236:
431:
peasantry to provide low-paid or unpaid labor in building the mission stations, and identification of the White
Fathers with the Tutsis, caused the Hutus to distrust the missionaries. At the same time, the growing power of the missions cause resentment among the Tutsi notables, so progress was slow
346:
a
Catholic country by the end of 1892, unleashing a surge of building and evangelical activity. For several years he traveled through his huge vicariate visiting the scattered missions. The missionaries had to deal with rivalries between the local rulers, who were forming alliances with the rival
314:
for three years while directing an orphanage of children of former slaves whom the White
Fathers had freed and converted to Christianity. At the start of 1890 his superior as Vicar Apostolic, LĂ©on Livinhac, heard he had been appointed Superior General of the White Fathers, and on 25 May 1890 he
350:
A civil war broke out in
Buganda in 1892, during which the Catholic camp was totally defeated. The war pitted supporters of the French Catholic missions against supporters of the British missions in Buganda, backed by a small force of Sudanese soldiers under Captain
447:). In 1908 he had a book of prayers published in Rwanda, followed by a catechism and extracts from the Bible in 1911. On 12 December 1912, Jean-Joseph Hirth was appointed the first Vicar Apostolic of Kivu. He was succeeded at Southern Victoria Nyanza by
426:
between 1900 and 1901. The church felt that if the king and the Tutsi ruling class of Rwanda were converted, the rest of the population would automatically accept the
Catholic faith, so they focused their effort on the Tutsis. The use of the
254:
in Alsace. His parents were Jean Hirth, a teacher, and
Catherine Sauner. Hirth was fluent in both French and German. After primary school he entered the secondary school at Altkirch, studied at the minor seminaries of
267:. After the German acquisition of Alsace he chose French citizenship in 1872, since he was refused dual citizenship. He studied theology at the Major Seminary in Nancy from 1873 to 1875, and was then admitted to the
386:, where he had founded a seminary, and was personally involved in training future priests for Bukoba and Rwanda. By 1906 he had five mission posts in the Bukoba region and three in the Mwanza region.
435:
However, Hirth's greatest success was in Rwanda, where he had six mission posts by 1906 and ten in 1912, with 8,500 baptized
Christians. In 1912 the missions in Burundi, which had been under the
290:, took his oath as a member of the society on 12 October 1876 and was ordained a priest on 15 September 1878. In 1882 he was made the first Director of the minor seminary of Saint Anne in
79:
43:
881:
899:
374:
In 1894 the diocese was split into
Southern Nyanza, south and west of Lake Victoria, an eastern portion called "Upper Nile" that was given to the English
972:
Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward
Aloysius; Pallen, Condé Bénoist; Thomas Joseph Shahan; John Joseph Wynne; Andrew Alphonsus MacErlean (1912).
394:
to Hirth and reached South Nyanza in April 1910. Hirth returned to his old residence at
Kashozi, leaving Sweens to live at the seminary of Rubya. The
1240:
1235:
311:
458:
Hirth retired as Vicar Apostolic on 25 October 1920. He continued to teach at the seminary in Kabgayi. One of his students in 1921 was the young
379:
92:
1250:
1245:
378:, and a northern portion called "Northern Nyanza" that covered the south and west of today's Uganda. Hirth was appointed vicar Apostolic of
455:
and worked with the Rwandan seminarists there until his retirement in 1921. By then there were thirty thousand Christians in the Vicariate.
975:
The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church
1079:
Rwanda pour une réconciliation, la miséricorde chrétienne: Une analyse historico-théologique du magistère épiscopal rwandais (1952–1962)
479:
1260:
1255:
614:
410:
German forces occupied Rwanda in 1897. In 1899 Hirth traveled to that country. There he tried to develop a relationship with King
1031:
402:; 23 lay brothers and six Missionary Sisters of Notre-Dame-d'Afrique. There were 15 mission stations and 20 churches or chapels.
643:
319:
1188:
1161:
1087:
1059:
1052:
Histoire et Missions Chrétiennes N-005. Acculturation, syncrétisme, métissage, créolisation (Amérique, Océanie. XVIe-XIXe s.)
1006:
956:
929:
889:
855:
444:
323:
1103:
979:
462:, later the first African bishop to be ordained in Belgian Africa. Hirth died at Kabgayi on 6 January 1931, aged 76.
436:
1127:
903:
310:
in October 1887. He was given the task of running a school of catechists and a minor seminary. Hirth lived at the
1225:
1230:
440:
33:
326:) on 4 December 1889. He was consecrated bishop on 25 May 1890. This area included parts of modern-day
256:
1153:
Les Pères Blancs au temps de la conquête coloniale: Histoire des Missionnaires d'Afrique (1892–1914)
283:
347:
colonial powers of Germany and Britain, and at times with hostility from the colonial authorities.
398:
of 1912 said the vicariate had about 2,500,000 pagans, 7,000 Catholics, 12,000 catechumens, 30
375:
235:
1178:
1151:
1047:
996:
1077:
946:
919:
845:
395:
1220:
1215:
8:
635:
606:
220:
1023:
1184:
1157:
1083:
1055:
1002:
952:
925:
885:
851:
459:
264:
119:
20:
391:
352:
247:
157:
272:
239:
132:
212:
294:. In 1886, he was made Director of the minor seminary of St. Eugene in Algiers.
1111:
873:
423:
1209:
1135:
973:
664:
662:
660:
448:
399:
387:
307:
268:
414:. Hirth gained permission to found the first Catholic missions in Rwanda at
727:
725:
419:
415:
411:
657:
722:
279:
260:
271:(Society of the Missionaries of Africa) as a novice. He studied under
356:
318:
Hirth was appointed Titular Bishop of Teveste and Vicar Apostolic of
291:
382:
on 13 July 1894. He made Kashozi his Episcopal See. Hirth moved to
42:
948:
Former les prêtres en Afrique: Le rôle des Pères Blancs (1879–1936)
502:
500:
498:
339:
251:
101:
Vicar Apostolic of Victoria Nyanza (4 December 1889 – 13 July 1894)
452:
368:
364:
335:
303:
287:
175:
495:
367:
Christian converts. In December 1892 they founded a mission at
360:
331:
327:
224:
1022:
668:
383:
343:
898:
882:
Dictionnaire du monde religieux dans la France contemporaine
761:
731:
710:
674:
98:
Titular bishop of Teveste (4 December 1889 – 6 January 1931)
428:
219:; 26 March 1854 – 6 January 1931) was a Catholic bishop in
821:
809:
359:
proved decisive. Hirth and the White Fathers moved to the
577:
575:
573:
686:
636:"Bishop Jean-Joseph Hirth [Catholic-Hierarchy]"
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
363:
kingdoms of Kiziba and Bugabo in 1892 with about fifty
884:(in French). Paris: Éditions Beauchesne. p. 205.
785:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
478:
The Kamoga mission had been founded at the village of
749:
698:
570:
535:
797:
773:
547:
737:
607:"Mwanza (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]"
587:
512:
1177:Sundkler, Bengt G. M.; Steed, Christopher (2000).
971:
921:African Holocaust: The Story of the Uganda Martyrs
506:
302:In 1887 Hirth was assigned to Uganda, arriving at
872:Blatz, Jean-Paul (1987). "HIRTH Jean Joseph". In
482:in April 1883, and was named after a local chief.
1207:
371:, in what is now the extreme north of Tanzania.
439:, were joined with those of Rwanda to form the
246:John Joseph Hirth was born on 26 March 1854 at
1102:
815:
1176:
767:
716:
680:
1075:
924:. Paulines Publications Africa. p. 57.
827:
1183:. Cambridge University Press. p. 597.
1048:"Premier voyage de Mgr. Hirth au Rwanda..."
1076:Ntamabyaliro, Apollinaire (January 2011).
41:
902:. Bukoba Catholic Diocese. Archived from
1045:
843:
791:
779:
692:
541:
234:
223:, known as the founder of the church in
1241:Roman Catholic missionaries in Tanzania
1236:French Roman Catholic bishops in Africa
1149:
1125:
944:
755:
743:
581:
564:
1208:
1128:"Bishop Streicher, Henri 1863 to 1952"
1001:. Yale University Press. p. 419.
917:
593:
342:. Hirth set the objective of making
1251:Roman Catholic missionaries in Rwanda
1246:Roman Catholic missionaries in Uganda
871:
803:
529:
1024:"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bukavu"
994:
982:from the original on 26 January 2013
704:
315:consecrated Hirth as his successor.
263:, and then attended the college at
13:
1046:Minnaert, Stefaan (1 April 2008).
900:"Bukoba Catholic Diocese in Brief"
669:Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bukavu
297:
278:Hirth completed his religious and
14:
1272:
1180:A History of the Church in Africa
437:Apostolic Vicariate of Unyanyembe
242:, novitiate of the White Fathers.
95:(13 July 1894 – 12 December 1912)
1261:Roman Catholic bishops of Bukavu
1256:Roman Catholic bishops of Mwanza
732:Bukoba Catholic Diocese in Brief
80:Julien-Louis-Edouard-Marie Gorju
1150:Shorter, Aylward (2011-12-01).
1132:Dictionary of African Christian
1034:from the original on 2013-03-27
646:from the original on 2021-06-18
617:from the original on 2021-04-17
451:. Hirth established himself at
850:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
628:
599:
472:
230:
1:
847:Culture and Customs of Rwanda
489:
355:of the Indian Army. Lugard's
951:. l'Harmattan. p. 186.
7:
978:. Robert Appleton Company.
441:Apostolic Vicariate of Kivu
10:
1277:
836:
640:www.catholic-hierarchy.org
611:www.catholic-hierarchy.org
1126:Shorter, Aylward (2003).
1108:The Archdiocese of Mwanza
945:Gahungu, MĂ©thode (2007).
844:Adekunle, Julius (2007).
768:Sundkler & Steed 2000
717:Sundkler & Steed 2000
681:Sundkler & Steed 2000
257:Lachapelle-sous-Rougemont
198:
190:
182:
165:
143:
138:
125:
112:
107:
85:
75:
67:
59:
49:
40:
31:
18:
918:Faupel, John F. (2007).
465:
380:Southern Victoria Nyanza
250:(Niederspechbach), near
93:Southern Victoria Nyanza
405:
507:Herbermann et al. 1912
376:Mill Hill Missionaries
306:on the south shore of
243:
216:
1226:White Fathers priests
1156:. KARTHALA Editions.
1054:. KARTHALA Editions.
998:Explorers of the Nile
396:Catholic Encyclopedia
238:
1231:People from Altkirch
1104:"Prelates of Mwanza"
91:Vicar Apostolic of
32:Vicar Apostolic of
995:Jeal, Tim (2011).
816:Prelates of Mwanza
244:
221:German East Africa
1190:978-0-521-58342-8
1163:978-2-8111-0575-4
1089:978-2-296-44873-5
1061:978-2-8111-4265-0
1008:978-0-300-17827-2
958:978-2-296-04471-5
931:978-9966-21-629-8
891:978-2-7010-1141-7
857:978-0-313-33177-0
828:Ntamabyaliro 2011
707:, pp. 419ff.
460:Aloys Bigirumwami
324:Diocese of Mwanza
265:Luxeuil-les-Bains
217:Jean-Joseph Hirth
209:John Joseph Hirth
206:
205:
120:Charles Lavigerie
116:15 September 1878
54:Jean-Joseph Hirth
26:John Joseph Hirth
21:The Most Reverend
1268:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1134:. Archived from
1122:
1120:
1119:
1110:. Archived from
1099:
1097:
1096:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1019:
1017:
1015:
991:
989:
987:
968:
966:
965:
941:
939:
938:
914:
912:
911:
895:
868:
866:
864:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
655:
654:
652:
651:
632:
626:
625:
623:
622:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
568:
562:
545:
539:
533:
527:
510:
504:
483:
476:
392:coadjutor bishop
353:Frederick Lugard
248:Spechbach-le-Bas
172:
160:, Alsace, France
158:Spechbach-le-Bas
153:
151:
139:Personal details
63:12 December 1912
45:
16:
15:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1141:
1139:
1117:
1115:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1037:
1035:
1013:
1011:
1009:
985:
983:
963:
961:
959:
936:
934:
932:
909:
907:
892:
874:Vogler, Bernard
862:
860:
858:
839:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
738:
730:
723:
715:
711:
703:
699:
691:
687:
679:
675:
667:
658:
649:
647:
634:
633:
629:
620:
618:
605:
604:
600:
592:
588:
580:
571:
563:
548:
540:
536:
528:
513:
505:
496:
492:
487:
486:
477:
473:
468:
408:
320:Victoria Nyanza
300:
298:Victoria Nyanza
233:
174:
170:
161:
155:
149:
147:
130:
117:
71:25 October 1920
55:
27:
24:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1274:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1203:
1202:
1189:
1174:
1162:
1147:
1123:
1100:
1088:
1073:
1060:
1043:
1020:
1007:
992:
969:
957:
942:
930:
915:
896:
890:
869:
856:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:
820:
808:
806:, p. 206.
796:
784:
772:
770:, p. 597.
760:
748:
736:
721:
719:, p. 594.
709:
697:
695:, p. 188.
685:
683:, p. 586.
673:
656:
627:
598:
586:
584:, p. 286.
569:
546:
534:
532:, p. 205.
511:
509:, p. 413.
493:
491:
488:
485:
484:
470:
469:
467:
464:
407:
404:
390:was appointed
312:Kamoga mission
299:
296:
232:
229:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
186:French, German
184:
180:
179:
173:(aged 76)
169:6 January 1931
167:
163:
162:
156:
145:
141:
140:
136:
135:
127:
123:
122:
114:
110:
109:
105:
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103:
102:
99:
96:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
28:
25:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1273:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1138:on 2011-11-18
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1114:on 2011-11-27
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1082:. Harmattan.
1081:
1080:
1074:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1033:
1029:
1028:GCatholic.org
1025:
1021:
1010:
1004:
1000:
999:
993:
981:
977:
976:
970:
960:
954:
950:
949:
943:
933:
927:
923:
922:
916:
906:on 2013-04-03
905:
901:
897:
893:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
859:
853:
849:
848:
842:
841:
830:, p. 99.
829:
824:
817:
812:
805:
800:
794:, p. 33.
793:
792:Adekunle 2007
788:
781:
780:Adekunle 2007
776:
769:
764:
758:, p. 62.
757:
752:
745:
740:
733:
728:
726:
718:
713:
706:
701:
694:
693:Minnaert 2008
689:
682:
677:
670:
665:
663:
661:
645:
641:
637:
631:
616:
612:
608:
602:
596:, p. 57.
595:
590:
583:
578:
576:
574:
567:, p. 79.
566:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
544:, p. 32.
543:
542:Adekunle 2007
538:
531:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
508:
503:
501:
499:
494:
481:
475:
471:
463:
461:
456:
454:
450:
449:Joseph Sweens
446:
442:
438:
433:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
403:
401:
400:White Fathers
397:
393:
389:
388:Joseph Sweens
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
348:
345:
341:
338:and northern
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
313:
309:
308:Lake Victoria
305:
295:
293:
289:
285:
284:Maison Carrée
282:education at
281:
276:
274:
273:LĂ©on Livinhac
270:
269:White Fathers
266:
262:
258:
253:
249:
241:
240:Maison-Carrée
237:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
168:
164:
159:
154:26 March 1854
146:
142:
137:
134:
133:LĂ©on Livinhac
128:
124:
121:
115:
111:
106:
100:
97:
94:
90:
89:
88:
86:Other post(s)
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
22:
17:
1194:. Retrieved
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:the original
1131:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1107:
1093:. Retrieved
1078:
1065:. Retrieved
1051:
1036:. Retrieved
1027:
1012:. Retrieved
997:
984:. Retrieved
974:
962:. Retrieved
947:
935:. Retrieved
920:
908:. Retrieved
904:the original
877:
861:. Retrieved
846:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
763:
756:Gahungu 2007
751:
744:Shorter 2003
739:
712:
700:
688:
676:
648:. Retrieved
639:
630:
619:. Retrieved
610:
601:
589:
582:Shorter 2011
565:Shorter 2011
537:
474:
457:
434:
412:Yuhi Musinga
409:
373:
349:
317:
301:
277:
245:
208:
207:
191:Denomination
171:(1931-01-06)
126:Consecration
1221:1931 deaths
1216:1854 births
594:Faupel 2007
231:Early years
183:Nationality
50:Native name
36:(1912–1921)
1210:Categories
1169:2013-03-26
1142:2013-03-26
1118:2013-03-29
1095:2013-03-25
1038:2013-03-26
964:2013-03-29
937:2013-03-31
910:2013-03-30
804:Blatz 1987
650:2021-04-21
621:2021-04-21
530:Blatz 1987
490:References
432:at first.
280:sacerdotal
261:Zillisheim
199:Occupation
150:1854-03-26
129:5 May 1890
113:Ordination
68:Term ended
705:Jeal 2011
357:maxim gun
322:(now the
292:Jerusalem
76:Successor
60:Installed
1196:26 March
1067:26 March
1032:Archived
1014:26 March
986:26 March
980:Archived
878:L'Alsace
863:26 March
644:Archived
615:Archived
480:Laguneda
340:Tanzania
252:Altkirch
194:Catholic
178:, Rwanda
131:by
118:by
876:(ed.).
837:Sources
453:Kabgayi
369:Kashozi
365:Baganda
336:Burundi
304:Bukumbi
288:Algiers
286:, near
176:Kabgayi
1187:
1160:
1086:
1058:
1005:
955:
928:
888:
854:
445:Bukavu
424:Nyundo
361:Bukoba
332:Rwanda
328:Uganda
225:Rwanda
213:French
202:Priest
108:Orders
466:Notes
443:(now
384:Rubya
344:Buddu
1198:2013
1185:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1069:2013
1056:ISBN
1016:2013
1003:ISBN
988:2013
953:ISBN
926:ISBN
886:ISBN
865:2013
852:ISBN
429:Hutu
422:and
420:Zaza
416:Save
406:Kivu
259:and
166:Died
144:Born
34:Kivu
1212::
1130:.
1106:.
1050:.
1030:.
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