Jedediah Smith - Knowledge

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maintain that policy, but the situation quickly deteriorated. The Maidu were fearful and defensive, and Smith's men killed at least seven of them upon his orders when they refused peaceful advances and demonstrated aggressive behaviors. He later wrote that they were "the lowest intermediate link between man and the Brute creation". Later, during his trek across the Great Basin, he said of the desert indigenes he came upon "children of nature...unintelligent type of beings...They form a connecting link between the animal and intellectual creation..." Upon returning to Mexican California, even after suffering the Mojave massacre, he continued to try to maintain good relations, punishing two of his men, albeit lightly, who had unnecessarily killed one native and wounded another. But as the party continued north, the natives continued the aggressive actions, and Smith's men wounded at least two more and three were killed. By the time the party reached the Umpqua River in the British-American shared Oregon Country, their tolerance was at an ebb, leading to the ax incident and resulting in disastrous consequences.

960:, they continued east across central Nevada, straight across the Great Basin Desert as the summer heat hit the region. Neither they nor their horses or mules could find adequate food. As the horses gave out, they were butchered for whatever meat the men could salvage. After two days without water, Robert Evans collapsed near the Nevada–Utah border and could go no further, but some natives Smith encountered gave them some food and told him where to find water, which he took back to Evans and revived him. As the three approached the Great Salt Lake, they again were unable to find water, and Evans collapsed again. Smith and Silas Gobel found a spring and again took back water to Evans. Finally, the men came to the top of a ridge from which they saw the Great Salt Lake to the north, a "joyful sight" to Smith. By this time they had one horse and one mule remaining. They reached and crossed the 2359:

journal and stated that Smith likely used it as a reference in preparing the 1830–31 narrative. Some of the missing pages are probably "the journal" Smith gave to the Spanish officials to try to convince them of his party's innocent intentions since the detail in the Parkman narrative indicates Smith and Parkman had access to Smith's notes of the group's travels from the time it left in August 1826 until reaching California. Rogers' second journal starts on May 10, 1828, and continued to document the excursion until he was killed in the Umpqua massacre. The lapse of entries from January 1827 until May 1828 may have been due to a lack of paper or there may have been other journals that were lost in the massacre. Harrison Dale published both recovered journals in 1918.

788: 1326:. None of his colleagues were witness to his death and the following accounts are conjectural or imagined, although possibly based on hearsay and third-hand information. According to Smith's grand-nephew, Ezra Delos Smith, there were 20 Comanches in the group. Smith attempted to conciliate with them until the Comanches scared his horse and shot him in the left shoulder with an arrow. Smith fought back, ultimately killing the chief of the warriors. The version written by Austin Smith, Jedediah's brother, in a letter to their brother Ira four months after Jedediah's death says that Jedediah had killed the "head Chief," but nothing about any other Comanche being wounded or killed. 1069: 1402:

Christian faith through the many trials. All accounts of Smith describe him as strongly self-controlled, never drinking alcohol to excess or bedding Native American women, indicating he had the discipline often associated with a strict moral code. He owned at least two slaves, which conflicted with his northern Methodist upbringing, and his behavior was not always honorable when dealing with those he considered his antagonists. He was known to be physically strong, cool under pressure, extremely skilled at surviving in the wild, and possessed extraordinary leadership skills. Smith's true character is an enigma open to interpretation.

900:. By early May 1827, Smith and his men had traveled 350 miles (560 km) north looking for the Buenaventura River, but they found no break in the Sierra Nevada range through which it could have flowed from the Rocky Mountains. On December 16, 1826, Smith had written in a letter to the United States ambassador plenipotentiary to Mexico his plans to "follow up on of the largest Riv(ers) that emptied into the (San Francisco) Bay cross the mon (mountains) at its head and from thence to our deposit on the Great Salt Lake" and appeared to be following that plan. They followed the 1544: 1156: 1520:, published in 1918. During the 1920s, Maurice S. Sullivan traced descendants of Smith's siblings and found two portions of the narrative of Smith's travels, written in the hand of Samuel Parkman who had been hired to assist in compiling the document after Smith's return to St. Louis in 1830. The narrative's impending publication had been announced in a St. Louis newspaper as late as 1840, but never happened. In 1934, Sullivan published the remnants, documenting Smith's travels in 1821 and 1822 and from June 1827 until the Umpqua massacre a year later, in 582: 852: 1135:

months on the trip cost an additional £171, yet HBC turned the recovered property over to Smith at no charge. Then Simpson paid Smith generous prices for the recovered furs and horses, totaling £582, and added a lump-sum bonus of £400; the payment totaled £982. In return, Smith apparently agreed that the firm of Smith, Jackson, and Sublette would confine its operations to the region east of the Great Divide. Smith remained at Fort Vancouver until March 12, 1829, when he and Arthur Black traveled up the

933: 1007:, having made a makeshift breastwork out of trees and fashioned lances by attaching butcher knives to light poles. The men still had five guns among them, and as the Mojave began to approach, Smith ordered his men to fire on those within range. Two Mojaves were shot and killed, one was wounded, and the remaining attackers fled. Before the Mojave could regroup, Smith and eight other surviving men retreated on foot across the Mojave Desert on the Mohave Trail to the San Bernardino Valley. 535: 1275: 1397:, and his letters indicate his own Christian beliefs. Barton H. Barbour asserted in 2009 that the legend of Smith as a "Bible-toter" and a missionary grew only after his death, and that assertions that he carried a Bible with him in the wilderness have no basis in any accounts by him or his companions. Further, that the only documentation of any public demonstration of faith was a prayer said at the burial of one of the Arikara massacre victims. However, the 2023 biography, 556:

delayed them. Before they could depart, an incident provoked an Arikara attack. Forty Ashley men, including Smith, were caught in a vulnerable position, and 12 were killed in the ensuing battle. Smith's conduct during the defense was the foundation of his reputation: "When his party was in danger, Mr. Smith was always among the foremost to meet it, and the last to fly; those who saw him on shore, at the Riccaree fight, in 1823, can attest to the truth of this assertion."

467: 1011: 978: 621: 638:. In 1824, Smith sent an expedition to find an expedient route through the Rocky Mountains. Smith was able to retrieve information from Crow natives. When communicating with the Crows, one of Smith's men made a unique map (consisting of buffalo hide and sand), and the Crows were able to show Smith and his men the direction to the South Pass. Smith and his men crossed through this pass from east to west and encountered the 51: 2048:) would round up hundreds of them into an enclosure, take out the best, and leave the rest to starve to death. Smith was disgusted by the practice but saw a chance at profit. The next year, after having lost so many men at the Colorado River, he wanted to hire more in California for the trip north, but Mexican officials forbade this. In defiance of the orders, Smith hired Richard Leland who was an excellent horseman. 1355:, from 1838 to 1842. One of the expedition's accomplishments was the exploration of the Pacific Northwest and to lay claim on the Oregon Country, which Smith had previously explored, dominated by the British Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River. The federally-funded overland exploration of the West that Smith had requested in 1831 took place starting in 1842 commanded by Lieutenant 1206: 998:, describing what he had observed the previous year. Smith left to rejoin the men he had left in California almost immediately after the rendezvous. He was accompanied by 18 men and two French-Canadian women, following much of the same route as the previous year. In the ensuing year, the Mojave along the Colorado River who had been so welcoming the previous year had clashed with trappers from 1092:"Had several Inds. along; one of the Ind. stole an ax and we were obliged to seize him for the purpose of tying him before we could scare him to make him give it up. Capt. Smith and one of them caught him and put a cord round his neck, and the rest of us stood with our guns ready in case they made any resistance, there was about 50 Inds. present but did not pretend to resist tying the other." 617:, to sew it loosely back on, giving him directions. The trappers fetched water, bound up his broken ribs, and cleaned his wounds. After recuperating from his injuries, Smith wore his hair long to cover the large scar from his eyebrow to his ear. The only known portrait of Jedediah Smith, painted after his death in 1831, showed the long hair he wore over the side of his head to hide his scars. 374: 670:, but this information was kept secret. Smith later wrote a letter to Secretary of War John Eaton in 1830 making the location of the South Pass public information. Major Henry returned to St. Louis on August 30, and Ashley began making plans to lead a caravan back to the Rockies to regroup with his men. Henry declined to return with Ashley, instead choosing to retire from the fur trade. 1258: 2062:

ceased when Smith's narrative, found by Maurice Sullivan around 1930, corrected the name of Richard Leland (previously documented as "Richard Taylor" and "Richard Laughlin"), an Englishman who Smith met in California and who joined the party in December 1827. allowing Sullivan to determine he was the third Smith man in the canoe, Leland's survival was later confirmed by

709:, 23 freemen trappers deserted from Ogden's brigade, backed up by a group of American trappers led by Johnson Gardner. Several of the deserters were among the Iroquois trappers Smith had assisted in September 1824. Smith may have been present at the confrontation, but the extent of his involvement in the desertion of the freemen, if any, is unclear. 1127:

Turner, and 18 HBC men proceeded to the massacre site. On October 28, they reached it and found 11 decomposed bodies, which they buried. They ultimately confirmed that all 4 of the unaccounted-for men had died and recovered 700 beaver pelts, 50 river otter pelts, 4 sea otter pelts, and 39 horses, as well as Harrison Rogers' journals.

1115:, superintendent at the fort, sent word to the local tribes that they would be rewarded if they brought Smith and his men to the fort unharmed, and began organizing a search party for them. Smith and the two others, having been alerted to the attack, had climbed a hill above the camp and witnessed the massacre; they arrived at 1552:

recorded observations on nature and topography. His expeditions also raised doubts about the existence of the legendary Buenaventura River. Jedediah Smith's explorations were the main basis for accurate Pacific West maps. He and his partners, Jackson and Sublette, produced a map that, in a eulogy for Smith printed in the

502:, which sank three weeks into the journey. Smith and the other men waited at the site of the wreck for a replacement boat, hunting and foraging for food. Ashley brought up another boat with an additional 46 men and upon proceeding upriver, Smith got his first glimpse of the western frontier, coming into contact with the 920:. They tried traveling up the canyon of the South Fork of the American to cross the Sierra Nevada but had to return because of deep snow. Unable to find a feasible path for the well-laden party to cross and faced with hostile indigenes, he was forced into a decision: since they did not have time to travel north to 613:. Smith was tackled to the ground by the grizzly, breaking his ribs. Members of his party witnessed him fight the bear, which ripped open his side with its claws and took his head in its mouth. When the bear retreated, Smith's men ran to help him. They found his scalp and ear ripped off, but he convinced a friend, 2194:

Ed Lewis, a descendant of an early Kansas rancher, tells a story of the skeletal remains of two men found on his grandfather's property along the Cimarron River, which he speculated were Smith and the Comanche chief. That, as well as the fact that a search two days later had found no sign of Smith's

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Some early versions written about the incident stated that Smith had gone off by himself and that Turner and/or Leland had been at camp, fought their way out with a burning log and met up with Smith en route to Fort Vancouver. This appears to be based on Turner's experience in a subsequent massacre.

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While traveling throughout the American West, Smith's policy with the Native Americans was to maintain friendly relations with gifts and exchanges, learning from their cultures. As he traveled through northern California for the first time, then part of Mexican territory Alta California, he tried to

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coincidentally arrived at Fort Vancouver on an inspection tour. When Smith returned, he and Simpson negotiated the purchase of the recovered property by the HBC. Simpson estimated that the recovery expedition had cost the Company £1,000 in lost revenue, and the salaries of the HBC men who spent three

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in Monterey. After posting a $ 30,000 bond, Smith received a passport, on the same promise – to leave the province immediately and not to return. Also as before, Smith and his party remained in California hunting in the Sacramento Valley for several months. Upon reaching the northern edge of the

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Smith had not forgotten the financial struggles of his family in Ohio. After making a sizable profit from the sale of furs, over $ 17,000 (more than $ 486,413 in 2023) Smith sent $ 1,500 (equivalent to $ 42,919 in 2023) to his family in Green Township, whereupon his brother Ralph bought a farm.

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Smith originally named what he thought to be an unnamed river after himself, but due to a mistake in geography (later corrected by George Gibbs), it turned out the river was actually the Klamath. His name was therefore attached to a smaller river to the north just south of California's border with

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for June 1832, the unknown author claimed: "This map is now probably the best extant, of the Rocky Mountains, and the country on both sides, from the States to the Pacific." This map has been called "a landmark in mapping of the American West" The original map is lost, its content was overlaid and

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According to Maurice S. Sullivan, Smith was "the first white man to cross the future state of Nevada, the first to conquer the High Sierra of California, and the first to explore the entire Pacific Slope from Lower California to the banks of the Columbia River". He was known for his many systematic

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related, killed two or three of their party before he was overpowered." Ezra Delos Smith stated that his grand-uncle had fought so valiantly that the Comanche believed "he had been more than mortal, and that he could be immortal it would be better to propitiate his spirit; so they did not mutilate

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Rogers' first surviving journal was in two segments; an accounting ledger with a narrative that began abruptly on November 27, 1826, and ended as abruptly on December 20, 1826, and then a second segment that starts again on January 1, 1827, and ends on January 28. Brooks only published this first

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From their earlier communications with the indigenes they had encountered, they had hopes that 4 men had survived the massacre and where in the hands of the "Cahoose Indians", but as no trace of them was found elsewhere, their bodies had possibly been swept away by the river while trying to escape

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The Ashley-Smith men and other American and Canadian trappers had already ventured into Mexican territory in present-day southwest Wyoming, northwest Colorado and northeast Utah without permission of the Mexican government. For all practical purposes, Mexican authority did not extend much past the

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and were set on revenge against the whites. While crossing the river, Smith's party was attacked; 10 men, including Silas Gobel, were killed, and the two women were taken captive. Smith and the eight surviving men, one badly wounded from the fighting, prepared to make a desperate stand on the west

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The number of indigenes killed by Smith was most certainly embellished over the years. Another account of Smith's death is that found in his obituary. "Some indians" trapped Smith in a box canyon, he was shot with a bullet, not an arrow, and upon that he shot both the chief and the man behind him

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The actual source of the legend was the combination of a cartogropher's error and wishful thinking. "Buenaventura" was actually the first name given to the Green River, as the Knowledge cross reference shows. The cartographer incorrectly showed it flowing into what is now Sevier Lake. The wish to

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After waiting for almost another month for an exit visa and then spending at least two more weeks breaking the horses they had purchased for the return trip, Smith's party departed the mission communities of California in mid-February 1827. The party returned on the path it had arrived, but once

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men, were antagonistic to the white traders. Ashley, who was bringing supplies as well as 70 new men upriver by boat, met Smith at the Arikara village on May 30. They negotiated a trade for several horses and 200 buffalo robes and planned to leave as soon as possible to avert trouble, but weather

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to the Pacific, and according to legend Smith carried this journal on all of his travels throughout the American West. Smith provided Clark, who had become superintendent of Indian affairs, much information from his own expeditions to the West. In 1817, the Smith family moved westward to Ohio and

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Another important piece of the Jedediah Smith story was discovered in 1967, when another portion of the 1830–31 narrative (again in Parkman's hand) was found amongst other historical papers in an attic in St. Louis. This portion documented Smith's first California trip (1826–27), and immediately

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The partners' busy schedules in St. Louis also found them and Samuel Parkman making a map of their discoveries in the West, to which Smith was the major contributor. On March 2, 1831, Smith wrote another letter to Eaton, now a few months away from resigning because of the Petticoat Affair,

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south with Smith, Black, Turner, and Leland, and 37 HBC men to rescue any other men that had been in the camp that had possibly survived, and their goods. After recovering several horses in bad condition, Black and Leland remained with some HBC men to care for them, and the HBC horses and Smith,

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about his party's status in the country. Echeandía, surprised and suspicious of the Americans' unauthorized entrance into California, had Smith arrested, believing him to be a spy. Accompanied by LaPlant, Smith's Spanish interpreter, Smith was taken to San Diego while the remainder of the party

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The narrative was based in part on journals Smith kept, and many of the activities described have specific dates. Smith's journal from the time he left the rendezvous on July 13, 1827, until the Mohave massacre was lost during that tragedy, and that time period was reconstructed in general

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stated in 1880 that "Smith, John Turner, and the other man, name unknown, who had been absent from the camp" had avoided the attack. Neihardt had documented that one source stated that Smith went off with "a little Englishman" that morning, but confusion over the identity of the fourth survivor

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and informed Eaton of the "military implications" of the British allegedly alienating the indigene population towards any American trappers in the Pacific Northwest. According to biographer Dale L. Morgan, Smith's letter was "a clear sighted statement of the national interest". The letter also

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indicates Smith to be deeply religious. While he rarely attended church, "it was said of him he made the mountaintop his confessional, the forest glade his altar." As such, author Tom Clavin describes Smith's life as a kind of parable illustrate God’s munificence to any man willing to keep the

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Coming from a family of modest means, Smith sought to make his own way. He may have left his family in search of a trade or employment a year prior to their settlement in Green Township. In 1822, Smith was living in St. Louis. The same year Smith responded to an advertisement in the Missouri

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After his death, Smith and his accomplishments were mostly forgotten by Americans. At the beginning of the 20th century, scholars and historians made efforts to recognize and study his achievements. In 1918, a book by Harrison Clifford Dale was published covering Ashley-Smith's western

1524:, giving a new documented perspective of Smith's explorations. Along with the narrative, Sullivan published the portion of Alexander McLeod's journal documenting the search for any surviving members of Smith's party and the recovery of his property after the Umpquah massacre. The 1298:

in present-day southwest Kansas. He never returned to the group. The remainder of the party proceeded on to Santa Fe hoping Smith would rendezvous with them, but he never did. They arrived in Santa Fe on July 4, 1831, and shortly thereafter members of the party discovered a

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Governor Echeandía, who was at the time in Monterey (capital of Alta California), once again arrested Smith, this time along with his men. Yet despite the breach of trust, the governor once again released Smith after several English-speaking residents vouched for him, including

1088:. The tribes along the coast had monitored the party's progress, passing news of conflicts between the group and indigenes, and the Umpqua were wary. One member of Smith's party, Harrison Rogers, described a conflict between the party and the Umpqua that took place on July 11: 968:

on the border between present-day Utah and Idaho). Smith borrowed a fresh horse from them and rode ahead of the other two men, reaching the rendezvous on July 3. The mountain men celebrated Smith's arrival with a cannon salute, for they had given up him and his party for lost.

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Rogers was Smith's clerk. He had accompanied Smith to California on the 1825 trip and was left in charge during the four months Smith was gone to the 1827 rendezvous. After Smith's death, Rogers' journals ended up in Ashley's hands. Ashley's grand-niece donated them to the

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his body, but later gave it the same funeral rites they gave its chief" Austin Smith, who along with another Smith brother, Peter, was a member of the caravan, was able to retrieve Jedediah Smith's rifle and pistols that the Indians had taken and traded to the Comancheros.

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As agreed, Ashley had sent provisions for the rendezvous, and his men took back 7,400 pounds (3,400 kg) of Smith, Jackson & Sublette furs and a letter from Smith to William Clark, then in the office of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the region west of the

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included a description of Fort Vancouver and described how the British were in the process of making a new fort at the time of Smith's visit in 1829. Smith believed the British were attempting to establish a permanent settlement in the Oregon Country.

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until the late 19th century, while Smith's life and reputation were nearly forgotten by his countrymen. In 1846, the disputed joint occupancy of Britain and the United States of the Oregon Country where Smith stayed at Fort Vancouver was ended by the

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Breaking the Wilderness:The Story of the Conquest of the Far West, from the Wanderings of Cabeza De Vaca, to the First Descent of the Colorado by Powell, and the Completion of the Union Pacific Railway, with Particular Account of the Exploits of

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It is around this point that Smith's narrative of his journey was split into two parts, the first found by Sullivan around 1930 and the second by a descendant of Ashley's lawyer in 1967. The portion found by Sullivan starts at this point in the

746:. Ashley sold his interest in his and Smith's partnership to the newly created partnership of Smith, Jackson & Sublette but agreed to continue to send supplies to the rendezvous and broker the sale of furs brought to him in St. Louis. 593:. Leaving Fort Kiowa in September, Smith and 10 to 16 men headed west, beginning his first far-western expedition, to make their way overland to the Rocky Mountains. Smith and his party were the first Euro-Americans to explore the southern 1231:

referencing the map and requesting to launch a federally funded exploration expedition similar to the Lewis & Clark expedition. Smith requested that Reuben Holmes, a West Point graduate and military officer, would lead the expedition.

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a federally-funded exploration of the West, but to no avail. Smith informed Eaton that he was completing a map of the West derived from his own journeys. In May, Smith and his partners launched a planned paramilitary trading party to

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and re-establish a camp there. Smith would take two men and some extra horses to get to the rendezvous as quickly as he could and return to his party with more men later in the year, and the group would continue on to the Columbia.

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History of the Willamette Valley, Being a Description of the Valley and Its Resources, with an Account of Its Discovery and Settlement by White Men, and Its Subsequent History Together with Personal Reminiscences of Its Early

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Smith bought the wild Spanish horses in California in hopes of selling them in the Rocky Mountains for a profit. He had learned the previous year that horses in California were so plentiful that the rancheros (owners of

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warriors to subdue the Arikaras. After a botched campaign, a peace treaty was negotiated. Smith had been appointed commander of one of the two squads of the Ashley-Henry men and was thereafter known as "Captain Smith".

435:, Smith's love of nature and adventure came from his mentor, Dr. Titus G. V. Simons, a pioneer medical doctor who was on close terms with the Smith family. Morgan speculated that Simons gave the young Smith a copy of 559:

Smith and another man were selected by Ashley to return to Fort Henry on foot to inform Henry of the defeat. Ashley and the rest of the surviving party rode back down the river, ultimately enlisting aid from Colonel

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explorations. In 1935, Smith's summary autobiography was finally listed in a biographical dictionary. Smith's first comprehensive biography by Maurice S. Sullivan was published in 1936. A popular Smith biography by

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Jedediah Smith had a dry, not raucous, sense of humor and was not known to use the profanity common to his peers. Smith's immediate family were practicing Christians; his younger brother Benjamin was named after a

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preceded the portion of the narrative found by Sullivan 35 years earlier. George R. Brooks edited and introduced the narrative portion, along with the first "journal" of Smith companion Harrison Rogers, in 1977.

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During the second rendezvous in the summer of 1826, Ashley decided no longer to be directly involved in the business of harvesting furs. Smith left a cache near the rendezvous site at what would become known as

5713: 654:, and it was decided that Fitzpatrick and two others would take the furs and the news of the identification of a feasible highway route through the Rockies to Ashley in St. Louis. Scottish-Canadian trapper 1055:

but determined it to be impassable, so veered northwest toward the Pacific coast to find the Columbia River and return to the Rocky Mountain region. Jedediah Smith became the first explorer to reach the

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The Romance of the Colorado River: The Story of Its Discovery in 1540, with an Account of the Later Explorations, and with Special Reference to the Voyages of Powell Through the Line of the Great Canyons

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After Smith's return to St. Louis in 1830, he and his partners wrote a letter on October 29 to Secretary of War Eaton, who at the time was involved in a notorious Washington cabinet scandal known as the

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The Maidus and the Great Basin Indians came to be known by the somewhat derogatory term "Diggers". Having never developed horse cultures and living in harsh environments, they compared poorly to the

876:, Smith was released by Echeandía to reunite with his men. Echeandía ordered Smith and his party to leave California by the same route they entered, forbidding him to travel north along the coast to 769:, the probable source of the legend of the Buenaventura. Having determined the Buenaventura must lie further south, Smith made plans for an exploratory expedition deep into the Mexican territory of 2222:

Part of the legend of Smith's character is that he never used tobacco, but he carried it and a pipe with him. In the narratives of his travels, he speaks of offering it to the Natives he encounters

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Once having left the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, the lack of water sources and adequate feed prevented the natives from maintaining horses. Smith's own horses deteriorated rapidly on the trip.

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At some point, Peter Smith had taken possession of one of Smith's pistols, as it was in the possession of his daughter, Jedediah's niece, in the late 1800s. It was ultimately stolen in 1961. See

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between 1620 and 1640. Smith received adequate English instruction, learned some Latin, and was taught how to write decently. Around 1810, Smith's father was caught up in a legal issue involving

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Ogden probably got a first-hand account of the massacre from Smith after Smith arrived at Fort Vancouver, then left shortly afterward on his excursion in which he discovered the Humboldt River.

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during the early 19th century. After 75 years of obscurity following his death, Smith was rediscovered as the American whose explorations led to the use of the 20-mile (32 km)-wide

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were rapidly disappearing from the region where the two previous partnerships had traditionally trapped. Contemporaneous maps promised untrapped rivers to the west, such as the non-existent

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outside the Mexican settlements, Smith convinced himself he had complied with Echeandía's order to leave by the same route he had entered, and the party veered north crossing over into the

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when observed by early explorers and settlers. Smith's assessment of the Great Basin indigenes is harsh, considering they probably saved his life more than once as he crossed the desert.

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American Fur Trade of the West. A History of the Pioneer Trading Posts and Early Fur Companies of the Missouri Valley and the Rocky Mountains and of the Overland Commerce with Santa Fe

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Sullivan's notes on Smith are archived in the University of the Pacific Library. They apparently had been acquired by Dale Morgan, and after Morgan's death were donated to the library.

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The next day, the rest of Smith's men arrived at the mission, and that night the head of the garrison at the mission confiscated all their guns. On December 8, Smith was summoned to

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during the profitable expedition. In the four years of western fur trapping, Smith, Jackson, and Sublette were able to make a substantial profit and, at the 1830 rendezvous on the

1111:, exhausted and almost destitute of clothing. He believed himself to be the only survivor of the men at camp but did not know of the fate of Smith and the two others. Chief Factor 1935:

expedition two decades earlier, the authorities saw Smith's party as a harbinger of future trouble with the United States. Unlike Pike's expedition, which was commissioned by the

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possibly providing an alternative to packing loads of furs back to St. Louis. The previous spring, Smith had searched for rivers flowing to the Pacific west and northwest of the

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Smith and his party of 15 left the Bear River on August 7, 1826, and after retrieving the cache he had left earlier, they headed south through present-day Utah and Nevada to the

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Several early sources stated that only three men survived the massacre. However, McLoughlin had documented that Black had arrived two days before "Smith arrived with two men".

1367:. It was Frémont's first two documented and published explorations of the West during the 1840s that opened the West to American expansion. Frémont was popularly known as the 487:" to explore and trap in the Rocky Mountains. Superintendent of Indian Affairs William Clark had granted Ashley and Henry license to trade with Native Americans in the upper 872:

on a coastal route, where known paths could take his party back to United States territory. Upon intercession of American sea Captain W.H. Cunningham of Boston on the ship

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remained at the mission. Echeandía detained Smith for about two weeks, demanding that he turn over his journal and maps. Smith requested permission to travel north to the

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with some of Smith's personal belongings. It was relayed that Smith had encountered and communicated with a group of Comancheros just prior to his approaching a group of

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Ashley left St. Louis late in 1824 and after an exploring expedition in Wyoming and Utah, he and Smith were reunited on July 1, 1825, at what would become the first

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The currently accepted version is that Turner and Leland were in the canoe with Smith and avoided the attack. A discussion of the versions can be found in Don Whereat's

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allowed joint occupation between Britain and the United States. In the Oregon Country, Smith's party, then numbering 19 and over 250 horses, came into contact with the

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stated that Henry left St. Louis with "one boat and one hundred & fifty men by land and water". There is no indication of how many men were with Smith on the

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Smith also bought a house on First Avenue in St. Louis to be shared with his brothers. Smith bought two African slaves to take care of the property in St. Louis.

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This was Smith's second missed opportunity to find the Humboldt River. Had he completed his crossing this far north, it is possible he would have found the

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in what is now Utah, Smith and his companions split from the brigade and joined a group of Americans that had wintered in the area. In late May 1825, on the

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The Mountain men and the fur trade of the Far West: biographical sketches of the participants of scholars of the subject and with introduction by the editor

495:. Smith, a 6-foot-tall, 23-year-old with a commanding presence, impressed General Ashley to hire him. In late spring, Smith started up the Missouri on the 2213:

There have even have been doubts raised about that episode. It was documented that "Mr. Smith" spoke the prayer, but there were three Smiths in the party.

3073:

Holloway, Thomas H., "'Now We Go': Snake Country Freemen and the Desertions of May 1825," The Rocky Mountain Fur Trade Journal, Vol. 12 (2018), pp. 37–72.

5629: 4247:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

325:. Surviving three Native American massacres and one bear mauling, Smith's explorations and documented travels were important resources to later American 5681: 5651: 689:. Smith told the Iroquois they could get better prices for their furs by selling to American traders and accompanied the brigade back to its base at 5849:"The Jedediah Smith Society – An organization dedicated to the history of Jedediah Smith, and other explorers and mountain men of the Fur Trade Era" 1242:

on March 3, 1831, the day after Smith wrote his letter to Eaton, and they began forming a company of 74 men, twenty-two wagons, and a "six-pounder"

6470: 2288:

The announcement had stated that the "work" would "take in" nine years of Smith's travels, presumably from 1821 until his 1830 return to St. Louis.

1540:, published in 1953, that established Smith as an authentic American hero whose explorations were overshadowed by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. 1147:, where they acquired horses and supplies for the trip east to meet up with his partners in Pierre's Hole, on the west side of the Grand Tetons. 5597: 802: 1714:

portrays Jedediah Smith, and the dramatized grizzly bear mauling shows the graphic hanging and sewing back on of the lacerated scalp of Smith.

1022:

Smith and the other survivors were again well received in San Gabriel. The party moved north to meet with the group that had been left in the

2369:

Oregon, and also to the branch of the Umpqua River whose mouth was near the massacre site and where it was rumored to be his place of death.

1838:

Another man had died in the initial incident, and one more died later of his injuries, making 14 the total death toll of the Euro-Americans.

6480: 6094:

Holloway, Thomas H. (2023). "Killing Competition with Kindness: Jedediah Smith, George Simpson, and the Aftermath of the Umpqua Massacre".

4166:

Holloway, Thomas H. (2023). "Killing Competition with Kindness: Jedediah Smith, George Simpson, and the Aftermath of the Umpqua Massacre".

1943:, the excursion into Mexican territory was unauthorized by the United States government and without permission from the Mexican government. 1658: 4282: 6460: 1532:, published in 1935, contains an article on Smith authored by Joseph Schafer. The next year, the first comprehensive biography of Smith: 1455:

in 1880, discussed Smith, focusing on hearsay evidence of his piety. There was no mention of Smith in the 1891 volume 5 publication of

326: 3200: 6505: 1394: 1295: 721:. During the rendezvous, Ashley offered Smith a partnership to replace Henry. Smith returned to St. Louis for a time, where he asked 5830: 4267:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

568:. In August, Leavenworth sent 250 military men along with 80 Ashley-Henry men, 60 men of the Missouri Fur Company and a number of 5349: 2785:"Captain Jedediah Strong Smith: A Eulogy of That Most Romantic and Pious of Mountain Men, First American by Land into California" 2307:

Sullivan, 1893–1935, was a New Jersey newspaperman who moved to California in the early 1920s and developed an interest in Smith.

1435:

wrote versions of it in 1876 and 1886, respectively. There are mentions of him in memoirs by other fur trappers, and mentions by

5543: 2162:, opposed federal funding for western overland exploration during his first term, but relented during his second term creating 639: 5017: 4599: 1786:, may have been the one who introduced young Smith to the story of Lewis and Clark, whom Smith later referenced in his memoir. 1376:. In 1848, Mexico ceded California (where Smith had twice been arrested by Governor Echeandía) to the United States under the 254:(January 6, 1799 – May 27, 1831) was an American clerk, transcontinental pioneer, frontiersman, hunter, trapper, author, 6354: 6282: 6177: 6121: 6055: 6036: 5283: 5137: 4499: 3159: 3133: 3019: 2929: 2894: 1448: 1428: 17: 5503: 6425: 6416: 6402: 5866: 5759: 1588: 1419:

Smith for the most part was forgotten by his countrymen as a historical figure for over 75 years after his death. In 1853,

5235:"Map of an Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842, Oregon and North California in the Years 1843–44" 5170: 5045:"The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a Central Route to the Pacific, 1822–1829: with the original journals" 1030:, who had already received warning of Smith's renewed presence in the area. Smith's party also visited the settlements at 787: 5983: 5954: 5925: 5896: 3815: 518:, which had just been built by Major Henry and the men that he had led up earlier. Smith and some other men continued up 321:. The following year, Smith and companions were the first U.S. explorers to travel north from California overland to the 6211:

The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a Central Route to the Pacific, 1822–1829: with the original journals

5831:"Jedediah Smith Part Two A Legacy Of Exploration – Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)" 3863:

The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a Central Route to the Pacific, 1822–1829: with the original journals

1517:

The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a Central Route to the Pacific, 1822–1829: With the Original Journals

3201:"William H. Ashley, Jedediah S. Smith, David E. Jackson, and William L. Sublette. Articles of Agreement, July 18, 1826" 2163: 1612: 1348: 1178: 1131: 275: 357:, published in 1953, established Smith as an authentic national hero. Smith's map of the West in 1831 was used by the 6254: 6235: 6149: 5318: 5210: 4764: 3966: 3752: 3381: 3313: 3288: 3280: 2876: 1026:, reuniting with them on September 19, 1827. Unlike in San Gabriel, they were coolly received by the priests at 1018:. Smith and his men explored the southern San Joaquin Valley in 1826–27, and the northern Sacramento Valley in 1828. 4523:

Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California, Los Angeles Vol. 3, No. 4 (1896), pp. 45–53, 78

1503:

lamented the obscurity of Smith; afterward, more extensive efforts were initiated to publicize his accomplishments.

6475: 4077: 3991: 3915: 5043:

Ashley, William Henry; Smith, Jedediah Strong; Rogers, Harrison G. (May 24, 2011) . Harrison Clifford Dale (ed.).

1939:, the Smith party was a private commercial venture. Although five members of the 1826 party carried United States 1027: 986: 880:

but giving Smith permission to purchase needed supplies for an eastern overland return journey. Smith boarded the

6066: 2784: 1311: 1239: 1173:

territory. Smith was able to capture a good quantity of beaver pelts before being repulsed by hostile Blackfeet.

833: 313:. On the return journey, Smith and his companions were likewise the first U.S. citizens to explore and cross the 230: 1880:

The Ashley-Smith partnership was not well publicized, documented only in a letter written by Smith a year later.

1514:. Five years later, Smith's status as a historical figure was further revived by Harrison Clifford Dale's book, 841: 3744:

Cooper: Juan Bautista Rogers Cooper, sea captain, adventurer, ranchero, and early California pioneer, 1791–1872

2379: 1964:

in Nevada. He then could have traveled up the Humboldt, the vital waterway making possible a route across the

821: 722: 5467: 5077: 6450: 4543: 1627: 1047: 5737: 5688: 5652:"Jedediah Smith – West's most famous trailblazer, led first and second overland expeditions into California" 5276:

The Southwest Expedition of Jedediah S. Smith: His Personal Account of the Journey to California, 1826–1827"

2008:

The cannon, a four-pounder, was sent by Ashley on a carriage, the first wheeled vehicle to cross South Pass.

1485:

The Romance of the Colorado River: The Story of Its Discovery in 1540 with an Account of Later Explorations

666:, had previously discovered the South Pass, in mid-October 1812, while traveling overland to St. Louis from 6485: 6465: 5576:. Library of American civilization. Vol. LAC 13148. San Francisco: Bacon & Co. pp. 313, 505. 4994: 4274: 4254: 1592: 1487:. Smith, however, again was not listed in the 1906 volume 9 publication of American Biographical Society's 1480: 1186: 698: 647: 5659: 3983: 3907: 2298:

terms, as was the 1821 and 1822 time period. The daily entries did not recommence until November 7, 1827.

864: 4924: 3860:

Ashley, William Henry; Smith, Jedediah Strong; Rogers, Harrison G. (1918). Harrison Clifford Dale (ed.).

2101: 1452: 1377: 1015: 889: 754: 686: 4645:

Auld, James C. (2012). "Jedediah Smith's Journeys of "Secondary Consideration": New York to St. Louis".

115: 6188: 3990:. Vol. 3–14. James W. Nesmith. Salem, Oregon: E. M. Waite, Steam Printer and Bookbinder. pp. 3231: 2564: 1706: 1681: 1440: 1436: 1107:

On the night of August 8, 1828, Arthur Black arrived at the gate of Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) post at

965: 845: 651: 589:

After the campaign, in the fall of 1823, Smith and several other of Ashley's men traveled downriver to

548: 444: 267: 234: 205: 5786: 5525: 5113: 5079: 4850: 3914:. Vol. 3–14. John McLoughlin. Salem, Oregon: E. M. Waite, Steam Printer and Bookbinder. pp. 896:

on February 28 and began trapping beaver. The party kept working its way north, encountering hostile

475:

Gazette placed by General William H. Ashley. General Ashley and Major Andrew Henry, veterans of the

6455: 5603: 4400:

Pioneer and General History of Geauga County: With Sketches of Some of the Pioneers and Prominent Men

1864: 1633: 1600: 1511: 1307:. Smith tried to negotiate with the Comanche, but they surrounded him in preparation for an attack. 1123: 1097: 718: 643: 511: 414: 386: 345:, Smith disappeared. It was learned weeks later that he had been killed during an encounter with the 294: 87: 1235: 2540:. Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society. Kansas State Historical Society. p. 254. 1670: 1654: 1621: 1584: 1464: 1381: 1238:. At the request of William H. Ashley, Smith Jackson and Sublette received a passport from Senator 893: 655: 565: 480: 6209:

Smith, Jedediah Strong; Rogers, Harrison G.; Ashley, William Henry (1992) . Dale, Clifford (ed.).

5438: 2670: 2027: 1068: 551:

with a message for Ashley to buy horses from the Arikaras, who, because of a recent skirmish with

6510: 6081:

Holloway, Thomas H. (2018). "'Now We Go': Snake Country Freemen and the Desertions of May 1825".

5979: 5950: 5921: 5892: 1035: 682: 333: 4451:

Utley and Dana (2004), "After Lewis and Clark: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific", p. 99

3940: 3899: 3208: 2597: 1795:

There is a dispute when Smith actually arrived in St. Louis; the earliest account is dated 1816.

5586:

Reproduction is available in microfiche format by Library Resources, Inc., Chicago, dated 1970.

4714: 4265: 4245: 1583:

Smith's exploration of northwestern California and southern Oregon resulted in two rivers, the

956:. After meeting with the only mounted natives that they would encounter until they reached the 119: 79: 1720:(2005) Reenactment Documentary; Smith is portrayed by Sean Galuszka; directed by Diana Zaslaw 427:, where he learned business practices and probably met traders returning from the far west to 6500: 6495: 6490: 5239: 4962: 2267: 2253:

Dellenbaugh wrote extensively about Smith in 1905 and again mentioned Smith in his 1914 book

2045: 1330:

wrote in 1844 that Smith "struggled bravely to the last; and, as the Indians themselves have

1170: 837: 4569: 1636:, 123,451 acres (499.59 km2) within Caribou-Targhee National Forest in Teton County, Wyoming 812:, finding increasingly harsh conditions and difficult travel. Finding shelter in a friendly 792:

Jedediah Smith's party crossing the burning Mojave Desert during the 1826 trek to California

6445: 6440: 4130: 1805: 1543: 1432: 1319: 1283: 1182: 1140: 1031: 953: 739: 706: 646:

in what is now Wyoming. The group broke into two parties—one led by Smith and the other by

552: 449: 382: 290: 271: 127: 83: 6421: 6412: 3892:"American Fur Traders and Mountain Men; footnote 11, excerpt of John McLoughlin's Memoirs" 1557:

annotated by George Gibbs on an 1845 base map by John C. Frémont, which is on file at the

1100:

and Richard Leland were scouting a trail north, his group was attacked in its camp on the

8: 5152: 3207:. Historical Source Documents. St Louis, MO.: Missouri Historical Society. Archived from 1826: 1472: 961: 817: 743: 663: 6407: 5879: 4977: 3772: 1282:

Having no response from Eaton, Smith joined his partners and left St. Louis to trade in

1155: 840:

of California, Smith and Abraham LaPlant borrowed horses from a rancher and rode to the

609:

tribe to obtain fresh horses and get westward directions, Smith was attacked by a large

491:, and he actively encouraged them to compete with the powerful British fur trade in the 406: 4357: 4318:

White, William G. (Fall 2022). "Jedediah Smith Outbound Via the Columbia River, 1829".

4194: 3933: 3861: 3489: 2026:

This determination was probably the end of Smith's belief in the possibility that what

1965: 1936: 1860: 1783: 1460: 1234:

Smith and his partners were also preparing to join into the supply trade known as the "

1130:

On October 25, 1828, while McLeod's recovery expedition was in the field, HBC Governor

1023: 795: 358: 318: 240: 5357: 3891: 1356: 964:. Local natives told him the whites were gathered farther north at "the Little Lake" ( 362: 6350: 6336: 6326: 6319: 6301: 6278: 6250: 6231: 6173: 6145: 6117: 6051: 6032: 5577: 5314: 5289: 5279: 5206: 5133: 5044: 4760: 4690: 4495: 3962: 3748: 3481: 3377: 3309: 3284: 3276: 3165: 3155: 3139: 3129: 3015: 2925: 2900: 2890: 2872: 2337: 1977: 1420: 1043: 995: 917: 905: 694: 581: 561: 547:

In the spring of 1823, Major Henry ordered Smith back down the Missouri River to the

523: 515: 492: 410: 31: 6321:

Men Against the Mountains: Jedediah Smith and the South West Expedition of 1826–1829

5550: 5078:

Holt-Atherton Department of Special Collections, University of the Pacific Library.

4956: 1080:

When Smith's party left Mexican Alta California and entered the Oregon Country, the

397:, and Sally Strong, both of whom were descended entirely from families that came to 297:'s fur trading company in 1822. Smith led the first documented exploration from the 55:

Life portrait, said to have been drawn by a friend, from memory, after Smith's death

6294: 5018:"Memorializing a Mountain Man: John G. Neihart, Doane Robinson, and Jedediah Smith" 4828: 4607: 4261: 4241: 3908:"Copy of a Document found among the Private Papers of the Late Dr. John McLoughlin" 3473: 2031: 1697: 1492: 1323: 1291: 1219: 999: 957: 937: 925: 913: 851: 674: 659: 635: 436: 431:. This work gave Smith an ambition for adventurous wilderness trade. According to 111: 4681:

Auld, James C. (2008). "The Legend of Jedediah Smith: Fact, Fantasy and Opinion".

1968:

later used by California immigrants and forging what would later be known at the "

1893:(RMFC), and many sources imply that is what Ashley and Henry originally called it. 972: 650:—to trap upstream and downstream on the Green. The two groups met in July on the 6344: 6272: 6214: 6139: 6108: 6026: 5308: 5197: 5127: 4754: 4489: 4425:

Smith, Jedediah (2001). James S. Hutchins (ed.). "A Letter from Jedediah Smith".

4398: 4200: 3867: 3742: 3371: 3120: 3009: 2919: 2866: 2535: 2321: 1969: 1782:

Barbour later wrote that one of Smith's neighbors, Patrick Gass, a member of the

1678:

Jedediah Smith Society, founded in 1957 to preserve the history of Jedediah Smith

1515: 1315: 1190: 1112: 782: 770: 762: 310: 305:. From there, Smith's party became the first United States citizens to cross the 298: 263: 226: 123: 6384: 5763: 5419: 1010: 855:

Father Sánchez gave Jedediah and LaPlant a lavish dinner at Mission San Gabriel.

4205: 4201:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 2232: 2159: 1976:

followed a reverse course of most of this route 19 years later. In late 1828,

1818: 1728: 1669:

Jedediah Smith Chapter, National Society Daughters of the American Revolution,

1618:

Jedediah Smith Visitor Center located in the Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park

1506:

In 1912, an article about Smith written by a grand-nephew, Ezra Delos Smith of

1500: 1352: 1344: 1287: 1136: 1116: 1108: 1081: 1057: 1004: 921: 909: 901: 869: 809: 766: 519: 488: 424: 338: 322: 302: 5988: 5959: 5930: 5901: 5354:

From Wyoming Tales and Trails featuring Photographs and History of Old Wyoming

3823: 3464:

Cooney, Percival J. (1914). "Marshall, the Discoverer of Gold in California".

932: 697:

back southeast, leaving Flathead Post in December 1824. In April 1825, on the

6434: 6226:

Smith, Jedediah S.; McLeod, Alexander R. (1992) . Maurice S. Sullivan (ed.).

5234: 4694: 3485: 3169: 2904: 2868:

Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West – Eighteen Biographical Sketches

2058: 1961: 1868: 1770: 1766: 1507: 1496: 1373: 1364: 1211: 1085: 1076:, Governor-in-Chief of the HBC, at Fort Vancouver, after the Umpqua massacre. 825: 813: 758: 690: 569: 440: 394: 390: 314: 306: 6218: 5808: 5581: 3871: 1734:

Jedediah Smith is featured in the documentary "America's Westward Expansion"

1274: 1169:

In 1829, Captain Smith personally organized a fur trade expedition into the

534: 6228:

The Travels of Jedediah Smith; A Documentary Outline, Including his Journal

5293: 3904:

McLoughlin died in 1857, and his memoirs can be found in their entirety in

3272: 3264: 3143: 1973: 1953: 1932: 1856: 1848: 1529: 1327: 1197:, and John Baptiste Gervais who renamed it the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. 1144: 1101: 949: 829: 757:. The legendary Buenaventura was thought to be a navigable waterway to the 735: 667: 614: 610: 598: 461: 279: 259: 6330: 6170:

The Splendid Wayfaring: Jedediah Smith And The Ashley-Henry Men, 1822-1831

5313:(7 ed.). Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press. pp. 889–90. 3957:

Dale, Harrison C.; Rogers, Harrison G.; Ronda, James P. (intro.) (1991) .

2149:

equivalent to $ 4,365 at the time, £106,236 in 2023, and $ 121,109 in 2023

2113:

equivalent to $ 4,444 at the time, £108,183 in 2023, and $ 123,301 in 2023

466: 6200:

Schafer, Joseph (1935). "Smith, Jedediah Strong". In Dumas Malone (ed.).

5439:"Smith River National Recreation Area Map & Guide - fseprd776582.pdf" 2063: 1957: 1852: 1765:

According to Dale, p. 175, Smith was born on June 24, 1798, the son of a

1737:

Jedediah Smith – Old West Legend (Wild West Frontier History Documentary)

1711: 1701: 1596: 1290:

on May 27, 1831, when he left the group to scout for water near the

1194: 1174: 844:

on November 27, 1826, to present themselves to its director, Father

702: 677:, again crossed South Pass, and in September 1824 encountered a group of 606: 594: 540: 476: 432: 398: 354: 255: 190: 4361: 3493: 2140:

equivalent to $ 1,778 at the time, £43,273 in 2023, and $ 49,331 in 2023

2131:

equivalent to $ 2,587 at the time, £62,963 in 2023, and $ 71,777 in 2023

1347:, during his second term in 1836, launched the federally-funded oceanic 977: 803:

Buenaventura River (legend) § Explorations to find the Buenaventura

576: 6364:

Nasatir, A. P. "A Bibliography of Sources Relating to Jedediah Smith".

5687:. National Muzzle Loading Rifle Association. p. 24. Archived from 5473: 5394: 5274:

Jedediah. S. Smith; Harrison G. Rogers (1977). George R. Brooks (ed.).

3119:

Carter, Harvey L. (1983) . "Robert Campbell". In Leroy R. Hafen (ed.).

1871:

were routed over the Continental Divide through the Great Divide Basin.

1536:

by Sullivan was posthumously published, but it was Dale Morgan's book,

1360: 1300: 982: 877: 590: 332:

In March 1831, while in St. Louis, Smith requested of Secretary of War

5196:

Hays, Carl D. W. (1983). "David E. Jackson". In Leroy R. Hafen (ed.).

2865:

Carter, Harvey L. (1982) . "Jedediah Smith". In Leroy R. Hafen (ed.).

2122:

equivalent to $ 760 at the time, £18,499 in 2023, and $ 21,087 in 2023

5022:

Faculty Publications, College of Journalism & Mass Communications

3477: 3308:(paperback ed.). Reno: University of Nevada Press. p. 156. 2017:

Most notably along the American River, which was named for the party.

1642:

Jedediah Strong Smith's Route 1823, historic monument in South Dakota

1261: 1243: 1052: 1051:

valley, the party scouted the route to the northeast afforded by the

941: 860: 620: 421: 286: 6247:

The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico

5848: 3959:

The explorations of William H. Ashley and Jedediah Smith – 1822–1829

2104:

and were the source of much early information about Smith's travels.

924:

and be on time for the 1827 rendezvous, they would backtrack to the

820:, the men and horses recuperated. Smith hired two refugees from the 309:

into what is now the state of California but which at that time was

6366:

Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California

5255: 3466:

Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California

1940: 1724: 1469:

Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California

1304: 908:) upstream, but veered off it to the north and crossed over to the 678: 496: 428: 346: 6076:. Stockton, CA: Jedediah Smith Society, University of the Pacific. 5902:"America's Westward Expansion | America: The Story of Us (S1, E3)" 4010: 3816:"Biography – Jedediah Strong Smith January 6, 1799 – May 27, 1831" 3429: 3011:

Pathfinder: John Charles Frémont and the Course of American Empire

1558: 373: 5993: 5964: 5935: 5906: 5448:. Smith River National Recreation Areaand Gasquet Ranger District 5420:"Jedediah Smith Visitor Center, Redwood National and State Parks" 1483:

wrote about Smith's exploits with the Mojave Indians in his book

1467:. The first known publication solely about Smith was in the 1896 936:

The exploration of the West by Jedediah Smith. The branch of the

824:

to guide them west. After leaving the river and heading into the

602: 526:, where they built a camp from which to trap through the winter. 507: 402: 50: 4756:

After Lewis and Clark: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific

1630:, a 32 mile long trail between Sacramento and Folsom, California 765:. Although he pushed into eastern Nevada, he failed to find the 341:. On May 27, while searching for water in present-day southwest 4797: 4280: 3793: 1731:

was named Jed, and the character says he was named after Smith.

1246: 973:

Third Rendezvous of 1827 and second trip to California, 1827–28

750: 342: 6008: 5472:(Map). American River Parkway Foundation. 2009. Archived from 4095: 1595:, in southwest Wyoming, is named for him. and Smith's Fork of 1286:

on April 10, 1831. Smith was leading the caravan on the

749:

The new partners were immediately faced with the reality that

6144:. Bison Book. Lincoln, London: University of Nebraska Books. 5989:"Jedediah Strong Smith | Path Through History | WSKG History" 4022: 2185:

Another later version stated that three Comanche were killed.

1205: 897: 503: 30:

For the United States Representative from New Hampshire, see

4922: 4348:

Latner, Richard B. (1977). "The Eaton Affair Reconsidered".

2394: 1425:

Traits of American Indian Life and Character by a Fur Trader

1257: 389:, New York, on January 6, 1799, to Jedediah Smith I, a 6274:

Give Your Heart to the Hawks: A Tribute to the Mountain Men

5787:"San Dimas Festival of Arts – Public Art – A Welcome Sight" 5383:. San Francisco: California Historical Society. p. 51. 5155:: "The San Buenaventura – Mythical River of the West." In: 4034: 3269:

The Island of Lost Maps: A True Story of Cartographic Crime

2889:. Vol. I–X. Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Co. 2792:

Castor Canadensis: Newsletter of the Jedidiah Smith Society

2572: 1847:

Whereas South Pass was originally used by emigrants on the

738:

in northern Utah, and he and Ashley traveled north to meet

455: 5338:. San Francisco: California Historical Society. p. 1. 4877: 4657: 4326: 3981: 3905: 3781: 1889:

Upon being sold again in 1830, the Company was called the

1746:

Jedediah Strong Smith – Path Through History (documentary)

940:

that is labeled as pointing northeast is now known as the

801:

For more detail of the first part of Smith's journey, see

5544:"Initial Inductees, Following Group and And Many More..." 5080:"Register of the Maurice S. Sullivan Papers on Jed Smith" 4459: 4457: 4433: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 3620: 3596: 3536: 3512: 3472:(3). Historical Society of Southern California: 204–214. 3445: 3419: 3417: 3402: 3390: 2500: 2498: 1922:

Harrison Rogers remembered Sánchez fondly in his journal.

5715:

Jedediah Smith Road, Temecula, California, United States

3998: 3712: 3710: 3680: 3656: 3608: 3205:

Library of Western Fur Trade: William L. Sublette Papers

3076: 3057: 3055: 3040: 2986: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2736: 2688: 2627: 2615: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 1663:

Jed Smith Ultra Classic marathon, Sacramento, California

673:

After Fitzpatrick left, Smith and six others, including

285:

Coming from modest family background, Smith traveled to

4906: 4904: 4889: 4865: 4809: 4785: 4773: 4626: 4548:

Santa Fe Trail Research by Larry & Carolyn St. John

4469: 3898:. Portland: Pioneer Historical Publishing Co. pp. 3838: 2724: 2651: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2378:

A photo of the trail marker commemorating Smith can be

1387: 952:, Smith and his two men passed around the south end of 6204:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 290–291. 5059: 4614: 4521:

Captain Jedediah Smith. The Pathfinder of the Sierras

4454: 4403:. The Historical Society of Geauga County. p. 705 4368: 4107: 4046: 3961:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 196. 3584: 3572: 3524: 3414: 3351: 3128:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 298. 2495: 1859:

for the emigrants over the Rockies, just south of the

884:

sailing from San Diego to San Pedro, to meet his men.

693:

in Montana. Smith then accompanied the brigade led by

5205:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 83. 4689:. Pinedale, Wyoming: Museum of the Mountain Man: 53. 3866:(PDF ed.). Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Co. 3722: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3668: 3644: 3560: 3548: 3500: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3322: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3100: 3088: 3052: 3028: 2974: 2962: 2871:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 94. 2810: 2798: 2748: 2712: 2700: 2544: 2430: 2349:

George Brooks, 1929–2006, St. Louis author and editor

2336:

The "Fremont-Gibbs-Smith" map was "found" in 1954 by

2324:

speculated that the author was James Hall, editor of

1310:

Most likely, the death of Jedediah Smith occurred in

1060:

overland by traveling north on the California coast.

948:

After a difficult crossing of the Sierra Nevada near

577:

First expedition, grizzly bear attack, and South Pass

413:

after which the elder Smith moved his family west to

5221:

Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West vol. IX

5094: 4901: 4653:. Pinedale, Wyoming: Museum of the Mountain Man: 53. 4494:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 65. 3747:. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood Press. pp. 35–38. 3632: 3376:. Lincoln: University of Nevada Press. p. 119. 3014:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 42. 2950: 2938: 2924:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 57. 2639: 2510: 2471: 2459: 2406: 1972:" across the south end of the Great Salt Lake. The 776: 6189:"The United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842" 6141:

Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the American West

5047:(PDF ed.). Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Co 3003: 3001: 2846: 2822: 2483: 2418: 6318: 6293: 5880:Taming the Wild West: The Legend of Jedediah Smith 4307:. Hartford and Toledo: Bliss & Co. p. 60. 3740: 3692: 3334: 3246: 3176: 2340:at the library's former location in New York City. 1718:Taming the Wild West: The Legend of Jedediah Smith 1599:of the Green River may also be named for him. The 634:The party spent the rest of 1823 wintering in the 6208: 5626:"Jedediah Smith Monument, Mobridge, South Dakota" 5574:Indian Wars of the Northwest: A California sketch 5261: 5042: 3859: 3234:. American Heritage Publishing Company. p. 3 3154:. Vol. 8. Glendale: The Arthur H. Clark Co. 2834: 2400: 828:, the guides led them through the desert via the 742:and Sublette at Bear River area near present-day 479:, had established a partnership to engage in the 448:settled in Green Township in what is present-day 6432: 6161:Jedediah Smith and his Maps of the American West 6065:Camp, Charles L. (2013) . Molter, Joe J. (ed.). 5867:"Jedediah Smith – Frontier Legend (Documentary)" 5437:Breton, Claire; Pappalardo, Sue (January 2019). 5436: 5381:Jedediah Smith and his Maps of the American West 5336:Jedediah Smith and his Maps of the American West 5307:McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) . 5306: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 3988:Oregon Pioneer Association Transactions for 1880 3912:Oregon Pioneer Association Transactions for 1880 2998: 2195:body give some credence to Ezra Smith's version. 1150: 6163:. San Francisco: California Historical Society. 6067:"Jedediah Smith's First Far-Western Expedition" 5740:. National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum 4016: 3956: 3890:Carey, Charles Henry; McLoughlin, John (1922). 3889: 2571:. Afton, Wyoming: O. Ned Eddins. Archived from 2565:"William Ashley Mountain Man Rendezvous System" 1903:find a river to the Pacific accepted the error. 1773:. More recent sources agree on the later date. 1645:California Outdoors Hall of Fame, 2006 inductee 585:19th-century depiction of a grizzly bear attack 6426:Holt-Atherton Special Collections and Archives 6417:Holt-Atherton Special Collections and Archives 5218: 3766: 3764: 3149: 2884: 2782: 2537:Jedediah S. Smith and the Settlement of Kansas 1693:Jedediah Smith – Frontier Legend (documentary) 1666:Jedediah Smith Memorial, San Dimas, California 5399:California Department of Parks and Recreation 5132:. New York Press of the Pioneers. p. 2. 4925:"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography" 4923:James Grant Wilson; John Fiske, eds. (1891). 4220: 4178: 3939:. G.H. Himes, Book and Job Printer. pp. 3820:Discovering the Lost Legacy of Jedediah Smith 3457: 1659:National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum 1343:In the aftermath of Smith's death, President 1063: 832:that would become the western portion of the 5811:. Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) 5762:. Buffalo Chips Running Club. Archived from 5177:. Vol. II, no. XXI (June ed.) 4759:. Lincoln: U of Nebraska Press. p. 42. 4676: 4674: 4672: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3152:Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West 1804:Henry had formerly been associated with the 1740:Jedediah Smith – Into the West (documentary) 1561:, at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 1405: 892:. The party ultimately made its way to the 728: 681:freemen trappers who had split off from the 6225: 6158: 6009:"Legacy of the Mountain Men intro. (5 min)" 5809:"Welcome to the Jedediah Smith Chapter DAR" 5526:"Jedediah Smith Wilderness Area in Wyoming" 5378: 5333: 5168: 5024:. Paper 48. Lincoln: University of Nebraska 4975: 4954: 4101: 4040: 4028: 3952: 3950: 3927: 3925: 3777:. New York: Francis P. Harper. p. 286. 3761: 1615:and Jedediah Smith Campground in California 1457:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 712: 5628:. southdakotabeautiful.com. Archived from 5159:. Berkeley Cal 25.1956,2 (May), pp. 163–71 5119: 4568:Smith, James (2009). Joe J. Molter (ed.). 4343: 4341: 3770: 3369: 2794:. Stockton, CA: University of the Pacific. 2569:Mountain Man – Indian – Canadian Fur Trade 1743:Jedediah Smith – Story of Us (documentary) 1606: 1591:being named for him. Smith's Fork of the 1538:Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West 49: 6230:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 6186: 4753:Utley, Robert M.; Dana, Peter M. (2004). 4752: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4669: 4620: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4420: 4418: 4392: 4390: 4197:inflation figures are based on data from 4148: 3878: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2034:, flowed from the Great Salt Lake region. 1651:Jedediah Smith Road, Temecula, California 1423:had written about the Umpqua massacre in 225:Being a mountain man and explorer of the 6346:Jedediah Smith, Trader and Trail Breaker 6342: 6291: 6167: 6159:Morgan, Dale L.; Wheat, Carl I. (1954). 6093: 6080: 6050:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 6031:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 6028:Jedediah Smith: No Ordinary Mountain Man 5129:Jedediah Smith, Trader and Trail Breaker 5125: 5112:Dictionary of American Biography (1935) 5015: 4260: 4240: 4165: 4004: 3982:Oregon Pioneer Association, ed. (1881). 3947: 3922: 3906:Oregon Pioneer Association, ed. (1881). 3810: 3808: 3370:Hafen, LeRoy R.; Hafen, Ann W. (1993) . 3299: 3297: 2266:Dale, 1885–1969, was a professor at the 1542: 1534:Jedediah Smith: Trader and Trail Breaker 1414: 1273: 1256: 1204: 1154: 1067: 1009: 976: 931: 850: 786: 619: 580: 533: 465: 420:At age 13, Smith worked as a clerk on a 372: 6471:Deaths by stabbing in the United States 6270: 6199: 6045: 6024: 5595: 5571: 5223:. Glendale: The Arthur H Clark Company. 5065: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4712: 4663: 4632: 4475: 4338: 4332: 4283:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 4124: 4122: 3844: 3799: 3787: 3626: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3451: 3435: 3423: 3408: 3396: 3357: 3094: 3082: 3007: 2980: 2968: 2816: 2804: 2759: 2742: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2633: 2621: 2592: 2590: 2550: 2504: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2412: 1980:discovered the Humboldt River's course. 1749:Legacy of the Mountain Men, documentary 1578: 470:Regions of the Missouri River Watershed 14: 6433: 6385:"JSS History – History of the Society" 6137: 5379:Morgan, Dale L; Wheat, Carl I (1954). 5334:Morgan, Dale L; Wheat, Carl I (1954). 4976:Dellenbaugh, Frederick Samuel (1905). 4910: 4741: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4600:"More Images of Jedediah Strong Smith" 4532:Smith, Settlement, op. cit. pp. 258–59 4508: 4463: 4439: 4415: 4387: 4381: 4347: 4302: 4113: 4052: 3855: 3853: 3728: 3716: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3614: 3566: 3554: 3506: 3463: 3328: 3258: 3223: 3187: 3118: 3106: 3061: 3046: 3034: 2992: 2956: 2944: 2917: 2864: 2765: 2730: 2657: 2645: 2562: 2521: 2489: 2424: 1200: 349: – his body was never recovered. 6316: 6244: 6213:. Cleveland, OH: Arthur H. Clark Co. 6187:Philbrick, Nathaniel (January 2004). 6106: 5273: 5189: 5100: 4567: 4487: 4424: 4396: 4317: 4281:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 4198: 3805: 3741:Woolfenden, J.; Elkinton, A. (1983). 3701: 3439: 3345: 3303: 3294: 3252: 3229: 2533: 1687: 1648:Jedediah Smith Muzzleloaders Gun Club 1559:American Geographical Society Library 266:, the Western United States, and the 116:Territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México 6096:The Rocky Mountain Fur Trade Journal 6083:The Rocky Mountain Fur Trade Journal 6064: 5599:Jedediah Strong Smith's Route – 1823 5395:"Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park" 5227: 5195: 4995:"Biographical Dictionary of America" 4683:The Rocky Mountain Fur Trade Journal 4680: 4647:The Rocky Mountain Fur Trade Journal 4644: 4119: 3931: 2885:LeRoy R. Hafen, ed. (October 2003). 2852: 2840: 2828: 2587: 1564: 1388:Personal characteristics and beliefs 1119:on August 10, two days after Black. 1096:On July 14, 1828, while Smith, 483:and were looking for "One Hundred" " 6481:American explorers of North America 6363: 6349:. New York: Press of the Pioneers. 4955:Dellenbaugh, Frederick S. (1909) . 4927:. New York, D. Appleton and company 4701: 4067:"Jedidiah Strong Smith – 1798–1831" 4064: 3850: 3271:, p. 208–215. New York : 1177:served as a riverboat pilot on the 904:(the northernmost tributary of the 24: 6461:American people of English descent 6264: 6249:. University of New Mexico Press. 5572:Bledsoe, Anthony Jennings (1885). 4831:. FamilySearch.org. August 7, 2015 4128: 2921:South Pass: Gateway to a Continent 2316:In 2013, Joe J. Molter, editor of 2164:United States Exploring Expedition 1639:Dodge City Trail of Fame, inductee 1613:Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park 1489:Biographical Dictionary of America 1477:The American Fur Trade of the West 1349:United States Exploring Expedition 1266:Painting by Lino Sánchez y Tapia ( 529: 25: 6522: 6422:Jedediah Smith Society Collection 6377: 6292:Neihardt, John Gneisenau (1941). 4738:Smith, Expedition pp. 102, 174–75 4541: 4427:Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly 2030:had called the Buenaventura, the 1855:later found what was to become a 777:First trip to California, 1826–27 274:as the dominant route across the 6506:People from Bainbridge, New York 6403:Jedediah Smith – Frontier Legend 6202:Dictionary of American Biography 6001: 5972: 5943: 5914: 5885: 5873: 5859: 5841: 5823: 5801: 5784: 5778: 5752: 5730: 5706: 5674: 5656:California Outdoors Hall of Fame 5644: 5618: 5602:(Map). goDakota™. Archived from 5589: 5565: 5536: 5518: 5488: 5460: 5430: 5412: 5387: 5372: 5342: 5327: 5300: 5267: 5162: 5146: 5106: 5071: 5036: 5009: 4987: 4983:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 4969: 4948: 4939: 4916: 4843: 4821: 4732: 4638: 4592: 4583: 4561: 4535: 4526: 4481: 4445: 4311: 4296: 4168:Rocky Mountain Fur Trade Journal 4058: 3975: 2372: 2362: 2352: 2343: 2330: 2310: 2301: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2260: 2247: 2238: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2188: 2179: 2169: 2152: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2093: 2083: 2069: 2051: 2037: 2020: 2011: 1526:Dictionary of American Biography 1445:Recollection of a Septuagenarian 985:threatened Mexican authority at 725:to join the company as a clerk. 243:and naming of Cache Valley, Utah 239:first west-east crossing of the 5931:"Jedediah Smith- Into the West" 5596:Bochman, Otto (July 28, 2013). 5530:AllTrips – Jackson Hole Wyoming 5262:Smith, Rogers & Ashley 1992 4961:. G.P. Putnam's sons. pp. 4303:Victor, Frances Fuller (1870). 4131:"Old Fort Vancouver, 1824–1829" 3822:. Auld, James C. Archived from 3734: 3363: 3304:Cline, Gloria Griffen (1988) . 3193: 3112: 3067: 2911: 2858: 2663: 2556: 2527: 2002: 1992: 1983: 1946: 1925: 1916: 1906: 1896: 1883: 1874: 1841: 1832: 1811: 1798: 1789: 1727:; the main character played by 863:for an interview with Governor 381:Smith was born in Jericho, now 6110:George Simpson: Blaze of Glory 6048:William Clark: Indian Diplomat 6018: 5960:"Jedediah Smith – Story of Us" 5356:. G. B. Dobson. Archived from 5082:. Online Archive of California 4397:Lyman, Betsy Converse (1880). 4350:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 3232:"Trail Blazer Of The Far West" 1776: 1759: 1675:Jedediah Smith historic trails 1104:by a group of Umpqua people. 822:Spanish missions in California 510:. On October 1, Smith reached 456:Smith joins "Ashley's Hundred" 13: 1: 6413:Smith/Bacon Family Collection 6343:Sullivan, Maurice S. (1936). 5547:Dodge City Trail of Fame, Inc 5201:Sixteen Biographical Sketches 5126:Sullivan, Maurice S. (1936). 5016:Anderson, Timothy G. (2009). 4829:"Digger Indians | Learn" 4579:. The Jedediah Smith Society. 4017:Dale, Rogers & Ronda 1991 3771:Chittenden, Hiram M. (1901). 3124:Sixteen Biographical Sketches 2388: 1628:Jedediah Smith Memorial Trail 1522:The Travels of Jedediah Smith 1185:, they sold their company to 1151:Blackfeet expedition, 1829–30 1048:William Edward Petty Hartnell 685:Snake Country brigade led by 368: 361:, including western explorer 27:American explorer (1799–1831) 5789:. San Dimas Festival of Arts 5738:"Awards & Halls of Fame" 5219:Leroy R. Hafen, ed. (1972). 4275:American Antiquarian Society 4255:American Antiquarian Society 3150:Leroy R. Hafen, ed. (1971). 2783:Molter, Joe J., ed. (2013). 1723:Mentioned in the 1984 movie 1481:Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh 1475:wrote of him extensively in 1338: 848:, who received them warmly. 139:Attacked by Native Americans 7: 6025:Barbour, Barton H. (2011). 5496:"Jedediah Smith Wilderness" 2102:Missouri Historical Society 1603:in Wyoming bears his name. 1453:Missouri Historical Society 1429:Oregon Pioneers Association 1378:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 214:Smith, Jackson and Sublette 10: 6527: 6408:Jedediah Smith Trail study 6271:Blevins, Winfred (2005) . 6168:Neihardt, John G. (1970). 5469:American River Parkway map 5199:Trappers of the Far West: 4713:hradmin (April 30, 2024). 3918:–55. ark:/13960/t7mp8fg3b. 3230:Sears, Stephen W. (1963). 3122:Trappers of the Far West: 2534:Smith, Ezra Delos (1912). 1891:Rocky Mountain Fur Company 1682:Museum of the Mountain Man 1395:Methodist circuit preacher 1064:Trip to the Oregon Country 800: 780: 459: 365:, during the early 1840s. 29: 6325:. New York: John Day Co. 6138:Morgan, Dale L. (1964) . 5760:"Jed Smith Ultra Classic" 5175:Illinois Monthly Magazine 5169:Hall, James, ed. (1832). 5157:Pacific Historical Review 4091:– via Yachats.info. 3932:Lang, Herbert O. (1885). 3306:Exploring the Great Basin 2326:Illinois Monthly Magazine 1865:Transcontinental Railroad 1634:Jedediah Smith Wilderness 1601:Jedediah Smith Wilderness 1573: 1554:Illinois Monthly Magazine 1512:Kansas Historical Society 1406:Views of Native Americans 1312:Northern Mexico Territory 1264:as depicted in the 1830s. 1236:commerce of the prairies" 816:village near present-day 729:Second Rendezvous of 1826 564:who was the commander of 415:Erie County, Pennsylvania 219: 201: 169: 151: 143: 135: 95: 88:Chenango County, New York 60: 48: 41: 6317:Smith, Alson J. (1965). 6245:Weber, David J. (1982). 6195:. Smithsonian Libraries. 6046:Buckley, Jay H. (2008). 5853:jedediahsmithsociety.org 5217:originally published in 4544:"The Death of Jed Smith" 4491:Commerce of the Prairies 4041:Smith, & McLeod 1992 4029:Smith, & McLeod 1992 3148:originally published in 2883:originally published in 1753: 1671:Apple Valley, California 1655:Hall of Great Westerners 1585:Smith River (California) 1252: 713:First Rendezvous of 1825 605:. While looking for the 210:Ashley Smith Fur Company 206:Ashley-Henry Fur Company 6476:Explorers of California 5350:"Lincoln County Photos" 5310:Oregon Geographic Names 5278:. A. H. Clark Company. 5171:"Jedidiah Strong Smith" 4806:, pp. 141, 144–45. 4488:Gregg, Josiah (1954) . 4199:Clark, Gregory (2017). 4102:Smith & McLeod 1992 4074:Our Culture and History 3994:. ark:/13960/t7mp8fg3b. 2563:Eddins, O. Ned (2002). 2078:Our Culture and History 1913:Pacific Coastal region. 1710:, where American actor 1607:Honorary commemorations 1547:Frémont-Gibbs-Smith map 1528:, Volume 17, edited by 1510:, was published by the 1314:, south of present-day 6389:Jedediah Smith Society 6011:– via vimeo.com. 5658:. 2006. Archived from 5114:Smith, Jedediah Strong 4604:Jedediah Smith Society 4570:"2009 Fall Rendezvous" 3802:, p. 183, 185–86. 2322:Jedediah Smith Society 1817:A letter addressed to 1548: 1279: 1271: 1214: 1166: 1094: 1077: 1019: 990: 945: 856: 798: 642:near the mouth of the 631: 586: 544: 485:Enterprising Young Men 471: 443:'s 1814 book of their 378: 122:(south of present-day 80:Tioga County, New York 6304:. New York: MacMillan 6296:The Song of Jed Smith 5240:World Digital Library 4135:National Park Service 3373:The Old Spanish Trail 3008:Chaffin, Tom (2014). 2918:Bagley, Will (2014). 2675:National Park Service 2602:National Park Service 2320:, the journal of the 2268:University of Wyoming 2176:with the "same ball". 2028:Luis Antonio Argüello 1546: 1415:Historical reputation 1277: 1260: 1208: 1158: 1090: 1071: 1013: 980: 935: 912:, a tributary of the 854: 846:José Bernardo Sánchez 838:San Bernardino Valley 790: 781:Further information: 623: 584: 537: 469: 460:Further information: 376: 252:Jedediah Strong Smith 65:Jedediah Strong Smith 18:Jedediah Strong Smith 6451:American fur traders 6107:Lahey, D.T. (2011). 4945:Chittenden, op. cit. 4851:"The West – Diggers" 1806:Missouri Fur Company 1589:Smith River (Oregon) 1579:Geographic namesakes 1433:Hubert Howe Bancroft 1382:Mexican–American War 1320:Grant County, Kansas 1141:York Factory Express 865:José María Echeandía 836:. Upon reaching the 707:Mountain Green, Utah 683:Hudson's Bay Company 553:Missouri Fur Company 522:to the mouth of the 514:at the mouth of the 445:1804–1806 expedition 411:counterfeit currency 317:and the treacherous 278:for pioneers on the 262:and explorer of the 6486:Explorers of Oregon 6466:Bear attack victims 5662:on February 4, 2016 5153:C. Gregory Crampton 1473:Hiram M. Chittenden 1451:, published by the 1201:Return to St. Louis 842:San Gabriel Mission 818:Needles, California 744:Soda Springs, Idaho 664:Pacific Fur Company 231:American West Coast 136:Cause of death 6372:(3 , pp. 270-303). 6335:eBook is provided 4719:The History Reader 4610:on April 11, 2013. 4442:, pp. 325–27. 4195:Retail Price Index 4104:, pp. 128–29. 4019:, pp. 237–38. 3689:, pp. 240–41. 3665:, pp. 214–15. 3617:, pp. 212–13. 3545:, pp. 139–40. 3411:, pp. 119–20. 3399:, pp. 118–19. 3049:, pp. 154–55. 1966:Great Basin Desert 1937:United States Army 1861:Great Divide Basin 1784:Corps of Discovery 1688:In popular culture 1549: 1461:James Grant Wilson 1443:in their reports. 1280: 1278:The Santa Fe Trail 1272: 1240:Thomas Hart Benton 1215: 1167: 1078: 1024:San Joaquin Valley 1020: 991: 981:Smith's return to 946: 857: 799: 796:Frederic Remington 648:Thomas Fitzpatrick 632: 587: 545: 472: 407:Puritan emigration 379: 327:westward expansion 319:Great Basin Desert 276:Continental Divide 241:Great Basin Desert 235:American Southwest 6424:available at the 6415:available at the 6356:978-0-527-87450-6 6302:Cycle of the West 6284:978-0-7653-1435-2 6179:978-0-8032-5723-8 6123:978-1-4597-1547-9 6074:Castor Canadensis 6057:978-0-8061-3911-1 6038:978-0-8061-4196-1 5766:on April 13, 2016 5694:on April 23, 2016 5285:978-0-87062-123-9 5264:, pp. 12–13. 5139:978-0-527-87450-6 4886:, p. 205–06. 4715:"Throne of Grace" 4666:, p. 260–61. 4577:Castor Canadensis 4501:978-0-8061-1059-2 4335:, p. 247-48. 4320:Castor Canadensis 4305:River of the West 4031:, pp. 48–49. 3896:History of Oregon 3790:, p. 203–04. 3629:, p. 152–53. 3605:, p. 150–51. 3521:, p. 134–35. 3454:, p. 129–30. 3161:978-0-8032-7218-7 3135:978-0-8032-7218-7 3085:, pp. 74–75. 3021:978-0-8061-4608-9 2995:, p. 45, 51. 2931:978-0-8061-4511-2 2896:978-0-8706-2099-7 2745:, pp. 42–44. 2733:, pp. 49–50. 2697:, pp. 35–36. 2660:, pp. 28–29. 2636:, pp. 31–32. 2318:Castor Canadensis 1978:Peter Skene Ogden 1657:, 1964 inductee, 1565:Author of journal 1421:Peter Skene Ogden 1159:Blackfoot warrior 1044:John B. R. Cooper 1038:(San Francisco). 996:Mississippi River 918:San Francisco Bay 916:that flowed into 906:San Joaquin River 834:Old Spanish Trail 695:Peter Skene Ogden 636:Wind River Valley 597:, in present-day 562:Henry Leavenworth 524:Musselshell River 516:Yellowstone River 493:Pacific Northwest 291:William H. Ashley 249: 248: 208:, partner in the 32:Jedediah K. Smith 16:(Redirected from 6518: 6456:American hunters 6399: 6397: 6395: 6373: 6360: 6334: 6324: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6299: 6288: 6260: 6241: 6222: 6205: 6196: 6183: 6164: 6155: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6115: 6103: 6090: 6077: 6071: 6061: 6042: 6013: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5632:on April 4, 2016 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5606:on March 3, 2016 5593: 5587: 5585: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5553:on July 18, 2015 5549:. Archived from 5540: 5534: 5533: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5502:. Archived from 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5476:on April 4, 2016 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5443: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5216: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5166: 5160: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4750: 4739: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4710: 4699: 4698: 4678: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4606:. Archived from 4596: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4574: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4517: 4506: 4505: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4452: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4394: 4385: 4379: 4366: 4365: 4345: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4278: 4272: 4258: 4252: 4237: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4191: 4176: 4175: 4163: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4129:Hussey, John A. 4126: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4083:on March 4, 2016 4082: 4076:. Archived from 4071: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3984:"Annual Address" 3979: 3973: 3972: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3903: 3887: 3876: 3875: 3857: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3826:on March 5, 2017 3812: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3705: 3699: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3478:10.2307/41168707 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3301: 3292: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3174: 3173: 3147: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2882: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2780: 2763: 2757: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2671:"William Ashley" 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2624:, p. 29-30. 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2575:on April 7, 2016 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2508: 2502: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2328: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2073: 2067: 2055: 2049: 2041: 2035: 2032:Sacramento River 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1956:leading down to 1950: 1944: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1830: 1827:Ashley's Hundred 1815: 1809: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1780: 1774: 1763: 1698:Steven Spielberg 1497:John G. Neihardt 1493:Rossiter Johnson 1399:Throne of Grace, 1359:under President 1324:Wagon Bed Spring 1249:for protection. 1220:Petticoat Affair 1209:Secretary of War 1124:Alexander McLeod 1122:McLoughlin sent 1028:Mission San José 987:Mission San José 958:Salt Lake Valley 938:Sacramento River 926:Stanislaus River 740:David E. Jackson 675:William Sublette 660:John Jacob Astor 652:Sweetwater River 437:Meriwether Lewis 301:frontier to the 152:Other names 106: 104: 75: 73: 53: 39: 38: 21: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6431: 6430: 6393: 6391: 6383: 6380: 6357: 6307: 6305: 6285: 6267: 6265:Further reading 6257: 6238: 6180: 6172:. Bison Books. 6152: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6113: 6069: 6058: 6039: 6021: 6016: 6007: 6006: 6002: 5987: 5984:Wayback Machine 5977: 5973: 5958: 5955:Wayback Machine 5948: 5944: 5929: 5926:Wayback Machine 5919: 5915: 5900: 5897:Wayback Machine 5890: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5594: 5590: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5506:on May 20, 2014 5494: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5360:on May 27, 2011 5348: 5347: 5343: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5286: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5213: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5167: 5163: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4974: 4970: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4751: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4711: 4702: 4679: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4518: 4509: 4502: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4423: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4369: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4316: 4312: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4270: 4262:McCusker, J. J. 4250: 4242:McCusker, J. J. 4238: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4192: 4179: 4164: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3955: 3948: 3930: 3923: 3888: 3879: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438:, p. 290; 3434: 3430: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3302: 3295: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3211:on May 27, 2013 3199: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3177: 3162: 3136: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2916: 2912: 2897: 2879: 2863: 2859: 2855:, pp. 5–6. 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2831:, pp. 1–2. 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2787: 2781: 2766: 2758: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2511: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2331: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2255:Fremont and '49 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2070: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2038: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1970:Hastings Cutoff 1951: 1947: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1816: 1812: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1777: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1690: 1609: 1581: 1576: 1567: 1417: 1408: 1390: 1357:John C. Frémont 1341: 1265: 1255: 1210: 1203: 1193:, Jim Bridger, 1191:Milton Sublette 1187:Tom Fitzpatrick 1160: 1153: 1139:with the HBC's 1113:John McLoughlin 1072:Smith met with 1066: 975: 806: 785: 783:Alta California 779: 771:Alta California 763:Great Salt Lake 731: 723:Robert Campbell 715: 644:Big Sandy River 625: 579: 539: 538:Arikara warrior 532: 530:Arikaras attack 464: 458: 387:Chenango County 377:Lewis and Clark 371: 363:John C. Frémont 264:Rocky Mountains 227:Rocky Mountains 131: 108: 102: 100: 91: 76: 71: 69: 68:January 6, 1799 67: 66: 56: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6524: 6514: 6513: 6511:Santa Fe Trail 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6429: 6428: 6419: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6379: 6378:External links 6376: 6375: 6374: 6361: 6355: 6340: 6314: 6289: 6283: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6255: 6242: 6236: 6223: 6206: 6197: 6193:library.si.edu 6184: 6178: 6165: 6156: 6150: 6135: 6122: 6104: 6091: 6078: 6062: 6056: 6043: 6037: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6000: 5971: 5942: 5913: 5884: 5872: 5858: 5840: 5822: 5800: 5785:Issa, Victor. 5777: 5751: 5729: 5705: 5673: 5643: 5617: 5588: 5564: 5535: 5517: 5500:Wilderness.net 5487: 5459: 5429: 5424:Recreation.gov 5411: 5386: 5371: 5341: 5326: 5319: 5299: 5284: 5266: 5254: 5226: 5211: 5188: 5161: 5145: 5138: 5118: 5105: 5093: 5070: 5058: 5035: 5008: 4986: 4968: 4947: 4938: 4915: 4900: 4898:, p. 264. 4888: 4876: 4874:, p. 196. 4864: 4842: 4820: 4818:, p. 261. 4808: 4796: 4794:, p. 265. 4784: 4782:, p. 250. 4772: 4765: 4740: 4731: 4700: 4668: 4656: 4637: 4635:, p. 262. 4625: 4621:Philbrick 2004 4613: 4591: 4589:Barbour p. 268 4582: 4560: 4534: 4525: 4507: 4500: 4480: 4478:, p. 269. 4468: 4466:, p. 330. 4453: 4444: 4432: 4414: 4386: 4384:, p. 323. 4367: 4337: 4325: 4310: 4295: 4279:1800–present: 4219: 4206:MeasuringWorth 4177: 4147: 4118: 4116:, p. 278. 4106: 4094: 4065:Whereat, Don. 4057: 4055:, p. 269. 4045: 4043:, p. 108. 4033: 4021: 4009: 4007:, p. 276. 3997: 3974: 3967: 3946: 3921: 3877: 3849: 3847:, p. 233. 3837: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3760: 3753: 3733: 3731:, p. 243. 3721: 3719:, p. 240. 3706: 3691: 3679: 3677:, p. 226. 3667: 3655: 3653:, p. 225. 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3593:, p. 147. 3583: 3581:, p. 143. 3571: 3569:, p. 211. 3559: 3557:, p. 208. 3547: 3535: 3533:, p. 137. 3523: 3511: 3509:, p. 203. 3499: 3456: 3444: 3442:, p. 134. 3428: 3426:, p. 127. 3413: 3401: 3389: 3382: 3362: 3360:, p. 113. 3350: 3333: 3331:, p. 182. 3321: 3314: 3293: 3257: 3245: 3222: 3192: 3175: 3160: 3134: 3111: 3109:, p. 175. 3099: 3087: 3075: 3066: 3064:, p. 154. 3051: 3039: 3037:, p. 113. 3027: 3020: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2930: 2910: 2895: 2877: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2764: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2598:"Andrew Henry" 2586: 2555: 2543: 2526: 2509: 2507:, p. 158. 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2456:, p. 290. 2429: 2417: 2405: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2371: 2361: 2351: 2342: 2329: 2309: 2300: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2259: 2246: 2237: 2233:Plains Indians 2224: 2215: 2206: 2197: 2187: 2178: 2168: 2160:Andrew Jackson 2151: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2092: 2082: 2068: 2050: 2036: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1991: 1982: 1945: 1924: 1915: 1905: 1895: 1882: 1873: 1863:. Later, the 1840: 1831: 1819:Joshua Pilcher 1810: 1797: 1788: 1775: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729:Patrick Swayze 1721: 1715: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1608: 1605: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1501:Doane Robinson 1479:The same year 1416: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1389: 1386: 1363:and President 1353:Charles Wilkes 1345:Andrew Jackson 1340: 1337: 1296:Cimarron River 1288:Santa Fe Trail 1254: 1251: 1202: 1199: 1152: 1149: 1137:Columbia River 1132:George Simpson 1117:Fort Vancouver 1109:Fort Vancouver 1082:Treaty of 1818 1074:George Simpson 1065: 1062: 1058:Oregon Country 1016:Central Valley 1005:Colorado River 974: 971: 922:Columbia River 910:American River 902:Cosumnes River 890:Central Valley 870:Columbia River 810:Colorado River 778: 775: 767:Humboldt River 730: 727: 714: 711: 687:Alexander Ross 658:, employed by 578: 575: 531: 528: 520:Missouri River 489:Missouri River 457: 454: 450:Ashland County 433:Dale L. Morgan 370: 367: 323:Oregon Country 311:part of Mexico 303:Colorado River 247: 246: 245: 244: 237: 221: 220:Known for 217: 216: 203: 199: 198: 197: 196: 193: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 171: 167: 166: 165: 164: 161: 158: 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 109: 107:(aged 32) 97: 93: 92: 77: 64: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 43:Jedediah Smith 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6523: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6332: 6328: 6323: 6322: 6315: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6277:. Macmillan. 6276: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6256:0-8263-0602-0 6252: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6237:0-8032-9206-6 6233: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6151:0-8032-5138-6 6147: 6143: 6142: 6136: 6125: 6119: 6112: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6010: 6004: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5810: 5804: 5788: 5781: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5739: 5733: 5718:(Map). Google 5717: 5716: 5709: 5690: 5683: 5682:"Shoot Dates" 5677: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5592: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5557:September 27, 5552: 5548: 5545: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5463: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5382: 5375: 5364:September 27, 5359: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5337: 5330: 5322: 5320:0-87595-277-1 5316: 5312: 5311: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5222: 5214: 5212:0-8032-7218-9 5208: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5192: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5103:, p. 15. 5102: 5097: 5081: 5074: 5068:, p. 11. 5067: 5062: 5046: 5039: 5023: 5019: 5012: 4996: 4990: 4982: 4981: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4951: 4942: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4873: 4868: 4852: 4846: 4830: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4768: 4766:0-8032-9564-2 4762: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4735: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4665: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4586: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4529: 4522: 4519:J. M. Guinn, 4516: 4514: 4512: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4484: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4428: 4421: 4419: 4402: 4401: 4393: 4391: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4363: 4359: 4356:(3): 330–51. 4355: 4351: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4299: 4284: 4276: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4123: 4115: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4005:Neihardt 1970 4001: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3968:0-8032-6591-3 3964: 3960: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3841: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3765: 3756: 3754:0-910286-95-7 3750: 3746: 3745: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3641:, p. 76. 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3385: 3383:0-8032-7261-8 3379: 3375: 3374: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3317: 3315:0-87417-134-2 3311: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3290: 3289:0-7679-0826-0 3286: 3282: 3281:0-375-50151-7 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3233: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3097:, p. 81. 3096: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3023: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2989: 2983:, p. 56. 2982: 2977: 2971:, p. 55. 2970: 2965: 2959:, p. 93. 2958: 2953: 2947:, p. 92. 2946: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2878:0-8032-7210-3 2874: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2819:, p. 48. 2818: 2813: 2807:, p. 47. 2806: 2801: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2762:, p. 45. 2761: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2727: 2721:, p. 38. 2720: 2715: 2709:, p. 40. 2708: 2703: 2696: 2691: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2648:, p. 40. 2647: 2642: 2635: 2630: 2623: 2618: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2591: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2553:, p. 23. 2552: 2547: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2524:, p. 26. 2523: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2492:, p. 25. 2491: 2486: 2480:, p. 17. 2479: 2474: 2468:, p. 16. 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2427:, p. 24. 2426: 2421: 2415:, p. 15. 2414: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2381: 2375: 2365: 2355: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2269: 2263: 2256: 2250: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2191: 2182: 2172: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2146: 2137: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2103: 2096: 2090:the massacre. 2086: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2060: 2059:James Nesmith 2054: 2047: 2040: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1995: 1986: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962:Humboldt Lake 1959: 1955: 1949: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1919: 1909: 1899: 1892: 1886: 1877: 1870: 1869:Interstate 80 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:shorter route 1854: 1850: 1844: 1835: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1771:New Hampshire 1768: 1767:general store 1762: 1758: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1707:Into the West 1703: 1700:produced the 1699: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1508:Meade, Kansas 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:William Waldo 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1412: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1385: 1383: 1380:, ending the 1379: 1375: 1374:Oregon Treaty 1370: 1366: 1365:James K. Polk 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1276: 1269: 1263: 1259: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1213: 1212:John H. Eaton 1207: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1157: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1086:Umpqua people 1083: 1075: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1014:California's 1012: 1008: 1006: 1001: 997: 988: 984: 979: 970: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 943: 939: 934: 930: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 862: 853: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826:Mojave Desert 823: 819: 815: 811: 804: 797: 793: 789: 784: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 759:Pacific Ocean 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 726: 724: 720: 710: 708: 705:near present 704: 700: 696: 692: 691:Flathead Post 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 656:Robert Stuart 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 629: 622: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 583: 574: 571: 567: 566:Fort Atkinson 563: 557: 554: 550: 542: 536: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 468: 463: 453: 451: 446: 442: 441:William Clark 438: 434: 430: 426: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 395:New Hampshire 392: 391:general store 388: 384: 375: 366: 364: 360: 356: 350: 348: 344: 340: 335: 334:John H. Eaton 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 315:Sierra Nevada 312: 308: 307:Mojave Desert 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 242: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 223: 222: 218: 215: 211: 207: 204: 200: 194: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 172: 168: 162: 159: 156: 155: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 98: 94: 89: 85: 82:(present-day 81: 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6501:Oregon Trail 6496:Mountain men 6491:Mohave Trail 6392:. Retrieved 6388: 6369: 6365: 6345: 6320: 6306:. Retrieved 6295: 6273: 6246: 6227: 6210: 6201: 6192: 6169: 6160: 6140: 6127:. Retrieved 6109: 6099: 6095: 6086: 6082: 6073: 6047: 6027: 6003: 5992: 5980:Ghostarchive 5978:Archived at 5974: 5963: 5951:Ghostarchive 5949:Archived at 5945: 5934: 5922:Ghostarchive 5920:Archived at 5916: 5905: 5893:Ghostarchive 5891:Archived at 5887: 5875: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5834: 5825: 5815:December 24, 5813:. Retrieved 5803: 5793:December 24, 5791:. Retrieved 5780: 5768:. Retrieved 5764:the original 5754: 5744:December 24, 5742:. Retrieved 5732: 5720:. Retrieved 5714: 5708: 5698:December 24, 5696:. Retrieved 5689:the original 5676: 5666:December 24, 5664:. Retrieved 5660:the original 5655: 5646: 5634:. Retrieved 5630:the original 5620: 5610:December 24, 5608:. Retrieved 5604:the original 5598: 5591: 5584:. LAC 13148. 5573: 5567: 5555:. Retrieved 5551:the original 5546: 5538: 5529: 5520: 5508:. Retrieved 5504:the original 5499: 5490: 5478:. Retrieved 5474:the original 5468: 5462: 5450:. Retrieved 5445: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5402:. Retrieved 5398: 5389: 5380: 5374: 5362:. Retrieved 5358:the original 5353: 5344: 5335: 5329: 5309: 5302: 5275: 5269: 5257: 5245:. Retrieved 5238: 5229: 5220: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5181:November 30, 5179:. Retrieved 5174: 5164: 5156: 5148: 5128: 5121: 5108: 5096: 5084:. Retrieved 5073: 5066:Barbour 2011 5061: 5049:. Retrieved 5038: 5026:. Retrieved 5021: 5011: 4999:. Retrieved 4989: 4978: 4971: 4957: 4950: 4941: 4929:. Retrieved 4918: 4913:, p. 7. 4896:Barbour 2011 4891: 4884:Barbour 2011 4879: 4872:Barbour 2011 4867: 4857:December 24, 4855:. Retrieved 4845: 4835:December 24, 4833:. Retrieved 4823: 4816:Barbour 2011 4811: 4804:Barbour 2011 4799: 4792:Barbour 2011 4787: 4780:Barbour 2011 4775: 4755: 4734: 4722:. Retrieved 4718: 4686: 4682: 4664:Barbour 2011 4659: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4633:Barbour 2011 4628: 4616: 4608:the original 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4563: 4551:. Retrieved 4547: 4537: 4528: 4520: 4490: 4483: 4476:Barbour 2011 4471: 4447: 4435: 4426: 4405:. Retrieved 4399: 4353: 4349: 4333:Barbour 2011 4328: 4322:. p. 5. 4319: 4313: 4304: 4298: 4288:February 29, 4286:. Retrieved 4266: 4246: 4210:. Retrieved 4204: 4171: 4167: 4140:November 11, 4138:. Retrieved 4134: 4109: 4097: 4085:. Retrieved 4078:the original 4073: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3987: 3977: 3958: 3934: 3911: 3895: 3862: 3845:Barbour 2011 3840: 3828:. Retrieved 3824:the original 3819: 3800:Barbour 2011 3795: 3788:Barbour 2011 3783: 3773: 3743: 3736: 3724: 3704:, p. 4. 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3627:Barbour 2011 3622: 3610: 3603:Barbour 2011 3598: 3591:Barbour 2011 3586: 3579:Barbour 2011 3574: 3562: 3550: 3543:Barbour 2011 3538: 3531:Barbour 2011 3526: 3519:Barbour 2011 3514: 3502: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3452:Barbour 2011 3447: 3436:Schafer 1935 3431: 3424:Barbour 2011 3409:Barbour 2011 3404: 3397:Barbour 2011 3392: 3372: 3365: 3358:Barbour 2011 3353: 3348:, p. 3. 3324: 3305: 3273:Random House 3268: 3265:Miles Harvey 3260: 3255:, p. 1. 3248: 3236:. Retrieved 3225: 3213:. Retrieved 3209:the original 3204: 3195: 3151: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3102: 3095:Barbour 2011 3090: 3083:Barbour 2011 3078: 3069: 3042: 3030: 3010: 2988: 2981:Barbour 2011 2976: 2969:Barbour 2011 2964: 2952: 2940: 2920: 2913: 2886: 2867: 2860: 2848: 2843:, p. 1. 2836: 2824: 2817:Barbour 2011 2812: 2805:Barbour 2011 2800: 2791: 2760:Barbour 2011 2743:Barbour 2011 2738: 2726: 2719:Barbour 2011 2714: 2707:Barbour 2011 2702: 2695:Barbour 2011 2690: 2678:. Retrieved 2674: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2634:Barbour 2011 2629: 2622:Barbour 2011 2617: 2605:. Retrieved 2601: 2577:. Retrieved 2573:the original 2568: 2558: 2551:Barbour 2011 2546: 2536: 2529: 2505:Buckley 2008 2485: 2478:Barbour 2011 2473: 2466:Barbour 2011 2461: 2454:Schafer 1935 2420: 2413:Barbour 2011 2408: 2396: 2374: 2364: 2354: 2345: 2338:Carl I Wheat 2332: 2325: 2317: 2312: 2303: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2262: 2254: 2249: 2240: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2190: 2181: 2171: 2166:in May 1836. 2154: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2095: 2085: 2077: 2071: 2053: 2039: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1994: 1985: 1974:Donner Party 1954:Carson River 1948: 1933:Zebulon Pike 1931:As with the 1927: 1918: 1908: 1898: 1890: 1885: 1876: 1849:Oregon Trail 1843: 1834: 1822: 1813: 1800: 1791: 1778: 1761: 1717: 1705: 1582: 1568: 1553: 1550: 1537: 1533: 1530:Dumas Malone 1525: 1521: 1516: 1505: 1491:, edited by 1488: 1484: 1476: 1468: 1456: 1444: 1441:F. V. Hayden 1437:George Gibbs 1424: 1418: 1409: 1398: 1391: 1368: 1342: 1331: 1328:Josiah Gregg 1309: 1292:Lower Spring 1281: 1267: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1216: 1179:Powder River 1168: 1162: 1145:Fort Colvile 1129: 1121: 1106: 1102:Umpqua River 1095: 1091: 1079: 1040: 1021: 992: 962:Jordan River 950:Ebbetts Pass 947: 886: 881: 873: 858: 830:Mohave Trail 807: 791: 755:Buenaventura 748: 736:Cache Valley 732: 716: 672: 668:Fort Astoria 633: 627: 624:Crow Indians 611:grizzly bear 601:and eastern 599:South Dakota 588: 570:Lakota Sioux 558: 546: 499: 484: 473: 462:Mountain man 419: 380: 351: 331: 295:Andrew Henry 284: 280:Oregon Trail 260:mountain man 256:cartographer 251: 250: 213: 209: 191:cartographer 178:frontiersman 128:Grant County 112:Lower Spring 99:May 27, 1831 36: 6446:1831 deaths 6441:1799 births 6116:. Dundurn. 6019:Works cited 5835:www.nps.gov 5452:December 2, 5446:fs.usda.gov 4911:Morgan 1964 4542:Lewis, Ed. 4464:Morgan 1964 4440:Morgan 1964 4382:Morgan 1964 4259:1700–1799: 4239:1634–1699: 4114:Morgan 1964 4087:December 1, 4053:Morgan 1964 3729:Morgan 1964 3717:Morgan 1964 3687:Morgan 1964 3675:Morgan 1964 3663:Morgan 1964 3651:Morgan 1964 3639:Bagley 2014 3615:Morgan 1964 3567:Morgan 1964 3555:Morgan 1964 3507:Cooney 1914 3329:Morgan 1964 3215:October 16, 3188:Eddins 2002 3107:Morgan 1964 3062:Morgan 1964 3047:Morgan 1964 3035:Morgan 1964 2993:Bagley 2014 2957:Morgan 1964 2945:Morgan 1964 2731:Morgan 1964 2680:October 10, 2658:Morgan 1964 2646:Morgan 1964 2607:October 10, 2522:Morgan 1964 2490:Morgan 1964 2425:Morgan 1964 2401:Smith et al 2064:Dale Morgan 1958:Carson Sink 1853:Jim Bridger 1769:owner from 1712:Josh Brolin 1702:mini-series 1622:Smith River 1597:Blacks Fork 1495:. In 1908, 1471:. In 1902, 1195:Henry Fraeb 1175:Jim Bridger 1098:John Turner 1036:Yerba Buena 954:Walker Lake 894:Kings River 703:Weber River 640:Green River 595:Black Hills 549:Grand River 543:(1840–1843) 477:War of 1812 405:during the 399:New England 393:owner from 355:Dale Morgan 289:and joined 202:Employer(s) 170:Occupations 144:Nationality 6435:Categories 5404:October 1, 5101:Smith 1977 3830:October 4, 3702:Sears 1963 3440:Weber 1982 3346:Sears 1963 3253:Sears 1963 2389:References 2158:President 1823:Enterprize 1593:Bear River 1465:John Fiske 1459:edited by 1427:, and the 1369:Pathfinder 1361:John Tyler 1301:comanchero 1183:Wind River 983:California 914:Sacramento 878:Bodega Bay 719:rendezvous 699:Bear River 615:Jim Clyman 591:Fort Kiowa 512:Fort Henry 500:Enterprize 383:Bainbridge 369:Early life 272:South Pass 103:1831-05-28 84:Bainbridge 72:1799-01-06 6219:23279123M 5722:April 10, 5510:April 10, 5480:April 11, 4695:1937-0733 4553:April 10, 3872:23279123M 3486:2162-9145 3275:, 2000. ( 3170:918303788 2905:866261673 2853:Camp 2013 2841:Camp 2013 2829:Camp 2013 2380:seen here 1941:passports 1696:In 2005, 1351:, led by 1339:Aftermath 1262:Comanches 1244:artillery 1171:Blackfeet 1163:1840–1843 1053:Pit River 966:Bear Lake 942:Pit River 861:San Diego 628:1840–1843 481:fur trade 425:freighter 422:Lake Erie 359:U.S. Army 299:Salt Lake 287:St. Louis 268:Southwest 78:Jericho, 6394:April 5, 6308:April 7, 6114:(E-book) 6089:: 37–72. 5982:and the 5953:and the 5924:and the 5895:and the 5770:April 4, 5636:April 4, 5582:11128342 5247:June 21, 5086:April 4, 5051:April 4, 5028:April 4, 5001:April 4, 4980:Trappers 4931:April 4, 4724:June 18, 4362:42623838 4264:(1992). 4244:(1997). 3936:Pioneers 3494:41168707 3238:April 5, 2579:April 4, 1999:journey. 1725:Red Dawn 1305:Comanche 1284:Santa Fe 1161:Bodmer ( 1032:Monterey 1003:bank of 679:Iroquois 626:Bodmer ( 497:keelboat 429:Montreal 347:Comanche 339:Santa Fe 195:explorer 147:American 6129:July 9, 6102:: 1–22. 5994:YouTube 5965:YouTube 5936:YouTube 5907:YouTube 5294:3598127 3144:9392775 2046:Ranchos 1316:Ulysses 1294:on the 882:Courier 874:Courier 603:Wyoming 508:Arikara 403:England 184:trapper 160:Old Jed 124:Ulysses 101: ( 70: ( 6353: 6331:479655 6329: 6281: 6253: 6234: 6217: 6176: 6148: 6120: 6054: 6035: 5580: 5317: 5292: 5282: 5243:. 1844 5209: 5136: 4997:. 1906 4763: 4693: 4498: 4429:: 2–7. 4407:May 2, 4360: 4212:May 7, 3965: 3870: 3751: 3492: 3484: 3380: 3312: 3287: 3279: 3168: 3158: 3142: 3132: 3018: 2928: 2903: 2893: 2875: 1574:Legacy 1247:cannon 898:Maidus 814:Mojave 751:beaver 541:Bodmer 439:' and 343:Kansas 187:author 181:hunter 120:Mexico 6070:(PDF) 5882:IMDb. 5692:(PDF) 5685:(PDF) 5442:(PDF) 4853:. 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