
346:
334:
333:First marriage
331:
270:
267:
234:
233:
230:
229:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
96:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
67:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4331:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4239:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:Miscellaneous
4063:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:Miscellaneous
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:Pirate utopia
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Elaine Marley
3729:
3727:
3726:Edward Kenway
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:Captain Flint
3684:
3682:
3681:Captain Crook
3679:
3677:
3676:Captain Blood
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3499:Acts of grace
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3392:Orkim Harmony
3388:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3335:Carré d'As IV
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:Ambrose Light
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:Royal Fortune
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:Ambrose Light
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2995:Woodes Rogers
2993:
2991:
2990:Thomas Warren
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Julius Caesar
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Chaloner Ogle
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Zheng Zhilong
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Sadie Farrell
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Princess Sela
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Pedro Gilbert
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Liang Daoming
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Francis Drake
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Dominique You
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Charles Gibbs
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Abduwali Muse
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:Major figures
2271:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:Barataria Bay
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:Pirate havens
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Barbary Coast
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Timber pirate
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:(in French),
1758:
1753:
1750:
1748:84-96107-26-4
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1721:1-57324-952-1
1717:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1677:2-86477-025-3
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1518:Régis Rech. "
1515:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1497:0-313-32736-X
1493:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1445:, p. 51.
1444:
1439:
1437:
1426:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1145:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1112:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
988:
982:
978:
976:
971:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
937:
931:
926:
922:
918:
915:
911:
908:
904:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
887:
886:
874:
870:
868:
853:
851:
841:
838:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
811:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
782:
779:
777:
771:
769:
763:
761:
757:
753:
752:Pointe du Raz
749:
745:
741:
736:
733:
728:
724:
720:
719:Bay of Biscay
715:
712:
707:
705:
691:
687:
684:
680:
679:
678:
670:
668:
660:
655:
651:
643:
641:
628:
623:
619:
617:
610:
608:
604:
597:
595:
585:
583:
579:
574:
565:
563:
558:
548:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
498:
496:
487:
480:
476:
473:
470:
466:
463:
460:
458:
454:
453:
452:
450:
445:
441:
437:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
396:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Blois faction
370:
368:
364:
360:
347:
345:
341:
340:
339:
330:
328:
327:Châteaubriant
322:
320:
316:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
231:
228:
225:Black Fleet;
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
200:
196:
190:
186:
182:
177:
173:
167:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
98:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
64:
60:
55:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4218:
4091:Pirate Round
4071:
4042:Space pirate
4016:Treasure map
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3806:Roronoa Zoro
3756:Jack Sparrow
3696:Captain Nemo
3691:Captain Hook
3613:
3605:
3581:
3451:
3408:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3360:
3343:Dai Hong Dan
3342:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3298:
3279:
3098:
3093:Whydah Gally
3091:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3044:Ganj-i-Sawai
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3008:Pirate ships
2960:Luis Fajardo
2945:James Brooke
2935:David Porter
2907:Zheng Yi Sao
2882:William Kidd
2837:Stede Bonnet
2822:Shap-ng-tsai
2802:Samuel Mason
2722:Peter Easton
2672:Mary Lindsey
2622:Lai Choi San
2612:Joseph Barss
2607:Joseph Baker
2577:John Hawkins
2572:Johanna Hård
2566:
2562:Jean Lafitte
2557:Jan Janszoon
2547:Israel Hands
2527:Henry Morgan
2517:Henri Caesar
2432:Dirk Chivers
2367:Black Caesar
2292:Abshir Boyah
2163:Other waters
2144:Persian Gulf
2132:Somali Coast
2120:Indian Ocean
2092:Spanish Main
2007:River pirate
1985:Moro pirates
1960:Child pirate
1885:21st century
1789:
1756:
1738:
1729:
1705:
1685:
1667:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1631:
1612:
1591:
1564:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1514:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1335:
1305:
1284:
1251:
1223:. Retrieved
1219:the original
1214:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1166:
1144:
1134:
1120:
1111:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1036:
979:
974:
972:
968:
906:
884:
864:
847:
839:
827:
817:
788:
780:
772:
764:
737:
716:
708:
703:
700:
676:
664:
649:
640:lèse-majesté
637:
626:
612:
599:
591:
575:
571:
554:
534:
527:
504:
492:
433:
402:
390:
371:
356:
336:
323:
303:
272:
246:
242:
238:
237:
226:
214:Years active
134:
38:
18:
4264:1359 deaths
4259:1300 births
4006:Pirate code
3981:Keelhauling
3969:Jolly Roger
3831:Will Turner
3766:José Gaspar
3666:Barbe Rouge
3563:Slave trade
2817:Sister Ping
2747:Rachel Wall
2542:Huang Bamei
2522:Henry Every
2477:Fūma Kotarō
2472:Flying Gang
2387:Calico Jack
2377:Bully Hayes
2180:Falcon Lake
2154:Nosy Boraha
2012:Sea Beggars
2000:Confederate
1970:Filibusters
1443:Wagner 2006
697:Black Fleet
505:During the
301:(1276–?).
77:Nationality
4253:Categories
4165:Categories
4141:Privateers
4103:Matelotage
4037:Air pirate
4001:Pet parrot
3853:The Pirate
3801:Nico Robin
3721:Davy Jones
3661:Tom Ayrton
3635:Pirates in
3524:Piracy Act
3493:Piracy law
3409:North Star
3072:My Revenge
2925:Angelo Emo
2887:Zheng Jing
2852:Thomas Tew
2647:Lo Hon-cho
2467:Flora Burn
2447:Edward Low
2417:Dan Seavey
2412:Chui A-poo
2372:Blackbeard
2317:Anne Bonny
2255:Saint-Malo
2235:Port Royal
2220:Libertatia
2032:Ushkuyniks
1995:Privateers
1990:Narentines
1950:Buccaneers
1880:Golden Age
1601:2865940381
1225:28 October
1028:References
997:Cog (ship)
704:My Revenge
594:Les Halles
444:Châteaumur
269:Early life
227:My Revenge
161:Allegiance
3986:Marooning
3614:Brillante
3403:hijacking
3394:hijacking
3385:hijacking
3376:hijacking
2677:Mary Read
2582:John Hoar
2452:Eli Boggs
2422:Diabolito
2203:and bases
2139:Indonesia
2104:Venezuela
2082:Caribbean
850:Hennebont
793:, one of
667:Philip VI
588:Execution
479:Montendre
465:Olivier V
299:Parthenay
255:privateer
155:Privateer
69:Hennebont
4238:Category
3964:Eyepatch
3836:Zanzibar
3811:Sandokan
3791:Mr. Smee
3656:Askeladd
3584:Incident
3454:incident
3363:incident
3345:incident
3337:incident
3282:incident
2897:Zheng Yi
2892:Zheng Qi
2872:Wang Zhi
2752:Redbeard
2642:Limahong
2592:John Pro
2497:Gan Ning
2382:Cai Qian
2190:Sulu Sea
2017:Sea Dogs
1788:(2022),
1611:(2015),
1590:(1998),
1506:65205034
1309:. EDAF.
985:See also
803:Fougeres
799:Ploërmel
760:Normandy
659:Guérande
367:Avaugour
306:seigneur
275:Montaigu
245:and the
222:Commands
189:Montfort
143:Nickname
122:Children
4202:Pirates
4131:Pirates
3639:culture
3637:popular
3582:Amistad
3383:Zafirah
3086:Saladin
2918:hunters
2707:Ng Akew
2307:Alfhild
2280:Pirates
2260:Tortuga
2042:Vikings
1938:Algiers
1867:Periods
1712:115–116
776:Morlaix
409:Clisson
361:of the
295:Palluau
285:in the
199:Bretons
176:Bretons
93:Spouses
4192:Piracy
4098:Mutiny
3996:Pegleg
3947:Tropes
3845:Novels
3741:Franky
3411:affair
2975:Pompey
2916:Pirate
2857:Veborg
2342:Awilda
2230:Mamora
2037:Uskoks
1859:Piracy
1796:
1777:
1763:
1745:
1718:
1692:
1674:
1619:
1598:
1556:
1504:
1494:
1313:
1259:
1044:
965:Legacy
823:Poitou
748:Oléron
683:Bignon
607:Nantes
537:Vannes
436:Poitou
413:Nantes
382:Rennes
378:Vannes
310:Poitou
283:Vendée
251:Breton
4124:Lists
3826:Usopp
3816:Sanji
3452:Quest
3361:Irene
3320:Fancy
3312:Bravo
3030:Fancy
2842:Teuta
2782:Rusla
2225:Lundy
2066:Areas
2052:Wokou
844:Death
582:Paris
578:Milly
530:Blain
523:Brest
421:Milly
417:Blain
304:As a
166:Blois
4117:Meta
3796:Nami
3548:1850
3544:1837
3540:1721
3536:1717
3532:1698
3528:1536
3328:Anne
3100:York
2427:Dido
1900:2024
1895:2023
1890:2022
1794:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1502:OCLC
1492:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1227:2016
1042:ISBN
801:and
738:The
380:and
151:Type
65:1359
62:Died
50:1300
47:Born
3399:MV
3390:MT
3381:MT
1522:".
1430:100
1393:100
867:Yeu
756:Yeu
723:Yeu
711:cog
319:Yeu
315:Vie
4255::
3546:,
3542:,
3538:,
3534:,
3530:,
1714:,
1500:.
1435:^
1406:.
1325:^
1293:^
1283:.
1271:^
1235:^
1213:.
1154:^
706:.
596:.
395:.
388:.
321:.
3550:)
3526:(
3505:)
3501:(
1851:e
1844:t
1837:v
1781:.
1572:.
1508:.
1410:.
1287:.
1229:.
1196:(
1174:.
661:.
629:.
191::
168::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg){kind=small}