Jebala people - Knowledge

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high density of literate people, the cultural and economic influence of neighbouring cities, etc. In addition, these factors led to the emergence of technical innovations that are modest, yet surprising in the Maghreb context: sloping thatched-roofs (الدار د سقف), identical to those found in the south of Andalusia; the yoking of horned cattle, where the yoke is placed at the base of the skull, just behind the horns (برواسي) to which it is fixed, a system which is known only in some limited areas in Europe; the haystack (التمون) made without a cob bedding, instead held together by a set of cords fixed with stones; the granary raised on pillars (لهري), which exists in some other parts of the world, the closest place being in the Spanish Cantabrian Mountains; the hand flour mill with connecting rod-crank (رحي د ليد), where an alternating movement transforms into a rotary movement, according to the mechanical principle of the connecting rod-crank; the water mill with vertical shed

285:

Marçais and Colin, who argued that the first arabicization of Northern Africa took place long before the migration of the Bani Hilal tribe in the 12th-13th centuries. The pre-Hilali group consists of the Jebli dialect together with the dialects spoken in other North African cities. The Jbala, together with several groups of population inhabiting the Algerian and Tunisian part of the Tell Atlas, were the first Imazighen (Berbers) who arabicised their language, probably due to their proximity to the old route that once connected Fes (as well as Tlemcen and Constantine) with Mediterranean ports, especially with those located in al-Andalus. As the most archaic group of Arabic dialects in the region, the Pre-Hilali dialects are characterised by a strong influence from Berber on all levels—phonetic, morphological, and lexical.

562: 493: 549:(صامت), is still produced locally; often it is lightly fermented and then contains alcohol, which causes controversy about the legitimacy of its use (in the context of Islamic beliefs). The olive tree is essential and occupies 77% of the land used for tree planting. This area is also known for production of original honeys, particularly the carob and arbutus types. Wild plants are widely utilised because of their nutritional value. On the other hand, the flax and mulberry trees have disappeared and, with them, have disappeared a significant number of local crafts. 172:. In addition to tribal heterogeneity, this region is also geographically diverse. High mountains are interspersed with hills and flatlands, and local inhabitants settle in both the high mountains and valleys. In addition to the rainy climate, which influences the way the inhabitants build their houses as well as their special agricultural practices, there are also numerous cultural characteristics that contribute to an emphasised sense of identity and make the Jbala people clearly distinguishable from their neighbours from the eastern part of the Rif Mountains ( 54: 353:), or ‘beloved by all Jbala people’. For decades his songs have been available for purchase not only in northern Morocco, where Laaroussi's name is widely known, but throughout the country, first on LPs, then tapes, and recently on CDs and in MP3 format. Laaroussi's concerts have been regularly shown on Moroccan television since the 1960s. Today both his audio and video records can be easily found on YouTube and other internet video hosting sites. 390:). Interestingly, and despite their heterogeneity, the Jbala trace their ethnic and cultural origin to the times of Moorish Andalusian Spain (711–1492). Any Jbala musician and singer, who is often also a ‘poet’ and even an ‘artist’ (because Jebli poetry does not exist without music and performance and a local poet almost always sings his own songs, accompanying himself with a musical instrument) will usually tell an outsider the legend of 617:, one of the most powerful Sufi orders not only in Morocco but throughout North Africa. The tradition of going on pilgrimage to the shrine of Moulay Abdessalam ben Mshish has played an exceptionally important role in Jebli society over many centuries. Traditionally, the beginning of the pilgrimage season to Moulay Abdessalam is calculated based on the Islamic calendar and takes place around the 15th of 277: 447:(قافية), or rhyme. It is very possible that local poets use this terminology in a rather superficial way: after all, their poems only exist during the moment when they are being performed. In other words, a Jebli poem is difficult to visualise on paper and can be compared to a rather distant tradition of Classical Arabic poetry that was once born n the Arabian Peninsula. However, a Jebli 523:

barrier of the great ridge. This isolation had a double effect, added to four centuries of no contact between Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula. But perhaps we should consider this entire region of northwest Morocco to be a privileged area in terms of confluences, since it combines a great diversity of natural factors with its proximity to the sea and presence on terrestrial routes.

606: (قطب المغرب الاقصى)—‘the spiritual pole of the far Maghreb’. It is important to mention that the term qutb has a special meaning in the Islamic tradition, referring to a spiritual symbol of particular time. It is also of importance that throughout their history Sufi orders in the Kingdom of Morocco developed and evolved around only two 519:(رحي د الما), the use of which is limited to a small area on the straits of Gibraltar, unlike the ramp mill which is in use in the rest of the country; the oil press with double lateral screws (معيصرة), mobile because of its small size; and the piston-type butter-churn (مخاط), with vertical movement instead of lateral. 484:(drum), and dancing is generally performed by boys. The Rif musicians, who belong to a socially and occupational inferior class calling themselves "Imdhyazen", generally come from one tribe, the "Ait Touzin". They play the "Addjun" (tambourine) and the "zammar" (a kind of clarinet) with unmarried girls and old women dancing. 610:—Moulay Abdessalam ben Mshish, a native of the Jbala who is viewed as the ‘western pole’, and Moulay Abdelqader Jilali, a native of Iraq who is regarded as the ‘eastern pole'. In Morocco this term has acquired an extra nuance: quṭbs are considered to be those who play the role of spiritual leaders for other saints. 545:(درة), is the main spring cereal instead of the usual corn. As well as the impressive diversity of fruit trees. There are over a hundred varieties of fig trees. In addition, vine production has long been known in this region, evidence of which has been documented by many travellers. Today, grape syrup, known as 522:

Where did this technical originality come from? Perhaps, this heritage has been in a suitable position to resist changes: this is a well preserved area located precisely at the heart of the Rif chain. Moreover, it is shielded by the sea and, at the same time, protected from southern influences by the

500:

The Jebala people have a different culture compared to the Rifians. The Jebala people use oxen yoked by their horns for ploughing, opposed to the Rifians' use of cows yoked by their neck. For the roofing of their houses, the Jebala people make roofs made of corrugated iron or thatch, when the Rifians

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Brigui F., 2019. « De la continuité linguistique du préhilalien de type jebli au-delà du territoire des Jbala », VII Congreso Internacional de Árabe Marroquí: dinámicas de cambios y nuevos horizontes, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 25-26.04.2019 ; Al-Andalus-Magreb, Vol. 26, Num. 1,

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The Rif is not just a mountainous area. Its proximity to the straits of Gibraltar gave this area an important role: the western part of the Rif is a transit route, leading to the Mediterranean world, in particular, to al-Andalus. This has had a certain impact on its inhabitants: early arabisation, a

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The traditional clothing for women includes shawls called "mendils" made from cotton or wool. These rectangular shawls are often woven in stripes of white and red in the region. They are wrapped around the waist to form skirts. They are also used as shawls and for holding babies or goods on the back

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The traditional Jebli poetry has the following general characteristics: it is practically always oral and almost always unauthored: in the traditional Jebli culture it is very unusual to hear that someone claims authorship of a particular song/poem. Poetry is often improvised but sometimes can also

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until Almoravid times with the fall of the Madinat al-Nakur (710–1108 CE). This part of the history seems to be well documented, but when the Berber dynasty of Almoravids started ruling, the history of the Rif was almost unknown. The usual tradition is that almost every existing social group in the

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Mezzine M. et Vignet-Zunz J. (2014), « Retour sur les sociétés de montagne au Maghreb : fuqahā’et soufis du Bilād Ġumāra (XIe-XVIIe siècles) à l’épreuve des réformes de la pratique religieuse », REMMM, 135, Sociétés de montagne et réforme religieuse en terre d'Islam, Publications de

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Vignet-Zunz, J. (2017), « Jbala : Identités et frontières » La région du Nord-Ouest marocain : parlers et pratiques sociales et culturelles / Ángeles Vicente, Dominique Caubet, Amina Naciri-Azzouz (éds), Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza, Colección Estudios de Dialectología

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The Rif is one of the most populated mountain ranges in the Mediterranean basin. The western and central parts of this area are considered as a “hot spot” of Mediterranean biodiversity: we can speak of a true refuge of agrodiversity, where rare crops of cereals and legumes that are considered at a

574:(زيارة). Such pilgrimages are usually made to shrines of local saints all over the Muslim world. The Jbala region, however, has the reputation of being the land of saints, due to high density of sacred places scattered all over the area. Each of the Jebli tribes has at least one Sufi lodge, or ‘ 1175:

Ater M. et al. (2018), « Agrosystèmes traditionnels et savoirs agronomiques des paysans du pays Jbala (Rif occidental) », Les Jbala. Peuplement, langue et ruralité, Actes des rencontres de Chefchaouen, Taounate et Larache, 2011, 2012, 2014, coordination M. Mezzine, J. Vignet-Zunz, F.

846:

Mezzine M. (2018), « Le peuplement du Maroc au-delà des cartes : le cas des populations du pays Jbala/Ghmara », Les Jbala. Peuplement, langue et ruralité, Actes des rencontres de Chefchaouen, Taounate et Larache, 2011, 2012, 2014, coordination M. Mezzine, J. Vignet-Zunz, F.

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At the level of agronomic practices, the local population has been successfully bringing innovation into local products. These products are of special value, given the current interest and strong demand for organic produce, as well as produce with important dietary properties, based on ancient

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The variety of Arabic spoken by the Jbala falls under the sub-dialect grouping of shamali Arabic. Together with shamali, the jebli dialect belongs to the so-called Pre-Hilali or Non-Hilali group of Maghrebi Arabic, sometimes also referred to as ‘mountaineer Arabic’. This term was introduced by

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Martinez Enamorado V. (2018), « Les significations historiques du vocable « Rif » », Les Jbala. Peuplement, langue et ruralité, Actes des rencontres de Chefchaouen, Taounate et Larache, 2011, 2012, 2014, coordination M. Mezzine, J. Vignet-Zunz, F. Brigui, soutien de l’Ass.

1195:لازمي، احمد (2018). .قراءة في كتاب: قبيلة بني زروال لمؤلفه محمد البشير الفاسي الفهري, Les Jbala. Peuplement, langue et ruralité, Actes des rencontres de Chefchaouen, Taounate et Larache, 2011, 2012, 2014, coordination M. Mezzine, J. Vignet-Zunz, F. Brigui, soutien de l’Ass. Targa-AIDE, Rabat. 305:

The Jebala favour pointed-toed leather slippers. Natural light brown, yellow and white are the most common colours. Reed hats are another traditional feature of Jebala dress for both men and women. Women's hats are often adorned with woven woollen tassels and roping in black, white and red

817:

Hart, D. M. (1999), « Luchas hereditarias rifeñas o vendettas rifeñas y segmentación o anti-segmentación ? Datos adicionales sobre los Ait Uriagel y contestación parcial a Henry Munson », Hart y Rachid Raha (dir.), La sociedad bereber del Rif marroquí. Sobre la teoría de la

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region have more rainfall, and therefore prefer pointed roof, in the Rif, where there is less rainfall flat roof is used. The Jebala have villages with houses clustered together, while the Rifians traditionally have dispersed homesteads, located at least 300 metres from each other.

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Vignet-Zunz, J. (2012), « Outils insolites, outils défaillants et savantes montagne », Des outils, des machines et des hommes, Études offertes à Georges COMET, éditées par Aline Durand, Cahiers d’Histoire des Techniques, n° 8, Publications de l’Université de Provence,

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However, there is one particular saint who is highly honoured not only by members of Jebli society but also across the Moroccan kingdom. This is Moulay Abdessalam Ben Mshish (مولاي عبد السلام بن مشيش), a native of the Jbala region. Moulay Abdessalam is the

590:’ (موسم), or grand gatherings of faithful Muslims that happen on fixed dates during a particular time frame. For instance, the tribe of Bni Zerwal alone, which inhabits the southeast area of the Jbala, is said to have seven such locations. Some saints, such as 828:

Brigui, soutien de l’Ass. Targa-AIDE, Rabat. Also see: Hmimsa Y. et al., (2012), “Vernacular taxonomy, classification and varietal diversity of fig (Ficuscarica L.) among Jbala cultivators in Northern Morocco”, Human Ecology. DOI:10.1007/s10745-012-9471-x.

471:(لازمة), or refrain, that will cement the text together. This poetry has recently been analyzed within the framework of cognitive poetics, showing how spontaneous oral performance is aided by recourse to cognitive frames, scripts and formulaic language. 569:

The Jbala people are Muslims, but their religious practices are characterized by many specific local traditions. In particular, they practice what is known in the Muslim tradition as the minor or local pilgrimage, or

621:. At this time not only do Jebli pilgrims come from all corners of the land of the Jbala but also pilgrims from other parts of Morocco. They flock to Mount Alam (جبلالعلم).The gathering of pilgrims, also known as 625:(لامة), is accompanied by the chanting of religious hymns and prayers, and then smoothly transforms into picnics and get-togethers of family and friends during which it is common to exchange short sung poems, or 434:

A traditional Jebli poet links his/her verses to a particular melody, from the set of possible melodies typical of this tradition. Once the melody is chosen, he/she then tries to organise his/her poetry into

302:, a one-piece cotton or woolen cloak with a pointed hood. In the Jebala region, the wool is usually undyed so dark brown and off-white colours are common. White djellabas are worn for religious festivals. 1154:

Hmimsa Y. et al., (2012), “Vernacular taxonomy, classification and varietal diversity of fig (Ficuscarica L.) among Jbala cultivators in Northern Morocco”, Human Ecology. DOI:10.1007/s10745-012-9471-x.

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Very little is known about the prehistory of the region, but the history of the Jebala people seems to be well documented since early Islamic times. The early Islamic history of the Rif, through the

184:). There are only a few cities in the country of the Jbala, and its population remains mostly rural. During the Middle Ages, chroniclers and historians knew the Jbala under their original name, 415:

be memorised and then performed. Remarkably, Jebli poetry is always linked to music and performance and, perhaps because of this, is never referred to as ‘poetry’ or

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is typically but not necessarily made of four hemistichs, where each one is made of 6-8 syllables, and the second hemistich is rhymed with the fourth one. If the

1099:"Lost in dictation. A cognitive approach to oral poetry: Frames, scripts and 'unnecessary' words in the Jebli ayyu. Language&Communication 64, 104-115" 1216:"". Identity, Place, Space, and Rhymes During a Pilgrimage to the Shrine of Moulay Abdessalam, Morocco". Journal of Religion in Africa 48(3), 204–230" 818:

segmentaridad en el Magreb, Grenade, Universidad de Granada, Diputación Provincial de Granada, Série Historia y Antropología del Magreb contemporáneo.

1320: 1145:

Hmimsa Y. & Ater M. (2008), “Agrodiversity in the traditional agrosystems of the Rif mountains (north of Morocco)”, Biodiversity, 9 (1-2): 78-81.

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Michaux-Bellaire E. (1911) « Quelques tribus de montagne de la région du Habt ». In Archives Marocaines, vol. 17. Paris : E. Leroux.

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The Jebala are of mixed origin. They adopted the Arabic language between the 10th and 15th centuries, influenced by Arab townspeople of northern

318:. At the national level, it became famous across Morocco largely thanks to the efforts of a talented poet, musician and singer of Jebli origin ( 1269: 1565: 1313: 1060: 1003: 152:

mountains. The Jbala has a population of 1,284,000 and is divided into over 40 tribes, today known as "rural communes" (

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Vignet-Zunz, J. (2014), Les Jbala du Rif. Des lettrés en montagne, Casablanca: Éditions la Croisée des Chemins.: 23-40.

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traditions and local varieties. However, the transmission of this know-how to the new generation is proving difficult.

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Music and dancing are also very important in Jbala culture. The Jebala play the "Ghayta" (a form of clarinet), and the

1257: 1027: 886: 1306: 1454: 1379: 1204:الرباط : دار ابي رقراق للطباعة و النشر. عبيدو محمد . الشيخ المولاي عبد السلام بن مشيش قطب المغرب الاقصى 1497: 1367: 1252:

A. Zouggari & J. Vignet-Zunz, « Jbala: Histoire et société », in: Sciences Humaines, (1991) (

1570: 1085:

Some Observations on the poetical language of love songs in the dialect of the Jbala (northern Morocco)

1098: 427:(كلام), which can be roughly compared to the meaning of English ‘lyrics’. At the same time, music or 406:. The sense of cultural continuity between the Jbala region and Andalusia is very strong even today. 1511: 1372: 395: 1362: 1329: 561: 1482: 1350: 130: 17: 1215: 314:

Today, the oral poetic tradition of the Jbala is known among outsiders under the generic term

1544: 1355: 439:-s (بيت), or quatrains. It is not clear how well the poet understands the concept of Arabic 1464: 399: 939:. Publications de l’Institut des Hautes Études Marocaines, 219-244. Rabat: Ecole de livre. 451:

does have particular characteristics that the poet has in mind and tries to conform with:

8: 1337: 180:) where the climate is more arid, and from the former shepherds from the Atlantic coast ( 1432: 1235: 1118: 976:

Gintsburg, S. (2014). Formulaicity in Jbala poetry. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.

333:) (1933–2014), who received from his countrywide audiences the honorary titles of the 1492: 1447: 1437: 1253: 1239: 1122: 1066: 1056: 1033: 1023: 999: 901:

S. Levy, EDNA n°1 (1996), Reperes pour une histoire linguistique du Maroc, pp.127-137

882: 169: 1521: 1506: 1487: 1442: 1410: 1345: 1227: 1110: 991: 251: 1114: 492: 1526: 1516: 1477: 798: 502: 391: 263:

Rif mountains originated from somewhere else, not too far away from the country.

158:), and adjacent to them are a small group of nine tribes called the Ghmara ( 121: 501:

use dried clay. The Jebala who inhabit the Atlantic coast, Tangier area and the

164:), who inhabit the territory between the line of mountain peaks to the north of 356:

Although pretty much everything produced in the Jbala region is referred to as

1231: 1070: 995: 1559: 1284: 1271: 1037: 533:

national level to be minor or marginal have been preserved, such as rye, or

96: 1298: 431:(لحن), is highly valued and it is always music that identifies the genre. 1400: 403: 165: 108: 53: 1053:

Making Morocco : Colonial Intervention and the Politics of Identity

1415: 239: 402:(Jabal Tariq, the Mountain of Tariq, hence "Gibraltar"), and the sad 242:

and the fact that their land lies on the route between these places.

937:

Le milieu indigène au Maroc: les parlers arabes, initiation au Maroc

598:(سيدي علال الحاج), seem to be more reputable than others. 148:

to the west. The Jbala region thus occupies the western part of the

299: 255: 185: 1425: 1405: 788: 259: 235: 141: 80: 1472: 783: 145: 276: 1420: 1395: 140:) are a tribal confederation inhabiting an area in northwest 1162: 1160: 990:, Cornell University Press, pp. 219–247, 2016-01-05, 58:

Map of territories inhabited by Jebala in Northern Morocco

793: 149: 84: 1157: 957: 955: 556: 926:. Annales de l'Institut d'Etudes Orientales XIV, 6-17. 972: 970: 968: 913:

Tribe and Society in Rural Morocco Door David M. Hart

159: 153: 952: 487: 135: 965: 613:This idea is closely linked to the brotherhood of 1557: 83:, mostly concentrated in north-west Morocco and 527: 1017: 1314: 565:Shrine of Moulay Abdessalam, Bni Arouss, 2018 1176:Brigui, soutien de l’Ass. Targa-AIDE, Rabat. 909: 907: 847:Brigui, soutien de l’Ass. Targa-AIDE, Rabat. 385: 375: 365: 360:, there are in fact three different genres: 348: 338: 328: 322: 201: 42: 1328: 298:The traditional man's outer garment is the 1321: 1307: 986:"7. Gender and the Politics of Identity", 1213: 1096: 904: 924:Comment l’Afrique du Nord a été arabisée 632: 560: 491: 275: 1050: 804: 578:’ (زاوية), adjacent to its shrine, or ‘ 509: 423:(زجل). Instead, it is routinely called 254:established by Salih ibn Mansur of the 14: 1558: 1051:Wyrtzen, Jonathan (19 February 2016). 1302: 343:), or ‘the artist of the Jbala’, or ‘ 557:Religious traditions and pilgrimages 222:while a woman or a girl is called a 160: 154: 74:Regions with significant populations 892: 860: 386: 376: 366: 349: 339: 329: 323: 202: 125: 43: 24: 1020:Tribe and society in rural Morocco 537:(آشنتيل), small spelt or einkorn, 258:Berbers and which lasted from pre- 25: 1582: 1087:. Al-Andalus-Magreb, 13, 139-161. 869:A. Zouggari & J. Vignet-Zunz, 637:The Jebala consist of 48 tribes: 488:Economic and cultural differences 309: 1186:l’Université de Provence, 77-98. 52: 1246: 1207: 1198: 1189: 1179: 1169: 1148: 1139: 1129: 1090: 1077: 1044: 1011: 979: 942: 929: 496:Jebala house with thatched roof 467:, the poet will also produce a 280:A Jebala woman at a marketplace 916: 850: 840: 831: 821: 811: 594:(مولاي بوشتا الخمار) and 13: 1: 1220:Journal of Religion in Africa 1115:10.1016/j.langcom.2018.11.003 1566:Muslim communities in Africa 1103:Language & Communication 528:Biodiversity and agriculture 404:end of Islamic rule in Spain 191: 7: 777: 443:and links to it concept of 289: 271: 218:. A man or boy is called a 136: 10: 1587: 1214:Gintsburg, Sarali (2018). 1097:Gintsburg, Sarali (2019). 871:Jbala: Histoire et société 592:Moulay Bou Shta el-Khammar 541:(شقالية), and sorghum, or 266: 245: 229: 1537: 1463: 1388: 1336: 1232:10.1163/15700666-12340138 996:10.7591/9781501704253-012 409: 107: 102: 95: 90: 78: 73: 68: 63: 51: 40: 1512:Standard Moroccan Berber 586:s have their season or ‘ 475: 1330:Demographics of Morocco 1018:Hart, David M. (2000). 398:, his trip through the 1483:Modern Standard Arabic 1083:Gintsburg, S. (2006). 604:quṭb al-Maġrib al-aqṣa 566: 497: 327:), Mohamed Laroussi, ( 295:or front of the body. 281: 962:Árabe, n.º 12, 18-28. 949:Universidad de Cádiz. 633:List of Jebala tribes 582:’ (ضريح). Almost all 564: 495: 279: 922:Marçais, W. (1956). 805:References and notes 510:Special technologies 400:Straits of Gibraltar 27:Morocco ethnic group 1281: / 214:. Thus Jbala means 37: 1571:Arab ethnic groups 1285:34.7340°N 4.8100°W 935:Colin, G. (1945). 857:Targa-AIDE, Rabat. 596:Sidi Allal el-Hajj 567: 498: 459:becomes a part of 396:conqueror of Spain 282: 200:comes from Arabic 35: 1553: 1552: 1538:Foreign nationals 1062:978-1-5017-0424-6 1005:978-1-5017-0425-3 875:Sciences Humaines 330:محمد لعروسي 170:Mediterranean Sea 144:from the town of 134: 114: 113: 16:(Redirected from 1578: 1488:Hassaniya Arabic 1411:Arabised Berbers 1323: 1316: 1309: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290:34.7340; -4.8100 1286: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1261: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1136:Aix-en-Provence. 1133: 1127: 1126: 1094: 1088: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1015: 1009: 1008: 983: 977: 974: 963: 959: 950: 946: 940: 933: 927: 920: 914: 911: 902: 900: 896: 890: 868: 864: 858: 854: 848: 844: 838: 835: 829: 825: 819: 815: 389: 388: 379: 378: 369: 368: 352: 351: 342: 341: 340:فنان جبالة 332: 331: 326: 325: 252:Emirate of Nekor 205: 204: 163: 162: 157: 156: 139: 129: 127: 64:Total population 56: 46: 45: 38: 34: 21: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1533: 1478:Moroccan Arabic 1459: 1384: 1332: 1327: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1251: 1247: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1130: 1095: 1091: 1082: 1078: 1063: 1049: 1045: 1030: 1016: 1012: 1006: 985: 984: 980: 975: 966: 960: 953: 947: 943: 934: 930: 921: 917: 912: 905: 898: 897: 893: 866: 865: 861: 855: 851: 845: 841: 836: 832: 826: 822: 816: 812: 807: 799:Mountain people 780: 758:Senhaja-Gheddou 635: 559: 530: 525: 512: 503:Ketama, Morocco 490: 478: 473: 412: 392:Tariq ibn Ziyad 312: 292: 287: 274: 269: 248: 232: 216:mountain people 194: 59: 47: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1584: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1485: 1480: 1469: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1342: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1325: 1318: 1311: 1303: 1263: 1262: 1245: 1226:(3): 204–230. 1206: 1197: 1188: 1178: 1168: 1156: 1147: 1138: 1128: 1089: 1076: 1061: 1043: 1028: 1010: 1004: 988:Making Morocco 978: 964: 951: 941: 928: 915: 903: 891: 859: 849: 839: 830: 820: 809: 808: 806: 803: 802: 801: 796: 791: 786: 779: 776: 775: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 761:Senhaja-Mesbah 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 728:Beni Ouriaghel 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 713:Beni Mesguilda 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 634: 631: 558: 555: 529: 526: 511: 508: 489: 486: 477: 474: 411: 408: 362:ʿayta jebliya’ 311: 310:Oral tradition 308: 291: 288: 273: 270: 268: 265: 247: 244: 231: 228: 210:, which means 193: 190: 112: 111: 105: 104: 100: 99: 93: 92: 88: 87: 76: 75: 71: 70: 66: 65: 61: 60: 57: 49: 48: 41: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1583: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1389:Ethnic groups 1387: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373:Protestantism 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1259: 1258:2-222-04574-6 1255: 1249: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1201: 1192: 1182: 1172: 1163: 1161: 1151: 1142: 1132: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1086: 1080: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1029:0-7146-8073-7 1025: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 982: 973: 971: 969: 958: 956: 945: 938: 932: 925: 919: 910: 908: 895: 888: 887:2-222-04574-6 884: 880: 876: 872: 863: 853: 843: 834: 824: 814: 810: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 781: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 749:Beni Bouslama 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 639: 638: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 563: 554: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 524: 520: 518: 507: 504: 494: 485: 483: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 407: 405: 401: 397: 394:, the famous 393: 383: 373: 363: 359: 358:ayta jabaliya 354: 346: 345:maḥbūb Jbāla’ 336: 335:fannān Jbāla’ 321: 317: 316:ayta jabaliya 307: 303: 301: 296: 286: 278: 264: 261: 257: 253: 243: 241: 237: 227: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 199: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 151: 147: 143: 138: 132: 123: 119: 110: 106: 101: 98: 94: 89: 86: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 55: 50: 39: 30: 19: 1498:Pre-Hilalian 1401:Arab-Berbers 1363:Christianity 1266: 1248: 1223: 1219: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1181: 1171: 1150: 1141: 1131: 1106: 1102: 1092: 1084: 1079: 1052: 1046: 1019: 1013: 987: 981: 944: 936: 931: 923: 918: 894: 878: 874: 870: 862: 852: 842: 833: 823: 813: 746:Beni Ouensel 716:Beni Zeroual 710:Beni Mestara 671:Beni Hassane 650:Beni Msaouar 647:Beni Ouadras 636: 626: 622: 618: 614: 612: 607: 603: 600: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 568: 551: 546: 542: 538: 534: 531: 521: 516: 513: 499: 481: 479: 468: 464: 461:ayta jebliya 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 428: 424: 420: 416: 413: 381: 371: 361: 357: 355: 344: 334: 319: 315: 313: 306:variations. 304: 297: 293: 283: 249: 233: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 197: 195: 181: 177: 173: 155:جماعات قروية 117: 115: 97:Jebli Arabic 32:Ethnic group 29: 1368:Catholicism 1288: / 1109:: 104–115. 899:(in French) 867:(in French) 755:Beni Oualid 674:Beni Gorfet 659:Beni Hozmar 350:محبوب جبالة 166:Chefchaouen 109:Sunni Islam 1560:Categories 1448:Portuguese 1416:Afro-Arabs 1273:34°44′02″N 1071:1100894570 698:Ahl Sarsar 695:Beni Ahmed 665:Beni Arous 653:Jbel Habib 629:s (عيوع). 615:Shadhiliya 367:عيطة جبلية 320:Bni Zerwal 240:Al-Andalus 1527:Tachelhit 1465:Languages 1443:Spaniards 1338:Religions 1276:4°48′36″W 1240:202269661 1123:150191770 1038:237376808 773:Bni Rzine 707:Ahl Roboa 686:Beni Zkar 683:Beni Isef 680:Ahl Serif 668:Beni Layt 662:Beni Said 656:Beni Ider 419:(شعر) or 324:بني زروال 196:The word 192:Etymology 131:romanized 91:Languages 79:Northern 69:1,284,000 1493:Hilalian 1438:Italians 1433:European 1022:. Cass. 778:See also 752:Marnissa 734:Mezraoua 722:Fechtala 704:Masmouda 382:ughniya’ 300:djellaba 290:Clothing 272:Language 256:Nefzaoua 212:mountain 168:and the 103:Religion 1522:Zenatic 1426:Haratin 1406:Berbers 1380:Judaism 873:, dans 789:Tetouan 743:Fenassa 740:Rghioua 737:Meziate 692:Ghzaoua 689:Lakhmas 677:Soumata 619:Shaaban 584:zawiya- 572:ziyara’ 539:chqalia 535:chentil 465:ughniya 267:Culture 260:Idrisid 246:History 236:Morocco 230:Origins 224:Jebliya 186:Ghomara 142:Morocco 133:: 81:Morocco 1545:Malays 1507:Berber 1473:Arabic 1256: 1238: 1121: 1069: 1059: 1036: 1026: 1002: 885: 784:Tanger 770:Ketema 764:Branes 588:mawsem 576:zawiya 517: 469:lazima 445:qafiya 410:Poetry 380:) and 372:ʿayyuʿ 146:Ketema 122:Arabic 118:Jebala 36:Jebala 18:Jebala 1517:Atlas 1421:Gnawa 1396:Arabs 1351:Sunni 1346:Islam 1236:S2CID 1119:S2CID 767:Tsoul 731:Ljaya 719:Setta 701:Rhona 644:Haouz 641:Anjra 627:ayyu- 623:lamma 608:quṭbs 580:darih 547:samit 476:Music 421:zajal 417:shi’r 387:اغنية 220:Jebli 198:Jbala 182:‘Arab 178:Rwafa 174:Riafa 161:غمارة 137:Jbāla 126:جبالة 44:جبالة 1455:Jews 1356:Shia 1254:ISBN 1067:OCLC 1057:ISBN 1034:OCLC 1024:ISBN 1000:ISBN 883:ISBN 881:). ( 879:1991 725:Slas 482:tbul 457:beyt 453:beyt 449:beyt 441:beyt 437:beyt 429:lhan 425:klam 377:عيوع 238:and 208:Jbel 116:The 1228:doi 1111:doi 992:doi 877:, ( 794:Fes 543:dra 463:or 370:), 203:جبل 176:or 150:Rif 85:Rif 1562:: 1234:. 1224:48 1222:. 1218:. 1159:^ 1117:. 1107:64 1105:. 1101:. 1065:. 1055:. 1032:. 998:, 967:^ 954:^ 906:^ 226:. 206:, 188:. 128:, 124:: 1322:e 1315:t 1308:v 1260:) 1242:. 1230:: 1125:. 1113:: 1073:. 1040:. 994:: 889:) 570:‘ 384:( 374:( 364:( 347:( 337:( 120:( 20:)

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Index