481:, and from then until his appointment as prime minister in 1884, he was one of the leaders of parliament. In Norway, political parties were considered inappropriate and unwanted. Sverdrup tried from his earliest days in the Storting to form a radical party consisting of the large group of peasants and the radical elements among the representatives from the cities. His first attempt was named the "lawyers' party" after the profession of the leaders of the group. It soon became evident that the times were not ripe for such a radical novelty, and for the next years Sverdrup knit a loose alliance with the peasant leader,
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for about 30 years. What can be said against such a viewpoint, is that most of the results of his opposition was destructive because he sold his radical and social liberal political views in order to gain influence in Jaabæk's loosely knit alliance of peasants. On the other hand one tends to forget that there was a class struggle between the peasants and the public servant and tradesmen classes, which in Norway with no nobility, were the most influential, and that
Sverdrup, a public servant, joined the vast and less influential group of peasants in order to transform the society.
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Sverdrup and the other leaders had expected. The fight against the powerful executive branch had created alliances that broke very quickly afterwards. Sverdrup and all his ministers belonged to the conservative faction of the party. They had strong support what the leading Norwegian sociologist, Stein Rokkan, labeled the periphery, adherents of lay Christianity in opposition to the clergy, adherents of the so-called New Norwegian in opposition to the Norwegian spoken in the cities, adherents of totalitarianism.
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541:(now Oslo), while the king mostly lived in Sweden's capital Stockholm needed two prime ministers, one in each capital. Until then there had only been one in Stockholm, because the Council in Christiania was supposed to be led by an appointed governor, a position which had been vacant for 15 years because no Swedish king had dared or wished to appoint a new governor.
505:(1814–1894), an economically extremely conservative politician, whose views hardly exceeded the most primitive cutting of every part of the budget, even if the money in question would be used to the furthering of democracy and education, two of his most important topics. Such negative policy-making (Jaabæk's name was changed by the ministerial adherents and press to
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but he was saved by Høyre which had no intentions to diminish the strife within the
Venstre, and believed that their best hope was to leave the Sverdrup ministry in peace until the general elections in 1888. After those elections, which proved fully that Høyre strategy had been a sound one, Sverdrup's ministry was quickly ousted.
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understood the consequences of a parliamentary system. Hence his five years in power with a vast majority in support, was no triumph march, but a row of defeats in
Parliament. It is not far from a personal tragedy, and his resignation in 1889 was the only possible finale to a rather unworthy drama that took place within the
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Sverdrup and his colleagues and diminishing group in the
Storting were more or less expelled from the party and had to start their own Venstre. The original party, now led by Sverdrup's leading opponents, Ullmann and Steen, voted against him and mocked the elder statesman for clinging to the "Chair",
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It turned out from the first day that
Sverdrup as a prime minister was not the competent strategist that most Norwegians had either learned to fear or admire. He expected his adherents to follow him as they had done for almost 30 years. It also turns out that Venstre was a more loosely knit coalition
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This made an extremely minor change in the suggested change in the constitution, when it was passed in 1873, necessary, namely that there were now two prime ministers, while there was only one in the previous law text. The changed constitution was not sanctioned this time either. The same happened in
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It turned out there was no other choice than to appoint Johan
Sverdrup as prime minister. In Norwegian tradition the transition from Montesquieu's ideal of checks and balances to a parliamentary system took place when he became the prime minister. There is evidence that Sverdrup himself never really
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1876 and 1879, and now a major problem had occurred, which made
Norwegian politics extremely difficult for several years. The Constitution explicitly stated that the king had a veto three times in law and budget matters, but there was no mention of any kind of veto concerning constitutional matters.
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His weakness was his inability to bury hatchets and his apparent lack of flexibility in older age. His inability to understand the concept of parliamentarism, which seemed to be the ultimate goal of his policies. His clinging to the symbols of power can be ascribed to his age, but he was only about
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The views towards this controversial political leader will differ greatly with the political and historical affiliation of those expressing a view. It can not be denied that
Sverdrup was an extremely skilled and able opposition leader and strategist whose influence of domestic politics was enormous
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His great mistake was to refuse to include anyone from the radical faction and to further alienate them by not accepting their advice in any of the difficult political situations that arose in those years. In the 1885 general election the party's slogan was "Have confidence in Johan
Sverdrup" which
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During the 1860s, the views towards the ministers' participation in the parliamentary sessions had changed totally. The ministerials, as they were called, were now unanimously against, because they had seen the formation of the peasants' friends as a threat to what they deemed to be the ideal, the
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In 1869, a political reform of the greatest importance was introduced, yearly parliamentary sessions instead of the earlier triannual sessions. This definitely tipped the scale of political influence in favor of the Storting, and it is not easy to see the reasons for the King's acceptance of this
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The strife which had started as a practical political reform had now turned into a political debacle which would have to change the checks and balances between the legislative and the executive branch. This had definitely become Sverdrup's goal. "All power must be gathered in the halls of the
616:, but was a rather lame move, since Sverdrup immediately threatened with a new impeachment trial. The new Council was named the April Ministry, which says something about how long the king's struggle to find a solution to the total crisis that had occurred, which he could deem acceptable.
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In 1870, the Storting passed a change in the constitution which granted the ministers admission to Parliament when asked, but the King refused to sanction the law, stating that it was premature so few years after the yearly sessions reform. In 1872 the new king,
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later has been deemed one of the most ridiculous slogans ever created. A party without ability to find anything to unite about will have no long life, and the breach in the party became evident throughout the three years before the next general elections.
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In the 1882 general elections Sverdrup's party won a convincing majority. They were able to fill the 25% of the Storting who were, together with the Supreme Court, the judges of the court, with only members of the leftist party in formation.
469:, Norway. He was the son of Jacob Liv Borch Sverdrup (1775–1841) and Gundelle Birgitte Siang (1780–1820). His father was a pioneer in scientific agriculture in Norway. He finished his law studies in 1841. He worked as a lawyer in
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Storting" became his political program. In 1879 his party in the making made a coup by promulgating the new change in the constitution. This took the Council by surprise that the grand old man of the Council, Prime Minister
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totally independent representative. The peasants and the radicals on the other hand, had drawn the obviously correct conclusion that this reform would further the influence of the elected towards the appointed ministers.
521:(peasant friend associations) that Jaabæk managed to spread throughout most of the country. However, in parliament Jaabæk often bowed to Sverdrup's more advanced political strategies, when they were not too expensive.
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The opposition which made up a vast majority, had practically rejected the first possibility and decided upon the third, whereas the Council and the minority of the Storting was certain of the king's absolute veto.
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70. Most historians would conclude that his fight against the king's appointed Council lasted too long. He was too old to harvest the fruits, but he paved the way for a new political situation in Norway.
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In the fall 1883, the judges convened and the trials took several months and resulted in loss of position without honor for most of the ministers and huge fines. The king appointed a new Council led by
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and served as the fourth prime minister of Norway. Sverdrup was prime minister from 1884 to 1889.
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This article is about the Norwegian politician. For the oil field named after him, see
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441:(30 July 1816 – 17 February 1892) was a Norwegian politician from the
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320:1 January 1851 – 31 December 1884
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66:26 June 1884 – 13 July 1889
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859:. Norsk biografisk leksikon
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767:. Norsk biografisk leksikon
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935:"Sverdrup, Johan"
857:"Christian Schweigaard"
836:. Store norske leksikon
813:. Store norske leksikon
742:"Søren Pedersen Jaabæk"
698:. Store norske leksikon
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1681:Mowinckel II
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1262:Nygaardsvold
1246:Nygaardsvold
1109:
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838:. Retrieved
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769:. Retrieved
758:
746:. Retrieved
740:Knut Dørum.
735:
723:. Retrieved
712:
700:. Retrieved
694:Knut Dørum.
689:
677:. Retrieved
671:Per Fuglum.
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380:(1892-02-17)
358:30 July 1816
325:Constituency
315:
300:
296:Succeeded by
289:Bøicke Koren
276:
261:
242:Succeeded by
224:
209:
190:Succeeded by
182:
170:
155:
136:Succeeded by
128:
113:
94:Succeeded by
61:
1768:1892 deaths
1763:1816 births
1716:Bondevik II
1676:Mowinckel I
1600:(2010-2020)
1594:(1996-2010)
1532:Worm-MĂĽller
1416:Stoltenberg
1406:Stoltenberg
1281:Christensen
1105:Schweigaard
1045:Sommerhielm
1040:Rosenkrantz
539:Christiania
457:Early years
385:Christiania
284:Preceded by
232:Preceded by
178:Preceded by
124:Preceded by
82:Preceded by
1757:Categories
1711:Bondevik I
1666:Knudsen II
1646:Hagerup II
1586:Alstadheim
1391:Brundtland
1381:Brundtland
1371:Brundtland
1341:Gerhardsen
1331:Gerhardsen
1321:Gerhardsen
1035:Haxthausen
977:Emil Stang
971:1884–1889
912:21 January
893:21 January
658:References
423:Profession
417:Politician
413:Occupation
354:1816-07-30
99:Emil Stang
1661:Knudsen I
1651:Michelsen
1631:Hagerup I
1588:(1990-92)
1582:(1986-90)
1570:(1976-82)
1564:(1974-76)
1558:(1972-74)
1552:(1970-72)
1546:(1964-70)
1540:(1952-64)
1538:Røiseland
1534:(1945-52)
1528:(1927-40)
1526:Mowinckel
1522:(1909-27)
1516:(1903-09)
1510:(1900-03)
1498:(1889-93)
1241:Mowinckel
1226:Mowinckel
1211:Mowinckel
1201:Halvorsen
1191:Halvorsen
1161:Michelsen
811:"Venstre"
475:Oslofjord
316:In office
262:In office
210:In office
156:In office
118:1884–1884
114:In office
62:In office
1636:Steen II
1621:Sverdrup
1614:Cabinets
1592:Sponheim
1580:Fjørtoft
1568:Rossbach
1556:Rognlien
1484:Sverdrup
1411:Bondevik
1401:Bondevik
1361:Bratteli
1351:Bratteli
1301:Quisling
1291:Terboven
1271:Quisling
1236:Hundseid
1221:Hornsrud
1125:E. Stang
1115:E. Stang
1110:Sverdrup
1095:F. Stang
1070:F. Stang
1065:Petersen
863:April 1,
840:April 1,
817:April 1,
794:April 1,
771:April 1,
748:April 1,
725:April 1,
702:April 1,
679:April 1,
535:Oscar II
479:Storting
467:Vestfold
365:Vestfold
329:Vestfold
75:Oscar II
1730:Related
1721:Solberg
1706:Korvald
1671:Blehr I
1656:Løvland
1641:Blehr I
1626:Steen I
1606:(2020-)
1562:Kolstad
1520:Knudsen
1502:Ullmann
1477:Leaders
1421:Solberg
1396:Jagland
1376:Willoch
1356:Korvald
1231:Kolstad
1186:Knudsen
1181:Bratlie
1171:Knudsen
1166:Løvland
1145:Hagerup
1130:Hagerup
1050:Collett
834:"Høyre"
622:Venstre
586:Venstre
399:Liberal
277:Himself
225:Himself
171:Himself
71:Monarch
1701:Borten
1598:Grande
1514:Berner
1486:(1884)
1366:Nordli
1346:Borten
1100:Selmer
507:Neibæk
471:Larvik
427:Lawyer
405:Spouse
1604:Melby
1574:Dørum
1544:Garbo
1508:Holst
1496:Steen
1426:Støre
1216:Lykke
1206:Berge
1196:Blehr
1176:Konow
1140:Blehr
1135:Steen
1120:Steen
590:Høyre
1696:Lyng
1550:Seip
1490:Qvam
1386:Syse
1336:Lyng
1326:Torp
1060:Vogt
1055:Krog
1020:List
914:2013
895:2013
865:2018
842:2018
819:2018
796:2018
773:2018
750:2018
727:2018
704:2018
681:2018
375:Died
344:Born
52:4th
511:nei
465:in
463:Sem
361:Sem
1759::
938:.
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885:.
624:.
515:ja
387:,
367:,
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1018:(
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356:)
352:(
23:.
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