John VI of Portugal

919:). This was an imprudent decision given the dangers of a transatlantic voyage in that era, since it placed at risk the succession of the crown in case of shipwreck. Carlota Joaquina and her daughters were on two other ships. The number of people who embarked with John remains a matter of controversy; in the 19th century there was talk of up to 30 thousand emigrants; more recent estimates vary between five hundred and fifteen thousand, the latter being close to the maximum capacity of the squadron of fifteen ships, including their crews. Still, the ships were overcrowded. According to Pedreira e Costa, taking into account all of the variables, the most likely numbers fall between four and seven thousand passengers plus the crews. Many families were separated, and even high officials failed to secure a place on the ships and were left behind. The voyage was not a tranquil one. Several ships were in precarious condition, and overcrowding created humiliating conditions for the nobility, the majority of whom had to sleep huddled in the open in the 1086:, which he esteemed greatly and which fascinated the Brazilians and became part of their folklore. He received his subjects daily, except for Sundays and holidays. The long lines waiting to pay their respects and receive favors were a mix of nobles and commoners. According to painter Henry L’Evêque, "the Prince, accompanied by a Secretary of State, a Chamberlain and some household officials, received all the petitions that were presented to him; listened attentively to all the complaints, all the requests of the applicants; consoled one, encouraged others.... The vulgarity of the manners, the familiarity of speech, the insistence of some, the prolixity of others, none of this bored him. He seemed to forget that he was their master, and remember only that he was their father." Oliveira Lim wrote that he "never confused the faces or the pleas, and the applicants marveled at how well he know their lives, their families, even small incidents that had occurred in the past and which they could not believe had risen to the notice of the King." 855: 739: 1501: 1651:(1908), was one of the major figures responsible for the beginning of John's large-scale rehabilitation. He researched innumerable documents of the era without finding unfavorable descriptions of the King by Brazilians or by ambassadors and other diplomats accredited to the court. On the contrary, he found many accounts that painted him in favorable colors, such as the testimonies left by the British consul Henderson and the U.S. minister Sumter, who "greatly preferred to address himself directly to the monarch, always willing to do justice, than to confer with his ministers.... deeming him in this matter much more advanced than his courtiers". Diplomatic documents also confirm the breadth of his political vision, aiming to give Brazil an importance in the Americas comparable to the United States, adopting a discourse similar the U.S. doctrine of 2369: 1011: 1402:

soon abandoned. Difficult negotiations and consultations undertaken in Europe in Rio de Janeiro with British diplomatic mediation resulted in the final recognition of the independence on 29 August 1825. At the same time, John freed all the Brazilians who were prisoners and authorized trade between both nations. It was agreed that Pedro would govern Brazil as Emperor, while John kept for himself the honor of Titular Emperor of Brazil; from this time, he signed official documents as "His Majesty the Emperor and King Dom John VI" ("Sua Majestade o Imperador e Rei Dom João VI"). Brazil was required to pay certain funds that it had borrowed from Portugal. Nothing in the treaty spoke of the succession of the two crowns, but Pedro, still acting as the Prince Royal of Portugal and Algarve, implicitly remained heir to the Portuguese throne.

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comparing her to his young wife, he wrote, "She is very smart and has a lot of judgment, whereas you have rather little, and I like her a lot, but for all that I cannot love her equally." John's young bride was not inclined to docility, requiring at times the correction of Queen Maria herself. In addition, the difference in their ages (John being 17 years old) made him uncomfortable and anxious. Because Carlota Joaquina was so young, the marriage had not been consummated, and John wrote, "Here's to the arrival of the time when I shall play a lot with the Infanta. The way these things go, I think six years from now. Better that she be a bit more grown up than when she came." The consummation waited until 1790. In 1793, Carlota Joaquina gave birth to the first of nine children:

580: 900: 1436: 4109:...compreendia que a Igreja, com seu corpo de tradições e sua disciplina moral, só lhe podia ser útil para o bom governo a seu modo, paternal e exclusivo, de populações cujo domínio herdara com o cetro. Por isso foi repetidamente hóspede de frades e mecenas de compositores sacros, sem que nessas manifestações epicuristas ou artísticas se comprometesse seu livre pensar ou se desnaturasse sua tolerância cética.... Aprazia-lhe o refeitório mais do que o capítulo do mosteiro, porque neste se tratava de observância e naquele se cogitava de gastronomia, e para observância lhe bastava a da pragmática. Na Capela Real mais gozava com os sentidos do que rezava com o espírito: os andantes substituíam as meditações. 5284: 1149: 2138: 1281:

Cortes, but the following day, protests in the plaza were put down violently. In Brazil, the general opinion was that the King's return to Portugal could mean loss of the autonomy Brazil had gained and a return to its prior colonial status. Under pressure, John tried to find a middle way by sending his son Prince Pedro to Lisbon to grant a constitution and establish the basis of a new government. The prince, however, already leaning toward liberal ideas, refused. The crisis had gone too far and there was no turning back. John named Pedro regent for Brazil in his name and left for Lisbon on 25 April 1821 after a stay of thirteen years in Brazil, a country he would always miss.

50: 6847: 2320: 1370:, he reprimanded his son, deposed him from command of the army, and ordered him to release his political prisoners. Miguel was exiled. With the defeat of the rebellion, both liberals and absolutists came out into the streets to celebrate the survival of the legitimate government. On 14 May, the King returned to Bemposta, reconstituted the council of ministers and showed generosity to the others who had rebelled. Still, this did not dissuade the Queen from further conspiracies. The police discovered another rebellion planned for 26 October, on the basis of which John placed his wife under house arrest in Queluz Palace. 676:, some in the Portuguese court viewed John's marriage to a Spanish infanta unfavorably. Carlota Joaquina endured four days of testing by the Portuguese ambassadors before the marriage pact was confirmed. Because John and Carlota Joaquina were related and because of the bride's youth (she was only 10 years old at the time), the marriage required a papal dispensation. After being confirmed, the marriage capitulation was signed in the throne room of the Spanish court with great pomp and with the participation of both kingdoms. It was followed immediately by a proxy marriage. The marriage was consummated five years later. 877:(a blockade against Great Britain). A new secret treaty with the British guaranteed him help in case of an eventual flight of the royal family. The accord greatly favored the British and preserved their influence over the country, as British merchants continued to make vast profits in trade with the Portuguese intercontinental empire. It fell to Portugal to choose between an alliance with France or with Britain, and the hesitancy to decide firmly placed Portugal at risk of war with both. In October 1807, news arrived that a French army was approaching, and on 16 November, a British squadron arrived in the port of 1663: 1647:; and Tomás Antônio de Vila Nova Portugal. They may be considered the mentors of many of John's most important undertakings, but according to John Luccock: "The prince regent has been various times accused of apathy; to me, he seemed to have greater sensitivity and strength of character than was generally attributed to him by both friends and opponents. He was placed in new circumstances by which he was tested, bowing before them with patience; if incited, he acted with vigor and promptness". He also praised King John's character, reaffirming his kindness and attention. Oliveira Lima, with his classic 1307: 4417:"produzir uma narrativa cinematográfica que constituísse uma espécie de romance histórico com funções pedagógicas e que, assim, oferecesse ao espectador um conhecimento do passado e o ajudasse, como povo, a pensar sobre o presente. ...não oferece conhecimento histórico novo ao espectador, nem que se considere que a mesma concebe a História como um Romance: ele reforça, na verdade, as idéias que os espectadores trazem, sendo nulo em termos de ampliação do conhecimento... Dessa forma, conduz-se o espectador mais ao deboche do que à reflexão crítica sobre a história do Brasil." 631: 4442:"Se existe a concordância de todos os autores, que se basearam no depoimento daqueles que o conheceram de perto, quanto à sua bondade e afabilidade, todo o resto é controvérsia. Enquanto uns apontavam sua visão de estadista, outros consideravam-no inteiramente covarde e despreparado para governar. De qualquer maneira, Dom João VI marcou de forma indelével a história luso-brasileira, fato que repercute até o presente, através de uma historiografia que insiste em julgar o rei, desprezando as transformações contínuas que a disciplina experimentou ao longo do século XX". 1632:'s stated intent "to produce a cinematic narrative that would constitute a type of historical novel with pedagogic function and, at the same time, would offer the viewer knowledge of the past and would help, as a people, to think about the present. It does not offer new historical knowledge to the viewer, even if one were to treat history as a novel: it reinforces, in truth, the ideas that the viewers bring, being zero in terms of increased knowledge... In this way, it leads the viewer more to debauchery than to critical reflection on the history of Brazil". 832:, and made concessions to the French over certain colonial territories. With conflicting interests among all the countries involved, the war was marked by ambiguous movements and secret agreements. Portugal, as the weakest player, could not avoid continued struggle. At the same time, John had to face an enemy at home. His wife, Princess Carlota Joaquina, loyal to Spanish interests, initiated an intrigue with the objective of deposing her husband and taking power herself. After this attempt failed in 1805, the Princess was exiled from court; she resided at 5289: 1177:) to try to secure a monarchy of her own, perhaps as a regent of Spain, perhaps as queen of a new monarchy created from Spanish colonies in South America, perhaps by deposing her husband. This made any meaningful marriage to John impossible, despite his show of patience, and only the force of convention had them appear together in public. While the Queen gained many sympathizers, her plots uniformly failed. Despite that, she managed to influence her husband to involve himself more directly in Spanish colonial politics. These efforts led to the capture of 614:. Folklore has Infante John as a rather uncultured youth, but according to Jorge Pedreira e Costa, he received as rigorous an education as his brother José did. Still, a French ambassador of the time painted him in unfavorable colors, seeing him as hesitant and dim. The record of this period of his life is too vague for historians to form any definitive picture. Little is known of the substance of his education. He surely received instruction in religion, law, French, and etiquette, and would presumably have learned history through reading the works of 1079:

years of chaos in the daily life of Rio; rents doubled, taxes rose, and food was in short supply, requisitioned by the imported nobility. This soon dispelled popular enthusiasm over the prince regent's arrival. The very shape of the city began to change, with the construction of innumerable new residences, villas and other buildings, and various improvements to services and infrastructure. Likewise, the presence of the court introduced new standards of etiquette, new fashions and new customs, including a new social stratification.

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it encouraged the creation of new manufacturing and other economic activities that were previously banned, poor or nonexistent in Brazil. At the same time, he created such high-level administrative bodies as the War Ministry, the Foreign Ministry, and the Ministry of Marine and Overseas; the Councils of State and of Finance, the Supreme Military Council, the Military Archive, the Bureaus of Justice and of Conscience and Orders, the Casa de Suplicação (Supreme Court), the Intendency General of Police, the first

1047:(Imperial Palace). Though large, it was comfortless and nothing like Portuguese palaces. As large as it was, it was not enough to accommodate everyone, so neighboring buildings were also requisitioned, such as the Carmelite Convent, the town hall, and even the jail. To meet the needs of other nobles, and to install new government offices, innumerable small residences were hastily expropriated, their proprietors arbitrarily ejected, at times violently in the face of resistance. Despite the efforts of Viceroy 5745: 1067: 4462:"o príncipe regente tem sido várias vezes acusado de apatia; a mim, pareceu-me ele possuir maior sensibilidade e energia de caráter do que em geral tanto amigos como adversários costumam atribuir-lhe. Achava-se colocado dentro de circunstâncias novas e próprias para pô-lo à prova, curvando-se ante elas com paciência; se incitado, agia com vigor e presteza." Martins, pp. 28-34. Martins was probably quoting an English-language statement in Portuguese, so here this has probably been doubly translated. 2389: 2341: 2191: 1290: 962:, Brazil. The streets of Salvador were deserted, because the governor, the Count of Ponte, preferred to await the prince's orders before permitting the people to receive him. Finding this attitude odd, John ordered that all could come as they wished. However, to allow the nobility to compose themselves after such an arduous journey, the landing was postponed until the next day, when they were received joyfully amidst a procession, the ringing of bells and a celebration of a 1636:

closely for his kindness and affability, all the rest is controversy. While some pointed to his countenance of a statesman, others considered him a coward and completely unprepared to govern. In any event, Dom João VI left his indelible mark on Portuguese-Brazilian history, a fact that resonates to the present, through a historiography that insists on judging the King, despite the transformations that discipline experienced over the course of the twentieth century".

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previously lacking of these resources, because the predominant idea continued to be that Brazil would remain a colony, given that it was expected that the court would return to its old metropolis once the European political situation returned to normal. However, these advances became the basis for Brazil's future autonomy. This is not to say that all was amenities and progress. A series of political crises began shortly after the Prince Regent's arrival with the

3732:"o Príncipe, acompanhado por um Secretário de Estado, um Camareiro e alguns oficiais de sua Casa, recebe todos os requerimentos que lhe são apresentados; escuta com atenção todas as queixas, todos os pedidos dos requerentes; consola uns, anima outros.... A vulgaridade das maneiras, a familiaridade da linguagem, a insistência de alguns, a prolixidade de outros, nada o enfada. Parece esquecer-se de que é senhor deles para se lembrar apenas de que é o seu pai". 948: 2212: 1337:

constitution, but the absolute regime was restored, the Queen's rights re-established, and the King acclaimed for a second time on 5 June. John repressed demonstrations against this restoration, deported some of the liberals and arrested others, ordered the restoration of judiciary and institutions more in line with the new political orientation and created a commission to draft a basis for a new charter to replace the constitution.

2233: 1460:, but none of these Epicurean or artistic demonstrations compromised his free thought or denatured his skeptical tolerance. ... He made more use of the refectory of the monastery than of its chapel, because was about observance and in one thought of gastronomy, and in terms of observance the pragmatic one was enough for him. In the Royal Chapel he more took pleasure with the senses than he prayed with the spirit: 984: 3610:"Se tão grandes eram os motivos de mágoa e aflição, não menores eram as causas de consolo e de prazer: uma nova ordem de coisas ia a principiar nesta parte do hemisfério austral. O império do Brasil já se considerava projetado, e ansiosamente suspirávamos pela poderosa mão do príncipe regente nosso senhor para lançar a primeira pedra da futura grandeza, prosperidade e poder de novo império". Gomes, p. 129 1356:, while several of Miguel's political enemies were also imprisoned elsewhere. The infante's intent was to force his father to abdicate. Alerted to the situation, the diplomatic corps managed to enter Bemposta Palace. Those who held the King could not resist such authorities and restored a measure of freedom to the King. On 9 May, on the advice of friendly ambassadors, John pretended to travel to 3488:"Queria falar e não podia; queria mover-se e, convulso, não acertava a dar um passo; caminhava sobre um abismo, e apresentava-se-lhe à imaginação um futuro tenebroso e tão incerto como o oceano a que ia entregar-se. Pátria, capital, reino, vassalos, tudo ia abandonar repentinamente, com poucas esperanças de tornar a pôr-lhes os olhos, e tudo eram espinhos que lhe atravessavam o coração." 1721:, the Marquis of Caravelas, praised John in the Brazilian Senate on the occasion of the King's death, saying, "All of us who are here have many reasons to praise the memory of King John VI, we all ought to be grateful, for the benefits he gave us: he raised Brazil to a kingdom, provided well for all of us, treated us always with great affection, and all Brazilians are obligated to him." 1090: 1398:, but final judgment was never rendered. On 5 June he granted amnesty to those involved in the Porto uprising, except for nine officers who were exiled. On the same day, the old constitution of the Kingdom came back into force, and the Cortes reconvened to prepare a new text. The change of constitution faced several obstacles, mainly from Spain and from supporters of the Queen. 1007:

military officials, aristocrats and liberal professionals, skilled artisans, and public servants. For many scholars, the transfer of the court to Rio began the establishment of the modern Brazilian state and constituted Brazil's first step toward true independence. While Brazil at this time remained formally and juridically a Portuguese colony, in the words of Caio Prado, Jr.

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corruption, noting that although there were enormous costs and clear abuses, at that time there was no clear separation between the public treasury and the monarch's private accounts, and in the logic of the Old Regime "the King is the owner of the state... of which the distribution of spoils forms part: the King is the dispenser of justice and spoils". Before dying on

1628:(1995), a parody mixed with sharp social criticism. That work had enormous repercussions, but, according to the critical commentary of Ronaldo Vainfas, "it is a story full of errors of all types, misrepresentations, imprecisions, inventions"; for historian Luiz Carlos Villalta, "it constitutes a broad attack on historical knowledge", in contrast to director 1303:

adventurer grabs it." According to the memoirs of the Count of Palmela, Brazilian independence had come about through common accord between King John and Prince Pedro. In any event, later correspondence between the two shows the prince's concern not to disturb his father. However, Portugal did not officially recognize Brazilian independence at this time.

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loyalty to it on 1 October 1822. It called for him to surrender various prerogatives. The Queen refused to follow her husband in agreeing to this, and thus was dispossessed of her political rights and deposed of her title as queen. Meanwhile, John lost out in Brazil as well. His son Pedro, opting to stay in that country, led a revolt that proclaimed

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personal customs, inviting easy caricature and circulation of an unflattering, if not comic, tradition." the King is popularly shown as indolent, silly and clumsy, subjugated by a shrewish wife, a disgusting glutton who always had baked chicken in his coat pockets to eat them at any time with greasy hands, a version typified by the Brazilian film

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recommendation that the army not engage in hostilities with the invader. The hasty departure during a rainstorm caused havoc in Lisbon as an astonished population could not believe that their prince had abandoned them. According to the account of José Acúrsio das Neves, the departure brought forth deep emotion on the part of the Prince Regent:

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fourteen years (which was John's situation at the time), government would be exercised by the guardians of those children or, if guardians had not been formally named, by the wife of the regent. In John's case, that would have been a Spanish infanta. Fear, suspicion and intrigue engulfed the entire institutional framework of the nation.

1556:), the Royal Bahiense Society of Men of Letters, the Academic Institute of Sciences and Fine Arts, the Fluminense Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Escola Anatômica, Cirúrgica e Médica do Rio de Janeiro, the Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortification and Design, the Academia dos Guardas-Marinhas, the Academia Militar, the 980:), a measure of vast political and economic importance and the first of many that went to improve conditions in the colony. Britain, however, whose economy depended in great part on maritime commerce, and for whom the Portuguese and Brazilian monarchy was now something of a protectorate, was the most direct beneficiary. 1456:"...understood that the Church, with its body of traditions and its moral discipline, could only be useful for a good government in his manner, paternal and exclusive, of populations whose dominion was inherited with the scepter. Because of this, he was repeatedly the guest of monks and patron to composers of 1705:

had John not come to the Americas and installed a strong central government, the large territory of Brazil, with important regional differences, would probably have fragmented into several distinct nations, as occurred with the vast neighboring Spanish colony. This opinion was shared by the British admiral

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affirms that "Dom John VI was one of the personalities who had the greatest influence over the formation of the nation.... he was an ideal mediator.... between tradition – which he incarnated – and innovation – which he welcomed and promoted – during that decisive period for the Brazilian future". As

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John's marriage was never a happy one. Rumors circulated that at the age of 25 he fell in love with Eugênia José de Menezes, his wife's chaperone. She became pregnant, and John was suspected of being the father. The case was hushed up, and the young woman was sent to Spain to bear the child. She gave

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as regent. On the night of 9 March, he took a turn for the worse and died at approximately 5 a.m. on 10 March. The infanta immediately assumed the internal government of Portugal, and Pedro was recognized as the legitimate heir as King Dom Pedro IV. Doctors could not definitively determine a cause of

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Portugal's biggest problems at this time, however, related to the independence of Brazil, which had been the country's largest source of wealth. The loss of Brazil had a great negative impact on the Portuguese economy. An expedition to reconquer the former colony was even considered, but the idea was

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on 27 May, with the intent of restoring absolutism. John changed the game by supporting Miguel to avoid his own deposition (which was desired by Carlota Joaquina's party). He appeared in public on his birthday alongside his son, who wore a uniform of the National Guard, a military corps that had been

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Salvador spent a month in commemorations of the presence of the court and tried to seduce the court into making it the new seat of the Kingdom. The residents offered to construct a luxurious palace as a home for the royal family, but John declined and continued his voyage, having already announced to

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To explain himself to the people, John ordered that posters be put up along the streets stating that his departure was unavoidable despite all efforts made to assure the integrity and peace of the Kingdom. The posters recommended that everyone remain calm, orderly and not resist the invaders, so that

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government via a Council. Rumors circulated that John exhibited symptoms of the same insanity, and that he might be prevented from ruling. According to longstanding laws that guided the institution of regency, were the regent to die or become incapable for any reason, and having children of less than

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puts it, "no other period of Brazilian history testifies to such profound decisive and rapid changes as the thirteen years in which the Portuguese court lived in Rio de Janeiro". Scholars such as Oliveira Lima, Maria Odila da Silva Dias, Roderick Barman and the aforementioned Laurentino believe that

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and Valentim Alexandre. It is also certain that many were disaffected with him, that he raised taxes and aggravated the debt, multiplied titles and hereditary privilege, that he could not allay the vast array of internal dissensions or eliminate entrenched administrative corruption, and that he left

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John's policies led to far-reaching economic changes, beginning with the opening of the ports and the abolition of the Portuguese commercial monopolies, with the United Kingdom being the great beneficiary. On the one hand, traders based in Brazil had to face strong foreign competition; on the other,

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As a youth, John was a retiring figure, heavily influenced by the clergy, and lived surrounded by priests and attending daily Mass in the church. Nonetheless, Oliveira Lima affirms that rather than being an expression of personal piety, this merely reflected Portuguese culture at that time, and that

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With the death of his mother on 20 March 1816, John assumed the throne as King Dom John VI. However, he was not immediately consecrated as king; he was acclaimed only on 6 February 1818, with grand festivities. Meanwhile, several political matters came to the fore. John's wife, the ambitious Carlota

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in 1809 in retaliation for the French invasion of Portugal, serious economic problems, and an unfavorable trade agreement negotiated in 1810 with the British government, which in practice flooded the small internal market with useless trinkets, disadvantaged exports, and the creation of new national

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with a force of seven thousand men with orders either to escort the royal family to Brazil or, if the government surrendered to France, to attack and conquer the Portuguese capital. The court was divided between Francophiles and Anglophiles, and after anguished consideration under pressure from both

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em que o país até então vivera. Todos os caracteres de tal regime desaparecem, restando apenas a circunstância de continuar à frente de um governo estranho. São abolidas, uma atrás da outra, as velhas engrenagens da administração colonial, e substituídas por outras já de uma nação soberana. Caem as

1524:, the Fábrica de Pólvora (gunpowder factory), Rio's fire department, Brazil's merchant marine, and the charity hospital known as the Casa dos Expostos. He also established various educational programs in Rio, Pernambuco, Bahia and other places, teaching such subjects as dogmatic and moral theology, 1188:

During the same period, problems arose in finding a wife for John's son Dom Pedro, Prince Royal of Portugal (the new title for the heir apparent). Europe at the time considered Brazil distant, backward and unsafe, so it was not a simple task to find suitable candidates. After a year of seeking, the

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Throughout his stay in Brazil, John formalized the creation of a huge number of institutions and public services and boosted the economy, culture and other areas of national life. All these measures were taken principally because of the practical needs of administering a large empire in a territory

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who had ambitions for those posts. In the year after the deaths of his brother and the Archbishop, John became ill to the extent that his own survival was uncertain. He recovered, but in 1791, he again fell ill "bleeding from the mouth and intestines", according to notes left by the chaplain of the

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In the precarious and spare environment of Rio, the King's personal habits were simple. In contrast to his relative isolation in Portugal, he became more personally dynamic and interested in nature. He moved frequently between the Paço de São Cristóvão and the viceregal palace in the city, staying

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But first it was necessary to provide accommodations for the newcomers, a difficult problem to resolve given the cramped proportions of the city of Rio at that time. In particular, there were few homes suitable for the nobility, especially in the case of the royal family, who were installed in the

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regime under which the country had lived until then. All the characteristics of that regime disappeared, the only remaining part of the colonial situation was to be under a foreign government. One after another, the old workings of colonial administration were abolished and replaced by those of a

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He wanted to speak and could not; he wanted to move and, convulsed, did not succeed in taking a step; he walked over an abyss, and envisioned a future dark and as uncertain as the ocean to which he was about to deliver himself. Country, capital, kingdom, vassals, he was about to leave all of these

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The ships bringing John and his court arrived in Lisbon on 3 July. His return was orchestrated in such a manner as not to imply that the King had been coerced, but in fact a new political environment had already been established. A constitution had been drafted, and the King was required to swear

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The city, which at that time had about 70,000 inhabitants, saw itself transformed overnight. The additional populace, full of new requirements, imposed a new organization in the supply of food and other consumer goods, including luxury items. It took years for the Portuguese to settle in, causing

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If so great were the motives of sorrow and distress, no less were the causes of comfort and pleasure: a new order of things was going to begin this part of the southern hemisphere. The design of the Empire of Brazil could already be considered in place, and eagerly wished the powerful hand of our

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on 7 March, where he met his daughters and other members of his entourage whose ships had arrived earlier. On the 8th, the whole court finally disembarked to encounter a city adorned to receive them with nine days of uninterrupted celebrations. A well-known chronicler of the era, Father Perereca,

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advanced with some difficulty, arriving at the gates of Lisbon only on 30 November 1807. By this time, the Prince Regent, accompanied by the entire royal family and a large following of nobles, state functionaries and servants, had already embarked, leaving the government under a regency with the

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Diverse visual representations of John range from an overweight, oversized, sloppy appearance to a dignified and elegant character. As for historians' portrayals, researcher Ismênia de Lima Martins writes, "If there is agreement among all authors who relied on the testimony of those who knew him

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In the course of his few years living in Brazil, John ordered the creation of a series of institutions, projects and services that brought the country immense economic, administrative, juridical, scientific, cultural, artistic and other benefits, although not all went successfully, and some were

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to better administer the uprising, ultimately returning to Lisbon in triumph. The political climate was undecided, and even the staunchest defenders of liberalism feared to take a strong stand on its behalf. Before its dissolution, the Cortes protested against any change in the recently approved

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On 30 January 1821, the Cortes met in Lisbon and decreed the formation of a Council of Regency to exercise power in the name of King John. It freed many political prisoners and demanded the King's immediate return. On 20 April, John convoked a meeting in Rio to choose deputies to the Constituent

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According to Pedreira and Costa, few Portuguese monarchs have as large a place in the popular imagination as Dom John VI. That image is very varied, "but rarely for good reason. ... It is not strange that the tribulations of his marriage and family life and the references to his personality and

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in France and ended in defeat with the French conquest of northeastern Spain. This created a delicate diplomatic problem, as Portugal could not make peace with France without damaging an alliance with Britain that involved several overseas interests. The Portuguese thus sought a neutrality that

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poisoning. Notwithstanding these tribulations John left a lasting mark, especially in Brazil, where he helped to create numerous institutions and services that laid a foundation for national autonomy, and many historians consider him to be a true mastermind of the modern Brazilian state. John's

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John helped change Brazil from an ordinary colony into a booming society. This was done, in large part, to the establishment of a new government in the capital, Rio de Janeiro. With a government, the essential apparatus of a sovereign state became inevitable: the senior civil, religious, and

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at the beginning of May 1785, and on 9 June, the couple received a nuptial benediction at the palace chapel. However, the marriage seemed to be an uncomfortable one. An assiduous correspondence between John and Mariana at that time reveals that the absence of his sister weighed upon him and,

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the Royal Board of Commerce, Agriculture, Factories and Navigation, and the General Postal Administration, as well as bringing Brazilians into administrative and staff positions, which helped diminish tensions between the natives and the Portuguese. He also encouraged agricultural production,

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Recent biographies try to separate fact from legend and counter the folklore of ridicule that had formed around King John and which lacks documentary basis. Lúcia Bastos warns that even today we need to be careful to place certain matters in their historical context, such as the question of

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on 1822-09-07; as part of this action, he assumed the title of emperor of Brazil. Tradition says that before journeying to Portugal, John had anticipated future events and had said to his son: "Pedro, Brazil will soon be separated from Portugal: if so, put the crown on your head before some

1472:. An aversion to changes in his routine extended to his clothing: he wore the same coat until it tore, forcing his chamberlains to sew it on his body while he slept in it. He suffered from panic attacks when he heard thunder, staying in his rooms with the windows shut and receiving no one. 571:

contemporaries viewed him as a kind and benevolent king, although later generations of Portuguese and Brazilians have made him the subject of frequent caricature. However, in recent decades his reputation has been restored as a clever king who was able to balance many competing interests.

4607:"Nós todos que aqui estamos temos muitas razões para nos lembrarmos da memória de Dom João VI, todos lhe devemos ser gratos, pelos benefícios que nos fez: elevou o Brasil a reino, procurou por todos o seu bem, tratou-nos sempre com muito carinho e todos os brasileiros lhe são obrigados." 1136:, in order to strengthen the ties between metropolis and colony, including the suggestion to elevate Brazil to the condition of a kingdom united to Portugal. The British representative to the Congress also ended up supporting the idea, which resulted in the effective foundation of the 1492:), and at the House of Santa Cruz. He went hunting and happily slept in a tent or under a tree. He liked the countryside, despite the swarms of mosquitoes and other pests and the scorching heat of the tropics that were detested by the majority of the Portuguese and other foreigners. 976:(the kissing of the monarch's hand) and conceding various mercies. Among the latter, he decreed the creation of a public lecture series on economics and a school of surgery, but his most decisive action at this moment was the Decree of Opening the Ports to Friendly Nations ( 1113:

industries. Laurentino Gomes writes that John granted more hereditary titles in his first eight years in Brazil than had been granted in the previous three hundred years of the Portuguese monarchy, not even counting more than five thousand insignia and commendations of the

4350:"ainda que raramente por boas razões. ... Não são estranhas as atribulações de sua vida conjugal e familiar e as referências à sua personalidade e aos seus costumes pessoais, convidando à caricatura fácil e à circulação de uma tradição pouco lisonjeira, quando não jocosa". 2056:

When Portugal recognized the independence of Brazil, references to the former united kingdom were finally removed from the royal title; under the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, King John VI became titular Emperor of Brazil and, from 15 November 1825 onwards he adopted the

691:

The death of John's older brother, José, on 11 September 1788, left John as the heir apparent to the throne, with the titles of Prince of Brazil and Duke of Braganza. Great things had been hoped for from José, who associated himself with the progressive ideas of the

3757:"nunca confundia as fisionomias nem as súplicas, e maravilhava os requerentes com o conhecimento que denotava das suas vidas, das suas famílias, até de pequenos incidentes ocorridos em tempos passados e que eles mal podiam acreditar terem subido à ciência d'el-rei." 781:, precipitating an international response. On 15 July, Portugal signed a treaty with Spain, and on 26 September allied itself with Great Britain. Both treaties pledged mutual aid against revolutionary France and brought six thousand Portuguese soldiers into the 760:

Meanwhile, the Queen showed increasing signs of mental instability. As a result, of her illness, the queen was deemed unfit to rule and John essentially took control of the country. John was reluctant to take the reins of power, rejecting the idea of a formal

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in France and coerced Spain into issuing an ultimatum to force the Portuguese to break with Great Britain and submit the country to the interests of Napoleon. With John's refusal, neutrality became unviable. Spain and France invaded in 1801, setting off the

935:, probably for political reasons. He wanted to please the inhabitants of the colony's first capital, which had given many signs of discontent with the loss of its old status. The ships carrying his wife and daughters held to the original destination of 1674:

described John as "a weak man, suspicious of everyone and everything, jealous of his authority but incapable of making it respected. He is dominated by the fathers and can act only under the duress of fear", and several Brazilian historians such as

4559:"Dom João VI foi uma das personalidades que mais influíram sobre a formação nacional.... foi um mediador ideal.... entre a tradição – que encarnou – e a inovação – que acolheu e promoveu – naquele período decisivo para o futuro brasileiro." op. cit. 923:. Hygienic conditions were bad, including an epidemic of head lice. Many had failed to bring changes of clothing. Several people fell ill. Supplies were scarce, causing rationing. The flotilla spent ten days nearly becalmed in the 2050:

By the Grace of God, John VI, King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India,

1409:

where he had lunched and retired to Bemposta Palace feeling poorly. He was racked for several days by symptoms including vomiting and convulsions. He appeared to be getting better, but by way of prudence designated his daughter

1327:, proclaimed an absolute monarchy; this did not immediately have an effect, and new agitations followed. the King's younger son, Infante Miguel, instigated by his mother Carlota Joaquina, led another revolt known as the 4496:"preferiam muito dirigir-se diretamente ao monarca, sempre disposto a fazer justiça, a entender-se com seus ministros.... reputando-o em tal assunto muito mais adiantado do que os seus cortesãos". Martins, pp. 28-34. 2060:

By the Grace of God, John VI, Emperor of Brazil, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India,

4042:

Historia de el-Rei D. João VI primeiro rei constitucional de Portugal e do Brazil: em que se referem os principaes actos e occorrencias do seu governo, bem como algumas particularidades da sua vida privada

1934: 1318:

The liberal constitution to which the King had sworn loyalty was in effect only for a few months. Not everyone in Portugal supported liberalism, and an absolutist movement arose. On 23 February 1823 in

1169:

Joaquina, had begun to conspire against Portuguese interests while still in Europe. Shortly after her arrival in Brazil, she established understandings with both Spaniards and with nationalists of the

3889: 3824: 3426: 1516:

downright dysfunctional or unnecessary, as Hipólito José da Costa mordantly observed. Among these, he was responsible for establishing the Imprensa Régia (the country's first publishing house), the

719:. The Archbishop had been a powerful political figure, influencing a controversial choice of the Queen's ministers that favored John, but not without encountering strong opposition from important 606:

John was ten years old when his grandfather died and his mother ascended to the throne. His childhood and youth were lived quietly in the shadow of Queen Maria I's older son and heir apparent,

4660: 3846: 1552:

and agriculture, among others. He instigated the foundation of various societies and academies for scientific, literary and artistic studies, such as the Junta Vacínica (administering the

1423:. In the 1990s, a team of investigators exhumed the Chinese ceramic pot that contained his bowels. Fragments of his heart were rehydrated and submitted to an analysis that detected enough 1695:

Whatever the King's character may have been, the importance of his reign for a remarkable spurt of development for Brazil and, indeed, for the very unity of that nation is incontestable.

1212:

considered the alliance "an advantageous pact between Europe and the New World," strengthening the monarchical regime in both hemispheres and granting Austria a new sphere of influence.

707:

John, in contrast, was well known for his religiosity and his attachment to absolutism. The crisis of succession was aggravated with the death in November 1788 of the Queen's confessor,

9369: 3715: 1655:. He asserted his authority without violence, more in a persuasive and affable manner; his conduct of international affairs, although sometimes unsuccessful and somewhat given to 840:. It was events like this that led to the Portuguese people questioning if John was capable of commanding the nation and whether he was as incapable of ruling as his mother was. 9374: 4571:"nenhum outro período da história brasileira testemunhou mudanças tão profundas, decisivas e aceleradas quanto os treze anos em que a corte portuguesa morou no Rio de Janeiro". 4316:

A Real Junta do Commercio, Agricultura, Fabricas e Navegação deste Estado do Brazil e seus domínios ultramarinos: um tribunal de antigo regime na corte de Dom João (1808–1821)

3987:

The quotation in Portuguese is '""Pedro, o Brasil brevemente se separará de Portugal: se assim for, põe a coroa sobre tua cabeça, antes que algum aventureiro lance mão dela."

911:

blood not be shed in vain. Because of the rush to depart, the Prince Regent was in a ship together with his mother and his sons Dom Pedro, Prince of Beira (later Emperor Dom

701: 3572: 1468:

John had a great appreciation of sacred music and was a great reader of works about art, but he detested physical activity. He appeared to have suffered periodic crises of

1383: 1200:, after seducing the Austrian court with numerous lies, a display of pomp, and the distribution of gold bars and diamonds among the nobility. Dom Pedro married Archduchess 997:

eyewitness to the arrival, while lamenting the news of the invasion of metropolitan Portugal, also intuited the significance of the arrival of the court on Brazilian soil:

1659:

ambitions, in many other ways was far-seeing and harmonious, as indicated by the many actions described above that improved the living conditions of the Brazilian colony.

9399: 5570: 1718: 9379: 1229:, who took a high hand in his dealings with the Portuguese government. From the time John ascended the throne, the Portuguese pressed for his return, initiated 2958:

is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations, which means that John VI is, ultimately, a member of the

1269:), formed a government and convened elections for deputies without bothering to consult King John. The movement gained support from the Island of Madeira, the 1687:, he was invariably portrayed as a burlesque figure until the conservative resurgence of 1926, when he began to find defenders, such as Fortunato de Almeida, 869:

John played a desperate game with France for time. For as long as he could, he pretended an apparent submission to France, to the point of suggesting to King

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to reorganize the political map of the continent. Portugal participated in these negotiations, but given British overtures contrary to the interests of the

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Cardoso, António Barros. "Liberais e absolutistas no Porto (1823–1829)". In: Departamento de Ciências e Técnicas do Património / Departamento de História.

1644: 2108: 797:. With Britain too powerful for France to attack directly, France set its sights on Portugal. In 1799, John officially assumed the reins of government as 6798: 5498: 5257: 1137: 438: 4187: 4237: 2012: 5591: 3783: 9424: 7001: 8948: 7016: 6995: 1640: 1055:, a sumptuous villa in excellent location that immediately met with the prince's satisfaction. Renovations and expansion transformed this into the 738: 591:

João Maria José Francisco Xavier de Paula Luís António Domingos Rafael was born 13 May 1767 during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King Dom

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Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

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in Europe, John VI lived during a turbulent period; his reign never saw a lasting peace. Throughout his period of rule, major powers, such as

7021: 7006: 5902: 1577: 1048: 1500: 9359: 8943: 6273: 5240: 1605:, opened roads and encouraged the development of inland waterways, stimulating the movement of people, goods and products between regions. 6293: 6257: 3638: 7260: 5674: 5481: 5353: 2346: 1415:

death, but it was suspected that John had been poisoned. His body was embalmed and buried in the mausoleum of the Kings of Portugal, the

1114: 540: 4776: 3710: 1010: 6536: 6185: 1906: 1767: 849: 323: 7188: 6572: 5617: 4612: 1051:

and of Joaquim José de Azevedo, the regent was still poorly accommodated. Merchant Elias Antônio Lopes offered his country house, the

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Juro-lhe pela honra de bom vassalo e bom português: análise das memórias científicas de José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1780–1819)

1624: 1352:

and defending the King from threats of death that the Masons has supposedly made against him, but John was taken into custody at the

3442:

Valuguera, Alfonso B. de Mendoza Y Gómez de. "Carlismo y miguelismo". In: Gómez, Hipólito de la Torre & Vicente, António Pedro.

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birth to a daughter, whose name is unknown. The mother lived the rest of her life in nunneries and John supported her financially.

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under a scorching heat that caused moods to turn quite sour. The flotilla also faced two storms and was eventually dispersed near

9389: 9215: 8873: 7250: 6968: 6791: 6351: 1416: 5006: 6029: 4327:

Rocha, Antônio Penalves. "Economia e Política no Período Joanino". In: Szmrecsanyi, Tamas & Lapa, José Roberto do Amaral.

3569: 1922: 1568:), as well as recruiting internationally famous soloists and patronizing other musicians of the Royal Chapel, including Father 328: 3662:

Fernandes, Cláudia Alves & Fernandes Junior, Ricardo de Oliveira. "Dom João VI: arquiteto da emancipação brasileira". In:

1038:

sovereign nation. Economic restrictions fell and thoughts of the country's interests moved to the front of government policy."

17: 9409: 9073: 8973: 8893: 6380: 6357: 6327: 6283: 6221: 4292:. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832–1930), Casa de Oswaldo Cruz / Fiocruz. In Portuguese. 4244:. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832–1930), Casa de Oswaldo Cruz / Fiocruz. In Portuguese. 4088: 1324: 6521: 3740: 3253: 1779: 566:) led a rebellion that sought to depose him. According to recent scholarly research, his death may well have been caused by 293: 8778: 6846: 1585: 1521: 4757:

1808 — How a mad queen, a coward prince and a corrupt court fooled Napoleon and changed the History of Portugal and Brazil

1977: 730:, who added that John's spirit was always depressed. This created a tense climate and uncertainty about his future reign. 8868: 7310: 6951: 6902: 6247: 5641: 5565: 3512: 1842: 899: 308: 8506: 4065: 1435: 1420: 9329: 9149: 7750: 7168: 6784: 6159: 6050: 4916: 4715:

Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

4086:"Assassinato na corte – Pesquisadores portugueses comprovam que dom João VI foi envenenado com doses altas de arsênico" 3019: 1730: 777:

perplexed and horrified the reigning houses of Europe. In January 1793, the revolutionaries executed their former king

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Meanwhile, the situation in Portugal was by no means tranquil. With the King absent and the country devastated by the

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the declaration of a fictitious state of war between their countries, but he did not obey the dictates of Napoleon's

230: 6432: 6237: 5753: 555:

revolts; he was compelled to return to Europe amid new conflicts. His marriage was no less conflictual, as his wife

9078: 8933: 8913: 7422: 6613: 6087: 5233: 4421:"Carlota Joaquina, Princesa do Brazil": entre a história e a ficção, um "Romance" crítico do conhecimento histórico 1862: 1837:

in 1822 and became its first monarch as Emperor Dom Peter I. He was also King of Portugal as Dom Peter IV in 1826.

1755: 1411: 1394:

in Lisbon, but the measure was not implemented. He ordered further inquiry into the death of his former friend the

1333: 870: 313: 288: 8938: 7193: 5846: 5729: 3121: 9429: 9419: 9154: 8983: 8858: 8214: 7619: 6565: 6422: 5667: 5631: 5474: 5346: 4668:(in Portuguese), Ajuda National Palace, Lisbon: Portuguese Commission on Discoveries, p. 236, archived from 3642:

restrições econômicas e passam para um primeiro plano das cogitações políticas do governo os interesses do país."

1854: 1771: 1569: 1517: 1059:("Palace of Saint Christopher"). Carlota Joaquina, for her part, preferred to settle on a farm near the beach of 1056: 458: 136: 86: 6553: 5719: 4583: 3109: 1735:

John married Carlota Joaquina of Spain (25 April 1775 – 7 December 1830) in 1785 and had several children:

9194: 8878: 8823: 8818: 8174: 8052: 7695: 7573: 7396: 5523: 5283: 2168: 1581: 1573: 1205: 9260: 6914: 6427: 680: 9414: 9319: 9314: 9250: 9220: 7881: 7173: 7061: 6963: 6636: 6468: 5864: 5709: 4909: 4641: 4182: 3097: 2645: 2587: 2393: 2200: 492:. He was the second son of the Princess of Brazil and Infante Peter of Portugal, who later became Queen Dona 408: 8828: 8561: 8460: 8128: 6601: 6386: 5761: 5373: 4232: 1148: 9344: 9334: 9299: 9240: 8978: 8153: 7901: 7816: 7528: 7240: 6925: 6667: 6620: 6607: 6169: 6154: 5982: 5888: 5869: 5704: 4940: 3780: 3360:

Portugal – Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico

3091: 2098: 1709:, who served as commander of the squadron that escorted the Portuguese royal court as they fled to Brazil. 1340:

John's alliance with Infante Miguel did not bear fruit. Influenced as always by his mother, Miguel led the

1002:

lord the Prince Regent to cast the first stone of future greatness, prosperity and power of the new empire.

983: 49: 9384: 8279: 7981: 7715: 7669: 7664: 7437: 7381: 7096: 6871: 6309: 6123: 5533: 5226: 4932: 4855: 2971: 1201: 397: 7593: 5724: 4150:

Martins, Ismênia de Lima. "Dom João – Príncipe Regente e Rei – um soberano e muitas controvérsias". In:

3115: 1306: 9404: 9349: 9339: 9324: 9225: 9036: 8918: 8652: 8057: 7941: 7644: 7376: 7198: 7124: 7110: 7089: 6458: 6118: 5699: 5660: 5467: 5339: 5249: 4371: 4280: 3085: 3013: 2297: 2149: 2080: 1938: 1557: 1254: 1105: 952: 708: 318: 8958: 8783: 8350: 4510: 4111: 1265:

was set up, with repercussions in Lisbon. It met as the General Extraordinary and Constituent Cortes (

959: 559:

repeatedly conspired against her husband in favor of personal interests or those of her native Spain.

9119: 8788: 8581: 8360: 8304: 8254: 8133: 7886: 7866: 7710: 7659: 7634: 7563: 7543: 7462: 7363: 7117: 6834: 6807: 6314: 6128: 5683: 5586: 5560: 5490: 3675:

Oliveira, Anelise Martinelli Borges. "Dom João VI no Rio de Janeiro: preparando o novo cenário". In:

2857: 2253: 1985: 1561: 1365: 895:

suddenly, with little hope of setting eyes on them again, and all were thorns that pierced his heart.

685: 657: 556: 244: 160: 8375: 8006: 7986: 7796: 7482: 7218: 6879: 6500: 6412: 5806: 5776: 5429: 5389: 4864: 4770: 4741:

Martins, Ismênia de Lima, "Dom João – Príncipe Regente e Rei – um soberano e muitas controvérsias",

1941:. The Marquis and Marquise of Loulé had issue. After Infanta Ana's death, her great-nephew King Dom 1790:

Died at the age of 6, making his younger brother Pedro the heir-apparent to the throne of Portugal.

1679:, Tobias Monteiro and Luiz Norton draw him in comparably dark colors. Among the Portuguese, such as 1348:

by the Lisbon military garrison on 29 April 1824. The revolt started on the pretext of crushing the

607: 501: 9114: 8898: 8738: 8556: 8355: 8299: 8294: 8229: 8158: 8026: 7926: 7765: 7705: 7553: 7054: 6920: 6149: 6108: 6092: 5977: 5859: 5612: 5176: 5029: 4879: 4303:

O sol do Brasil: Nicolas-Antoine Taunay e as desventuras dos artistas franceses na corte de d. João

3031: 2405: 2328: 2077: 1795: 1676: 972:. In the following days, John received all who wished to give homage, granting the ceremony of the 821: 298: 8813: 8486: 7821: 603:(later King Dom Peter III). Peter was not only Maria's husband, but also her paternal uncle. 9164: 8833: 8687: 8259: 8179: 8067: 7936: 7921: 7856: 7851: 7624: 7558: 7452: 7335: 6698: 6448: 6363: 6252: 6082: 6008: 5791: 5714: 5596: 5405: 5064: 5059: 4989: 4696: 3103: 2525: 1662: 1444: 825: 9139: 8425: 8390: 7477: 5691: 4266: 3464: 1360:

but, in fact, went and sought refuge with a British fleet anchored in the port. From aboard the

1071: 615: 9434: 9199: 9159: 9144: 9124: 9099: 8953: 8697: 8612: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8546: 8536: 8440: 8395: 8380: 7911: 7629: 7533: 7508: 7467: 7417: 7401: 6113: 6003: 4969: 4063:"Mataram o rei – Exames comprovam que João VI, rei de Portugal, morreu envenenado com arsênico" 3055: 2414: 1834: 1810: 1299: 1226: 833: 584: 454: 9104: 7791: 6195: 1565: 1406: 1332:

disbanded by the liberals, receiving the applause of the militia. the King personally went to

793:

After the defeat, Spain abandoned its alliance with Portugal and allied with France under the

524:, with no real change in his authority, since he already possessed absolute powers as regent. 508:

in 1788 at the age of 27. Before his accession to the Portuguese throne, John bore the titles

8903: 8803: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8607: 8496: 8420: 8410: 8244: 8184: 8113: 7946: 7896: 7831: 7826: 7503: 7330: 7213: 6691: 6660: 6463: 6391: 6045: 5998: 5972: 5766: 5381: 5196: 5145: 5119: 5054: 4979: 4964: 4959: 4708: 4487:. Masters' thesis in Social History of Culture. Rio de Janeiro: PUC-RJ, April 2003, pp. 47–57 4253:

Caruso, Ernesto. "Ponta do Calabouço – início do século XX: berço fardado dos doutores". In:

3145: 3067: 3049: 2768: 2613: 2551: 2221: 969: 837: 600: 497: 377: 7836: 7432: 6595: 5186: 1942: 1717:, John's most powerful enemy, Napoleon, said of him: "He was the only one who deceived me." 520:

due to the mental illness of his mother. In 1816, he succeeded his mother as monarch of the

9309: 9304: 9184: 9134: 8748: 8637: 8627: 8602: 8501: 8435: 8249: 8239: 8219: 8199: 8108: 8088: 7966: 7760: 7685: 7487: 6908: 6654: 6531: 6453: 6396: 6232: 6205: 6200: 6144: 5956: 5933: 5921: 5854: 5831: 5821: 5796: 5413: 5191: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5134: 5124: 5049: 5044: 5034: 4994: 4954: 4949: 4609: 3133: 3043: 3037: 2736: 2467: 2423: 2159: 1878: 1237:, which had not met since 1698. Similar liberal agitation occurred in Brazil. In 1817, the 1155: 1020: 693: 669: 592: 563: 562:

John lost Brazil when his son Pedro declared independence, and his other son Miguel (later

489: 8808: 8062: 7931: 7871: 7770: 7700: 1099:(hand-kissing) in John's Brazilian court, maintaining a custom of the Portuguese monarchs. 8: 9189: 8963: 8692: 8642: 8526: 8511: 8415: 8309: 8209: 8123: 8011: 7971: 7891: 7861: 7841: 7775: 7740: 7690: 7654: 7649: 7609: 7472: 7457: 7442: 7427: 7386: 7163: 6957: 6821: 6589: 6320: 6190: 6066: 5911: 5826: 5801: 5786: 5734: 5421: 5265: 5181: 5139: 5114: 5090: 5039: 4984: 4830: 3666:, Associação Educacional Dom Bosco, Resende, 15–17 August 2008. pp. 36–38. In Portuguese. 3185: 3127: 3073: 3007: 2977: 2955: 2795: 2373: 2351: 2244: 1277:

in Brazil. It led even to an uprising by the military garrison of Rio de Janeiro itself.

1052: 782: 747: 665: 630: 596: 536: 426: 387: 347: 146: 96: 8430: 7725: 7720: 7568: 3853:. Vol. I. Rio de Janeiro: Typ. do Jornal do Commercio, de Rodrigues, 1908. Edição online 3318:

Andrade, Maria Ivone de Ornellas de. "O reino sob tormenta". In: Marques, João et alii.

1395: 1253:

and spread into other Brazilian states; it was put down severely. Back in Portugal, the

1233:

rebellions, and formed secret societies with the objective of bringing into session the

9235: 9230: 9174: 9129: 9058: 8928: 8773: 8763: 8758: 8677: 8617: 8465: 8385: 8345: 8329: 8319: 8289: 8274: 8264: 8224: 8194: 8148: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7876: 7811: 7583: 7548: 7523: 7325: 7275: 7225: 7203: 7183: 7178: 6896: 6558: 6417: 6345: 5781: 5397: 5310: 5129: 5095: 5085: 5076: 5024: 3991:

Rasgos memoraveis do Senhor Dom Pedro I, imperador do Brasil, excelso duque de Bragança

3692:, Uni-FACEF Centro Universitário de Franca, 5–9 May 2008, no pagination. In Portuguese. 3410:

A longa viagem da biblioteca dos reis: do terremoto de Lisboa à independência do Brasil

3139: 3079: 2989: 2709: 2493: 2324: 1671: 1238: 1121: 886: 874: 817: 802: 712: 661: 8021: 7951: 7916: 7906: 4485:

Brasil e Estados Unidos: a nação imaginada nas obras de Oliveira Lima e Jackson Turner

3688:

Lima, Carollina Carvalho Ramos de. "Viajantes estrangeiros na corte de Dom João". In:

1692:

Brazil on the brink of bankruptcy when he emptied the treasury to return to Portugal.

1170: 992:

various nations his intention to make his capital at Rio de Janeiro. His ship entered

8586: 8551: 8521: 8481: 8455: 8445: 8400: 8370: 8324: 8269: 8189: 8138: 8118: 8103: 8093: 8072: 8016: 7976: 7801: 7735: 7730: 7588: 7518: 7371: 7290: 7285: 7037: 6864: 6526: 6164: 6024: 5937: 5929: 5816: 5513: 5445: 5305: 5155: 5105: 4974: 4893: 4847: 4793: 3061: 2983: 2959: 2889: 2831: 2262: 1818: 1639:

In governing, John always depended on strong auxiliaries. Prominent among these were

1525: 1508: 1485: 1469: 1311: 1234: 1197: 1125: 931:. In the middle of the voyage, Prince John changed his plans and decided to head for 912: 861: 774: 752: 528: 521: 470: 466: 367: 303: 272: 175: 156: 106: 39: 8042: 1481: 1378: 1320: 1225:

British protectorate upon the final expulsion of the French. It was administered by

807: 619: 9109: 8993: 8793: 8632: 8531: 8516: 8365: 8314: 8234: 8143: 8098: 8047: 7961: 7846: 7755: 7745: 7639: 7578: 7340: 5362: 5297: 5288: 4883: 4871: 4837: 4751: 3831:. O Arquivo Nacional e a História Luso-Brasileira, 26 November 2004. In Portuguese. 2377: 1990: 1894: 1701: 1652: 1553: 1545: 1440: 1427:

to kill two people, confirming longstanding suspicions of assassination by poison.

1219:

and the consequent mass hunger and enormous exodus of emigrants, Portugal became a

1193:, finally secured an alliance with one of Europe's most powerful royal houses, the 1129: 1082:

Among the customs, John continued in Brazil the ancient Portuguese ceremony of the

635: 611: 532: 513: 509: 462: 201: 63: 55: 8883: 4085: 3395:] (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Academia Portuguesa da História/Quidnovi. 1946: 1588:, of fundamental importance the renewal of teaching and art production in Brazil. 1140:

on 16 December 1815, a juridical institution rapidly recognized by other nations.

1044: 8988: 8923: 8908: 8798: 8682: 8672: 8647: 8622: 8450: 8284: 7806: 7614: 7538: 7513: 7265: 7153: 7077: 4616: 4590: 4395:"é uma história cheia de erros de todo tipo, deturpações, imprecisões, invenções" 4378: 4289: 4241: 4191: 4118: 4092: 4069: 3893: 3850: 3828: 3787: 3744: 3735: 3719: 3576: 3516: 3430: 3257: 3248: 2281: 1807: 1696: 1688: 1613: 1541: 1353: 1194: 932: 924: 218: 9255: 4695:(1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" 4318:. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2009. In Portuguese. 3408:

Schwarcz, Lília Moritz; Azevedo, Paulo Cesar de & Costa, Angela Marques da.

3302:

O sol e a sombra: política e administração na América portuguesa do século XVIII

1684: 1572:, the leading Brazilian composer of his time, supporting also the coming of the 9267: 9179: 9169: 8702: 8541: 8405: 8204: 7956: 7300: 7280: 7270: 7230: 7103: 2995: 2238: 1830: 1629: 1593: 1357: 1262: 1216: 1066: 936: 794: 639: 544: 113: 7315: 3509: 3469:. Secretaria Municipal de Educação da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. In Portuguese. 9293: 8743: 7447: 7305: 7235: 5925: 5015: 4801: 4765: 4717:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 15. 4062: 3355: 2084: 1529: 1109: 993: 798: 697: 673: 517: 169: 6776: 3289:

A "Guerra das Laranjas" e a "Questão de Olivença" num contexto internacional

7295: 7131: 4769: 4693:

Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler

1898: 1714: 1457: 1341: 1328: 1289: 958:

On 22 January 1808, the Prince Regent's ship and the two others arrived in

716: 441:

from 1816 to 1825. Although the United Kingdom of Portugal ceased to exist

4162: 4160: 2952:

John VI's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.

543:, continually intervened in Portuguese affairs. Forced to flee across the 9083: 9053: 9041: 8998: 8753: 4755: 3905:

Vicente, António Pedro. "Política exterior de D. João VI no Brasil". In:

3747:. Rede Virtual da Memória Brasileira. Fundação Biblioteca Nacional, 2008. 2196: 1656: 812: 743: 418: 4780:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 444. 8768: 5880: 4901: 4157: 3001: 1602: 1537: 1361: 1349: 1250: 1230: 1209: 1182: 1178: 882:

sides, John decided to accept British protection and leave for Brazil.

786: 552: 548: 465:

until his death in 1826. Under the same treaty, he also became titular

6760:

title removed in 1920 as their parents' marriage was deemed undynastic

1489: 947: 352:

João Maria José Francisco Xavier de Paula Luís António Domingos Rafael

5218: 4731:

Loyola, Leandro (30 January 2008), "A nova história de Dom João VI",

3389:

Guerra Peninsular: História de Portugal Guerras e Campanhas Militares

1533: 1391: 920: 778: 595:. He was the second son of the King's eldest daughter and heir, Dona 5744: 5652: 5459: 5331: 1191:

Pedro José Joaquim Vito de Meneses Coutinho, 6th Marquis of Marialva

8733: 3679:: Vol. 2 n. 4 – UFGD – Dourados, July/December 2008. In Portuguese. 2036:

the King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

1246: 1221: 1060: 916: 829: 505: 443: 7046: 3933:

Império à deriva: a corte portuguesa no Rio de Janeiro, 1808–1821

3393:

Peninsular War: History of Portuguese Wars and Military Campaigns

2217: 1424: 1174: 1120:

When Napoleon was defeated in 1815, the European powers held the

964: 928: 762: 721: 567: 493: 449: 362: 6712:* also an infante of Castile and León, Aragon, Sicily and Naples 4423:. Departamento de História – UFMG, s/d. pp. 1–34. In Portuguese. 4257:, ano LXXXI, n. 430, ago-set-out 2008, pp. 14–16. In Portuguese. 1132:, counseled the regent to remain in Brazil, as did the powerful 3633:"Estabelecendo no Brasil a sede da monarquia, o regente aboliu 3621:

Viagem incompleta: a experiência brasileira. A grande transação

2360: 1873:

Served as regent of Portugal from 1826 to 1828; died unmarried

1549: 1270: 1242: 1034: 987:

Allegory of the arrival of Prince John and his family in Brazil

915:

and King Dom Pedro IV of Portugal), and Miguel (later King Dom

878: 488:

in 1767 during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King Dom

485: 4648:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Lisboa F.A. da Silva. p. xxviii. 765:. This opened the way for elements of the nobility to form a 4194:. Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégrafos. In Portuguese. 4040:

Soriano, Simão da Luz & Baril, V. L. (Comte de la Hure).

3553: 3228: 3226: 2143: 1390:

At the end of his reign, King John ordered the creation of a

1274: 1258: 4184:

A Vinda de D.João e da Família Real Portuguesa para o Brasil

3722:. O Arquivo Nacional e a História Brasileira. In Portuguese. 1897:

between 1828 and 1834. He was forced to abdicate after the

1598: 1089: 1029:"Establishing in Brazil the seat of a monarchy, the regent 4010:. Universidade do Porto, 2006, pp. 262–269. In Portuguese. 3223: 9370:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic

4305:. Companhia das Letras, 2008, pp. 176–188. In Portuguese. 3412:. Companhia das Letras, 2002, pp. 479–480. In Portuguese. 1063:, continuing her habit of living apart from her husband. 828:, under which it ceded territory to Spain, in particular 583:

Portrait of Dom John as Infante, aged 5–6, attributed to

500:. John became heir to the throne when his older brother, 4639: 3993:. Typ. Universal de Laemmert, 1862, p. 65. In Portuguese 3322:. Universidade do Porto, sd, pp. 137–144. In Portuguese. 702:

Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal

3948:. Companhia das Letras, 2006, pp. 77–78. In Portuguese. 3922:. Companhia das Letras, 1993, pp. 103–105. "Política e 3909:, vol.7 no.19 São Paulo Sept./Dec. 1993. In Portuguese. 3570:"D. João VI e a educação brasileira: alguns documentos" 3320:

Estudos em homenagem a João Francisco Marques, Volume I

3211:. Companhia das Letras, 2008, pp. 31–35. In Portuguese. 1439:

Portrait of D. John, the Prince Regent and Princess D.

9375:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

6744:

also a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony

4234:

Escola Anatômica, Cirúrgica e Médica do Rio de Janeiro

3362:, Volume III, 2000–2010, pp. 1051–1055. In Portuguese. 1249:

movement that established a provisional government in

785:(1793–1795), a campaign that began with an advance to 304:

Pedro I and IV, Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal

5934:

Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain

4646:

Resenha das Familias Titulares e Grandes des Portugal

4470: 4468: 4406:"constitui um amplo ataque ao conhecimento histórico" 4008:

Estudos em homenagem ao professor doutor José Marques

3935:. Editora Objetiva, 2005, pp. 225–226. In Portuguese. 3712:

Casa Real: Nascimento do Príncipe da Beira: Beija-mão

3446:. Editorial Complutense, 1998, pp. 13–14. In Spanish. 3444:

España y Portugal. Estudios de Historia Contemporánea

1937:, Marquis of Loulé and Count of Vale de Reis, later 551:

invaded Portugal, he found himself faced there with

453:

between 1822 and 1825. After the recognition of the

6720:

also an infante of Spain and an archduke of Austria

4044:. Typ. Universal, 1866, pp. 117–123. In Portuguese. 3965: 3963: 3879: 3877: 3304:. Companhia das Letras, 2006, p. 394 In Portuguese. 1666:

Equestrian statue of King John VI in Rio de Janeiro

1138:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

858:The Prince Regent reviewing the Troops at Azambuja 439:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

6915:Januária, Princess Imperial and Countess of Aquila 4465: 3260:. Fundação Biblioteca Nacional, 2010. In Portugal. 2178:Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Ferdinand 2013:List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown 1935:Nuno José Severo de Mendoça Rolim de Moura Barreto 4208:A música no Rio de Janeiro no tempo de D. João VI 2109:Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa 9291: 6381:Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Portugal and Asturias 4329:História Econômica da Independência e do Império 4128: 4126: 3960: 3874: 2337: 1641:Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho, 1st Count of Linhares 9400:Burials at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora 9246:England expects that every man will do his duty 3690:Anais do II Fórum de Artigos Multidisciplinares 1645:António de Araújo e Azevedo, 1st Count of Barca 978:Decreto de Abertura dos Portos às Nações Amigas 904:The Embarkation of John VI and the Royal Family 656:, arranged a marriage between John and Infanta 9380:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class 6227:Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Asturias 4210:. Casa da Palavra, 2008, p. 19. In Portuguese. 3350: 3348: 3209:D. João VI: um príncipe entre dois continentes 2424:Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Louis 1955: 696:and appeared to have been inclined toward the 481:the monarch of the newly independent country. 7062: 6964:Leopoldina, Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 6806: 6792: 5896: 5668: 5475: 5347: 5234: 4917: 4123: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 1576:, which resulted in the establishment of the 1505:Allegory of the virtues of Prince Regent João 1267:Cortes Gerais Extraordinárias e Constituintes 1128:, Portugal's ambassador to the Congress, the 329:Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria, Marquise of Loulé 278: 4223:. Annablume, 2006, pp. 75–77. In Portuguese. 3664:XXII Simpósio de História do Vale do Paraíba 3291:. GRIN Verlag, 2008, pp. 3–4. In Portuguese. 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3171:From 29 August 1825 until his death in 1826. 2078:Grand Master of the Three Military Orders of 2047:The official styling from his accession was: 1152:John VI dressed for his acclamation as king 654:Henrique de Meneses, 3rd Marquis of Louriçal 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 3802: 3800: 3523:, Edição 2013, 20 June 2007. In Portuguese. 3404: 3402: 1724: 1273:and reached the captaincy of Grão-Pará and 801:in the name of his mother; that same year, 447:beginning in 1822, he remained its monarch 433:; 13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826), nicknamed " 289:Maria Teresa, Infanta of Spain and Portugal 7069: 7055: 6799: 6785: 5903: 5889: 5675: 5661: 5482: 5468: 5354: 5340: 5241: 5227: 4924: 4910: 4658: 4036: 4034: 4002: 4000: 3325: 3314: 3312: 3310: 1768:Infante Pedro Carlos of Spain and Portugal 1143: 1070:The Largo do Carmo (now the site of Rio's 942: 850:Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil 625: 48: 4385:. Nº 506, 25 January 2008. In Portuguese. 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 3794:, nº 506, 30 January 2008. In Portuguese. 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3623:. Senac, 2000, pp. 453–454. In Portuguese 3235: 3207:Pedreira, Jorge e Costa, Fernando Dores. 1774:, widower of her sister Maria Francisca. 9425:People of the War of the First Coalition 6088:Infante João, Duke of Valencia de Campos 5910: 5580:Permanent Triumviral Regency (1831–1835) 4931: 4764: 4626: 4410: 4331:, EdUSP, 2002, pp. 42–43. In Portuguese. 4202: 4200: 4169: 3920:Trajetória política do Brasil, 1500–1964 3797: 3583:, ano 6, nº 6, 2008, s/p. In Portuguese. 3433:. Arquivo Nacional, 2003. In Portuguese. 3399: 1661: 1612: 1578:Escola Real de Ciências, Artes e Ofícios 1499: 1434: 1405:On 4 March 1826, John returned from the 1377: 1305: 1288: 1208:, in 1817. The Emperor and his minister 1147: 1088: 1074:) a few years after arrival of the court 1065: 1009: 982: 946: 898: 853: 737: 629: 578: 314:Isabel Maria, Infanta Regent of Portugal 6985:Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará 4623:, Sociedade Histórica Desterrense, 2011 4166:Fernandes & Fernandes Junior, p. 39 4031: 3997: 3568:Lobo Neto, Francisco José da Silveira. 3415: 3386: 3307: 1617:Portraits of John VI by various artists 1417:Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza 14: 9292: 7392:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 6527:Pedro I of Brazil & IV of Portugal 6315:Diogo, Prince of Portugal and Asturias 5920:The generations indicate descent from 5248: 4730: 4355: 3762: 3737:D. João VI: perfil do rei nos trópicos 3198:Rendered as Joam in Archaic Portuguese 2938: 2811: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2567: 2457: 2453: 2029:The Prince of Brazil, Duke of Braganza 1819:Peter IV of Portugal & I of Brazil 746:John, with a bust of his mother, Dona 9365:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 9355:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter 9074:Spanish American wars of independence 7050: 6958:Prince Gaston of Orléans, Count of Eu 6780: 6637:Infante Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza 6328:Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal 6222:Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal 5942:Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza 5884: 5682: 5656: 5554:Provisional Triumviral Regency (1831) 5489: 5463: 5361: 5335: 5222: 4905: 4750: 4499: 4197: 3184: 2887: 2877: 2873: 2861: 2855: 2845: 2829: 2819: 2815: 2799: 2793: 2783: 2766: 2756: 2752: 2740: 2734: 2724: 2707: 2697: 2693: 2669: 2659: 2643: 2633: 2629: 2617: 2611: 2601: 2585: 2575: 2571: 2555: 2549: 2539: 2523: 2513: 2509: 2497: 2491: 2481: 2465: 2461: 2399:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 2043:the King of Portugal and the Algarves 1625:Carlota Joaquina – Princesa do Brasil 1325:Francisco Silveira, Count of Amarante 1043:viceregal palace, known today as the 679:Carlota Joaquina was received at the 547:to Brazil when troops of the Emperor 6668:Infante Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza 6170:Infante Diogo, Constable of Portugal 6155:Infante Pedro, Constable of Portugal 5207:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 4372:"Não havia Brasil antes de Dom João" 4102: 4056: 2169:Grand Cross of Isabella the Catholic 2006: 1586:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro 1564:), the Teatro Real de São João (now 951:Decree of the opening of the ports, 599:(later Queen Dona Maria I) and 9360:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 9059:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) 7076: 6124:Infante João, Constable of Portugal 5983:Infante Fernando, Count of Flanders 5566:Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro 4740: 4659:Trigueiros, António Miguel (1999), 4381:. Entrevista com Lúcia Bastos. In: 3810:. Editora Record, 2000, pp. 423–425 2201:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion 2025:11 September 1788 – 20 March 1816: 843: 527:One of the last representatives of 24: 6845: 6522:Francisco António, Prince of Beira 6030:Infante Afonso, Lord of Portalegre 4247: 2039:7 September 1822 – 10 March 1826: 2032:20 March 1816 – 7 September 1822: 1780:Francisco António, Prince of Beira 1731:Descendants of John VI of Portugal 836:, while John took up residency at 261: 27:King of Portugal from 1816 to 1826 25: 9446: 6736:also an imperial prince of Brazil 6294:Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães 6258:Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães 6165:Cardinal-Infante Jaime of Coimbra 4640:Albano da Silveira Pinto (1883). 4019:Pedreira & Costa, pp. 392–400 2018:13 May 1767 – 11 September 1788: 1770:and second to her maternal uncle 1580:, predecessor of the present-day 1016:Listening to Father José Maurício 820:; a defeated Portugal signed the 469:for life, while his son, Emperor 309:Maria Francisca, Infanta of Spain 231:Pantheon of the House of Braganza 9395:19th-century Portuguese monarchs 8934:Frederick William III of Prussia 8914:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 6926:Francisca, Princess of Joinville 6614:Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra 6566:Infante Miguel, Duke of Braganza 6243:Infante Fernando, Duke of Guarda 6093:Infante Dinis, Lord of Cifuentes 5743: 5287: 5282: 5005: 4701: 4686: 4652: 4600: 4053:Soriano & Baril, pp. 123–124 3843:D. João VI no Brasil – 1808–1821 3781:"A nova história de Dom João VI" 3232:Pedreira e Costa, pp. 38–43 2443:Ancestors of John VI of Portugal 2387: 2367: 2339: 2318: 2274: 2231: 2210: 2189: 2136: 2107:Founder and Grand Master of the 1976: 1670:Nonetheless, the French general 1608: 1488:, at Praia Grande (the beach at 1421:Monastery of São Vicente de Fora 871:George III of the United Kingdom 407: 9054:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) 8984:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 6850:Brazilian Imperial coat of arms 6423:Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja 6289:João Manuel, Prince of Portugal 6160:Infante João, Prince of Antioch 6150:Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu 6119:Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu 6009:Infante Fernando, Lord of Serpa 5571:José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos 5324:Also titular Emperor of Brazil. 4724: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4543: 4540:Pedreira & Costa, pp. 21–29 4534: 4525: 4490: 4477: 4456: 4447: 4435: 4426: 4399: 4388: 4343: 4334: 4321: 4308: 4295: 4274: 4260: 4226: 4213: 4144: 4135: 4079: 4047: 4022: 4013: 3981: 3972: 3951: 3938: 3925: 3912: 3899: 3865: 3856: 3834: 3813: 3808:Casa da Torre de Garcia d'Avila 3759:Lima, Oliveira. Vol. II. p. 859 3750: 3734:Carvalho, Marieta Pinheiro de. 3725: 3704: 3695: 3682: 3669: 3656: 3647: 3626: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3562: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3502: 3493: 3481: 3472: 3458: 3449: 3436: 3387:Vicente, António Pedro (2007). 3380: 3365: 3294: 3281: 2072:National orders and decorations 1855:Infante Carlos, Count of Molina 1772:Infante Carlos, Count of Molina 1719:José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos 1518:Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden 1464:took the place of meditations." 1430: 1261:on 24 August 1820. A governing 1163: 742:The Prince Regent of Portugal, 662:Prince and Princess of Asturias 257: 9390:18th-century Portuguese people 8969:Prince Regent John of Portugal 8879:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 8824:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 8819:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 6433:Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém 6253:Henrique I (The Cardinal-King) 6114:Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra 6051:Infante Afonso, Lord of Leiria 5978:Infante Pedro, Count of Urgell 4642:"Serenissima Casa de Bragança" 4271:. Fundação Biblioteca Nacional 4154:, nº 11, p. 39. In Portuguese. 3466:O Embarque e a Viagem da Corte 3272: 3263: 3214: 3201: 3192: 3174: 3165: 3151:John VI of Portugal, 1767–1826 2254:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky 2129:Foreign orders and decorations 2119:Order of St. John of Jerusalem 1945:elevated the Marquis as first 1582:Escola Nacional de Belas Artes 1373: 1181:in 1817 and the annexation of 13: 1: 8994:Prince Charles John of Sweden 6661:Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto 6621:Infante Miguel, Duke of Viseu 4099:, 5 June 2000. In Portuguese. 4076:, 7 June 2000. In Portuguese. 3887:Lima, Oliveira. Chapter XVIII 3653:Pedreira e Costa, pp. 214–216 3601:Pedreira e Costa, pp. 210–212 3592:Pedreira e Costa, pp. 208–210 3559:Pedreira e Costa, pp. 201–210 3532:Pedreira e Costa, pp. 186–194 3478:Pedreira e Costa, pp. 185–186 3455:Pedreira e Costa, pp. 174–176 3122:Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza 3098:Fernando II, Duke of Braganza 3023: 2646:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 2588:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 2352:Stranger Knight of the Garter 643: 574: 9410:People of the Peninsular War 6554:João Carlos, Prince of Beira 6201:Infante Diogo, Duke of Viseu 5924:, and continues through the 3677:Revista História em Reflexão 3110:Teodósio I, Duke of Braganza 3092:Fernando I, Duke of Braganza 2099:Order of the Tower and Sword 1833:in Portugal. Proclaimed the 1115:honorific orders of Portugal 299:Maria Isabel, Queen of Spain 7: 6196:Infante João, Duke of Viseu 5534:Maria Leopoldina of Austria 4507:"Lima, Oliveira. cap. XXIV" 4483:Melissa de Mello e. Souza, 4352:Pedreira & Costa, o. 8. 3978:Pedreira & Costa, p. 15 3278:Pedreira e Costa, pp. 59–63 3269:Pedreira e Costa, pp. 42–54 2434: 2150:Knight of the Golden Fleece 1956:Titles, styles, and honours 1829:Stayed in Brazil after the 1202:Maria Leopoldina of Austria 681:Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa 10: 9451: 8829:Frederick I of Württemberg 7199:Confederation of the Rhine 6602:Infante João, Duke of Beja 6387:Teodósio, Prince of Brazil 6284:Filipe, Prince of Portugal 6279:Manuel, Prince of Portugal 6274:Afonso, Prince of Portugal 6238:Infante Luís, Duke of Beja 5606:Sole regencies (1835–1840) 3989:Pascual, Antonio Diodoro. 3250:Cronologia Período Joanino 3086:Afonso I, Duke of Braganza 3014:Robert I, Duke of Burgundy 2805: 2687: 2561: 2455: 2288:Grand Cross of St. Stephen 2066: 2010: 2000:Your Most Faithful Majesty 1939:Prime Minister of Portugal 1923:Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria 1728: 1558:National Library of Brazil 1255:Liberal Revolution of 1820 1173:region (now Argentina and 953:National Library of Brazil 847: 790:proved fragile and tense. 733: 516:. From 1799, he served as 319:Miguel I, King of Portugal 9330:Princes Royal of Portugal 9208: 9092: 9007: 8989:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 8979:William, Prince of Orange 8842: 8789:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 8722: 8715: 8595: 8474: 8338: 8167: 8081: 8035: 7784: 7678: 7602: 7496: 7410: 7362: 7353: 7249: 7150: 7141: 7118:French Invasion of Russia 7084: 7030: 6977: 6952:Isabel, Princess Imperial 6939: 6889: 6857: 6843: 6814: 6808:Brazilian imperial family 6752:also a prince of Braganza 6709: 6686:Luís Filipe, Prince Royal 6678: 6647: 6582: 6546: 6514: 6493: 6477: 6441: 6405: 6373: 6358:Cardinal-Infante Fernando 6338: 6302: 6266: 6214: 6178: 6137: 6101: 6075: 6059: 6038: 6017: 5991: 5965: 5949: 5918: 5845: 5752: 5741: 5690: 5642:Isabel, Princess Imperial 5630: 5605: 5587:Francisco de Lima e Silva 5579: 5561:Francisco de Lima e Silva 5553: 5542: 5522: 5497: 5369: 5319: 5296: 5280: 5256: 5205: 5104: 5075: 5014: 5003: 4939: 4890: 4869: 4861: 4854: 4844: 4835: 4827: 4822: 4787: 4760:(in Portuguese). Planeta. 4314:Lopes, Walter de Mattos. 4112:Lima, Oliveira. cap. XXIV 3300:Souza, Laura de Mello e. 3182:Portuguese pronunciation: 2875: 2867: 2858:Mariana Victoria of Spain 2839: 2817: 2813: 2777: 2754: 2746: 2718: 2695: 2691: 2653: 2631: 2623: 2595: 2573: 2569: 2533: 2511: 2503: 2475: 2459: 2406:Knight of the Holy Spirit 2329:Knight of the Black Eagle 2298:Imperial Order of Leopold 2041:His Most Faithful Majesty 2034:His Most Faithful Majesty 1996: 1991:His Most Faithful Majesty 1984: 1975: 1962: 1921: 1907:Infanta Maria da Assunção 1905: 1889:Known by the Liberals as 1877: 1861: 1841: 1817: 1794: 1778: 1766:Married first her cousin 1754: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1574:Missão Artística Francesa 1562:National Museum of Brazil 1495: 1293:John disembarks in Lisbon 1049:Marcos de Noronha e Brito 885:The invading army led by 686:Teresa, Princess of Beira 658:Carlota Joaquina of Spain 601:Infante Peter of Portugal 597:Maria, Princess of Brazil 593:Joseph I of Portugal 557:Carlota Joaquina of Spain 461:of 1825, he continued as 403: 393: 383: 373: 361: 346: 341: 337: 324:Infanta Maria da Assunção 271: 245:Carlota Joaquina of Spain 238: 225: 208: 188: 184: 167: 152: 142: 130: 119: 112: 102: 92: 80: 69: 62: 47: 37: 32: 8899:Archduke John of Austria 8894:Prince von Schwarzenberg 8739:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 6728:also an infante of Spain 6186:João, Prince of Portugal 4880:Prince Royal of Portugal 4745:(in Portuguese) (11): 39 4662:D. João VI e o seu Tempo 4610:"D. João VI, O Clemente" 4589:20 November 2012 at the 4301:Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. 4288:11 February 2012 at the 4255:Revista do Clube Militar 4219:Varela, Alex Gonçalves. 4117:30 December 2010 at the 4091:29 December 2012 at the 4068:14 February 2012 at the 3821:Caiena: mapa do comércio 3619:Mota, Carlos Guilherme. 3541:Gomes, pp. 72–74; 82–100 3515:14 February 2012 at the 3510:"Controvérsias na corte" 3490:Pedreira e Costa, p. 186 3159: 3116:João I, Duke of Braganza 3032:Henry, Count of Portugal 2307:Knight of the Iron Crown 2022:Infante John of Portugal 1725:Marriage and descendants 1560:, the Royal Museum (now 1384:José Leandro de Carvalho 1284: 459:Treaty of Rio de Janeiro 294:António, Prince of Beira 8834:Frederick VI of Denmark 8784:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 7574:Greater Poland uprising 7397:Duc d'Enghien Execution 7038:Portuguese royal family 7012:Prince Augusto Leopoldo 6947:Afonso, Prince Imperial 6903:Empress Teresa Cristina 6699:Afonso, Prince of Beira 6449:Pedro, Prince of Brazil 6248:Cardinal-Infante Afonso 4777:Encyclopædia Britannica 4419:Villalta, Luiz Carlos. 3827:3 December 2013 at the 3575:19 January 2012 at the 3429:3 February 2014 at the 3374:Encyclopædia Britannica 3256:12 January 2012 at the 3220:Pedreira e Costa, p. 42 3104:Jaime, Duke of Braganza 2526:Maria Sophia of Neuburg 1843:Infanta Maria Francisca 1445:Manuel Dias de Oliveira 1144:Accession to the throne 960:Baía de Todos os Santos 943:Colonial Transformation 626:Marriage and succession 9430:Sons of queens regnant 9420:Constables of Portugal 8954:Ferdinand VII of Spain 7402:Coronation of Napoleon 6969:Pedro, Prince Imperial 6851: 6629:Infante Francisco José 6501:José, Prince of Brazil 6413:João, Prince of Brazil 5847:Claimant to the Throne 5592:José da Costa Carvalho 3372:"War of the Oranges". 3056:Afonso III of Portugal 2222:Knight of the Elephant 1835:Independence of Brazil 1811:Ferdinand VII of Spain 1667: 1618: 1512: 1466: 1448: 1407:Hieronymites Monastery 1387: 1315: 1300:Brazilian independence 1294: 1227:William Carr Beresford 1204:, daughter of Emperor 1160: 1100: 1075: 1040: 1025: 1004: 988: 955: 907: 897: 866: 773:At the same time, the 757: 649: 608:José, Prince of Brazil 588: 585:Cirilo Volkmar Machado 455:independence of Brazil 351: 9241:Conference of Dresden 9150:Paris (February 1812) 9079:Swedish–Norwegian War 8904:Alexander I of Russia 7002:Prince Antônio Gastão 6849: 6835:Queen-Empress Carlota 4735:(in Portuguese) (506) 4240:23 March 2013 at the 3918:Iglésias, Francisco. 3849:7 August 2011 at the 3146:Peter III of Portugal 3068:Afonso IV of Portugal 3050:Afonso II of Portugal 2769:Maria Anna of Austria 2614:Maria Anna of Austria 2552:Peter III of Portugal 2415:Knight of St. Michael 2376:: Grand Eagle of the 1677:João Pandiá Calógeras 1665: 1649:Dom João VI no Brasil 1616: 1503: 1454: 1438: 1381: 1309: 1292: 1151: 1092: 1069: 1057:Paço de São Cristóvão 1027: 1013: 999: 986: 970:Cathedral of Salvador 950: 902: 892: 857: 741: 709:Inácio de São Caetano 633: 582: 378:Peter III of Portugal 9415:Nobility from Lisbon 9320:19th-century regents 9315:18th-century regents 9195:Fontainebleau (1814) 8749:Louis-Nicolas Davout 7670:Invasion of Portugal 7017:Prince José Fernando 7007:Prince Pedro Augusto 6909:Maria II of Portugal 6828:King-Emperor John VI 6537:Infante Pedro Carlos 5912:Infantes of Portugal 5618:Pedro de Araújo Lima 4933:Monarchs of Portugal 4799:Cadet branch of the 4789:John VI of Portugal 4597:, nº 6, January 2007 4028:Cardoso, pp. 269–271 3892:18 June 2013 at the 3508:Bortoloti, Marcelo. 3423:Aclamação de d. João 3134:Peter II of Portugal 3044:Sancho I of Portugal 3038:Afonso I of Portugal 2972:Robert II of Hesbaye 2946:Patrilineal descent 2737:Joseph I of Portugal 2468:Peter II of Portugal 2245:Knight of St. Andrew 2160:Order of Charles III 2097:Grand Master of the 1879:Miguel I of Portugal 1863:Infanta Isabel Maria 1796:Infanta Maria Isabel 1756:Infanta Maria Teresa 1412:Infanta Isabel Maria 1156:Jean-Baptiste Debret 1093:The ceremony of the 1072:Praça XV de Novembro 1021:Henrique Bernardelli 634:Portrait of John as 616:Duarte Nunes de Leão 564:Miguel I of Portugal 512:, Duke of Beja, and 490:Joseph I of Portugal 484:John VI was born in 9345:Regents of Portugal 9335:Portuguese infantes 9300:John VI of Portugal 9221:Bourbon Restoration 8964:Maria I of Portugal 8949:Prince of Hohenlohe 8939:Gebhard von Blücher 7882:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit 7189:Swiss Confederation 5613:Diogo Antônio Feijó 4621:Diários Anacrônicos 4513:on 30 December 2010 4377:3 July 2013 at the 3786:3 July 2013 at the 3743:22 May 2011 at the 3718:7 June 2013 at the 3581:Trabalho Necessário 3128:John IV of Portugal 3074:Peter I of Portugal 3062:Denis I of Portugal 3008:Robert II of France 2978:Robert III of Worms 2956:Patrilineal descent 2939:Patrilineal descent 2796:Maria I of Portugal 2672:John VI of Portugal 2296:Grand Cross of the 2158:Grand Cross of the 2117:Grand Prior of the 1969:John VI of Portugal 1597:especially cotton, 1566:Teatro João Caetano 1106:invasion of Cayenne 1053:Quinta da Boa Vista 824:and the subsequent 783:War of the Pyrenees 728:Marquis of Marialva 437:", was King of the 388:Maria I of Portugal 176:Pedro, Prince Royal 18:João VI of Portugal 9385:Brazilian monarchs 9236:Continental System 9231:Congress of Erfurt 9155:Paris (March 1812) 8929:Peter Wittgenstein 8854:Duke of Wellington 8809:Prince Poniatowski 8774:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 8759:Auguste de Marmont 8154:Arroyo dos Molinos 8002:Walcheren Campaign 7992:Armistice of Znaim 7887:Dalmatian Campaign 7812:Tyrolean Rebellion 7036:- * member of the 7022:Prince Luís Gastão 6996:Princess Maria Pia 6872:Empress Leopoldina 6852: 6559:Pedro II of Brazil 5817:Pedro de Alcântara 5754:Heir to the Throne 5597:João Bráulio Muniz 5250:Monarchs of Brazil 4856:Portuguese royalty 4675:on 29 October 2013 4615:1 May 2015 at the 4595:Revista da Cultura 4573:Gomes, pp. 288-295 4531:Gomes, pp. 153–155 4474:Martins, pp. 28–34 4453:Gomes, pp. 159-160 4444:Martins, pp. 24-25 4190:3 May 2012 at the 4141:Gomes, pp. 157–158 4132:Gomes, pp. 152–157 3931:Wilcken, Patrick. 3871:Gomes, pp. 169–177 3862:Gomes, pp. 186–190 3701:Gomes, pp. 136–151 3140:John V of Portugal 3080:John I of Portugal 2990:Robert I of France 2710:John V of Portugal 2494:John V of Portugal 2325:Kingdom of Prussia 2263:Knight of St. Anna 2027:His Royal Highness 1943:Luís I of Portugal 1853:Married her uncle 1826:24 September 1834 1672:Jean-Andoche Junot 1668: 1619: 1522:Arsenal de Marinha 1513: 1449: 1388: 1316: 1295: 1239:Pernambucan Revolt 1185:Province in 1821. 1161: 1122:Congress of Vienna 1101: 1076: 1026: 989: 956: 908: 887:Jean-Andoche Junot 875:Continental System 867: 818:War of the Oranges 803:Napoleon Bonaparte 758: 713:titular archbishop 660:, daughter of the 650: 589: 233:, Lisbon, Portugal 221:, Lisbon, Portugal 204:, Queluz, Portugal 9405:House of Braganza 9350:Regents of Brazil 9340:Dukes of Braganza 9325:Princes of Brazil 9285: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9273:Types of military 9069:Russo-Turkish War 9064:Russo-Persian War 9032:Anglo-Turkish War 9027:Anglo-Swedish War 9022:Anglo-Spanish War 9017:Anglo-Russian War 8944:Duke of Brunswick 8847:political leaders 8727:political leaders 8711: 8710: 7716:Medina de Rioseco 7438:Haslach-Jungingen 7372:French Revolution 7349: 7348: 7132:Seventh Coalition 7044: 7043: 6774: 6773: 6573:Infante Sebastião 6469:Infante Alexandre 5938:House of Braganza 5930:House of Habsburg 5878: 5877: 5684:Dukes of Braganza 5650: 5649: 5632:Reign of Pedro II 5626: 5625: 5514:Pedro of Braganza 5509:John of Branganza 5491:Regents of Brazil 5457: 5456: 5363:Princes of Brazil 5329: 5328: 5258:Kingdom of Brazil 5216: 5215: 5106:House of Braganza 5077:House of Habsburg 4941:House of Burgundy 4900: 4899: 4891:Succeeded by 4845:Succeeded by 4794:House of Braganza 4752:Gomes, Laurentino 4743:Revista Navigator 4584:"O DNA do Brasil" 4549:Martins, pp. 8–34 4370:Loyola, Leandro. 4152:Revista Navigator 3944:Lustosa, Isabel. 3907:Estudos Avançados 3806:Bandeira, Moniz. 3779:Loyola, Leandro. 3287:Strobel, Thomas. 3157: 3156: 3020:Henry of Burgundy 2984:Robert the Strong 2966:House of Braganza 2960:Robertian dynasty 2935: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2890:Elisabeth Farnese 2832:Philip V of Spain 2419:23 September 1823 2410:23 September 1823 2394:Kingdom of France 2356:19 September 1823 2007:Titles and styles 2004: 2003: 1953: 1952: 1886:14 November 1866 1850:4 September 1834 1803:26 December 1818 1526:integral calculus 1509:Domingos Sequeira 1486:Governador Island 1480:also at times at 1235:Portuguese Cortes 1134:Prince Talleyrand 1126:House of Braganza 913:Pedro I of Brazil 822:Treaty of Badajoz 775:French Revolution 672:). Fearing a new 529:absolute monarchy 522:Portuguese Empire 467:Emperor of Brazil 415: 414: 398:Roman Catholicism 357: 356: 40:Emperor of Brazil 16:(Redirected from 9442: 9049:Dano-Swedish War 9037:Anglo-Danish War 8889:Archduke Charles 8804:Jérôme Bonaparte 8720: 8719: 8653:Castel di Sangro 8562:Fère-Champenoise 8215:García Hernández 8129:Fuentes de Oñoro 7645:Guttstadt-Deppen 7382:Second Coalition 7360: 7359: 7341:French Royalists 7148: 7147: 7097:Fourth Coalition 7071: 7064: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7032:Consorts are in 6897:Emperor Pedro II 6801: 6794: 6787: 6778: 6777: 6768:claimant infante 6765: 6757: 6749: 6741: 6733: 6725: 6717: 6608:Infante Fernando 6129:Infante Fernando 5905: 5898: 5891: 5882: 5881: 5747: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5654: 5653: 5551: 5550: 5524:Reign of Pedro I 5484: 5477: 5470: 5461: 5460: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5298:Empire of Brazil 5291: 5286: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5220: 5219: 5175: 5144: 5009: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4884:Duke of Braganza 4872:Prince of Brazil 4862:Preceded by 4838:King of Portugal 4828:Preceded by 4818: 4811: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4773: 4771:"John VI." 4761: 4746: 4736: 4719: 4718: 4705: 4699: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4637: 4624: 4604: 4598: 4582:Miguez, Sérgio. 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4509:. Archived from 4503: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4463: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4414: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4368: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4325: 4319: 4312: 4306: 4299: 4293: 4278: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4230: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4204: 4195: 4180: 4167: 4164: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4121: 4106: 4100: 4083: 4077: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4038: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4004: 3995: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3969:Iglésias, p. 106 3967: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3896:. In Portuguese. 3881: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3840:Lima, Oliveira. 3838: 3832: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3795: 3777: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3729: 3723: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3506: 3500: 3499:Gomes, pp. 64–70 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3354:Amaral, Manuel. 3352: 3323: 3316: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3246: 3233: 3230: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3186:[ʒuˈɐ̃w] 3183: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3028: 3025: 2943: 2942: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2378:Legion of Honour 2372: 2371: 2370: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2267:16 February 1824 2258:16 February 1824 2249:16 February 1824 2237: 2235: 2234: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2173:22 February 1816 2142: 2140: 2139: 1980: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1927:23 October 1806 1895:King of Portugal 1883:26 October 1802 1823:12 October 1798 1763:17 January 1874 1738: 1737: 1707:Sir Sidney Smith 1702:Laurentino Gomes 1681:Oliveira Martins 1653:Manifest Destiny 1554:smallpox vaccine 1441:Carlota Joaquina 1396:Marquis of Loulé 1159: 1130:Count of Palmela 1024: 865: 844:Flight to Brazil 826:Treaty of Madrid 756: 648: 645: 636:Prince of Brazil 612:Duke of Braganza 514:Prince of Brazil 510:Duke of Braganza 463:King of Portugal 411: 339: 338: 282: 265: 263: 259: 215: 202:Palace of Queluz 198: 196: 180: 172: 126: 123:20 March 1816 – 76: 73:20 March 1816 – 64:King of Portugal 56:Albert Gregorius 52: 30: 29: 21: 9450: 9449: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9277: 9204: 9088: 9009: 9003: 8959:Miguel de Álava 8924:Pyotr Bagration 8919:Count Bennigsen 8909:Mikhail Kutuzov 8874:Thomas Cochrane 8846: 8844: 8838: 8799:Louis Bonaparte 8726: 8724: 8723:French and ally 8707: 8591: 8507:Château-Thierry 8470: 8334: 8305:Maloyaroslavets 8163: 8077: 8031: 7822:Yevenes/Yébenes 7780: 7696:Rosily Squadron 7674: 7598: 7564:Waren-Nossentin 7492: 7423:Cape Finisterre 7406: 7377:First Coalition 7355: 7345: 7252: 7245: 7156: 7152: 7143: 7137: 7125:Sixth Coalition 7111:Fifth Coalition 7090:Third Coalition 7080: 7078:Napoleonic Wars 7075: 7045: 7040: 7026: 6973: 6935: 6885: 6865:Emperor Pedro I 6853: 6841: 6810: 6805: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6739: 6731: 6723: 6715: 6705: 6679:24th generation 6674: 6648:23rd generation 6643: 6583:22nd generation 6578: 6547:21st generation 6542: 6515:20th generation 6510: 6494:19th generation 6489: 6478:18th generation 6473: 6442:17th generation 6437: 6428:Infante António 6406:16th generation 6401: 6374:15th generation 6369: 6339:14th generation 6334: 6303:13th generation 6298: 6267:12th generation 6262: 6215:11th generation 6210: 6179:10th generation 6174: 6133: 6097: 6071: 6055: 6034: 6013: 5987: 5961: 5945: 5914: 5909: 5879: 5874: 5841: 5822:Maria da Glória 5802:Maria Francisca 5748: 5739: 5686: 5681: 5651: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5601: 5575: 5546: 5538: 5526: 5518: 5501: 5493: 5488: 5458: 5453: 5365: 5360: 5330: 5325: 5315: 5292: 5278: 5252: 5247: 5217: 5212: 5201: 5173: 5142: 5100: 5071: 5010: 5001: 4935: 4930: 4896: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4867: 4850: 4841: 4833: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4790: 4727: 4722: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4691: 4687: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4638: 4627: 4617:Wayback Machine 4605: 4601: 4591:Wayback Machine 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4389: 4379:Wayback Machine 4369: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4326: 4322: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4296: 4290:Wayback Machine 4279: 4275: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4248: 4242:Wayback Machine 4231: 4227: 4218: 4214: 4205: 4198: 4192:Wayback Machine 4181: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4119:Wayback Machine 4107: 4103: 4093:Wayback Machine 4084: 4080: 4070:Wayback Machine 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4005: 3998: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3917: 3913: 3904: 3900: 3894:Wayback Machine 3882: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3851:Wayback Machine 3839: 3835: 3829:Wayback Machine 3818: 3814: 3805: 3798: 3788:Wayback Machine 3778: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3745:Wayback Machine 3730: 3726: 3720:Wayback Machine 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3687: 3683: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3577:Wayback Machine 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3517:Wayback Machine 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3431:Wayback Machine 3420: 3416: 3407: 3400: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3353: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3258:Wayback Machine 3247: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3026: 2941: 2936: 2437: 2432: 2408:, with Collar, 2388: 2386: 2368: 2366: 2340: 2338: 2319: 2317: 2311:6 November 1817 2302:6 November 1817 2292:6 November 1817 2282:Austrian Empire 2275: 2273: 2232: 2230: 2211: 2209: 2190: 2188: 2152:, with Collar, 2137: 2135: 2123:13 January 1825 2113:6 February 1818 2069: 2058: 2048: 2015: 2009: 1986:Reference style 1968: 1966: 1964:Royal styles of 1963: 1958: 1917:Died unmarried 1914:7 January 1834 1733: 1727: 1697:Gilberto Freyre 1689:Alfredo Pimenta 1611: 1498: 1433: 1376: 1354:Bemposta Palace 1287: 1171:Río de la Plata 1166: 1153: 1146: 1018: 945: 933:Salvador, Bahia 925:equatorial zone 859: 852: 846: 750: 736: 646: 628: 577: 333: 276: 275: 267: 255: 251: 248: 247: 234: 219:Bemposta Palace 217: 213: 200: 194: 192: 178: 168: 135: 134:6 February 1818 125:12 October 1822 124: 85: 84:6 February 1818 74: 58: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9448: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9268:Longwood House 9265: 9264: 9263: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9212: 9210: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9096: 9094: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9013: 9011: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8974:Count of Feira 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8869:Horatio Nelson 8866: 8861: 8856: 8850: 8848: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8779:Marshal Victor 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8717: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8557:Arcis-sur-Aube 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8300:Venta del Pozo 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8175:Ciudad Rodrigo 8171: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8053:Ciudad Rodrigo 8050: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8027:Alba de Tormes 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7927:Aspern-Essling 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7529:Jena–Auerstedt 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7368: 7366: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7301:Ottoman Empire 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7261:United Kingdom 7257: 7255: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7231:Ottoman Empire 7228: 7226:Denmark–Norway 7223: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7169:Polish Legions 7166: 7160: 7158: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7104:Peninsular War 7100: 7093: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7074: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6978:4th generation 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6940:3rd generation 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6931:Princess Maria 6928: 6923: 6921:Princess Paula 6918: 6912: 6906: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6890:2nd generation 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6880:Empress Amélie 6876: 6868: 6861: 6859: 6858:1st generation 6855: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6831: 6825: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6781: 6772: 6771: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6695: 6689: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6664: 6658: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6570: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6459:Infante Carlos 6456: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6364:Infante Alonso 6361: 6355: 6352:Infante Carlos 6349: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6138:9th generation 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6102:8th generation 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6076:7th generation 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6060:6th generation 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6039:5th generation 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6018:4th generation 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5992:3rd generation 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5966:2nd generation 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5950:1st generation 5947: 5946: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5908: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5758: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5680: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5548: 5544:Regency period 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5499:United Kingdom 5495: 5494: 5487: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5427: 5419: 5411: 5403: 5395: 5387: 5379: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5246: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5012: 5011: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4937: 4936: 4929: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4889: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4843: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4823:Regnal titles 4820: 4819: 4798: 4791: 4788: 4783: 4782: 4768:, ed. (1911). 4766:Chisholm, Hugh 4762: 4748: 4738: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4700: 4685: 4651: 4625: 4599: 4575: 4563: 4561:, Souza, p. 54 4551: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4498: 4489: 4476: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4434: 4432:Martins, p. 28 4425: 4409: 4398: 4387: 4354: 4342: 4340:Martins, p. 33 4333: 4320: 4307: 4294: 4273: 4259: 4246: 4225: 4212: 4206:Mariz, Vasco. 4196: 4168: 4156: 4143: 4134: 4122: 4101: 4078: 4055: 4046: 4030: 4021: 4012: 3996: 3980: 3971: 3959: 3950: 3937: 3924: 3911: 3898: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3833: 3812: 3796: 3761: 3749: 3724: 3703: 3694: 3681: 3668: 3655: 3646: 3625: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3501: 3492: 3480: 3471: 3457: 3448: 3435: 3414: 3398: 3379: 3364: 3324: 3306: 3293: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3234: 3222: 3213: 3200: 3191: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2996:Hugh the Great 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2968: 2967: 2948: 2947: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2445: 2444: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2384: 2382:September 1803 2358: 2347:United Kingdom 2335: 2333:30 August 1825 2315: 2314: 2313: 2304: 2294: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2239:Russian Empire 2228: 2207: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2164:1 January 1796 2156: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2115: 2105: 2095: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2045: 2044: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2011:Main article: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1973: 1972: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1870:22 April 1876 1868: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1848: 1847:22 April 1800 1845: 1839: 1838: 1831:Peninsular War 1827: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1784:21 March 1795 1782: 1776: 1775: 1764: 1761: 1760:29 April 1793 1758: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1729:Main article: 1726: 1723: 1630:Carla Camurati 1610: 1607: 1594:Bank of Brazil 1497: 1494: 1482:Paquetá Island 1432: 1429: 1375: 1372: 1367:Windsor Castle 1321:Trás-os-Montes 1286: 1283: 1217:Peninsular War 1165: 1162: 1145: 1142: 1033:abolished the 944: 941: 937:Rio de Janeiro 848:Main article: 845: 842: 795:Peace of Basel 735: 732: 640:Giuseppe Troni 627: 624: 620:João de Barros 576: 573: 545:Atlantic Ocean 498:Peter III 413: 412: 405: 401: 400: 395: 391: 390: 385: 381: 380: 375: 371: 370: 365: 359: 358: 355: 354: 344: 343: 335: 334: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 285: 283: 269: 268: 253: 249: 243: 242: 240: 236: 235: 229: 227: 223: 222: 216:(aged 58) 210: 206: 205: 190: 186: 185: 182: 181: 173: 165: 164: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 132: 128: 127: 121: 117: 116: 114:King of Brazil 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 82: 78: 77: 71: 67: 66: 60: 59: 53: 45: 44: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9447: 9436: 9435:Sons of kings 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9288: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9209:Miscellaneous 9207: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8884:Manuel Lapeña 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8841: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8814:Prince Eugène 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8764:André Masséna 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8744:Joachim Murat 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8688:Rocheserviere 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8376:San Sebastián 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7937:Sankt Michael 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7852:Teugen-Hausen 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7352: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7154:client states 7149: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7067: 7065: 7060: 7058: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6822:Queen Maria I 6820: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6769: 6761: 6753: 6745: 6737: 6729: 6721: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5926:House of Aviz 5923: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5901: 5899: 5894: 5892: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5787:Maria Bárbara 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5673: 5671: 5666: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5478: 5473: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5239: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016:House of Aviz 5013: 5008: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4832: 4826: 4821: 4817:10 March 1826 4816: 4809: 4804: 4803: 4802:House of Aviz 4796: 4795: 4786: 4779: 4778: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4733:Revista Época 4729: 4728: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4671: 4664: 4663: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4486: 4480: 4471: 4469: 4459: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4429: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4383:Revista Época 4380: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4337: 4330: 4324: 4317: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4277: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4153: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4097:Revista Época 4094: 4090: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4025: 4016: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3964: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3908: 3902: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3868: 3859: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3793: 3792:Revista Época 3789: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3758: 3753: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3707: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3665: 3659: 3650: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3550:Gomes, p. 102 3547: 3538: 3529: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3475: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3290: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3217: 3210: 3204: 3195: 3187: 3177: 3168: 3164: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374:French Empire 2365: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2312: 2309:, 1st Class, 2308: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2272: 2268: 2265:, 1st Class, 2264: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2121:in Portugal, 2120: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2054: 2052: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2014: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1961: 1948: 1947:Duke of Loulé 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1930:22 June 1857 1929: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1911:25 June 1805 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1806:Married King 1805: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1787:11 June 1801 1786: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1615: 1609:Controversies 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570:José Maurício 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:hydrodynamics 1528:, mechanics, 1527: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1380: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1291: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257:broke out in 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1241:broke out in 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1157: 1150: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1110:French Guiana 1107: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:Paço Imperial 1039: 1036: 1032: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1003: 998: 995: 994:Guanabara Bay 985: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 966: 961: 954: 949: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 905: 901: 896: 891: 888: 883: 880: 876: 872: 863: 856: 851: 841: 839: 835: 834:Queluz Palace 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 810: 809: 804: 800: 799:prince regent 796: 791: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 768: 764: 754: 749: 745: 740: 731: 729: 724: 723: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 698:anti-clerical 695: 694:Enlightenment 689: 687: 682: 677: 675: 674:Iberian Union 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 641: 637: 632: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 586: 581: 572: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 541:Great Britain 538: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 518:prince regent 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 496:and King Dom 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 451: 446: 445: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 421: 420: 410: 406: 402: 399: 396: 392: 389: 386: 382: 379: 376: 372: 369: 366: 364: 360: 353: 349: 345: 340: 336: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 284: 281: 280: 274: 270: 246: 241: 237: 232: 228: 224: 220: 212:10 March 1826 211: 207: 203: 191: 187: 183: 177: 174: 171: 170:Prince regent 166: 162: 158: 155: 151: 148: 145: 141: 138: 133: 129: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 88: 83: 79: 75:10 March 1826 72: 68: 65: 61: 57: 51: 46: 43: 41: 36: 31: 19: 9287: 9256:Grande Armée 9216:Bibliography 9200:Paris (1815) 9160:Paris (1814) 9145:Paris (1810) 9125:Finckenstein 9100:Campo Formio 8968: 8859:Rowland Hill 8845:military and 8725:military and 8698:Rocquencourt 8567:Saint-Dizier 8537:Bar-sur-Aube 8492:Mincio River 7987:Schöngrabern 7766:2nd Zaragoza 7706:1st Zaragoza 7660:Stralsund II 7509:Campo Tenese 7483:Schöngrabern 7468:Cape Ortegal 7418:Diamond Rock 7296:Papal States 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7033: 6994: 6956: 6901: 6878: 6870: 6833: 6827: 6767: 6764: 6759: 6756: 6751: 6748: 6743: 6740: 6735: 6732: 6727: 6724: 6719: 6716: 6711: 6697: 6666: 6635: 6627: 6619: 6564: 6505: 6484: 6326: 5811: 5772:Isabel Luísa 5692:Feudal Dukes 5508: 5448: 5440: 5437: 5432: 5424: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5392: 5384: 5376: 5321: 5273: 5270: 5208: 5177:Ferdinand II 5150: 5065: 4995: 4875: 4870: 4836: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4775: 4756: 4742: 4732: 4725:Bibliography 4714: 4709: 4703: 4692: 4688: 4677:, retrieved 4670:the original 4661: 4654: 4645: 4620: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4515:. Retrieved 4511:the original 4501: 4492: 4484: 4479: 4458: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4349: 4345: 4336: 4328: 4323: 4315: 4310: 4302: 4297: 4281: 4276: 4268:Apresentação 4267: 4262: 4254: 4249: 4233: 4228: 4220: 4215: 4207: 4183: 4151: 4146: 4137: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4081: 4074:Revista Veja 4073: 4058: 4049: 4041: 4024: 4015: 4007: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3974: 3957:Gomes, p. 81 3953: 3945: 3940: 3932: 3927: 3919: 3914: 3906: 3901: 3884: 3867: 3858: 3842: 3836: 3820: 3815: 3807: 3791: 3756: 3752: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3711: 3706: 3697: 3689: 3684: 3676: 3671: 3663: 3658: 3649: 3644:Mota, p. 455 3637:o regime de 3636: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3580: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3521:Revista Veja 3520: 3504: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3460: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3422: 3417: 3409: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3373: 3367: 3359: 3319: 3301: 3296: 3288: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3249: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3194: 3176: 3167: 2954: 2951: 2671: 2418: 2409: 2401:3 March 1817 2400: 2381: 2355: 2332: 2310: 2301: 2291: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2226:27 July 1824 2225: 2205:October 1825 2204: 2181: 2172: 2163: 2153: 2122: 2112: 2102: 2092: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2033: 2026: 2020:His Highness 2019: 1997:Spoken style 1967: 1899:Liberal Wars 1890: 1867:4 July 1801 1800:19 May 1797 1734: 1715:Saint Helena 1711: 1694: 1685:Raul Brandão 1669: 1648: 1638: 1634: 1623: 1620: 1590: 1540:, geometry, 1514: 1504: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1461: 1458:sacred music 1455: 1450: 1431:Private life 1404: 1400: 1389: 1382:Portrait by 1366: 1345: 1342:April Revolt 1339: 1329:Vilafrancada 1317: 1310:Portrait by 1296: 1279: 1266: 1220: 1214: 1187: 1167: 1164:Road to rule 1119: 1102: 1094: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1041: 1030: 1028: 1015: 1005: 1000: 990: 977: 973: 963: 957: 909: 903: 893: 884: 868: 838:Mafra Palace 806: 792: 772: 766: 759: 720: 717:Thessalonica 706: 700:policies of 690: 678: 664:(later King 651: 605: 590: 561: 526: 494:Maria I 483: 478: 474: 471:Pedro I 448: 442: 434: 431:João VI 430: 422: 417: 416: 277: 214:(1826-03-10) 137:Royal Chapel 87:Royal Chapel 54:Portrait by 38: 9310:1826 deaths 9305:1767 births 9084:War of 1812 9042:Gunboat War 8999:Louis XVIII 8754:Jean Lannes 8668:Quatre Bras 8658:San Germano 8608:Occhiobello 8497:Champaubert 8487:La Rothière 8411:San Marcial 8295:2nd Polotsk 8260:1st Polotsk 8245:Majadahonda 8185:Villagarcia 8114:Campo Maior 7902:Piave River 7827:Ciudad Real 7817:Villafranca 7686:Dos de Mayo 7635:Stralsund I 7387:18 Brumaire 7321:Netherlands 7219:Württemberg 6990:Prince Luís 6815:Forefathers 6310:Sebastião I 5865:Duarte Nuno 5837:Luís Filipe 5730:Teodósio II 5710:Fernando II 5635:(1841–1889) 5547:(1831–1840) 5527:(1822–1831) 5502:(1815–1821) 5449:(1816–1817) 5441:(1788–1816) 5433:(1777–1788) 5425:(1760–1777) 5417:(1714–1750) 5409:(1712–1714) 5401:(1689–1706) 5385:(1653–1656) 5377:(1645–1653) 5108:(1640–1910) 5079:(1581–1640) 5055:Sebastian I 5018:(1385–1580) 4990:Ferdinand I 4943:(1139–1383) 4810:13 May 1767 3148:, 1717–1786 3142:, 1689–1750 3136:, 1648–1706 3130:, 1604–1656 3124:, 1558–1630 3118:, 1543–1583 3112:, 1510–1563 3106:, 1479–1532 3100:, 1430–1483 3094:, 1403–1478 3088:, 1377–1461 3082:, 1357–1433 3076:, 1320–1367 3070:, 1291–1357 3064:, 1261–1325 3058:, 1210–1279 3052:, 1185–1223 3046:, 1154–1211 3040:, 1109–1185 3034:, 1066–1112 3027: 1074 3016:, 1011–1076 2197:Netherlands 2182:26 May 1824 2103:5 July 1809 2093:5 July 1809 1891:the Usurper 1657:imperialist 1374:Final years 1334:Vila Franca 1189:ambassador 813:18 Brumaire 808:coup d'état 805:staged his 670:Maria Luisa 647: 1788 502:Prince José 473:, was both 435:the Clement 199:13 May 1767 179:(1821–1822) 143:Predecessor 131:Acclamation 93:Predecessor 81:Acclamation 9294:Categories 9226:Casualties 9140:Schönbrunn 9115:Artlenburg 8864:John Moore 8769:Michel Ney 8638:Scapezzano 8628:Cesenatico 8572:Montmartre 8502:Montmirail 8436:Wartenburg 8391:Großbeeren 8250:Gorodechno 8240:Klyastitsy 8220:Saltanovka 8109:Casal Novo 7982:Hollabrunn 7967:Korneuburg 7761:Somosierra 7665:Copenhagen 7488:Austerlitz 7478:Dürenstein 7214:Westphalia 7157:and allies 6346:Filipe III 6083:Fernando I 6004:Afonso III 5936:, and the 5870:Duarte Pio 5720:Teodósio I 5705:Fernando I 5096:Philip III 4996:Beatrice I 4970:Afonso III 4888:1788–1816 4842:1816–1826 4282:Museu Real 3946:D. 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5928:, the 5860:Miguel 5855:Miguel 5832:Carlos 5767:Afonso 5725:João I 5700:Afonso 5393:(1688) 5382:Afonso 5187:Luís I 5130:John V 5025:John I 4865:Joseph 4813: 4679:10 May 4619:. In: 4593:. In: 4095:. In: 4072:. In: 3790:. In: 3579:. In: 3519:. In: 3358:. In: 2361:France 2344: 2279: 2236: 2215: 2194: 2141: 2081:Christ 2057:style: 1750:Notes 1747:Death 1744:Birth 1550:botany 1542:French 1511:, 1810 1496:Legacy 1447:, 1815 1358:Caxias 1314:, 1821 1271:Azores 1243:Recife 906:(1810) 879:Lisbon 711:, the 587:, 1773 486:Lisbon 384:Mother 374:Father 279:Detail 260: 239:Spouse 226:Burial 9251:Films 8683:Wavre 8673:Ligny 8663:Gaeta 8623:Ronco 8613:Carpi 8577:Paris 8547:Reims 8451:Hanau 8043:Cádiz 8022:Ocaña 8007:Ölper 7952:María 7917:Wörgl 7907:Grijó 7807:Valls 7797:Uclés 7691:Bruch 7615:Eylau 7539:Halle 7514:Maida 7504:Gaeta 7354:Major 7281:Spain 7241:Spain 7174:Italy 5827:Pedro 5792:Pedro 5715:Jaime 5446:Pedro 5422:Maria 5406:Pedro 4894:Pedro 4876:later 4815:Died: 4808:Born: 4713:[ 4697:p. 19 4673:(PDF) 4666:(PDF) 3391:[ 3160:Notes 2771:(= 5) 2712:(= 4) 2144:Spain 1741:Name 1364:ship 1285:Reign 1275:Bahia 1263:junta 1259:Porto 921:poops 533:Spain 363:House 342:Names 273:Issue 264:) 256:( 252: 120:Reign 70:Reign 9180:Kiel 9170:Ried 8716:Info 8703:Issy 8596:1815 8542:Laon 8475:1814 8339:1813 8205:Ekau 8168:1812 8082:1811 8036:1810 7957:Graz 7947:Raab 7785:1809 7679:1808 7603:1807 7497:1806 7411:1805 6485:None 5812:João 5807:José 5797:José 5782:João 5777:João 5438:João 5430:José 5414:José 5398:João 5390:João 5174:with 5143:with 4681:2020 4519:2012 3885:Apud 2888:15. 2830:14. 2767:13. 2708:12. 2644:11. 2586:10. 2087:and 2085:Aviz 1683:and 1601:and 1599:rice 1520:the 1245:, a 618:and 610:and 539:and 477:and 262:1785 209:Died 189:Born 8200:Mir 8063:Côa 7448:Ulm 2856:7. 2794:3. 2735:6. 2670:1. 2612:5. 2550:2. 2524:9. 2492:4. 2466:8. 2061:etc 2051:etc 1808:Don 1507:by 1443:by 1344:or 1108:in 811:of 744:Dom 715:of 638:by 419:Dom 9296:: 6766:ƒ 6758:¤ 6750:◙ 6742:¶ 6734:‡ 6726:# 6718:§ 6640:ƒ◙ 6632:ƒ◙ 6624:ƒ◙ 4874:, 4774:. 4644:. 4628:^ 4467:^ 4357:^ 4199:^ 4171:^ 4159:^ 4125:^ 4033:^ 3999:^ 3962:^ 3876:^ 3799:^ 3764:^ 3401:^ 3327:^ 3309:^ 3237:^ 3225:^ 3189:). 3024:c. 2962:. 2417:, 2396:: 2380:, 2363:: 2354:, 2350:: 2331:, 2327:: 2300:, 2290:, 2284:: 2256:, 2247:, 2241:: 2224:, 2220:: 2203:, 2199:: 2180:, 2171:, 2162:, 2146:: 2111:, 2101:, 2091:, 2083:, 2063:. 2053:. 1949:. 1901:. 1857:. 1813:. 1643:; 1548:, 1544:, 1536:, 1532:, 1484:, 1323:, 1158:) 1117:. 939:. 704:. 688:. 644:c. 642:, 622:. 535:, 429:: 350:: 258:m. 7070:e 7063:t 7056:v 6917:* 6911:* 6875:* 6867:* 6838:* 6830:* 6824:* 6800:e 6793:t 6786:v 6762:, 6754:, 6746:, 6738:, 6730:, 6722:, 6714:, 6702:ƒ 6694:¶ 6688:¶ 6671:ƒ 6663:¶ 6657:¶ 6616:¶ 6610:¶ 6604:¶ 6598:¶ 6592:¶ 6575:# 6569:ƒ 6561:‡ 6539:# 6383:§ 6366:§ 6360:§ 6354:§ 6348:§ 6331:ƒ 6323:§ 6317:§ 6229:* 5944:. 5904:e 5897:t 5890:v 5676:e 5669:t 5662:v 5483:e 5476:t 5469:v 5355:e 5348:t 5341:v 5322:* 5274:* 5242:e 5235:t 5228:v 5211:. 4925:e 4918:t 4911:v 4747:. 4737:. 4521:. 1154:( 1023:) 1019:( 860:( 751:( 425:( 197:) 193:( 163:) 20:)

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John VI of Portugal

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