2234:
518:
666:(the fly-shuttle inventor) because Ainsworth is a more reliable source than Sutcliffe, who originated the claim that the elder John Kay is pictured. Lord (page 92) states, "It was the inventor’s son John, who obtained the name “Frenchman Kay.” This description of the son by Canon Raines is confirmation of the identity of the portraits (where the three-cornered hat and French garb are in evidence), and these were as “Veritas” described them, portraits of John Kay the son, who married Elizabeth Lonsdall."
146:
2135:
282:
40:
1581:
earlier. In 1747, before making any offers to Kay, the French
Government inquired in London about the shuttles' uptake, and were assured that "no one uses anything but his shuttles" Mann (1931) p.467. The impression that the "fly-shuttle" had been very widely adopted by 1746 may have been due to a confusion of this advance with another that Kay had made
1585:: in the method of shuttle bobbin winding to reduce breaks. It was this simpler step that was first widely copied and became known as "Kay's shuttle"; this improved, non-wheeled shuttle was in (dubiously legal) general use throughout Lancashire and Yorkshire by 1737, and also substantially increased productivity see: Mann (1931) p.467-468.
2078:
Whilst
Colchester had a long association with weaving and the wool trade, this link seems to rely on an 1848 source (White's History Gazetteer and Directory of the County of Essex) which has been repeated uncritically by later writers. There is an exploration of this in an article by Don Scott in the
1173:
A new invented shuttle, for the better and more exact weaving of broad cloths, broad bays, sail cloths or any other broad goods...by running on four wheels moves over the lower side of the web and spring, on a board about nine feet long... a small cord commanded by the hand of the weaver, the weaver,
331:
Kay tried to promote the fly-shuttle in Bury, but could not convince the woollen manufacturers that it was sufficiently robust; he spent the next two years improving the technology, until it had several advantages over the device specified in the 1733 patent. This was to be one of his difficulties in
213:
for the natural reed that proved popular enough for him to sell throughout
England. After travelling the country, making and fitting wire reeds, he returned to Bury and, on 29 June 1725, both he and his brother, William, married Bury women. John's wife was Anne Holte. His daughter Lettice was born in
196:
father, Robert, owned the "Park" estate in
Walmersley, and John was born there. Robert died before John was born, leaving Park House to his eldest son. As Robert's fifth son (out of ten children), John was bequeathed ÂŁ40 (at age 21) and an education until the age of 14. His mother was responsible for
461:
in French textile production is traditionally dated to 1753, with the widespread adoption of the flying shuttle there. Most of these new shuttles were copies, not made by the Kays. John Kay unsuccessfully tried to enforce his manufacturing monopoly, and began to quarrel with the French authorities,
1409:
No one denied that Kay had invented the wooden tenders and cord, by the use of which weaving the broad loom could be done by one man instead of two, but this was represented to have given rise to so many difficulties that Kay himself had done away with it... justified himself by pointing out that
272:
Kay always called this invention a "wheeled shuttle", but others used the name "fly-shuttle" (and later, "flying shuttle") because of its continuous speed, especially when a young worker was using it in a narrow loom. The shuttle was described as travelling at "a speed which cannot be imagined, so
1580:
Mantoux (1928) says that the shuttle appears in some districts much later, and violence against the 'engine weavers' was continuing in 1760s London (pg.208). In
Britain, the invention was only acknowledged to be in 'general use' by 1760, and then only for cotton, but it was standard practice much
470:
to reward him for his inventions, and exhibited his card-making machine for them. The
Society could find no-one who understood the shuttle, and there was a breakdown in correspondence, so that no award was ever made. He was in England again in 1773, but returned to France in 1774 having lost his
1899:
Inscription on bronze panel beneath an oval portrait medallion of Kay:... TO PERPETUATE THE NAME AND FAME OF JOHN KAY OF BURY. WHOSE INVENTION IN THE YEAR 1733 OF THE FLY SHUTTLE QUADRUPLED HUMAN POWER IN WEAVING & PLACED ENGLAND IN THE FRONT RANK AS THE BEST MARKET IN THE WORLD FOR TEXTILE
462:
briefly returning to
England, in 1756 (it is said that he was in his Bury home in 1753 when it was vandalised by a mob, and that he narrowly escaped with his life, but this is probably a 19th-century tale based on earlier Colchester riots; Kay was probably in France throughout the early 1750s).
510:
1386:
the natural balance between spinning and weaving was so much disturbed. John Kay, of Bury, had just invented the fly-shuttle, which enabled the weaver to get through as much work again as before; and he had been mobbed and nearly killed for his pains. He escaped, wrapped up in a sheet of
1143:
In the year 1733 John Kay obtained a Patent (No. 542) for the fly shuttle, and in the year 1760 his son Robert Kay invented the drop box In the year 1745, John Kay and Joseph Stell obtained a Patent (No. 612) for a loom for weaving tapes and other goods in narrow
442:). He retained the sole rights to shuttle production in France, and brought three of his sons to Paris to make them. Although wary of entering the manufacturing provinces (because of his experiences with rioting weavers in England) he was prevailed upon to do so.
445:
At one time, the French authorities may have discouraged his communication with
England, but Kay wrote about the unanticipated use of his technology in England to the French government: "My new shuttles are also used in England to make all sorts of narrow
412:
was known to support textile innovations (and would later actively recruit immigrant inventors). Probably encouraged by the prospect of state support, in 1747, Kay left
England for France (where he had never been before, and did not speak the language).
1806:
According to Barlow (1878) Kay only survived this 1753 break-in because "two friends carried him away in a wool sheet" -a story given by
Dickens in his weekly magazine 28 April 1860, and traced back to a 1766 letter from an unconnected party in the
1016:"who has not the slightest connection with John Kay, the inventor of the fly-shuttle" (p. 330)... "John Kay, a watchmaker, who is not for a moment to be confounded with John Kay of Bury, the undoubted inventor of the fly-shuttle" (p. 378)
382:, but they were unable to advance their plans because of Kay's legal costs. Impoverished and harassed, Kay was compelled to leave Leeds, and he returned to Bury. Also in 1745, John's twelfth, and final, child, William, was born.
1337:
loom, it offered as good an opportunity as could be found in any place for discovering a partner with capital to take up the invention... Kay and Smith each took two shares and Abbott one of the five into which the patent was
1283:
he gave to the weaver's shuttle a mechanical impulse entirely displacing the shuttle which up to that time had been thrown backwards across the loom by two operatives. This old shuttle was practically the same as that
1949:
Between 1760 and 1763 Robert Kay may have written a pamphlet describing the invention of the flying shuttle and the attack on his father, pointing out how much his father had suffered and that there had been no
1827:
Although he, or his son, wrote of an anti-"Wheel Shuttle" riot, no mention of a 1753 attack predates the 19th century and this story has probably grown out of earlier disturbances in Colchester see Mann (1931)
811:
says "date of death unknown". Nobody has yet found exact records or year of his death, though all sources agree it occurred in France between 1764 and 1780. His final year is often given as 1764 (for instance,
465:
He found his prospects in England unimproved; by 1758 he was back in France, which became his adopted country, though he was to visit England at least twice more. In the winter of 1765/66 he appealed to the
854:—see Lord (1903) p. 169. Mann (1931) reports a July 1779 letter from Kay (largely ruling out earlier dates) but says that he very probably died shortly after the letter was written and that the author of
2773:
537:). Planning began after a 1903 Bury public meeting launched a public subscription. 19th century efforts to acknowledge Kay achieved little, but by 1903 it was felt that Bury "owed John Kay's memory an
1290:(However, the Bury town meeting called to honour John Kay in 1903 noted that the biblical shuttle was still in use at that time in India, where two people often still worked a single loom —though
2803:
1657:
Mann (1931) p.195 proposes that the prospect of French state support attracted Kay and later inventors to France. Also, Kay's politics and religion would have been compatible (as those of
1414:
was not mentioned in the patent, and that the large 24-inch shuttle which he had been making was completely different from the 15-inch shuttle used by Kay in his first demonstration.
315:
to significantly enhance productivity. But by September 1733 the Colchester weavers, were so concerned for their livelihoods that they petitioned the King to stop Kay's inventions.
2880:
2651:
2308:
788:
b. 16 July 1704 d. 1779 France... He was still involved with developing textile machines in 1779, when he was 75, but he must have died soon afterwards. As an inventor Kay was a
312:
1721:
Although Kay certainly did write to the Society of Arts, and was in contact with his sons in Bury, it was thought by some in England that was unreachable; a letter published in
1705:) before reaching agreement with the French Government in 1749. But outside of Languedoc, he retained the monopoly on legal production of fly-shuttles for use in France, see:
405:
He had suffered violent treatment in England, but he did not leave the country on that account, but because of his inability to enforce (or profit from) his patent rights.
359:
lawsuits, but if any of these cases were successful, compensation was below the cost of prosecution. Rather than capitulate, the manufacturers formed "the Shuttle Club", a
2016:
was obliged to leave his native country having spent large sums in lawsuits in defending his Patent against a combination of weavers who had an intention to murder him
479:
His offer to teach pupils if the pension were restored was not taken up, and he spent his remaining years developing and building machines for cotton manufacturers in
1931:
If Robert stayed in France at all, he had permanently returned to Bury by 1748. Since Robert was born in 1728, he probably never left Britain when John Kay did. See:
501:, and proposed further inventions. But since these were never made, and no more is heard of the 75-year-old Kay, it is believed that he must have died later in 1779.
2818:
1681:
Kay himself desired a sum of money to be paid down for the entire rights to the shuttles, and asked what the Government considered the exorbitant price of ÂŁ10,000
2813:
2263:
1980:
Looms are varied in details.... As previously stated, Robert Kay invented drop boxes in 1760, but they were not successfully applied to the power loom until 1845
2258:
1174:
sitting in the middle of the loom, with great ease and expedition by a small pull at the cord casts or moves the said new invented shuttle from side to side
2778:
2293:
491:
from the French state over these five years, reaching a state of penury in March 1778 before receiving his final advance (to develop yet more machinery).
2915:
2454:
2419:
2054:
Lord, John (1903). "III: The Fanciful and Erroneous Statements regarding John Kay, made by Lieut.-Col Thomas Sutcliffe, Great-Grandson of the Inventor".
2083:(Essex Journal, Spring 2008 pp. 6–9) which finds no independent evidence of the Colchester connection. (This article also explores the archives of the
1310:(1785). Translation given in Mann (1931) p.470. If Roland wrote this part of the Encyclopédie Méthodique, he was writing about a shuttle he'd seen in
262:
2783:
2833:
2253:
2139:
3098:
1220:
3073:
356:
1303:
2823:
2717:
2167:
1130:
389:
technology: but that made him unpopular among Bury spinners. Also, fly-shuttle use was becoming widespread in weaving, increasing cotton
1974:
1546:
Kay was equally determined to enforce his rights, and nearly ruined himself in Chancery suits, although they were decided in his favour.
1091:
552:, and in 1760 developed the "drop-box", which enabled looms to use multiple flying shuttles simultaneously, allowing multicolour wefts.
3093:
1847:
593:
for Kay's descendants in compensation for his ancestor's treatment in England. He was inaccurate in the details of his grandfather's
555:
His son John ("French Kay") had long resided with his father in France. In 1782 he provided an account of his father's troubles to
3103:
1725:
2540:
2102:
Memoir of John Kay of Bury, inventor of the fly-shuttle. With a review of the textile trade and manufacture from earliest times
846:). Lord acknowledges that no Paris death registration exists for John Kay between 1750 and 1770, but says that this is because
2788:
2109:
2009:
1942:
1892:
1776:
1608:
1477:
1445:
1066:
781:
741:
347:
per shuttle). He continued to invent, patenting some machines in the same year, though these were not taken up industrially.
1734:
a long time ago he was obliged to decline all Correspondence with his native land as it was not agreeable to his new Masters
1163:. A less important portion of the same patent (British patent no. 542) describes the 'batting machine' he had invented to
658:. Although Ainsworth knew the son as an old man, and could not have met the inventor himself, Lord (1903) wrote that this
3088:
2793:
1978:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 440–455, see page 447, first para, lines 11 and 12.
1434:
The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England
385:
Kay remained inventive; in 1746 he was working on an efficient method of salt production, and designing improvements to
964:
421:
Kay went to Paris, and throughout 1747 negotiated with the French Government (in English) to sell them his technology.
1900:
MANUFACTURERS. HE WAS BORN IN BURY IN 1704, AND DIED IN EXILE AND POVERTY IN FRANCE, WHERE HE LIES IN AN UNKNOWN GRAVE
610:
2950:
2895:
2808:
2333:
2038:, that he directed a "factory" at Colchester owned by his father... that he was forced to sell the family estate to
1754:
1268:
2288:
1516:
brought several actions against weavers for infringement of the patent. It is probable that none of them were ever
2160:
1750:
900:
He married in 1725, Anne, the daughter of John Holte, probably a near neighbour, and set up housekeeping at Park.
261:
faster and over a greater width of cloth. It was designed for the broad loom, for which it saved labour over the
2971:
2500:
1285:
1208:
He profited very little by his invention, and is said to have died in a foreign land, in poverty and obscurity.
597:
and story, and his "Fanciful and Erroneous Statements" were discredited by John Lord's detailed examination of
2034:
These legends mainly originated in the imagination of his great-grandson... It is untrue that John Kay was of
1646:
Trudaine had plans for introducing foreign workmen from every country which excelled in the cotton manufacture
209:
maker, but is said to have returned home within a month claiming to have mastered the business. He designed a
2626:
2600:
2409:
1869:
3063:
2590:
2469:
2039:
1746:
1307:
820:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2565:
2404:
2323:
2303:
2298:
2233:
828:
1682:
928:
840:
733:
131:), Ann, Samuel, Lucy, James, John, Alice, Shuse, William, (and two other children who died in childhood)
3058:
2935:
2621:
2389:
2153:
1595:
Beggs-Humphreys, M.; Gregor, H.; Humphreys, D. (April 2006). "The revolution in spinning and weaving".
1224:
582:
394:
654:(1842) that he saw this picture in 1842, and that it appeared to show the inventor's son who he knew "
438:, (annually from 1749) in exchange for his patent, and instruction in its use (to the manufactures of
3032:
2940:
2925:
2672:
2203:
2057:
Memoir of John Kay, of Bury, County of Lancaster, Inventor of the Fly-Shuttle, Metal Reeds, etc., etc
169:
128:
20:
1521:
3068:
2930:
2920:
2859:
2520:
2273:
2208:
549:
189:
944:
technological progress is equally dependent on skills of invention and the management of invention
2885:
2636:
2368:
2318:
2198:
1314:
in 1785, that would have been manufactured under Kay's supervision, or modelled after his design.
1095:
406:
344:
1437:
1428:
813:
634:
364:
2945:
2682:
2677:
2646:
2474:
2444:
2394:
2343:
2001:
1993:
1658:
1255:
John Kay and his son Robert may justly be considered the originators of modern weaving process.
701:
As well as the identification of the sitter given by John Ainsworth, the "French" clothing and
1195:
430:
273:
great that the shuttle can only be seen like a tiny cloud which disappears the same instant."
39:
2890:
2828:
2798:
2667:
2414:
2358:
2084:
1615:
It became possible to make a much wider cloth than before, and to produce four times as much.
1164:
1122:
723:
566:
534:
467:
323:
215:
165:
124:
44:
Portrait, said to be of John Kay in the 1750s, but probably of his son, "Frenchman" John Kay.
1811:
1637:
1524:
drawn out, but in some of the earlier actions Kay's legal rights seem to have been doubtful.
1333:
As one of the principal centres for the manufacture of bays, which were largely made on the
1054:
677:
647:
487:. Though he was busy with engineering and letter-writing until 1779, he received only 1,700
3083:
3078:
2981:
2479:
2464:
2424:
2348:
2338:
1171:. The critical specification attached to the patent dated 26 May 1733 (No. 542) describes "
948:
924:
570:
8:
2854:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2530:
2278:
2223:
541:", and that all Bury should contribute in restitution to "that wonderfully ingenious and
386:
311:
to begin fly-shuttle manufacturing. No industrial unrest was anticipated, this being the
1537:
1156:
1001:
517:
221:
In Bury he continued to design improvements to textile machinery; in 1730 he patented a
2631:
2510:
2399:
2328:
1964:
530:
266:
210:
160:(17 June 1704 – c. 1779) was an English inventor whose most important creation was the
1688:(The amount Kay demanded would be equivalent to ÂŁ2.03 million at today's prices.)
705:
were characteristic of "Frenchman" John Kay in 1790s Bury (where he was considered a "
3002:
2976:
2757:
2687:
2575:
2515:
2439:
2384:
2115:
2105:
2061:
2005:
1938:
1888:
1863:
1772:
1722:
1604:
1473:
1441:
1377:
1274:
1246:
1199:
1187:
1160:
1134:
1062:
1007:
997:
891:
861:
777:
747:
737:
685:
556:
451:
368:
242:
1513:
1155:
More specifically, for a "New Engine or Machine for Opening and Dressing Wool" that
793:
559:, who sought to highlight problems with patent defence in a parliamentary petition.
538:
3017:
2986:
2525:
2495:
2313:
2268:
1600:
562:
542:
60:
2283:
2055:
772:
Hills, R. L. (August 1998). "Kay (of Bury), John". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.).
727:
3007:
2864:
2732:
2616:
2429:
2193:
1729:
1503:
1369:
932:
824:
226:
1327:
Mann, J. de L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (1931). "The introduction of the fly shuttle".
3012:
2702:
2697:
2585:
2459:
2353:
2248:
2218:
1707:
Mann, J. de L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (1931). "Kay's career in England and France".
1517:
598:
496:
258:
206:
161:
105:
3052:
2966:
2737:
2707:
2692:
2449:
2363:
2035:
1969:
1626:
Inability to enforce a patent is the reason given by Kay – Mann (1931) p. 456
849:
590:
458:
222:
193:
2119:
2065:
1757:(992 à 1083: Inventions & related correspondence 1702–1830) section 993.
1507:
1334:
1138:
1011:
972:
895:
751:
589:
heritage for Kay's family. In 1846 he unsuccessfully sought a parliamentary
375:
318:
The flying shuttle was to create a particular imbalance by doubling weaving
241:
In 1733, he received a patent for his most revolutionary device: a "wheeled
3022:
2774:
Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)
2742:
2727:
2595:
2535:
1381:
1278:
1203:
494:
His last known letter (8 June 1779) listed his latest achievements for the
319:
1350:
Mok, M. (March 1931). "Will you lose your job because of a new machine?".
1273:. Staple trades and industries. Vol. II. New York: Holt. p. 37.
1250:
3037:
2747:
2722:
2550:
2545:
2505:
2179:
1904:
1388:
1127:
Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications relating to weaving
855:
1850:. www.manchester2002-uk.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010
2849:
2752:
2641:
2580:
2176:
1662:
689:
586:
450:
goods, although their use could have been more perfect had the weavers
379:
363:
which paid the costs of any member brought to court; their strategy of
304:
185:
181:
56:
864:) makes a "natural error" in writing that Kay was still alive in 1780.
1698:
1675:
Mann, J. de L. (1931). "XXII(i) Kay's career in England and France".
1291:
694:
This son was known in later life in Bury as "Frenchman Kay," and the
594:
360:
340:
246:
145:
2804:
General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association
2145:
2434:
1933:
Hills, R. L. (1998). "Kay, Robert". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.).
1538:"Chapter V: The fly shuttle-hand shuttle-drop boxes, etc.-John Kay"
1485:
702:
695:
439:
425:
1407:. Vol. The transition to machine spinning. pp. 452–454.
509:
2712:
447:
250:
230:
1769:
The emergence of modern business enterprise in France, 1800–1930
265:, needing only one operator per loom (before Kay's improvements
2134:
1903:(Many more images and details of the memorial are available at
1411:
789:
484:
281:
1963:
1679:. Vol. V. Manchester University Press. pp. 458–459.
1594:
886:
Lord, J. (1903). "VI: John Kay, Inventor of the Fly-Shuttle".
684:. Vol. Book V. Manchester University Press. p. 449.
660:"settles the question of doubt as regards the portraits which
529:
named after him, as are the Kay Gardens. Bury town centre has
525:
In Bury, Kay has become a local hero: there are still several
2213:
2028:
Mann, J. de L. (1931). "Kay's career in England and France".
1792:
Mann, J. de L. (1931). "Kay's career in England and France".
1311:
336:
308:
664:
put into circulation as a portrait of his great-grandfather"
1638:"The French Cotton Industry and its relations with England"
1168:
526:
480:
390:
254:
150:
1542:
The history and principles of weaving by hand and by power
985:
The life of John Kay is sketchy and frequently confusing.
951:
essay on the two John Kays of the Industrial Revolution).
837:
The death of John Kay, in Paris, occurred in 1767 or 1768
706:
322:
without changing the rate at which thread could be spun,
149:
Flying shuttle showing metal capped ends, wheels, and a
1544:. S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. p. 96.
796:
and suspicious and was destitute of business qualities.
2819:
North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association
2030:
The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780
1818:
says he was smuggled out in a "sack of wool" (p.302).
1794:
The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780
1709:
The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780
1677:
The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780
1642:
The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780
1500:
The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780
1405:
The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780
1329:
The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780
1221:"1733 – Flying Shuttle, Automation of Textile Making"
969:
Cotton Times: understanding the Industrial Revolution
682:
The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780
355:
Kay (and, initially, his partners) launched numerous
2814:
Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society
2779:
Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners
1935:
Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology
774:
Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology
374:
In 1745, he and Joseph Stell patented a machine for
1767:Smith, M. S. (January 2006). "Textile capitalism".
1092:"John Kay 1704–1780 Inventor of the Flying Shuttle"
1427:
848:"documents of all kinds were destroyed during the
698:supposed to be that of the inventor is really his.
1488:for working pumps and for an improved pump-chain.
3050:
1887:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 244–246.
1484:In 1738 Patent No. 561 was issued to Kay for a
2784:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association
23:of Warrington who invented the spinning frame.
2161:
1706:
1396:
1391:, and was thus carried bodily through the mob
1326:
1245:. Vol. 9. New York: Harper. p. 42.
521:Portrait inscription on the John Kay Memorial
2314:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co
2032:. Manchester University Press. p. 449.
1749:. Extract quoted p. 470 of Mann (1931) from
1331:. Manchester University Press. p. 451.
1025:Lord (1903) p.86 – The Park House, pictured.
971:. 8 December 2007. p. 1. Archived from
959:
957:
581:In the 1840s, one of Kay's great-grandsons,
378:, which they anticipated might be worked by
2834:United Textile Factory Workers' Association
2824:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation
1701:, having sold all rights there (for 15,000
1697:He did not hold the right of production in
1522:Chancery proceedings were proverbially long
1322:
1320:
678:"XXII: The introduction of the fly shuttle"
533:'s 1908 Memorial to John Kay (sculpture by
2168:
2154:
1468:Stephen, L.; Lee, S. (1908). "KAY, JOHN".
1467:
965:"John Kay, inventor of the flying shuttle"
343:collection (the annual licence fee was 15
303:In July 1733, Kay formed a partnership in
38:
1882:
1771:. Harvard University Press. p. 132.
1668:
1558:
1556:
1554:
996:
954:
767:
765:
763:
761:
180:John Kay was born on 17 June 1704 in the
1317:
1240:
910:
908:
809:The achievements of Western civilisation
516:
508:
280:
172:, who built the first "spinning frame".
144:
2000:. Manchester University Press. p.
1816:A Complete History of the Cotton Trade
1582:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1425:
1368:
1362:
1267:Bigwood, G. (1919). Knox, G. D. (ed.).
1266:
1075:
717:
715:
428:he wanted, Kay finally agreed to 3,000
253:, by allowing the shuttle carrying the
3051:
2021:
1991:
1885:Public sculpture of Greater Manchester
1565:
1551:
1535:
1529:
1236:
1234:
776:(1 ed.). Routledge. p. 393.
758:
164:, which was a key contribution to the
139:Robert Kay and Ellin Kay, née Entwisle
2354:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn
2175:
2149:
1932:
1766:
1129:. Vol. Part II, A.D. 1860–1866.
1117:
1115:
1113:
1094:. Cotton Town website. Archived from
905:
872:
870:
771:
724:"IV: Documentary Evidence of Descent"
661:
635:"Science and Society Picture Library"
565:portrayed Kay and his invention in a
236:
3099:People from Bury, Greater Manchester
2099:
2053:
2027:
1961:
1848:"Manchester Engineers and Inventors"
1791:
1674:
1635:
1497:
1454:
1402:
1185:
1052:
929:"Weaving the fine fabric of success"
885:
816:) and often as 1780 (e.g. the BBC's
801:
792:of the first rank, but he was vain,
721:
712:
675:
3074:People of the Industrial Revolution
1998:The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune
1429:"Machinery in the textile industry"
1349:
1231:
923:
917:
576:
350:
197:educating him until she remarried.
13:
2789:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union
2334:William Roberts & Co of Nelson
2087:and their dealings with John Kay.)
1925:
1194:. The Cosmopolitan press. p.
1110:
867:
548:John Kay's son, Robert, stayed in
14:
3115:
2809:General Union of Loom Overlookers
2127:
1809:Williamson's Liverpool Advertiser
1723:Williamson's Liverpool Advertiser
1644:. Vol. V. pp. 197–199.
1188:"John Kay and his flying shuttle"
807:J. B. Thompson's 1964 summary in
400:
200:
3094:Industrial Revolution in England
2794:Amalgamated Weavers' Association
2232:
2133:
1470:Dictionary of National Biography
1241:Williams, E. H. (October 1904).
709:" -see Lord (1903) pages 91–92).
416:
2224:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)
2093:
2072:
2047:
1985:
1955:
1910:
1876:
1840:
1831:
1821:
1800:
1785:
1760:
1739:
1715:
1691:
1651:
1629:
1620:
1588:
1574:
1491:
1419:
1358:(3 – 154 pages – Magazine): 19.
1343:
1297:
1292:mill production was flourishing
1260:
1213:
1179:
1149:
1084:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1006:. Simpkin, Marshall, & Co.
990:
857:Thoughts on the Use of Machines
835:(27 December 1902) Lord wrote "
676:Mann, J. de L. (January 1931).
339:, where his problem had become
3104:18th-century English engineers
2652:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust
1472:. Vol. 10. p. 1135.
1161:John Kay Biography (1704–1764)
879:
669:
641:
627:
313:first device of the modern era
1:
2627:Lancashire Cotton Corporation
2601:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers
2304:W & J Galloway & Sons
2140:John Kay (inventor born 1704)
829:skeptical that Kay reached 70
616:
276:
175:
72:
2405:John Hetherington & Sons
2289:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co
1994:"Arkwright on the offensive"
1962:Cole, Alan Summerly (1911).
1883:Wyke, T.; Cocks, H. (2005).
1502:. Vol. V. p. 451.
1286:mentioned in the Book of Job
1176:", quoted in Mantoux (1928).
827:at age 76). Lord (1903) was
814:by the London Science Museum
621:
332:the coming patent disputes.
326:spinners and weavers alike.
168:. He is often confused with
7:
2390:Butterworth & Dickinson
1376:. Vol. 3. p. 63.
604:
10:
3120:
3089:Cotton industry in England
2622:Fine Spinners and Doublers
2230:
1747:French Archives nationales
1732:is 7 February 1766 reads "
1512:Between 1737 and 1743 the
611:Bradford Industrial Museum
585:, campaigned to promote a
474:
267:a second worker was needed
53:17 June (N.S 28 June) 1704
18:
3033:John Kay (spinning frame)
3028:John Kay (flying shuttle)
2995:
2959:
2873:
2842:
2766:
2673:Cotton-spinning machinery
2660:
2609:
2488:
2445:Parr, Curtis & Madely
2395:Curtis, Parr & Walton
2377:
2274:Browett, Lindley & Co
2241:
2186:
2104:. Rochdale: James Clegg.
1917:"The John Kay Memorial".
1868:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1603:. Routledge. p. 19.
1597:The Industrial Revolution
504:
257:to be passed through the
249:. It greatly accelerated
135:
119:
111:
101:
93:
85:
68:
49:
37:
30:
2470:Textile Machinery Makers
2450:British Northrop Loom Co
2369:Woolstenhulmes & Rye
2319:John Musgrave & Sons
2199:Bradshaw Gass & Hope
2060:. J. Clegg. p. 40.
648:John Ainsworth (b. 1777)
434:plus a pension of 2,500
19:Not to be confused with
2987:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal
2647:James Burton & Sons
2637:Combined Egyptian Mills
2475:Tweedales & Smalley
1975:Encyclopædia Britannica
1636:Mann, J. de L. (1931).
1498:Mann, J. de L. (1931).
1403:Mann, J. de L. (1931).
1308:Encyclopédie Méthodique
1192:Curious bits of history
821:gives a 1780 death date
513:John Kay memorial, Bury
371:nearly bankrupted Kay.
269:to catch the shuttle).
2683:Magnetic ring spinning
2678:DREF friction spinning
2359:Willans & Robinson
2264:Bateman & Sherratt
1992:Fitton, R. S. (1989).
1837:Mann (1931) p. 463-464
1055:"Genealogical Records"
876:Mann (1931) p. 464-465
522:
514:
471:pension (at aged 70).
397:; and Kay was blamed.
300:
205:He apprenticed with a
154:
2860:Mule spinners' cancer
2829:The Textile Institute
2799:Cardroom Amalgamation
2668:Textile manufacturing
2480:T. Wildman & Sons
2465:Taylor, Lang & Co
2425:Howard & Bullough
2415:John Pilling and Sons
2349:Urmson & Thompson
2259:Ashworth & Parker
2085:Royal Society of Arts
2040:the first Robert Peel
1814:. Bennet Woodcroft's
1304:Roland de la Platière
1159:his flying shuttle –
1133:. 1871. p. xix.
662:Lieut.-Col. Sutcliffe
520:
512:
468:Royal Society of Arts
284:
166:Industrial Revolution
148:
2843:Employment practices
2661:Industrial processes
2279:Buckley & Taylor
2204:F.W. Dixon & Son
2142:at Wikimedia Commons
1426:Mantoux, P. (1928).
1243:A history of science
1186:Macy, A. W. (1912).
1098:on 23 September 2010
818:History of the world
732:. J. Clegg. p.
571:Manchester Town Hall
376:cloth ribbon weaving
335:In 1738 Kay went to
3064:Textile engineering
2855:Kissing the shuttle
2632:Bagley & Wright
2571:George Augustus Lee
2561:William Houldsworth
2531:Nathaniel Eckersley
2400:Dobson & Barlow
2344:Scott & Hodgson
2309:Benjamin Goodfellow
2294:Earnshaw & Holt
1728:27 May 2006 at the
1665:probably were not).
1536:Barlow, A. (1878).
1227:on 10 January 2013.
1053:Lord, John (1903).
1003:Lancashire worthies
852:revolutionary days"
722:Lord, John (1903).
357:patent infringement
263:traditional process
2511:Hugh Hornby Birley
2455:Pemberton & Co
2440:Mather & Platt
2420:Harling & Todd
2385:Brooks & Doxey
2329:Petrie of Rochdale
2324:J & W McNaught
2269:Boulton & Watt
1751:the Paris archives
1562:Barlow (1878) p.97
1374:All the year round
1059:Memoir of John Kay
927:(2 January 2003).
888:Memoir of John Kay
729:Memoir of John Kay
531:William Venn Gough
523:
515:
410:Bureau de Commerce
301:
237:The Flying Shuttle
214:1726, and his son
155:
3059:English inventors
3046:
3045:
3003:Richard Arkwright
2982:Weavers' Triangle
2977:Queen Street Mill
2758:Lancashire boiler
2688:Open-end spinning
2610:Limited companies
2576:Charles Macintosh
2516:Joseph Brotherton
2138:Media related to
2111:978-1-150-68477-7
2100:Lord, J. (1903).
2011:978-0-7190-2646-1
1944:978-0-415-19399-3
1894:978-0-85323-567-5
1778:978-0-674-01939-3
1610:978-0-415-38222-9
1571:Mann (1931) p.456
1479:978-1-146-79385-8
1447:978-0-226-50384-4
1081:Lord (1903) p. 81
1068:978-1-150-68477-7
862:Dorning Rasbotham
783:978-0-415-19399-3
743:978-1-150-68477-7
652:Walks around Bury
650:says in his book
557:Richard Arkwright
457:The beginning of
143:
142:
129:drop box inventor
3111:
3018:James Hargreaves
2916:Oldham (borough)
2526:Peter Drinkwater
2496:Elkanah Armitage
2378:Machinery makers
2236:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2123:
2088:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1921:. 18 March 1903.
1914:
1908:
1902:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1764:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1672:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1601:Economic History
1592:
1586:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1465:
1452:
1451:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1324:
1315:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1223:. Archived from
1217:
1211:
1210:
1183:
1177:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1119:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1050:
1044:
1043:Lord (1903) p.91
1041:
1035:
1034:Lord (1903) p.76
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1015:
994:
988:
987:
982:
980:
961:
952:
946:
941:
939:
921:
915:
914:Lord (1903) p.82
912:
903:
902:
883:
877:
874:
865:
860:(1780, probably
805:
799:
798:
769:
756:
755:
719:
710:
700:
673:
667:
645:
639:
638:
631:
583:Thomas Sutcliffe
577:Thomas Sutcliffe
563:Ford Madox Brown
424:Denied the huge
351:The Shuttle Club
289:: wires or dents
285:Reed structure:
211:metal substitute
188:, just north of
77:
74:
61:Bury, Lancashire
42:
28:
27:
16:British inventor
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3069:Textile workers
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3008:Samuel Crompton
2991:
2972:Helmshore Mills
2955:
2869:
2865:Piece-rate list
2838:
2762:
2733:Lancashire Loom
2656:
2617:Oldham Limiteds
2605:
2556:Richard Howarth
2484:
2430:Geo. Hattersley
2373:
2237:
2228:
2194:David Bellhouse
2182:
2174:
2130:
2112:
2096:
2091:
2077:
2073:
2052:
2048:
2026:
2022:
2012:
1990:
1986:
1965:"Weaving"
1960:
1956:
1945:
1937:. p. 393.
1930:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1905:johncassidy.org
1895:
1881:
1877:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1805:
1801:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1765:
1761:
1744:
1740:
1730:Wayback Machine
1720:
1716:
1696:
1692:
1673:
1669:
1661:inventors like
1656:
1652:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1552:
1534:
1530:
1496:
1492:
1480:
1466:
1455:
1448:
1424:
1420:
1401:
1397:
1367:
1363:
1352:Popular Science
1348:
1344:
1325:
1318:
1302:
1298:
1265:
1261:
1239:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1184:
1180:
1154:
1150:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:. p. 132.
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
995:
991:
978:
976:
963:
962:
955:
937:
935:
933:Financial Times
922:
918:
913:
906:
884:
880:
875:
868:
825:South of France
806:
802:
784:
770:
759:
744:
720:
713:
674:
670:
646:
642:
633:
632:
628:
624:
619:
607:
599:primary sources
579:
507:
477:
419:
403:
393:demand and its
369:indemnification
353:
295:
290:
279:
239:
203:
178:
81:
78:
75:
64:
54:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Peter Foxcroft
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2874:Lists of mills
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:Spinning jenny
2700:
2698:Spinning frame
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Samuel Oldknow
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Henry Ashworth
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Platt Brothers
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Joseph Hibbert
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2364:J & E Wood
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Daniel Adamson
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2219:Stott and Sons
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2129:
2128:External links
2126:
2125:
2124:
2110:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2071:
2046:
2020:
2010:
1984:
1970:Chisholm, Hugh
1954:
1943:
1924:
1909:
1893:
1875:
1839:
1830:
1820:
1812:by Mann (1931)
1799:
1796:. p. 460.
1784:
1777:
1759:
1745:Letter in the
1738:
1714:
1711:. p. 460.
1690:
1667:
1650:
1628:
1619:
1609:
1587:
1573:
1564:
1550:
1528:
1490:
1478:
1453:
1446:
1418:
1395:
1372:, ed. (1860).
1361:
1342:
1316:
1296:
1259:
1230:
1212:
1178:
1148:
1123:"Introduction"
1109:
1083:
1074:
1067:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
989:
975:on 4 June 2011
953:
916:
904:
890:. p. 96.
878:
866:
831:. And, in the
800:
782:
757:
742:
711:
668:
640:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
606:
603:
578:
575:
567:mural painting
506:
503:
476:
473:
418:
415:
402:
401:Life in France
399:
352:
349:
278:
275:
238:
235:
207:hand-loom reed
202:
201:Apprenticeship
199:
177:
174:
162:flying shuttle
153:of weft thread
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
106:Flying shuttle
103:
102:Known for
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
70:
66:
65:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3116:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Bancroft Shed
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Northrop Loom
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Spinning mule
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Ring spinning
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Carels Frères
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:Engine makers
2240:
2235:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2082:
2081:Essex Journal
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1849:
1843:
1834:
1824:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:Patent office
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:Espinasse, F.
993:
986:
974:
970:
966:
960:
958:
950:
945:
934:
930:
926:
920:
911:
909:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
873:
871:
863:
859:
858:
853:
851:
845:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
815:
810:
804:
797:
795:
791:
785:
779:
775:
768:
766:
764:
762:
753:
749:
745:
739:
735:
731:
730:
725:
718:
716:
708:
704:
699:
697:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
665:
663:
657:
653:
649:
644:
636:
630:
626:
612:
609:
608:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
558:
553:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
519:
511:
502:
500:
498:
492:
490:
486:
482:
472:
469:
463:
460:
459:mechanisation
455:
453:
449:
443:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:State subsidy
414:
411:
408:
398:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
365:patent piracy
362:
358:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
329:
327:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
299:: tarred cord
298:
294:: wooden ribs
293:
288:
283:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
212:
208:
198:
195:
194:yeoman farmer
191:
187:
183:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
152:
147:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
71:
67:
62:
58:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
3027:
3023:Thomas Highs
2767:Associations
2743:Air-jet loom
2728:Roberts Loom
2596:John Rylands
2566:John Kennedy
2541:William Gray
2536:John Fielden
2521:James Burton
2339:George Saxon
2254:Ashton Frost
2209:Edward Potts
2101:
2094:Bibliography
2080:
2074:
2056:
2049:
2036:gentle birth
2033:
2029:
2023:
2015:
1997:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1957:
1948:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1898:
1884:
1878:
1852:. Retrieved
1842:
1833:
1823:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1768:
1762:
1741:
1733:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1693:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1622:
1614:
1599:. Routledge
1596:
1590:
1583:in 1734–1735
1576:
1567:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1511:
1499:
1493:
1469:
1433:
1421:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1385:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1332:
1328:
1299:
1282:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1242:
1225:the original
1215:
1207:
1191:
1181:
1172:
1167:the wool of
1157:incorporated
1151:
1142:
1126:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:the original
1086:
1077:
1058:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1002:
992:
984:
977:. Retrieved
973:the original
968:
943:
936:. Retrieved
919:
899:
887:
881:
856:
847:
841:
836:
832:
817:
808:
803:
787:
773:
728:
693:
681:
671:
659:
655:
651:
643:
629:
580:
561:
554:
547:
535:John Cassidy
524:
495:
493:
488:
478:
464:
456:
452:consulted me
444:
435:
429:
423:
420:
409:
404:
384:
373:
354:
334:
330:
328:
320:productivity
317:
302:
296:
291:
286:
271:
259:warp threads
240:
229:machine for
220:
204:
179:
170:his namesake
157:
156:
25:
3084:1780 deaths
3079:1704 births
3038:Robert Owen
2748:Rapier loom
2723:Water frame
2591:Robert Peel
2551:Samuel Greg
2546:Hannah Greg
2506:Hugh Birley
2489:Mill owners
1436:. pp.
1389:cotton wool
1370:Dickens, C.
842:Bygone Bury
499:de Commerce
380:water wheel
367:and mutual
86:Nationality
76: 1779
3053:Categories
2911:Manchester
2906:Lancashire
2901:Derbyshire
2850:More looms
2753:Dandy loom
2642:Courtaulds
2581:Hugh Mason
2187:Architects
2177:Lancashire
1919:Bury Times
1663:Lewis Paul
1410:the fixed
949:John Kay's
833:Bury Times
690:B0006ALG3Y
656:very well"
617:References
587:Colchester
407:Trudaine's
324:disrupting
305:Colchester
277:Opposition
245:" for the
186:Walmersley
184:hamlet of
182:Lancashire
176:Early life
115:Anne Holte
94:Occupation
57:Walmersley
2951:Yorkshire
2936:Stockport
2881:LCC mills
2299:Fairbairn
1699:Languedoc
1508:16534004M
794:obstinate
622:Citations
595:genealogy
539:atonement
497:Intendant
361:syndicate
345:Shillings
247:hand loom
218:in 1728.
136:Parent(s)
123:Lettice,
63:, England
2996:Pioneers
2941:Tameside
2926:Rochdale
2896:Cheshire
2718:Steaming
2435:Asa Lees
2120:12536656
2066:12536656
1950:redress.
1864:cite web
1726:Archived
1683:sterling
1659:Huguenot
1514:partners
1486:windmill
1338:divided.
1144:breadths
1139:49958504
1012:10973235
1000:(1874).
896:12536656
839:" (see:
752:12536656
703:tricorne
696:portrait
605:See also
543:martyred
440:Normandy
426:lump sum
387:spinning
227:twisting
158:John Kay
120:Children
97:Inventor
32:John Kay
21:John Kay
2960:Museums
2931:Salford
2921:Preston
2713:Carding
1972:(ed.).
1518:decided
1438:207–208
1382:1479125
1294:there.)
1279:2052367
1204:7323638
925:Kay, J.
850:Commune
823:in the
550:Britain
475:Old age
448:woollen
341:royalty
251:weaving
243:shuttle
231:worsted
223:cording
89:English
2886:Bolton
2180:cotton
2118:
2108:
2064:
2008:
1941:
1891:
1854:1 June
1775:
1753:range
1703:livres
1607:
1506:
1476:
1444:
1380:
1277:
1270:Cotton
1251:545235
1249:
1202:
1137:
1102:1 June
1065:
1010:
979:2 June
938:2 June
894:
844:p. 108
790:genius
780:
750:
740:
688:
545:man".
505:Legacy
489:livres
485:Troyes
431:livres
216:Robert
192:. His
125:Robert
112:Spouse
80:France
2946:Wigan
2214:Stott
1968:. In
1828:p.456
1412:spool
1335:broad
1312:Rouen
591:grant
436:livre
395:price
337:Leeds
309:Essex
2891:Bury
2116:OCLC
2106:ISBN
2062:OCLC
2006:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1870:link
1856:2010
1773:ISBN
1755:F/12
1605:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1378:OCLC
1275:OCLC
1247:OCLC
1200:OCLC
1169:dust
1135:OCLC
1104:2010
1063:ISBN
1008:OCLC
981:2010
940:2010
892:OCLC
778:ISBN
748:OCLC
738:ISBN
686:ASIN
527:pubs
483:and
481:Sens
391:yarn
255:weft
225:and
190:Bury
151:pirn
69:Died
50:Born
1356:118
1196:171
1165:rid
707:fop
569:in
454:".
3055::
2114:.
2014:.
2004:.
2002:99
1996:.
1947:.
1907:.)
1897:.
1866:}}
1862:{{
1640:.
1613:.
1553:^
1540:.
1520:.
1510:.
1504:OL
1456:^
1440:.
1432:.
1384:.
1354:.
1319:^
1306:,
1281:.
1253:.
1233:^
1206:.
1198:.
1190:.
1141:.
1125:.
1112:^
1057:.
983:.
967:.
956:^
942:.
931:.
907:^
898:.
869:^
786:.
760:^
746:.
736:.
734:79
726:.
714:^
692:.
680:.
601:.
573:.
307:,
233:.
73:c.
59:,
2169:e
2162:t
2155:v
2122:.
2068:.
2042:.
1872:)
1858:.
1781:.
1736:"
1685:.
1482:.
1450:.
1106:.
1071:.
1014:.
947:(
754:.
637:.
297:C
292:B
287:A
127:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
