107:. In fact, women often used churches as a launching point for activism because of the networks and support from the church family. In addition, older active women in the church were seen as "community mothers" who would care for people in the African-American community and other church members. These women were seen as a symbol of strength among women, though they were still under the authority of the men who filled the higher religious positions in the church.
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pastors' wives sometimes formed their own committees to plan for church events. Many
African-American women also served as Sunday school teachers in their churches, often educating adults and children how to read and write along with Biblical lessons. Sunday schools emerged for the sole purpose of increasing literacy in the black community.
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Interracial cooperation in
Louisville during the post-war civil rights movement took the form of leadership by three overlapping coalitions: left-wing and labor unions, secular and government-sponsored agencies, and church youth groups. Various groups within each would gain more influence at certain
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Despite the majority of congregations and Sunday schools being composed mostly of women, men often held administrative positions in the church. Women were not left out of the association though. They often took interest in projects working to improve the church and the community. In addition, the
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In addition, during
Hughlett's pastorship, the church started a Well Baby Clinic and a Credit Union as part of the ministry. This allowed the church to grow in congregation and building size. A basement annex was added for spiritual and educational activities, as well as for the use of meetings and
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The JCSSA began as a religious education group. It wasn't until the 1930s that the organization began to shift its focus to job discrimination of
African-Americans. This began with a particular instance when a Louisville phone company refused to hire African-Americans as employees, so Frank Stanley
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located at 22nd and
Chestnut streets in Louisville in 1930. Hughlett was a secretary under President Jackson, before turning the association into one that addresses race relations under his leadership. During Hughlett's thirty-year leadership as a pastor, the church became a symbol of hope in the
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and pastors would even write articles about their events. Churches would also come together and have meetings or conventions, especially among the pastors and their wives. Oftentimes, these women served as the backbone of the different church ministries, serving in smaller committees that planned
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An example would include a 1942 conference directed by Rev. Hughlett at the A.M.E. Zion Church, bringing together the directors of the
Religious Education of the Madisonville District. He "explained the new religious education set up, as outlined in the 1941 discipline, and gave suggestions for
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Within the church, women also took charge of fundraising to support many
African-American institutions in and outside of the church, such as businesses, newspapers, and educational institutions. Though there weren't many roles for women in the church, the positions they were allowed to take on
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Conventions held at different churches mainly served as a hub for spreading new ideas about ways to improve ministries and serve the community. In fact, activities and programs of churches acted as uniting mechanisms in the black community. Churches also served as a school for literacy and an
46:. In 1939, the JCSSA health committee launched a campaign to create training facilities for nurses and doctors, in order to improve the health of African-Americans. Unfortunately, the campaign was soon abandoned because of disagreements concerning the leadership of the committee.
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making the church program serve the needs of the people in a larger way." Rev. Hughlett also participated in a debate at
Trinity A.M.E. Zion Church titled, "which hinders the Negro most, his color or his conduct."
24:. It played a pivotal role in local civil rights activities and was part of the grassroots effort for anti-discrimination campaigns with an emphasis on employment opportunities for African-Americans.
419:. Digitally archived by Louisville Leader Collection, 1917-1950, University Archives and Records Center, University of Louisville. Louisville, Kentucky. 22 January 1949. p. 4
376:. Digitally archived by Louisville Leader Collection, 1917-1950, University Archives and Records Center, University of Louisville. Louisville, Kentucky. 7 March 1942. p. 8
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261:. Digitally archived by Louisville Leader Collection, 1917-1950. University Archives and Records Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. 2 July 1927. p. 1
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39:— urged readers to pay their phone bills with pennies. After this incident, the JCSSA initiated a drive to get the Louisville Transit Company to hire black drivers.
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210:. Digitally archived by Louisville Leader Collection, 1917-1950, University Archives and Records Center, University of Louisville. Louisville, Kentucky. p. 4
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community. Youth programs flourished under Rev. Hughlett's ministry, along with serving the economic, spiritual, and physical needs of the surrounding community.
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The JCSSA also held rallies consisting of various
African-American religious groups and partnered with other organizations helping African-Americans, such as
158:. Louisville Leader Collection, 1917-1950. University Archives and Records Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. 22 January 1949. p. 3
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provided them with organizational and speaking skills necessary in the development of various female associations and groups such as the
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periods. A few, including the JCSSA, were seen as being led by charismatic individuals who brought people out for protest campaigns.
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instrument for social change. Members would not only worship together, but also gather together for protests.
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Reverend Daniel J. Hughlett was one of the prominent leaders of the JCSSA. He was appointed to lead the
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Feminism and
Christian Tradition: An Annotated Bibliography and Critical Introduction to the Literature
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Religious Education in the African American Church: A Comprehensive Introduction
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To Raise Up the South: Sunday Schools in Black and White Churches, 1865-1915
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A History of Blacks in Kentucky, Vol. 2: In Pursuit of Equality, 1890-1980
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A History of Blacks in Kentucky, Vol. 2: In Pursuit of Equality, 1890-1980
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Civil Rights in the Gateway to the South: Louisville, Kentucky, 1945-1980
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Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion
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Life Behind A Veil: Blacks In Louisville, Kentucky, 1865-1930
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Role of Louisville black churches in Civil Rights Movement
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Historically African-American Christian denominations
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345:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
181:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
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67:special events by various community groups.
618:Christian organizations established in 1925
233:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
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535:. New York: Random House Digital, Inc.
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202:Hughlett, Daniel J. (8 October 1949).
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481:Notable Black American Women: Book 2
367:"A.M.E. Zion Religious Leaders Meet"
297:. Hughlett Temple A.M.E. Zion Church
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485:. Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc.
410:"To Debate Color Conduct Question"
33:Sr. — editor and publisher of the
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82:various church-sponsored events.
510:. St. Louis, MO: Chalice Press.
204:"The Training of Colored Nurses"
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