20:
460:(WRL), and presided over it as Secretary from the time of its formation. The intent behind the WRL was to provide an organizational framework for opponents of militarism who had no traditional religious basis for their pacifist beliefs. The organization of the WRL was supported by other pacifist groups, including the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the
385:, with a headquarters in her apartment. Hughan and her associates were able to gather the signatures of some 3,500 men to a declaration opposing military enlistment with a view to demonstrating to American political leaders the unpopularity of the European war. She was a devoted opponent of the coordinated "
499:
The organization that Hughan founded, the War
Resisters League, as well as the organization she helped to found, Alpha Omicron Pi fraternity, both continue as vital and established institutions into the 21st century. Both of these organizations remember Hughan's name and her role in their formation.
495:
Jessie
Wallace Hughan retired in 1945. She stayed active in the War Resisters League as a member of the organization's Executive Committee until her death on April 10, 1955. She was 79 years old at the time of her death. She was survived by her sister Evelyn Hughan, with whom she had lived during
309:
in 1915. It was perhaps the only race in which she ran in which she had a measurable chance of winning. Hughan ran for office not so much intending to win, but rather as a means of advancing socialist ideas to a broader public and to put pressure on elected officials to co-opt and implement ideas
237:, pro and con, by university students across America. Hughan was elected to the Executive Committee of the ISS in 1907 and served continuously in that capacity until the end of the organization in 1921, continuing in a similar capacity in its successor organization, the
479:, designed to coordinate the educational and political activities of sundry pacifist groups. She helped with the organization of public demonstrations, including a series of "No More War" parades in New York City, and was a vigorous opponent of the return to military
445:. During the 1920s, she signed up numerous war resisters, delivered many speeches, and wrote pamphlets and tracts on the use of active nonviolence. She also organized various public protests against war and militarism, including some New York "NO More War" parades.
372:
and Tracy Mygatt in forming a number of peace groups linking pacifism, Christianity, and socialist politics. Unlike other opponents of war, Hughan intellectually developed a sophisticated socialist-pacifist position. Prior to U.S. military intervention in
737:
256:
In 1913, the ISS commissioned Hughan to write a book on the principles of socialism to serve as a text for study and discussion by the various chapters of the organization. The resulting publication, a tome called
395:
While she was never fired from her public school teaching positions for her political views, Hughan was called into suspicion in the eyes of some New York politicians. In 1919, Hughan was called before the
337:, an office which she sought four times — in 1922 in the New York 16th District; in 1924 in the New York 17th District; in 1928 in the New York 15th District; and in 1934 in the New York 15th District. In
408:. The Committee denied her the Certificate of Character and Loyalty due to her appending the words "This obedience being qualified always by dictates of conscience" to the state's teachers' oath.
1077:
298:
305:
For over two decades, Jessie
Wallace Hughan was a candidate for public office on the ticket of the Socialist Party of America. Her first foray into politics came in a 1915 bid for
139:. In 1898 she graduated, earning her A.B. degree, for which she authored an unpublished senior thesis on "Recent Theories of Profits." An excellent student, Hughan was a member of
541:
The
Socialism of To-Day: A Source-book of the Present Position and Recent Development of the Socialist and Labor Parties in all Countries, Consisting Mainly of Original Documents.
734:
501:
476:
487:
in 1945, at which time she stepped down to become the group's "Honorary
Secretary." She continued to remain active on the governing Executive Committee of the WRL.
382:
360:
despite the SPA's descent into factional war as the decade of the 1930s came to a close. Tellingly, neither did she run for elective office again after 1938.
392:
American entry into the war in April 1917 spelled the end of the Anti-Enlistment League, with the government seizing the organization's files and records.
241:(LID) through 1925. She also served as Vice President of the ISS from 1920 to 1921. Other so-called adult leaders of the ISS during this interval included
1072:
368:
A deeply religious person, Hughan was a committed pacifist who spent the whole of her life fighting the spread of militarism in
America. Hughan joined
1087:
986:
496:
her entire adult life, as well as her sister
Marjorie Hughan Rockwell and Marjorie's four children, with whom Jessie was extremely close.
198:
before returning to New York City in the early 1900s to complete her doctorate. Following her graduate work, she taught in a number of
1022:
1102:
1082:
1042:
1032:
531:
381:. Following the eruption of the war in the summer of 1914, Hughan felt herself called to action. In 1915 she organized the
314:. Hughan therefore was unfazed by electoral defeat, instead running for a steadily escalating series of political offices.
1067:
442:
353:
1062:
226:
183:
66:, established in 1923. For over two decades, she was a perennial candidate for political office on the ticket of the
1092:
1017:
1012:
352:
Hughan does not seem to have exited the
Socialist Party with its so-called "Old Guard" faction in 1936 to join the
1057:
330:
238:
274:
265:
who participated in the
Intercollegiate Socialist Society's activities, a group which included peace activist
174:
wrote the introduction. The book was later reissued by a commercial publisher under a slightly revised title.
1097:
338:
326:
322:
190:
schools following her graduation from
Columbia with her A.M. degree in 1899. She first taught in schools in
1052:
1047:
449:
1037:
483:
in 1940. She continued to serve as Secretary of the War Resisters League continuously through the end of
378:
219:
67:
1027:
163:
121:
86:, New York City. She was the third of four children born to Margaret and Samuel Hughan, who were of
461:
318:
135:
in 1894. In January 1897 she co-founded there with three other students the international sorority
989:, including two satirical parodies of Lewis Carroll, from her book of poems The Challenge of Mars.
796:
The Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 1905-1921: Origins of the Modern American Student Movement.
434:, the first congressional body charged with the investigation of radicalism in the United States.
552:
423:
401:
346:
970:
955:
465:
448:
Hughan sat on the National Council and was a member of the New York Executive Committee of the
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195:
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117:
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386:
306:
656:
1007:
1002:
457:
114:
63:
48:
929:
Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915-1963.
8:
207:
147:
110:
723:
Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present: Volume One: A-K.
513:
907:
548:
311:
246:
341:
she took a break from her Congressional campaigns to launch a bid for election to the
899:
427:
518:
Introduction by John Spargo. New York: Columbia University Press, 1911. Reissued as
891:
721:
Charles F. Howlett, "Jessie Wallace Hughan (1875-1955)," in Bernard A. Cook (ed.),
452:, a religious pacifist organization, from 1920 to 1923. In 1923, she founded a new
412:
250:
136:
71:
55:
210:, a position which she retained until her retirement from the profession in 1945.
741:
453:
286:
242:
128:
87:
958:— Official repository of Hughan's papers at Swarthmore College Peace Collection.
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140:
102:
91:
996:
903:
778:
770:
544:
357:
270:
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132:
106:
95:
973:— Official repository of WRL records at Swarthmore College Peace Collection.
404:, a special committee convened to investigate and report upon radicalism in
182:
Hughan made her professional career as an educator, teaching in a series of
62:
for university women. She also was a founder and the first Secretary of the
484:
480:
297:
282:
266:
199:
155:
681:
Solon DeLeon (ed.) in collaboration with Irma C. Hayssen and Grace Poole,
225:
Hughan's primary place in the socialist movement was as an officer of the
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374:
334:
171:
758:
911:
879:
774:
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59:
567:
New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1923. Reissued in London by Harrap, 1924.
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Pacifist organization of which Jessie Wallace Hughan was the founder.
342:
234:
41:
19:
471:
In 1938, with another war looming in Europe, Hughan organized a new
895:
203:
83:
51:
44:
37:
206:. In the 1920s, Hughan was in charge of the English Department at
961:
389:" campaign which emerged across the nation in 1915 and 1916.
159:
54:. During her college days she was one of four co-founders of
1078:
Socialist Party of America politicians from New York (state)
333:
as a Socialist. The year 1922 marked Hughan's first bid for
981:"Fraternity for Women" co-founded by Jessie Wallace Hughan.
943:
Rebels Against War: The American Peace Movement, 1941-1960.
773:, "Jessie Wallace Hughan (1875-1955)," in Mari Jo Buhle,
229:(ISS), an independent organization established by author
150:, also located in New York City. There Hughan earned her
154:
degree in 1899, writing a thesis entitled "The Place of
599:
If We Should Be Invaded: Facing a Fantastic Hypothesis.
936:
For Peace and Justice: Pacifism in America, 1914-1941.
500:
Alpha Omicron Pi annually awards a prize known as the
426:
on a list of 62 "dangerous radicals" presented to the
356:, instead remaining loyal to fellow radical pacifist
82:
Jessie Wallace Hughan was born December 25, 1875, in
36:(December 25, 1875 – April 10, 1955) was an American
411:
Later in 1919, Hughan's name appeared with those of
146:After graduation from Barnard, Hughan enrolled in
840:The Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 1905-1921,
827:The Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 1905-1921,
814:The Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 1905-1921,
744:ΑΟΠ official website. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
292:
994:
233:in 1905 to provide a venue of topics related to
120:college preparatory school for girls located in
880:"Review of A Study of International Government"
853:The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912-1925.
725:Santa Barbara, CA: Abc-Clio, 2006; pp. 293-294.
629:New Leagues for Old: Blueprints or Foundations?
170:for which the prominent British-born socialist
938:Knoxville: University of Kentucky Press, 1971.
441:, Hughan led a campaign to organize an active
301:Jessie Wallace Hughan as she appeared in 1919.
987:Three anti-war poems by Jessie Wallace Hughan
855:New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967; pg. 60.
537:Woman Suffrage Special, June 19, 1915, pg. 3.
253:, as well as founding father Upton Sinclair.
945:Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985.
785:New York: Garland Publishers, 1990; pg. 339.
443:war resistance movement in the United States
377:, she challenged prowar socialists, such as
754:
752:
750:
717:
715:
713:
711:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
515:The Present Status of Socialism in America.
504:to the organization's outstanding chapter.
168:The Present Status of Socialism in America,
77:
931:Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2003.
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
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695:
693:
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1073:Members of the Socialist Party of America
868:vol. 4, no. 18 (October 22, 1927), pg. 4.
808:
806:
804:
677:
675:
673:
671:
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667:
665:
162:in 1910. Her dissertation was adapted by
747:
641:
581:The Challenge of Mars, and Other Verses.
296:
261:was an influential text among the young
98:ancestry. Her father was an accountant.
18:
688:
685:New York: Hanford Press, 1925; pg. 113.
317:Hughan ran on the Socialist ticket for
202:throughout New York City, primarily in
995:
877:
801:
662:
561:New York: War Resisters League, n.d. .
520:American Socialism of the Present Day.
1088:Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni
798:Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 2-3.
625:New York: War Resisters League, 1944.
619:New York: War Resisters League, 1943.
613:New York: War Resisters League, 1942.
607:New York: War Resisters League, 1942.
601:New York: War Resisters League, 1939.
595:New York: War Resisters League, 1937.
589:New York: War Resisters League, 1937.
213:
565:A Study of International Government.
490:
363:
345:from New York. Hughan also ran for
13:
921:
783:Encyclopedia of the American Left.
14:
1114:
949:
631:New York: Plowshare Press, n.d. .
587:The Beginnings of War Resistance.
227:Intercollegiate Socialist Society
218:Jessie Wallace Hughan joined the
611:Three Decades of War Resistance.
1023:Activists from New York (state)
871:
858:
845:
832:
331:Lieutenant Governor of New York
239:League for Industrial Democracy
143:, a national honorary society.
16:American activist (1875 – 1955)
1103:War Resisters League activists
1083:American nonviolence advocates
819:
788:
764:
728:
528:New York: John Lane Co., 1913.
522:New York: John Lane Co., 1911.
293:Campaigns for electoral office
275:American Civil Liberties Union
166:and published in book form as
1:
962:War Resisters League homepage
884:American Journal of Sociology
683:The American Labor Who's Who.
635:
555:. New York: Henry Holt, 1920.
24:
1043:American political activists
971:War Resisters League Records
956:Jessie Wallace Hughan Papers
864:"Here Are Your Candidates,"
450:Fellowship of Reconciliation
354:Social Democratic Federation
7:
1033:American anti-war activists
983:Retrieved October 19, 2009.
310:from the Socialist Party's
10:
1119:
1068:Columbia University alumni
220:Socialist Party of America
68:Socialist Party of America
1063:College sorority founders
977:Alpha Omicron Pi homepage
502:Jessie Wallace Hughan Cup
477:United Pacifist Committee
349:in 1927, 1932, and 1938.
177:
164:Columbia University Press
122:Northfield, Massachusetts
759:"Jessie Wallace Hughan,"
659:Political Graveyard.com.
657:"Jessie Wallace Hughan,"
507:
319:New York State Treasurer
78:Early life and education
1093:Activists from Brooklyn
1018:20th-century Unitarians
1013:19th-century Unitarians
878:Wright, Quincy (1925).
559:What is War Resistance?
553:William English Walling
526:The Facts of Socialism.
424:Oswald Garrison Villard
402:New York State Assembly
347:New York State Assembly
158:in Economics," and her
1058:Barnard College alumni
735:"About ΑΟΠ: Founding,"
623:Why Not Peace in 1944?
617:A Preface to Post-War.
605:Pacifism and Invasion.
383:Anti-Enlistment League
370:Frances M. Witherspoon
302:
196:White Plains, New York
192:Naugatuck, Connecticut
109:, and then went on to
30:
941:Lawrence S. Wittner,
473:umbrella organization
462:Women's Peace Society
300:
115:theologically liberal
70:in her home state of
34:Jessie Wallace Hughan
22:
1098:Unitarian socialists
458:War Resisters League
64:War Resisters League
1053:American Unitarians
1048:American socialists
934:Charles Chatfield,
466:Women's Peace Union
259:Facts of Socialism,
208:Textile High School
148:Columbia University
127:Hughan enrolled at
111:Northfield Seminary
1038:American pacifists
927:Scott H. Bennett,
740:2011-01-12 at the
571:What Is Socialism?
549:J.G. Phelps Stokes
312:political platform
303:
247:J.G. Phelps Stokes
214:Socialist activism
31:
851:James Weinstein,
593:What about Spain?
583:New York: , 1932.
428:Overman Committee
273:, researcher and
1110:
1028:Alpha Omicron Pi
916:
915:
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532:"Woman and War,"
491:Death and legacy
413:settlement house
364:Anti-war efforts
285:, and publicist
251:Harry W. Laidler
137:Alpha Omicron Pi
101:Hughan attended
56:Alpha Omicron Pi
29:
26:
1118:
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922:Further reading
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866:The New Leader,
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742:Wayback Machine
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510:
493:
454:anti-militarist
366:
295:
287:Walter Lippmann
243:Morris Hillquit
222:(SPA) in 1907.
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152:Masters of Arts
129:Barnard College
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535:New York Call,
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406:New York state
398:Lusk Committee
365:
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329:, she ran for
294:
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279:Robert W. Dunn
231:Upton Sinclair
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141:Phi Beta Kappa
103:grammar school
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269:, journalist
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107:Staten Island
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419:and liberal
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394:
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387:Preparedness
367:
351:
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304:
283:Herbert Feis
281:, historian
267:Devere Allen
258:
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200:high schools
181:
167:
156:Henry George
145:
126:
100:
81:
33:
32:
1008:1955 deaths
1003:1875 births
456:group, the
439:World War I
432:U.S. Senate
417:Jane Addams
375:World War I
335:US Congress
172:John Spargo
28: 1898
997:Categories
794:Max Horn,
775:Paul Buhle
636:References
573:New York:
464:, and the
421:journalist
60:fraternity
904:0002-9602
343:US Senate
277:official
235:socialism
118:Unitarian
42:socialist
816:pg. 235.
781:(eds.),
738:Archived
415:pioneer
307:Alderman
204:Brooklyn
88:Scottish
84:Brooklyn
72:New York
52:pacifist
47:, and a
45:activist
38:educator
23:Hughan,
912:2764736
829:pg. 50.
577:, 1928.
430:of the
400:of the
188:private
92:English
49:radical
910:
902:
838:Horn,
825:Horn,
812:Horn,
551:, and
437:After
184:public
178:Career
96:French
94:, and
908:JSTOR
543:With
508:Works
325:. In
160:Ph.D.
900:ISSN
339:1926
327:1920
323:1918
194:and
186:and
113:, a
40:, a
892:doi
321:in
131:in
105:on
999::
979:—
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777:,
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468:.
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74:.
25:c.
914:.
894::
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