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better to be called "pseudo body". It is an aggregate of bodies and empty space. We do not know the nature of a molecule consisting of a single chemical atom. It would be premature to seek to answer this question but to admit this ignorance in no way impairs the belief in its real existence. When I began my studies I had the feeling that I was almost alone in holding that view. And when, as occurred already in my 1873 treatise, I determined their number in one gram-mol, their size and the nature of their action, I was strengthened in my opinion, yet still there often arose within me the question whether in the final analysis a molecule is a figment of the imagination and the entire molecular theory too. And now I do not think it any exaggeration to state that the real existence of molecules is universally assumed by physicists. Many of those who opposed it most have ultimately been won over, and my theory may have been a contributory factor. And precisely this, I feel, is a step forward. Anyone acquainted with the writings of
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548:. Until his retirement at the age of 70, Van der Waals remained at the Amsterdam University. He was succeeded by his son Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Jr., who also was a theoretical physicist. In 1910, at the age of 72, Van der Waals was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics. He died at the age of 85 on March 8, 1923.
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In this thesis he derived the equation of state bearing his name. This work gave a model in which the liquid and the gas phase of a substance merge into each other in a continuous manner. It shows that the two phases are of the same nature. In deriving his equation of state Van der Waals assumed not
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in Leiden. As was usual for all girls and working-class boys in the 19th century, he did not go to the kind of secondary school that would have given him the right to enter university. Instead he went to a school of “advanced primary education”, which he finished at the age of fifteen. He then became
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that would have given him the right to enter university as a regular student and to take examinations. However, it so happened that the law regulating the university entrance was changed and dispensation from the study of classical languages could be given by the minister of education. Van der Waals
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It will be perfectly clear that in all my studies I was quite convinced of the real existence of molecules, that I never regarded them as a figment of my imagination, nor even as mere centres of force effects. I considered them to be the actual bodies, thus what we term "body" in daily speech ought
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had a provision that enabled outside students to take up to four courses a year. In 1863 the Dutch government started a new kind of secondary school (HBS, a school aiming at the children of the higher middle classes). Van der Waals—at that time head of an elementary school—wanted to become a HBS
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will admit that physicists carrying great authority believe that the complex phenomena of the heat theory can only be interpreted in this way. It is a great pleasure for me that an increasing number of younger physicists find the inspiration for their work in studies and contemplations of the
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A second major discovery was the 1880 the Law of
Corresponding States, which showed that the Van der Waals equation of state can be expressed as a simple function of the critical pressure, critical volume, and critical temperature. This general form is applicable to all substances (see
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only the existence of molecules (the existence of atoms was disputed at the time), but also that they are of finite size and attract each other. Since he was one of the first to postulate an intermolecular force, however rudimentary, such a force is now sometimes called a
2617:. (Cambridge University Press), p. 2. “The first clear evidence of forces between what were soon to be called molecules came from Johannes Diderik van der Waals's 1873 Ph.D. thesis formulation of the pressure p, volume V, and temperature T of dense gases.”
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2287:, in the form first proposed by Willard Gibbs, he was able to arrive at a graphical representation of his mathematical formulations in the form of a surface which he called Ψ (Psi) surface following Gibbs, who used the Greek letter Ψ for the
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In 1862, he began to attend lectures in mathematics, physics and astronomy at the university in his city of birth, although he was not qualified to be enrolled as a regular student in part because of his lack of education in
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is presently considered an axiom. With the help of the Van der Waals's equation of state, the critical-point parameters of gases could be accurately predicted from thermodynamic measurements made at much higher temperatures.
505:, which was close enough to Leiden to allow Van der Waals to resume his courses at the university there. In September 1865, just before moving to Deventer, Van der Waals married the eighteen-year-old Anna Magdalena Smit.
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arose towards the end of the 19th century. The molecular existence was considered unproven and the molecular hypothesis unnecessary. At the time Van der Waals's thesis was written (1873), the
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at 34 years old in 1881. After becoming a widower Van der Waals never remarried and was so shaken by the death of his wife that he did not publish anything for about a decade. He died in
2306:, Van der Waals took a thermodynamic approach. This was controversial at the time, since the existence of molecules and their permanent, rapid motion were not universally accepted before
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a teacher's apprentice in an elementary school. Between 1856 and 1861 he followed courses and gained the necessary qualifications to become a primary school teacher and head teacher.
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in the original equation are replaced by universal (compound-independent) quantities. It was this law which served as a guide during experiments which ultimately led to the
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In: K. van Berkel, A. van Helden and L. Palm ed., A History of
Science in the Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference (Leiden: Brill, 1999) 596 – 598.
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Van der Waals received numerous honors and distinctions, besides winning the 1910 Nobel Prize in
Physics. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of the
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2220:(On the continuity of the gas and liquid state). This dissertation represented a hallmark in physics and was immediately recognized as such, e.g. by
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were often considered as chemically distinct. But Van der Waals's work affirmed the reality of molecules and allowed an assessment of their size and
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Tang, K.-T.; Toennies, J. P. (2010). "Johannes
Diderik van der Waals: A Pioneer in the Molecular Sciences and Nobel Prize Winner in 1910".
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and the Royal
Academy of Sciences of Berlin; Associate Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium; and Foreign Member of the
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Over de continuiteit van den gas- en vloeistoftoestand (On the
Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States) (doctoral dissertation)
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Van der Waals, J.D. (1893). "Thermodynamische theorie der capillariteit in de onderstelling van continue dichtheidsverandering".
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in the
Netherlands. He was the eldest of ten children born to Jacobus van der Waals and Elisabeth van den Berg. His father was a
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with experimental data, Van der Waals was able to obtain estimates for the actual size of molecules and the strength of
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in 1875. From 1896 until 1912, he was secretary of this society. He was furthermore elected as
Honorary Member of the
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teacher in mathematics and physics and spent two years studying in his spare time for the required examinations.
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was significantly influenced by the pioneering work of Van der Waals. In 1908, Onnes became the first to make
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Verhand. Kon. Akad. V Wetensch. Amst. Sect. 1 (Dutch; English
Translation in J. Stat. Phys., 1979, 20:197)
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There can be no doubt that the name of Van der Waals will soon be among the foremost in molecular science,
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once said that, "there can be no doubt that the name of Van der Waals will soon be among the foremost in
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Continuiteit van den Gas- en Vloeistoftoestand (on the continuity of the gas and liquid state)
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He married his wife Anna Magdalena Smit in 1865, and the couple had three daughters (Anne Madeleine,
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should form the basis for mathematical formulations of the thermodynamic and transport properties of
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In September 1877, Van der Waals was appointed the first professor of physics at the newly founded
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derived by the assumption of a finite volume occupied by the constituent molecules. Spearheaded by
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when in 1877 the old Athenaeum was upgraded to Municipal University. Van der Waals won the 1910
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for gases and liquids. Van der Waals started his career as a schoolteacher. He became the first
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was given this dispensation and passed the qualification exams in physics and mathematics for
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Van der Waals Forces: A Handbook for Biologists, Chemists, Engineers, and Physicists
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How Fluids Unmix: Discoveries by the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes
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391:. His new formula revolutionized the study of equations of state. By comparing
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Andrews, T. (1869). "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Gaseous State of Matter".
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3082:. (Amsterdam : Koninklijke Nerlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002)
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in the Archives Néerlandaises. By relating his equation of state with the
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that describes the behavior of gases and their condensation to the liquid
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J.D. van der Waals, 1910, "The equation of state for gases and liquids,"
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Sur l'action capillaire (Suppl. au livre X, Traité de Mécanique Céleste)
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At Leiden University, on June 14, 1873, he defended his doctoral thesis
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3096:. (Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nerlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2008)
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on March 8, 1923, one year after his daughter Jacqueline had died.
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328:(small molecular clusters bound by Van der Waals forces), and with
2196:). Van der Waals was later greatly influenced by the writings of
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characterizing molecular size and attraction in constructing his
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35:
2990:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
3094:
Freezing Physics: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the Quest for Cold
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473:
472:
Johannes Diderik van der Waals was born on 23 November 1837 in
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376:
86:
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2839:"Van der Waals on the Continuity of Gaseous and Liquid States"
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Johannes Diderik van der Waals - Biographical - Nobelprize.org
418:. That molecular aspects such as size, shape, attraction, and
367:, a strong philosophical current that denied the existence of
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Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
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In 1865, he was appointed as a physics teacher at the HBS in
384:
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Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
2625:
2623:
3219:
3064:
Kipnis, A. Ya.; Yavelov, B. E.; Rowlinson, J. S. (trans.):
904:
540:. Two of his notable colleagues were the physical chemist
529:(on the continuity of the gaseous and liquid state) under
3099:
Van der Waals, J. D.: Edited and Intro. J. S. Rowlinson:
2797:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
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Mention should also be made of Van der Waals's theory of
2208:. Clausius's work led him to look for an explanation of
2216:
and critical temperatures in his 1873 thesis, entitled
2180:
The main interest of Van der Waals was in the field of
5236:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
2218:
Over de Continuïteit van den Gas- en Vloeistoftoestand
527:
Over de Continuïteit van den Gas- en Vloeistoftoestand
2988:"Johannes Diderik van der Waals Senior (1837 - 1923)"
2690:. (Oxford University Press, 1st edition, 2009, p. 20)
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2756:"Über die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen"
3007:- website of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society
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2279:In 1890, Van der Waals published a treatise on the
406:in the 20th century was direct and fundamental. By
3101:On the Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous States
2664:Kipnis, A. Ya.; Yavelov, B. E.; Rowlinson, J. S.:
2640:
2291:of a system with different phases in equilibrium.
2190:Über die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen
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2402:National Academy of Sciences of the United States
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3117:, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
2954:. American Philosophical Society. Archived from
2352:was a cabinet maker and a leading figure in the
513:Van der Waals still lacked the knowledge of the
27:Dutch physicist and thermodynamicist (1837–1923)
3174:Waals Sr., Johannes Diderik van der (1837–1923)
3138:including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1910
2337:, Johanna Diderica) and one son, the physicist
2302:perspective on the subject provided earlier by
273:; 23 November 1837 – 8 March 1923) was a Dutch
4730:
3018:"(32893) van der Waals = 1994 EM6 = 2001 UB93"
2972:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
2410:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
2408:of Rome. Van der Waals became a member of the
379:had not been accepted by most physicists, and
5246:Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
5226:Members of the American Philosophical Society
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3103:. (New York: Dover Publications, 2004, 320pp)
2933:
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455:; this led directly to his 1911 discovery of
3036:This article incorporates material from the
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2731:
2688:Superconductivity: A Very Short Introduction
2634:
501:and in 1866, he received such a position in
467:
343:In his 1873 thesis, Van der Waals noted the
3186:at the National Library of the Netherlands.
3177:, in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.
3140:The Equation of State for Gases and Liquids
2927:
2830:
2794:
2788:
2677:Sengers, Johanna Levelt (2002), pp. 255–256
2471:The equation of state for gases and liquids
4943:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands
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4921:
4723:
4709:
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3198:
3183:Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923)
3133:
3123:Johannes Diderik van der Waals 1837 – 1923
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2154:
566:
304:His name is primarily associated with the
2382:Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow
2572:
2194:On the Kind of Motion which we Call Heat
414:, Van der Waals set the tone for modern
2940:. Crapelet; Courcier; Bachelier, Paris.
2912:
2886:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
262:[joːˈɦɑnəzˈdidərɪkfɑndərˈʋaːls]
14:
5178:
3147:"Negen Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars"
3087:Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold
2827:. PhD thesis, Leiden, The Netherlands.
402:The effect of Van der Waals's work on
351:and attributed it to the existence of
281:famous for his pioneering work on the
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4704:
3193:
2741:pp. 254–265 (December 12, 1910), see
2655:Sengers, Johanna Levelt (2002), p. 16
2542:
2536:
2465:Johannes D. van der Waals's notes in
260:
2392:(1916); Corresponding Member of the
3066:Van der Waals and Molecular Science
2666:Van der Waals and Molecular Science
2566:
2339:Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Jr.
316:. His name is also associated with
24:
3089:. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999)
3068:. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996)
3058:
2380:; was made Honorary Member of the
1375:
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1243:
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881:Intensive and extensive properties
551:
127:Laying the foundations for modern
25:
5267:
3107:
2701:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910"
2668:. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996)
2593:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910"
2426:
538:Municipal University of Amsterdam
2577:(in Dutch). Mare. Archived from
2321:
2310:'s experimental verification of
2137:
2136:
1456:Table of thermodynamic equations
508:
61:
18:Johannes Diederick van der Walls
3113:Scientists of the Dutch School
3044:", which is licensed under the
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2575:"Plots ging het licht schijnen"
2510:Peng–Robinson equation of state
2505:Redlich–Kwong equation of state
1932:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
151:Van der Waals equation of state
5186:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
5070:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
4812:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
3130:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
3042:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
2671:
2658:
2649:
2607:
2585:
2522:
2390:American Philosophical Society
2314:'s theoretical explanation of
1666:
1654:
1611:
1599:
1556:
1544:
1516:
1504:
254:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
55:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
13:
1:
5256:19th-century Dutch physicists
5201:20th-century Dutch physicists
2641:van der Waals; J. D. (1873).
2613:Parsegian, V. Adrian (2005).
2554:
1833:Mechanical equivalent of heat
175:(first cousin, twice removed)
133:Originating modern theory of
5206:Dutch theoretical physicists
4959:Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
2728:for the technical background
2559:
2414:Netherlands Chemical Society
2285:Second Law of Thermodynamics
1445:Onsager reciprocal relations
542:Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
462:
7:
2952:"Johannes D. van der Waals"
2478:
2328:Jacqueline E. van der Waals
1937:Entropy as energy dispersal
1748:"Perpetual motion" machines
1687:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1632:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1577:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
353:intermolecular interactions
139:Law of corresponding states
10:
5272:
5221:Nobel laureates in Physics
4793:International Peace Bureau
3028:
2739:Nobel Lectures in Physics,
2398:Chemical Society of London
2371:
2354:Sapperton, Gloucestershire
2281:Theory of Binary Solutions
2188:'s 1857 treatise entitled
1384:{\displaystyle \partial T}
1337:{\displaystyle \partial V}
1252:{\displaystyle \partial p}
1205:{\displaystyle \partial V}
1117:{\displaystyle \partial T}
1070:{\displaystyle \partial S}
443:subsequently succumbed to
355:. He introduced the first
29:
5136:
5043:
5022:
4993:
4948:
4840:
4821:
4802:
4783:
4759:
4740:
4341:
3998:
3687:
3465:
3231:
3078:Sengers, Johanna Levelt:
2821:Van der Waals, JD (1873)
2573:Mel Voet (May 16, 2019).
2460:molecular theory ...
1858:An Inquiry Concerning the
468:Early years and education
247:
233:
221:
211:
197:
190:
179:
168:
123:
113:
94:
72:
60:
53:
5241:Leiden University alumni
2782:10.1002/andp.18571760302
2744:, accessed 25 June 2015.
2515:
2358:Arts and Crafts movement
1871:Heterogeneous Substances
1288:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
1156:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
2724:see the article on the
2423:is named in his honor.
2378:University of Cambridge
2228:in a laudatory manner.
2184:. He was influenced by
420:multipolar interactions
397:their mutual attraction
326:Van der Waals molecules
320:(forces between stable
301:for gases and liquids.
291:University of Amsterdam
216:University of Amsterdam
184:Nobel Prize for Physics
5251:Scientists from Leiden
5138:Physiology or medicine
5110:Martinus J. G. Veltman
5078:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
4846:Nobel Prize recipients
4823:Physiology or Medicine
3225:Nobel Prize in Physics
3020:. Minor planet center.
2934:Laplace, P.S. (1806).
2898:10.1002/anie.201002332
2837:Maxwell, J.C. (1874).
2809:10.1098/rstl.1869.0021
2726:Van der Waals equation
2645:. Universiteit Leiden.
2485:Van der Waals equation
2476:
2447:
2274:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
2242:Van der Waals equation
1688:
1633:
1578:
1523:
1522:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
1385:
1361:
1338:
1314:
1289:
1253:
1229:
1206:
1182:
1157:
1118:
1094:
1071:
1047:
1022:
1001:Specific heat capacity
605:Quantum thermodynamics
449:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
408:introducing parameters
332:(sizes of molecules).
306:Van der Waals equation
295:Nobel Prize in physics
163:Van der Waals molecule
5216:Dutch Nobel laureates
2970:"J. D. Van der Waals"
2754:Clausius, R. (1857).
2448:
2430:
1869:On the Equilibrium of
1689:
1634:
1587:Helmholtz free energy
1579:
1524:
1386:
1362:
1339:
1315:
1290:
1254:
1230:
1207:
1183:
1158:
1119:
1095:
1072:
1048:
1023:
393:his equation of state
275:theoretical physicist
242:Willem Hendrik Keesom
159:Van der Waals surface
135:intermolecular forces
67:Van der Waals in 1910
5094:Nicolaas Bloembergen
2976:on November 6, 2020.
2958:on November 6, 2020.
2495:Van der Waals radius
2490:Van der Waals strain
2406:Accademia dei Lincei
2360:. His wife died of
2308:Jean Baptiste Perrin
2304:Pierre-Simon Laplace
2248:-specific constants
1882:Motive Power of Fire
1648:
1593:
1538:
1498:
1450:Bridgman's equations
1427:Fundamental relation
1372:
1351:
1325:
1304:
1276:
1240:
1219:
1193:
1172:
1141:
1105:
1084:
1058:
1037:
1009:
318:Van der Waals forces
297:for his work on the
258:Dutch pronunciation:
155:Van der Waals radius
147:Van der Waals forces
118:University of Leiden
2855:1874Natur..10..477C
2774:1857AnP...176..353C
2686:Blundell, Stephen:
2538:[joːˈɦɑnəs]
2500:Van der Waals force
2473:(12 December 1910).
2438:James Clerk Maxwell
2421:32893 van der Waals
2404:(1913), and of the
2386:Royal Irish Academy
2350:Peter van der Waals
2234:Van der Waals force
2224:who reviewed it in
2222:James Clerk Maxwell
2198:James Clerk Maxwell
1860:Source ... Friction
1792:Loschmidt's paradox
984:Material properties
862:Conjugate variables
515:classical languages
487:classical languages
389:attractive strength
373:molecular structure
334:James Clerk Maxwell
330:Van der Waals radii
202:Theoretical physics
5163:Nikolaas Tinbergen
5155:Christiaan Eijkman
5102:Simon van der Meer
3132:on Nobelprize.org
3120:Albert van Helden
3048:but not under the
2761:Annalen der Physik
2595:. Nobel Foundation
2394:Institut de France
2124:Order and disorder
1880:Reflections on the
1787:Heat death paradox
1684:
1629:
1574:
1519:
1381:
1357:
1334:
1310:
1285:
1249:
1225:
1202:
1178:
1153:
1114:
1090:
1067:
1043:
1021:{\displaystyle c=}
1018:
991:Property databases
967:Reduced properties
951:Chemical potential
915:Functions of state
838:Thermal efficiency
574:Carnot heat engine
544:and the biologist
173:Joan van der Waals
131:(molecular theory)
5211:Thermodynamicists
5173:
5172:
5012:Tjalling Koopmans
4995:Economic sciences
4910:
4909:
4698:
4697:
3171:H.A.M. Snelders,
3144:Museum Boerhaave
3092:Van Delft, Dirk:
2892:(50): 9574–9579.
2178:
2177:
2119:Self-organization
1944:
1943:
1642:Gibbs free energy
1440:Maxwell relations
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1360:{\displaystyle V}
1313:{\displaystyle 1}
1268:Thermal expansion
1262:
1261:
1228:{\displaystyle V}
1181:{\displaystyle 1}
1127:
1126:
1093:{\displaystyle N}
1046:{\displaystyle T}
974:
973:
890:Process functions
876:Property diagrams
855:System properties
845:
844:
810:Endoreversibility
702:Equation of state
491:Leiden University
457:superconductivity
416:molecular science
412:equation of state
404:molecular physics
357:equation of state
338:molecular science
299:equation of state
289:professor of the
283:equation of state
251:
250:
238:Diederik Korteweg
234:Doctoral students
192:Scientific career
129:molecular physics
16:(Redirected from
5263:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5147:Willem Einthoven
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5036:
5015:
5007:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4848:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4702:
4701:
4691:
4675:
4659:
4643:
4627:
4611:
4595:
4579:
4563:
4551:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4495:
4483:
4467:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4411:
4395:
4379:
4363:
4334:
4318:
4306:
4290:
4274:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4190:
4174:
4158:
4146:
4130:
4122:
4110:
4098:
4090:
4074:
4062:
4046:
4030:
4014:
3991:
3975:
3963:
3947:
3931:
3923:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3863:
3847:
3831:
3823:
3811:
3803:
3791:
3775:
3763:
3747:
3735:
3723:
3715:
3703:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3477:
3458:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3363:
3355:
3353:Kamerlingh Onnes
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3255:
3243:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3168:
3160:
3159:on June 7, 2011.
3158:
3152:. Archived from
3151:
3137:
3085:Shachtman, Tom:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3008:
3005:Honorary members
3002:
2996:
2995:
2994:on May 14, 2019.
2984:
2978:
2977:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2863:10.1038/010477a0
2849:(259): 477–480.
2834:
2828:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2751:
2745:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2627:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2581:on May 26, 2019.
2570:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2526:
2474:
2445:
2444:magazine (1873).
2347:
2336:
2202:Ludwig Boltzmann
2170:
2163:
2156:
2140:
2139:
1847:Key publications
1828:
1827:("living force")
1777:Brownian ratchet
1772:Entropy and life
1767:Entropy and time
1718:
1717:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1422:Clausius theorem
1417:Carnot's theorem
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
997:
996:
870:
869:
689:
688:
570:
556:
555:
520:doctoral studies
279:thermodynamicist
272:
271:
270:
264:
259:
223:Doctoral advisor
101:
83:23 November 1837
82:
80:
65:
51:
50:
21:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5132:
5124:
5118:Gerard 't Hooft
5116:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5062:Hendrik Lorentz
5060:
5052:
5039:
5031:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4989:
4981:
4975:Paul J. Crutzen
4973:
4965:
4957:
4944:
4941:
4911:
4906:
4844:
4836:
4831:Albrecht Kossel
4817:
4798:
4779:
4755:
4736:
4729:
4699:
4694:
4678:
4662:
4646:
4630:
4614:
4598:
4582:
4566:
4554:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4498:
4486:
4470:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4414:
4398:
4382:
4366:
4350:
4343:
4337:
4321:
4309:
4293:
4284:Cohen-Tannoudji
4277:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4193:
4177:
4161:
4149:
4133:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4093:
4077:
4065:
4049:
4033:
4017:
4005:
3994:
3978:
3966:
3950:
3934:
3926:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3866:
3850:
3834:
3826:
3814:
3806:
3794:
3778:
3766:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3480:
3472:
3461:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3258:
3246:
3238:
3227:
3218:
3162:
3156:
3149:
3145:
3110:
3061:
3059:Further reading
3056:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2932:
2928:
2917:
2913:
2882:
2878:
2835:
2831:
2820:
2816:
2793:
2789:
2752:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2481:
2475:
2464:
2446:
2436:
2429:
2374:
2341:
2330:
2324:
2316:Brownian motion
2312:Albert Einstein
2268:in 1898 and of
2186:Rudolf Clausius
2174:
2129:
2128:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2094:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1924:
1910:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1826:
1819:
1801:
1782:Maxwell's demon
1744:
1715:
1714:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:Internal energy
1487:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1436:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1133:Compressibility
1106:
1103:
1102:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1010:
1007:
1006:
986:
976:
975:
956:Particle number
909:
868:
857:
847:
846:
805:Irreversibility
717:State of matter
684:Isolated system
669:
659:
658:
657:
632:
622:
621:
617:Non-equilibrium
609:
584:
576:
554:
552:Scientific work
511:
470:
465:
365:Wilhelm Ostwald
266:
265:
257:
240:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
114:Alma mater
109:
103:
99:
90:
84:
78:
76:
68:
56:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5269:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5142:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5008:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4979:
4971:
4963:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
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4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4825:
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4796:
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4787:
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4778:
4777:
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4768:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4728:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4676:
4660:
4644:
4628:
4612:
4596:
4580:
4564:
4552:
4536:
4524:
4512:
4496:
4484:
4468:
4452:
4440:
4428:
4412:
4396:
4380:
4364:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4319:
4307:
4291:
4275:
4259:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4191:
4175:
4159:
4147:
4131:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4091:
4075:
4063:
4047:
4031:
4020:P. W. Anderson
4015:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3976:
3964:
3948:
3932:
3924:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3864:
3848:
3841:Goeppert Mayer
3832:
3824:
3812:
3804:
3792:
3776:
3764:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3716:
3704:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3568:
3565:C. D. Anderson
3556:
3548:
3541:
3529:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3478:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3447:
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3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3376:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3256:
3244:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3142:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3108:External links
3106:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3060:
3057:
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3032:
3030:
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3009:
2997:
2979:
2961:
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2926:
2911:
2876:
2829:
2814:
2787:
2768:(3): 353–380.
2746:
2730:
2717:
2705:NobelPrize.org
2692:
2679:
2670:
2657:
2648:
2633:
2619:
2606:
2584:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2535:in isolation:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2462:
2440:'s remarks in
2434:
2428:
2427:Related quotes
2425:
2373:
2370:
2356:school of the
2323:
2320:
2210:Thomas Andrews
2182:thermodynamics
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
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2116:
2111:
2105:
2102:
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2072:
2067:
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2057:
2052:
2047:
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2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
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1982:
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1967:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1952:
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1948:
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1942:
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1934:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1901:Thermodynamics
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1815:Caloric theory
1811:
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1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
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1396:
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1380:
1377:
1367:
1356:
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1309:
1295:
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1281:
1271:
1264:
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1259:
1248:
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1235:
1224:
1213:
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1201:
1198:
1188:
1177:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1113:
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1100:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1066:
1063:
1053:
1042:
1028:
1017:
1014:
1004:
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982:
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972:
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964:
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843:
842:
841:
840:
835:
830:
822:
821:
815:
814:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
795:Free expansion
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
749:
748:
742:
741:
740:
739:
734:
732:Control volume
729:
724:
722:Phase (matter)
719:
714:
709:
704:
696:
695:
687:
686:
681:
676:
670:
665:
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623:
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619:
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602:
597:
592:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
572:The classical
571:
563:
562:
560:Thermodynamics
553:
550:
510:
507:
469:
466:
464:
461:
249:
248:
245:
244:
235:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
206:thermodynamics
199:
195:
194:
188:
187:
181:
177:
176:
170:
166:
165:
125:
124:Known for
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
104:
102:(aged 85)
96:
92:
91:
85:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5268:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
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5187:
5184:
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5181:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5086:Frits Zernike
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5054:Pieter Zeeman
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5004:Jan Tinbergen
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
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4951:
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4903:
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4898:
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4853:
4850:
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4843:
4842:
4839:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:(Netherlands)
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:(Switzerland)
4794:
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4790:
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4786:
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4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4748:
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4743:
4739:
4734:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4550:
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4537:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4513:
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4422:
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4390:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4340:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4272:R. Richardson
4269:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4104:Chandrasekhar
4100:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3922:
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3913:
3910:
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3897:
3894:
3889:
3886:
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3870:
3865:
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3854:
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3846:
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3838:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3813:
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3798:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
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3742:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3577:G. P. Thomson
3574:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3495:O. Richardson
3491:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3329:Van der Waals
3325:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3293:J. J. Thomson
3289:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3185:
3184:
3180:Biography of
3179:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3115:Van der Waals
3112:
3111:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:0-19-855210-6
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3019:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2989:
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2947:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2922:
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2856:
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2833:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2616:
2610:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2545:
2544:[vɑn]
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2468:
2467:Nobel Lecture
2461:
2458:
2457:Willard Gibbs
2454:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2419:Minor planet
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2322:Personal life
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
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2290:
2286:
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2255:
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2247:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:Willard Gibbs
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Self-assembly
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:van der Waals
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:von Helmholtz
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
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1949:
1938:
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1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
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1907:
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1458:
1457:
1453:
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1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:Ideal gas law
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1378:
1368:
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1214:
1199:
1189:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1150:
1147:
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1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1111:
1101:
1087:
1080:
1079:
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1054:
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1029:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
992:
989:
988:
985:
980:
979:
968:
965:
963:
962:Vapor quality
960:
958:
957:
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829:
826:
825:
824:
823:
820:
817:
816:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Reversibility
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
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708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
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685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
674:Closed system
672:
671:
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662:
654:
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646:
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639:
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635:
631:
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579:
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569:
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564:
561:
558:
557:
549:
547:
546:Hugo de Vries
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
516:
509:Professorship
506:
504:
500:
495:
492:
488:
482:
479:
475:
460:
458:
454:
453:liquid helium
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
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366:
362:
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341:
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327:
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315:
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302:
300:
296:
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288:
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280:
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263:
255:
246:
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229:
226:
224:
220:
217:
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210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
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185:
182:
178:
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167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
130:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:, Netherlands
107:
97:
93:
89:, Netherlands
88:
75:
71:
64:
59:
52:
49:
45:
41:
40:van der Waals
37:
33:
19:
5069:
5033:Tobias Asser
4876:
4811:
4750:Otto Wallach
4128:von Klitzing
4120:Van der Meer
3328:
3182:
3173:
3154:the original
3139:
3122:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3065:
3035:
3012:
3000:
2992:the original
2982:
2974:the original
2964:
2956:the original
2946:
2936:
2929:
2920:
2914:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2823:
2817:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2765:
2759:
2749:
2738:
2733:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2704:
2695:
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2682:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2614:
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2587:
2579:the original
2568:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2470:
2466:
2449:
2441:
2431:
2418:
2375:
2362:tuberculosis
2325:
2293:
2280:
2278:
2258:liquefaction
2253:
2249:
2238:
2230:
2217:
2214:condensation
2193:
2189:
2179:
2084:
1975:Carathéodory
1906:Heat engines
1878:
1867:
1856:
1838:Motive power
1823:
1483:Free entropy
1454:
954:
953: /
943:
942: /
934:introduction
927:
926: /
865:
828:Heat engines
615: /
535:
531:Pieter Rijke
526:
524:
512:
496:
483:
471:
445:liquefaction
401:
345:non-ideality
342:
303:
253:
252:
228:Pieter Rijke
212:Institutions
191:
143:Real gas law
100:(1923-03-08)
98:8 March 1923
48:
43:
39:
5196:1923 deaths
5191:1837 births
4983:Ben Feringa
4967:Peter Debye
4733:Nobel Prize
4172:Steinberger
4088:K. Siegbahn
4080:Bloembergen
3801:Chamberlain
3534:Schrödinger
3444:M. Siegbahn
3373:W. H. Bragg
3369:W. L. Bragg
3163:(2.32
3038:Citizendium
2803:: 575–590.
2342: [
2331: [
2296:capillarity
2289:free energy
2266:James Dewar
1797:Synergetics
1478:Free energy
924:Temperature
785:Quasistatic
780:Isenthalpic
737:Instruments
727:Equilibrium
679:Open system
613:Equilibrium
595:Statistical
489:. However,
5180:Categories
5126:Andre Geim
4774:Paul Heyse
4761:Literature
4689:L'Huillier
4653:Hasselmann
4609:Strickland
4577:Kosterlitz
4501:Perlmutter
4240:Brockhouse
3945:Schrieffer
3817:Hofstadter
3769:C. N. Yang
3526:Heisenberg
3503:De Broglie
2599:October 9,
2555:References
2388:, and the
2300:mechanical
2109:Nucleation
1953:Scientists
1757:Philosophy
1470:Potentials
833:Heat pumps
790:Polytropic
775:Isentropic
765:Isothermal
361:Ernst Mach
349:real gases
79:1837-11-23
32:Dutch name
4950:Chemistry
4833:(Germany)
4776:(Germany)
4752:(Germany)
4742:Chemistry
4735:laureates
4673:Zeilinger
4493:Novoselov
4461:Kobayashi
4385:Abrikosov
4232:J. Taylor
4212:de Gennes
4204:R. Taylor
4096:K. Wilson
4044:R. Wilson
4028:Van Vleck
3999:1976–2000
3989:Rainwater
3985:Mottelson
3961:Josephson
3909:Gell-Mann
3873:Schwinger
3861:Prokhorov
3821:Mössbauer
3781:Cherenkov
3773:T. D. Lee
3697:Cockcroft
3688:1951–1975
3487:C. Wilson
3466:1926–1950
3412:Guillaume
3301:Michelson
3261:Becquerel
3232:1901–1925
3221:Laureates
3040:article "
2710:March 29,
2560:Citations
2453:Boltzmann
2416:in 1912.
2366:Amsterdam
2276:in 1908.
2090:Waterston
2040:von Mayer
1995:de Donder
1985:Clapeyron
1965:Boltzmann
1960:Bernoulli
1921:Education
1892:Timelines
1676:−
1621:−
1409:Equations
1376:∂
1329:∂
1280:α
1244:∂
1197:∂
1151:−
1145:β
1109:∂
1062:∂
770:Adiabatic
760:Isochoric
746:Processes
707:Ideal gas
590:Classical
503:The Hague
478:carpenter
463:Biography
369:molecules
322:molecules
169:Relatives
106:Amsterdam
4681:Agostini
4569:Thouless
4561:McDonald
4549:Nakamura
4517:Wineland
4449:Grünberg
4405:Politzer
4389:Ginzburg
4377:Giacconi
4357:Ketterle
4312:'t Hooft
4296:Laughlin
4288:Phillips
4268:Osheroff
4196:Friedman
4168:Schwartz
4164:Lederman
4084:Schawlow
4060:Weinberg
3869:Tomonaga
3761:Brattain
3753:Shockley
3662:Blackett
3654:Appleton
3646:Bridgman
3593:Lawrence
3573:Davisson
3553:Chadwick
3436:Millikan
3420:Einstein
3309:Lippmann
3277:Rayleigh
3269:M. Curie
3265:P. Curie
2906:21077069
2529:Johannes
2479:See also
2463:—
2435:—
2262:hydrogen
2246:compound
2142:Category
2080:Thompson
1990:Clausius
1970:Bridgman
1824:Vis viva
1806:Theories
1740:Gas laws
1532:Enthalpy
940:Pressure
755:Isobaric
712:Real gas
600:Chemical
583:Branches
499:Deventer
437:hydrogen
429:Nitrogen
324:), with
30:In this
5045:Physics
4804:Physics
4669:Clauser
4633:Penrose
4617:Peebles
4573:Haldane
4541:Akasaki
4529:Englert
4521:Haroche
4505:Schmidt
4465:Maskawa
4417:Glauber
4409:Wilczek
4393:Leggett
4373:Koshiba
4353:Cornell
4344:present
4328:Kroemer
4324:Alferov
4316:Veltman
4300:Störmer
4220:Charpak
4200:Kendall
4184:Dehmelt
4152:Bednorz
4052:Glashow
4040:Penzias
4036:Kapitsa
4008:Richter
3981:A. Bohr
3957:Giaever
3937:Bardeen
3901:Alvarez
3885:Kastler
3877:Feynman
3757:Bardeen
3721:Zernike
3713:Purcell
3483:Compton
3428:N. Bohr
3317:Marconi
3249:Lorentz
3241:Röntgen
3223:of the
3029:Sources
2871:4046639
2851:Bibcode
2770:Bibcode
2372:Honours
2244:.) The
2065:Smeaton
2060:Rankine
2050:Onsager
2035:Maxwell
2030:Massieu
1735:Entropy
1730:General
1721:History
1711:Culture
1708:History
932: (
929:Entropy
866:italics
667:Systems
287:physics
36:surname
5165:(1973)
5157:(1929)
5149:(1924)
5128:(2010)
5120:(1999)
5112:(1999)
5104:(1981)
5096:(1981)
5088:(1953)
5080:(1913)
5072:(1910)
5064:(1902)
5056:(1902)
5035:(1911)
5014:(1975)
5006:(1969)
4985:(2017)
4977:(1995)
4969:(1936)
4961:(1901)
4685:Krausz
4679:2023:
4665:Aspect
4663:2022:
4657:Manabe
4649:Parisi
4647:2021:
4637:Genzel
4631:2020:
4625:Queloz
4615:2019:
4605:Mourou
4601:Ashkin
4599:2018:
4593:Thorne
4589:Barish
4583:2017:
4567:2016:
4557:Kajita
4555:2015:
4539:2014:
4527:2013:
4515:2012:
4499:2011:
4487:2010:
4471:2009:
4455:2008:
4443:2007:
4433:Mather
4431:2006:
4425:Hänsch
4415:2005:
4399:2004:
4383:2003:
4367:2002:
4361:Wieman
4351:2001:
4322:2000:
4310:1999:
4294:1998:
4278:1997:
4264:D. Lee
4262:1996:
4256:Reines
4250:1995:
4238:1994:
4226:1993:
4218:1992:
4210:1991:
4194:1990:
4180:Ramsey
4178:1989:
4162:1988:
4156:Müller
4150:1987:
4144:Rohrer
4140:Binnig
4134:1986:
4126:1985:
4116:Rubbia
4114:1984:
4108:Fowler
4102:1983:
4094:1982:
4078:1981:
4068:Cronin
4066:1980:
4050:1979:
4034:1978:
4018:1977:
4006:1976:
3979:1975:
3973:Hewish
3967:1974:
3951:1973:
3941:Cooper
3935:1972:
3927:1971:
3917:Alfvén
3915:1970:
3907:1969:
3899:1968:
3891:1967:
3883:1966:
3867:1965:
3853:Townes
3851:1964:
3845:Jensen
3837:Wigner
3835:1963:
3829:Landau
3827:1962:
3815:1961:
3809:Glaser
3807:1960:
3795:1959:
3779:1958:
3767:1957:
3751:1956:
3739:1955:
3727:1954:
3719:1953:
3707:1952:
3701:Walton
3695:1951:
3678:Powell
3676:1950:
3670:Yukawa
3668:1949:
3660:1948:
3652:1947:
3644:1946:
3636:1945:
3628:1944:
3620:1943:
3591:1939:
3583:1938:
3571:1937:
3559:1936:
3551:1935:
3532:1933:
3524:1932:
3509:1930:
3501:1929:
3493:1928:
3481:1927:
3475:Perrin
3473:1926:
3452:Franck
3450:1925:
3442:1924:
3434:1923:
3426:1922:
3418:1921:
3410:1920:
3402:1919:
3396:Planck
3394:1918:
3388:Barkla
3386:1917:
3367:1915:
3359:1914:
3351:1913:
3343:1912:
3335:1911:
3327:1910:
3315:1909:
3307:1908:
3299:1907:
3291:1906:
3285:Lenard
3283:1905:
3275:1904:
3259:1903:
3253:Zeeman
3247:1902:
3239:1901:
3161:
3072:
2904:
2869:
2843:Nature
2442:Nature
2400:, the
2384:, the
2270:helium
2226:Nature
2204:, and
2055:Planck
2045:Nernst
2020:Kelvin
1980:Carnot
1270:
1135:
1003:
945:Volume
860:Note:
819:Cycles
648:Second
638:Zeroth
474:Leiden
441:helium
439:, and
433:oxygen
424:fluids
381:liquid
377:fluids
198:Fields
186:(1910)
180:Awards
87:Leiden
42:, not
34:, the
5024:Peace
4877:1910
4785:Peace
4731:1910
4621:Mayor
4585:Weiss
4545:Amano
4533:Higgs
4509:Riess
4481:Smith
4477:Boyle
4457:Nambu
4437:Smoot
4401:Gross
4369:Davis
4342:2001–
4332:Kilby
4244:Shull
4228:Hulse
4136:Ruska
4072:Fitch
4056:Salam
3953:Esaki
3929:Gabor
3893:Bethe
3857:Basov
3797:Segrè
3785:Frank
3745:Kusch
3733:Bothe
3709:Bloch
3638:Pauli
3622:Stern
3585:Fermi
3538:Dirac
3511:Raman
3456:Hertz
3404:Stark
3345:Dalén
3321:Braun
3157:(PDF)
3150:(PDF)
2867:S2CID
2516:Notes
2346:]
2335:]
2103:Other
2070:Stahl
2025:Lewis
2015:Joule
2005:Gibbs
2000:Duhem
693:State
653:Third
643:First
385:vapor
314:phase
310:state
44:Waals
4902:1915
4897:1914
4892:1913
4887:1912
4882:1911
4872:1909
4867:1908
4862:1907
4857:1906
4852:1905
4765:1910
4641:Ghez
4489:Geim
4445:Fert
4421:Hall
4304:Tsui
4252:Perl
4188:Paul
4024:Mott
4012:Ting
3969:Ryle
3921:Néel
3789:Tamm
3741:Lamb
3729:Born
3630:Rabi
3614:1942
3607:1941
3600:1940
3561:Hess
3545:1934
3518:1931
3380:1916
3361:Laue
3337:Wien
3070:ISBN
3050:GFDL
2902:PMID
2712:2022
2601:2008
2541:and
2531:and
2455:and
2252:and
2075:Tait
905:Heat
900:Work
630:Laws
383:and
363:and
277:and
95:Died
73:Born
4473:Kao
4280:Chu
3165:MiB
2894:doi
2859:doi
2805:doi
2801:159
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2533:van
2272:by
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2260:of
1918:Art
864:in
375:of
347:of
340:."
308:of
38:is
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4683:/
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4667:/
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4635:/
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