608:, there is a passage near the lower end of the humerus, called the supra-condyloid foramen, through which the great nerve of the fore limb and often the great artery pass. Now in the humerus of man, there is generally a trace of this passage, which is sometimes fairly well developed, being formed by a depending hook-like process of bone, completed by a band of ligament. Dr. Struthers, who has closely attended to the subject, has now shewn that this peculiarity is sometimes inherited, as it has occurred in a father, and in no less than four out of his seven children. When present, the great nerve invariably passes through it; and this clearly indicates that it is the homologue and rudiment of the supra-condyloid foramen of the lower animals.
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479:"pre-clinical" academic teaching and examination in the sciences underlying medicine, including especially anatomy. His system lasted until the reform of medical training in 1993 and 2003. His 21st century successors at the anatomy school in Aberdeen write that "He would undoubtedly be greatly dismayed at the drastic reduction in the teaching of basic medical sciences, and the subsequent perceived decline in the anatomical knowledge of medical students and practicing clinicians," and they quote one of Struthers' sayings to his students:
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188:. He was a dynamic teacher and administrator, transforming the status of the institutions in which he worked. He was equally passionate about anatomy, enthusiastically seeking out and dissecting the largest and finest specimens, including whales, and troubling his colleagues with his single-minded quest for money and space for his collection. His collection was donated to
470:. He continually made demands of the University of Aberdeen's Senate for additional room space and money for the museum, against the wishes of his colleagues in the faculty. Struthers could go to great lengths to obtain specimens he particularly wanted, and on at least one occasion this led to court action. He had long admired a
699:, near Aberdeen. Struthers quickly visited the carcass, measuring it as 40 feet long with a tail 11 feet 4 inches wide. Struthers was not able to start dissecting it at once, as a local entrepreneur, John Woods, bought the whale and took it to his yard in Dundee, where on the first Sunday, 12,000 people paid to see it.
711:; the carcass was then stuffed and sewn up to be taken on a profitable tour as far as Edinburgh and London. After months of waiting, on 7 August 1884, Struthers was able to remove the skull and the rest of the skeleton. Over the next decade, Struthers wrote seven anatomy articles on the whale, with a complete
707:". The dissection was disturbed by John Woods, who admitted the public, for a fee, to watch Struthers and his assistants at work, with a military band playing in the background. Progress on the dissection was impeded by snow showers. Struthers was able to remove much of the skeleton before Woods had the flesh
33:
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in the open air near the house. There were still linen bleachers living in
Brucefield House in 1841, but they had gone by 1851, leaving the house as the seat of the Struthers family. Mary's father, Deacon John Reid, was also a linen maker. Alexander and Mary were married in 1818; the marriage, though
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It is part of a collection of comparative anatomy put together by John
Struthers (1823–1899), Scottish zoologist and anatomist. At one time, the museum held a whole array of animals, from a tiger skeleton and a dolphin skull, to the pulmonary vein of a whale and the skin of a porcupine fish. Much of
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The great majority of the profession are and must be country practitioners; the hardest work of the profession is done by them; in the winter nights, when the world is asleep, they have many a long and weary drive; they are far from libraries, from hospitals and museums, and from societies; and thus
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back to the anatomy department at
Aberdeen, where for a century it was suspended overhead in the hall. He vigorously collected examples of a wide range of species to form a museum of zoology, with the intention of illustrating Darwin's theories. As an energetic and forceful personality with a strong
441:
Struthers held the professorship at
Aberdeen for 26 years. In that time, he radically transformed anatomy teaching at the university, improved the Aberdeen medical school; set up the museum of anatomy; and helped to lead the reconstruction of the Aberdeen Infirmary. He vigorously collected specimens
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as follows: "With respect to inheritance, see Dr. Struthers in the Lancet, Feb. 15, 1873, and another important paper, ibid., Jan. 24, 1863, p. 83. Dr. Knox, as I am informed, was the first anatomist who drew attention to this peculiar structure in man; see his Great
Artists and Anatomists, p. 63.
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skeleton at
Aberdeen's Medico-Chirurgical Society. In 1866 he borrowed it, ostensibly to clean and remount it, but despite the society's urgent requests to have it returned, it stayed in Struthers' museum at Marischal College for ten years. Struthers still hoped to obtain the specimen, and when in
308:
Struthers was one of six children, three boys and three girls. The boys were privately tutored in the classics, mathematics and modern languages at home in
Brucefield House. They went out boating in summer, skating in winter on the nearby dam; they rode ponies, went swimming in the nearby
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Struthers published about 70 papers on anatomy. He set up a popular series of lectures for the public, held on
Saturday evenings. Many of the methods he used remain relevant today. He had a powerful effect on medical education in Britain, in 1890 establishing the format of three years of
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estimates, as he informs me, that it occurs in about one per cent of recent skeletons. But if the occasional development of this structure in man is, as seems probable, due to reversion, it is a return to a very ancient state of things, because in the higher
Quadrumana it is
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Unless you are well informed in the foundation sciences and principles, you may practise your profession, but you will never understand disease and its treatment; your practice will be routine, the unintelligent application of the dogmas and directions of your textbook or
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In the medical profession, he was known for transforming the teaching of anatomy, for the papers and books that he wrote, as well as for his efficient work in his medical school, for which he was successively awarded medicine's highest honours, including membership of the
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Struthers was not allowed to dissect the famous specimen until it was too badly decomposed for further public exhibition. He was well used to working on stinking carcasses: his dissecting room was reputed to stink "like the deck of a
Greenland
406:. This was a "Crown Chair" (a professorship recognized by the government), a prestigious position. Struthers' application for the chair was supported by over 250 letters, many from public figures including well-known doctors such as
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Struthers, John (October 1893). "The New Five-Year Course of Study: Remarks on the position of Anatomy among the Earlier Studies, and on the relative value of Practical Work and of Lectures in Modern Medical Education".
275:
John Struthers was the son of Alexander Struthers (1767–1853) and his wife Mary Reid (1793–1859). They lived in Brucefield, a large stone-built 18th century house with spacious grounds, which was then just outside
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1885 he was made president of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, he again tried to take the crocodile to his museum. The society then obtained an interdict (a court order) restraining him from removing the skeleton.
325:. His sisters, Janet and Christina, provided a simple education at Brucefield for some poor friends, Daniel and James Thomson. Daniel (1833–1908) became a Dunfermline weaver as well as a historian and reformer.
422:, who became the Scottish Lord Advocate. The support of these men was actively solicited by Struthers' well-connected friends and relatives, including his cousin the Reverend John Struthers of
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Aberdeen, a coastal city, gave Struthers the opportunity to observe the whales which were from time to time washed up on Scotland's coast. In 1870 he observed, dissected and described a
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574:, run through. Struthers observed that when his ligament was present in humans, the nerve and artery did run through it. Darwin took this to mean that the human structure was
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247:, was hunted and then dragged ashore to be exhibited across Britain. Struthers took every opportunity he could to dissect it and recover its bones, and eventually wrote a
313:, and went for long walks with wealthy friends. Both his older brother James and his younger brother Alexander studied medicine. James Struthers became a doctor at
1483:
Struthers, John (1856). "Hints to students on the prosecution of their studies: Being Extracts from the Introductory Address at Surgeons' Hall, Session 1855–56".
758:(1795–1863) and Margaret Finlay (1797–1865), both of old Dunfermline families; James practised as a surgeon just across the English border in the small town of
442:
for his museum, "prepared or otherwise provided, mainly by the work of my own hands, and at my own expense". The specimens were arranged to enable students to
695:, attracting much local interest. It was harpooned, but after an all-night struggle escaped. A week later it was found dead, and was towed on to the beach at
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enthusiasm for zoology, he alarmed his colleagues at the University of Aberdeen by constantly asking for money and space to acquire and house his collection.
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353:. The courses that they taught at the medical school in Argyle Square, Edinburgh were recognized by the examining bodies of England, Scotland and Ireland.
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Waterston, S. W.; Hutchison, J. D. (2004). "Sir John Struthers MD FRCS Edin LLD Glasg: Anatomist, zoologist and pioneer in medical education".
1113:
See also an important memoir on this process by Dr. Gruber, in the Bulletin de l'Acad. Imp. de St. Petersbourg, tom. xii., 1867, p. 448."
818:, Edinburgh, in 1899; his wife Christina joined him there in 1907. The grave faces over a path to that of his brother, James Struthers.
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not warmly affectionate, lasted until Alexander's death despite the large age difference. Both Alexander and Mary are buried at
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later became Home Secretary, but in 1839–40 he held other ministerial roles. James Moncreiff became Lord Advocate in 1851.
1624:
Struthers, John (1863). "On the solid-hoofed pig; and on a case in which the fore foot of the horse presented two toes".
381:
1402:
Waterston, S. W.; Laing, M. R.; Hutchison, J. D. (2007). "Nineteenth century medical education for tomorrow's doctors".
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in their comparative isolation want that stimulus and guidance which tend to keep the city practitioner up to the mark.
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535:, and he collected many specimens which he offered to show Darwin. Among other curiosities, Struthers described the "
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Struthers married Christina Margaret Alexander (born 15 January 1833) on 5 August 1857. Christina was the sister of
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566:. In those other mammals, the supra-condyloid foramen is an opening in the bone that important structures, the
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On retiring from the University of Aberdeen, Struthers returned to Edinburgh. He lived at 15 George Square.
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1570:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 4725 – Struthers, John to Darwin, C. R., 31 Dec 1864"
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426:, and his energetic wife Christina. With the success of their campaign, the family moved to Aberdeen.
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1028:"On the bones, articulations and muscles of the rudimentary hind limbs of the Greenland Right Whale (
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at the same time. In 1847, the college licensed him and his brother James to teach anatomy in the
2117:"Sir John Struthers MD FRCS Edin LLD Glas: anatomist, zoologist and pioneer in medical education"
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762:, Northumberland. On James' death as a "country practitioner", the city-dweller Struthers wrote
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853:; he also became president of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. He was appointed to the
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one day in 1843 that he failed to look outside to observe the street procession known as the "
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merchant. He bought Brucefield early in the 19th century, along with Brucefield Mill, a linen
2012:
2008:
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345:, winning prizes as an undergraduate. He completed his doctorate (M.D.) in 1845, becoming a
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1965:
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in 1885 for his work in medical education. In 1892 he was given honorary membership of the
342:
865:; he held the position for two years. In 1898, he was knighted (as Sir John Struthers) by
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All three of their sons, Alexander, James and John also worked in the medical profession;
8:
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The significance of Struthers' ligament, as Darwin and Struthers understood, is that the
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1969:
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organ has no function in humans, but is inherited from a structure, the supra-condyloid
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1337:"Sir John Struthers Dead.; He Was Vice President of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons"
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with the foramen in other mammals, and that therefore humans and other mammals had a
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hospital for 42 years, and his youngest brother Alexander Struthers MB who died at
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of different animals. He intended the comparative anatomy exhibits to demonstrate
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Struthers, John (1854). "On some points in the abnormal anatomy of the arm".
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what we do have will be featured in the new displays that open in September.
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The modernisation of medical teaching at Aberdeen in the nineteenth century
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Struthers authored over 70 manuscripts and books, including the following.
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at the university, who worked alongside Struthers as Professor of Surgery.
244:
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in 1883 and remained a member until 1891. He was elected a fellow of the
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Struthers' siblings included James Struthers MD (1821–1891), a doctor at
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Struthers became known to the general public for his dissection of the "
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1059:"On the external characters and some parts of the anatomy of a Beluga (
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372:; he told the story of how he had been so concentrated on an anatomy
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280:; John was born in the house. Alexander was a wealthy mill owner and
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Regius Professor of Anatomy at the University of Aberdeen (1823–1899)
1671:
994:
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Struthers was interested in abnormal variations in anatomy, such as
2088:"Struthers, Sir John (1823–1899), anatomist and medical reformer".
467:
200:
1926:
Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh: 1783 – 2002
814:
He was buried in the north-east section of the central roundel of
1922:
1737:
Williams, M. J. (1996). "Professor Struthers and the Tay whale".
555:
544:
369:
365:
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from "dresser" (surgical assistant), to surgical clerk, to house
318:
915:
Memoir on the Anatomy of the Humpback Whale, Megaptera Longimana
754:. She too came from a Scottish medical family; her parents were
779:, who married his daughter Mary. He was grandfather of another
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down to the elbow, and showed that its presence was inherited.
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221:
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Among scientists, he is perhaps best known for his work on the
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present in 1% of humans running from a bony projection on the
872:
Glasgow University's Struthers Medal is named in his honour.
732:
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and served as president in 1894. He was awarded an honorary
558:, which certainly had a function in other mammals including
289:
228: ; or "community of descent," as Darwin expressed it.
161:
582:. He used Struthers' work as evidence in Chapter 1 of his
516:
Struthers was one of the first advocates of the theory of
1252:. Dunfermline Heritage Community Projects. Archived from
2277:
Presidents of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
1095:
had been prime minister until 1834. His younger brother
1401:
638:
2282:
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
974:"On some points in the anatomy of a Great Fin Whale (
2042:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
1723:
The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex
904:
Historical Sketch of the Edinburgh Anatomical School
493:
347:
Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
2302:
Office bearers of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh
1993:"Obituary: Emeritus Professor Sir John Struthers".
1588:
1586:
1504:"On Some Points in the Abnormal Anatomy of the Arm"
1247:"Living in the past | Sir John Struthers 1823–1899"
1198:"Off Old Mill Court, Brucefield House, Dunfermline"
651:at John Woods' yard, Dundee, 1884, photographed by
2115:Waterston, S.W.; Hutchison, J.D. (December 2004).
1643:Struthers, J. (1863). "Contributions to Anatomy".
1447:
1923:C.D. Waterson; A. Macmillan Shearer (July 2006).
1397:
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943:Struthers, J (1863). "Contributions to Anatomy".
2193:
1583:
1482:
1443:
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231:Among the public, Struthers was famous for his
203:which bears his name. His work on the rare and
1820:
1672:"On Hereditary Supra-Condyloid Process in Man"
1392:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
995:"On Hereditary Supra-Condyloid Process in Man"
861:in 1894. In 1895 he was made president of the
837:In 1852 Struthers was elected a member of the
368:and finally full surgeon. His passion was for
1905:
1233:
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1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
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1182:. Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
2307:Members of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh
2094:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1438:
1297:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1191:
1189:
2237:Deaths from influenza in the United Kingdom
1867:
1501:
626:(which he called a "Great Fin-Whale") from
520:, speaking publicly and corresponding with
462:of a bird, the foreleg of a horse, and the
1946:
1909:A Record of the Edinburgh Harveian Society
1823:"Sir James Irvine Orme Masson (1887–1962)"
1592:
1317:
1212:
832:
220:to help argue the case that man and other
31:
2247:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1977:
1827:Masson, Sir James Irvine Orme (1887–1962)
1801:
1799:
1712:
1710:
1669:
1642:
1623:
1542:
1519:
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893:Anatomical and Physiological Observations
647:Struthers (at left, in top hat) with the
337:A formal portrait, Aberdeen, October 1890
2217:Academics of the University of Edinburgh
2071:. University of Aberdeen. Archived from
1906:Watson Wemyss, Herbert Lindesay (1933).
1736:
1694:
1601:. University of Aberdeen. Archived from
798:
722:
657:
642:
497:
428:
332:
2222:Academics of the University of Aberdeen
2091:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1374:"Professor Struthers and the Tay Whale"
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1294:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
825:followed his uncle James by working at
384:. He became Lecturer of Anatomy at the
351:Edinburgh Extramural School of Medicine
2194:
2066:
2035:
1796:
1786:Leith Hospital 1848–1988, D H A Boyd,
1716:
1707:
1599:Charles Darwin and Struthers' ligament
1329:
863:Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
630:. He brought the entire skeleton of a
524:about observations he made during his
265:Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
2287:19th-century Scottish medical doctors
2252:Infectious disease deaths in Scotland
2212:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
2045:(1st ed.). London: John Murray.
1164:
1160:
1158:
1156:
292:for linen was threshed at the nearby
2069:"The Zoology of Professor Struthers"
1896:Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1899
1595:"The Zoology of Professor Struthers"
1543:Struthers, John (24 February 1874).
1357:
1291:Wallis, Patrick. "Pirrie, William".
1122:Dissection began on 25 January 1884.
907:. Edinburgh: Maclachlan and Stewart.
398:In 1863, Struthers became the first
1626:Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal
1108:Darwin referenced this item in the
458:, the arm and hand of a human, the
13:
2174:The Zoology of Professor Struthers
1932:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh.
1829:. Australian National University.
1777:. Aberdeen University Press, 1994.
1290:
1153:
718:
502:Illustration by Struthers of the "
488:
391:From 1860 Struthers was joined by
14:
2318:
2167:
1143:"Key Object Page | Frog Skeleton"
896:. Edinburgh: Sutherland and Knox.
791:, who married his daughter Lucy.
680:", one of his largest specimens.
494:Evolution and Struthers' ligament
437:, 1891, presented by his students
418:, who became Home Secretary, and
328:
321:while serving as a doctor in the
1954:"Sir John Struthers, M.D., LL.D"
1702:Darwin & Struthers' Ligament
1178:Dictionary of National Biography
1067:Journal of Anatomical Physiology
1036:Journal of Anatomical Physiology
982:Journal of Anatomical Physiology
787:, and father-in-law of educator
617:
180:24 February 1899) was the first
2001:
1986:
1916:
1912:. T&A Constable, Edinburgh.
1899:
1890:
1861:
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1767:
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1102:
1091:The text says 'Lord Grey'; but
875:
771:Struthers was father-in-law of
683:At the end of December 1883, a
2297:Scientists from Northumberland
2160:Memoir of Dr Alexander, Wooler
1808:Memoir of Dr Alexander, Wooler
1284:
1135:
1085:
1005:(2581). Elsevier BV: 231–232.
466:of a whale are all homologous
341:Struthers studied medicine at
317:. Alexander Struthers died of
1:
2257:Burials at Warriston Cemetery
2136:10.1016/S1479-666X(04)80035-0
1688:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)63384-7
1657:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)63465-7
1462:10.1016/s1479-666x(04)80035-0
1129:
1011:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)63384-7
957:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)63465-7
869:for his service to medicine.
839:Harveian Society of Edinburgh
794:
270:
2108:UK public library membership
1311:UK public library membership
1097:Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet
951:(2056). Elsevier BV: 87–88.
932:Br. Foreign Medico-Chir. Rev
785:Sir James Irvine Orme Masson
356:He worked his way up at the
267:, and finally a knighthood.
129:Christina Margaret Alexander
7:
2009:"Struthers Medal and Prize"
1093:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
416:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
400:Regius Professor of Anatomy
182:Regius Professor of Anatomy
10:
2323:
2029:
1995:Medical Press and Circular
1753:10.1177/003693309604100308
1726:. John Murray. p. 28.
1200:. British Listed Buildings
1145:. Surgeon's Hall Museums.
859:Royal Society of Edinburgh
669:
639:Dissecting the "Tay Whale"
509:
414:, and politicians such as
261:Royal Society of Edinburgh
137:Three sons, four daughters
1870:"Simon Somerville Laurie"
1549:Aberdeen Daily Free Press
1485:Edinburgh Medical Journal
1050:Edinburgh Medical Journal
923:
358:Edinburgh Royal Infirmary
210:came to the attention of
141:
133:
125:
114:
100:
90:
80:
61:
39:
30:
23:
2158:Struthers, John (1863).
1740:Scottish Medical Journal
1404:Scottish Medical Journal
1078:
1057:Struthers, John (1895).
1026:Struthers, John (1881).
993:Struthers, John (1873).
972:Struthers, John (1871).
918:. Edinburgh: Maclachlan.
912:Struthers, John (1889).
901:Struthers, John (1867).
890:Struthers, John (1854).
883:
653:George Washington Wilson
539:", a rare extra band of
450:through the presence of
263:, the presidency of the
2267:People from Dunfermline
2242:Evolutionary biologists
2067:Gorman, Martyn (2003).
1964:(1533): 468–469. 1899.
1880:University of Edinburgh
1821:Weickhardt, LW (2006).
1508:Br Foreign Med Chir Rev
1168:"Struthers, John"
855:General Medical Council
833:Awards and distinctions
789:Simon Somerville Laurie
752:Bow Street Police Court
739:in Istanbul during the
386:University of Edinburgh
382:Free Church of Scotland
257:General Medical Council
95:University of Edinburgh
2185:University of Aberdeen
2100:10.1093/ref:odnb/26680
1700:Gorman, Martyn, 2003.
1670:Struthers, J. (1873).
1416:10.1258/rsmsmj.52.1.45
1323:Gorman, Martyn, 2003.
1303:10.1093/ref:odnb/22313
1272:Cite journal requires
1165:Power, D'Arcy (1901).
823:John William Struthers
808:
769:
728:
667:
655:
615:
507:
486:
438:
404:University of Aberdeen
338:
186:University of Aberdeen
145:Alexander, Mary (Reid)
2179:26 April 2010 at the
2013:University of Glasgow
1196:(Historic Scotland).
1061:Delphinapterus leucas
976:Balaenoptera musculus
851:Royal Medical Society
847:University of Glasgow
802:
764:
726:
661:
646:
604:, as well as in many
592:In some of the lower
590:
537:Ligament of Struthers
512:Ligament of Struthers
504:Ligament of Struthers
501:
481:
452:homologous structures
432:
380:" which launched the
336:
243:that appeared in the
214:, who used it in his
208:ligament of Struthers
1997:: 232. 1 March 1899.
1502:Struthers J (1854).
1259:on 16 December 2017.
343:Edinburgh University
288:mill built in 1792.
259:, fellowship of the
2227:Scottish anatomists
2153:on 9 December 2014.
1970:1899Natur..59..468.
1886:on 17 October 2012.
1605:on 8 September 2014
1380:on 11 November 2005
803:Struthers's grave,
526:comparative anatomy
444:compare the anatomy
172:21 February 1823 –
2292:People from Wooler
1718:Darwin, Charles R.
1345:. 25 February 1899
1342:The New York Times
816:Warriston Cemetery
809:
805:Warriston Cemetery
756:Dr James Alexander
729:
668:
666:by Struthers, 1889
656:
508:
454:. For example, in
439:
339:
85:Warriston Cemetery
2262:Scottish surgeons
2106:(Subscription or
1868:Josipa Petrunic.
1805:Struthers, John.
1682:(2581): 231–232.
1309:(Subscription or
1030:Balena mysticetus
777:David Orme Masson
750:, chief clerk to
541:connective tissue
303:Dunfermline Abbey
149:
148:
2314:
2272:Scottish knights
2154:
2152:
2146:. Archived from
2121:
2111:
2103:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2075:on 26 April 2010
2063:
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2059:
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2023:
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2019:
2005:
1999:
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1979:10.1038/059468a0
1950:
1944:
1943:
1931:
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1914:
1913:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1882:. Archived from
1875:Gifford Lectures
1865:
1859:
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1315:
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1180:(1st supplement)
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989:
968:
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737:Scutari Hospital
687:appeared in the
179:
177:
171:
169:
68:
65:24 February 1899
50:21 February 1823
49:
47:
35:
21:
20:
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2317:
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2181:Wayback Machine
2170:
2150:
2119:
2105:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2037:Darwin, Charles
2032:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1952:
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1797:
1785:
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1773:Pennington, C.
1772:
1768:
1735:
1731:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1668:
1664:
1651:(2056): 87–88.
1641:
1637:
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1608:
1606:
1591:
1584:
1574:
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1514:(26): 523–533.
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721:
719:Life and family
715:on it in 1889.
674:
662:A drawing of a
641:
620:
580:common ancestor
572:brachial artery
533:additional toes
514:
496:
491:
489:Scientific work
420:James Moncreiff
331:
273:
226:common ancestor
175:
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2168:External links
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867:Queen Victoria
845:degree by the
843:Doctor of Laws
834:
831:
827:Leith Hospital
796:
793:
773:nitroglycerine
748:John Alexander
720:
717:
685:humpback whale
670:Main article:
664:humpback whale
640:
637:
619:
616:
585:Descent of Man
522:Charles Darwin
510:Main article:
495:
492:
490:
487:
393:William Pirrie
330:
329:Medical career
327:
315:Leith Hospital
311:Firth of Forth
272:
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241:humpback whale
217:Descent of Man
212:Charles Darwin
190:Surgeon's Hall
153:John Struthers
147:
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118:U. Edinburgh,
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69:(aged 76)
63:
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101:Occupation(s)
99:
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81:Resting place
79:
74:
64:
60:
56:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2189:
2159:
2148:the original
2127:
2123:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:the original
2056:. Retrieved
2041:
2016:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1988:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1925:
1918:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1884:the original
1873:
1863:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1747:(3): 92–94.
1744:
1738:
1732:
1722:
1701:
1696:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:the original
1598:
1573:. Retrieved
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
1538:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1491:(3): 353–60.
1488:
1484:
1478:
1453:
1449:
1410:(1): 45–49.
1407:
1403:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:the original
1347:. Retrieved
1340:
1331:
1325:Introduction
1324:
1319:
1292:
1286:
1265:cite journal
1254:the original
1202:. Retrieved
1176:
1146:
1137:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1087:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1049:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1002:
998:
985:
981:
975:
948:
944:
935:
931:
914:
903:
892:
879:
876:Publications
871:
836:
820:
813:
810:
770:
765:
745:
730:
701:
689:Firth of Tay
682:
675:
621:
610:Prof. Turner
591:
583:
568:median nerve
549:
530:
515:
482:
477:
440:
433:Portrait by
397:
390:
355:
340:
307:
274:
253:
245:Firth of Tay
230:
215:
198:
152:
150:
67:(1899-02-24)
53:Brucefield,
18:
2232:Cetologists
2207:1899 deaths
2202:1823 births
2124:The Surgeon
1545:"Evolution"
1450:The Surgeon
1173:Lee, Sidney
807:, Edinburgh
741:Crimean War
727:Family tree
435:George Reid
424:Prestonpans
412:James Paget
323:Crimean War
278:Dunfermline
120:U. Aberdeen
115:Employer(s)
55:Dunfermline
2196:Categories
2110:required.)
1676:The Lancet
1645:The Lancet
1313:required.)
1130:References
1073:: 124–156.
1042:: 141–321.
999:The Lancet
988:: 107–125.
945:The Lancet
938:: 523–533.
795:Retirement
781:explosives
697:Stonehaven
624:blue whale
606:marsupials
594:Quadrumana
576:homologous
564:carnivores
560:marsupials
378:Disruption
374:dissection
296:mill, and
271:Early life
233:dissection
176:1899-02-24
168:1823-02-21
75:, Scotland
46:1823-02-21
2058:1 October
2018:23 August
1853:ignored (
1843:cite book
1835:1833-7538
1632:: 273–80.
1609:1 October
1384:1 October
1204:2 October
1019:0140-6736
965:0140-6736
783:chemist,
713:monograph
678:Tay Whale
672:Tay Whale
649:Tay Whale
632:sei whale
628:Peterhead
602:Carnivora
598:Lemuridae
596:, in the
552:vestigial
528:studies.
518:evolution
472:crocodile
468:forelimbs
448:evolution
362:physician
294:threshing
249:monograph
237:Tay Whale
224:shared a
205:vestigial
194:Edinburgh
142:Parent(s)
109:professor
105:Anatomist
91:Education
73:Edinburgh
2177:Archived
2144:15712576
2039:(1871).
1720:(1871).
1530:30164440
1470:15712576
1432:30286930
1424:17373426
775:chemist
709:embalmed
588:(1871):
570:and the
484:teacher.
364:, house
298:bleached
286:spinning
235:of the "
201:ligament
134:Children
2079:9 March
2030:Sources
1966:Bibcode
1761:8807706
1575:28 June
1554:28 June
1521:5185442
1349:21 June
1175:(ed.).
613:absent.
556:foramen
545:humerus
506:", 1854
464:flipper
456:mammals
402:at the
370:anatomy
366:surgeon
319:cholera
251:on it.
222:mammals
184:at the
2142:
2104:
2049:
1958:Nature
1936:
1833:
1790:
1759:
1528:
1518:
1468:
1430:
1422:
1307:
1017:
963:
924:Papers
760:Wooler
705:whaler
693:Dundee
126:Spouse
2151:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
1930:(PDF)
1428:S2CID
1257:(PDF)
1250:(PDF)
1171:. In
1079:Notes
884:Books
733:Leith
282:linen
239:", a
159:FRCSE
2140:PMID
2081:2010
2060:2012
2047:ISBN
2020:2021
1934:ISBN
1855:help
1831:ISSN
1788:ISBN
1757:PMID
1611:2012
1577:2008
1556:2008
1526:PMID
1466:PMID
1420:PMID
1386:2012
1351:2008
1278:help
1206:2012
1015:ISSN
961:ISSN
691:off
600:and
562:and
460:wing
410:and
290:Flax
162:FRSE
151:Sir
62:Died
40:Born
2183:at
2132:doi
2096:doi
1974:doi
1749:doi
1684:doi
1680:101
1653:doi
1516:PMC
1458:doi
1412:doi
1299:doi
1007:doi
1003:101
953:doi
192:in
2198::
2138:.
2126:.
2122:.
2011:.
1972:.
1962:59
1960:.
1956:.
1878:.
1872:.
1847::
1845:}}
1841:{{
1825:.
1798:^
1755:.
1745:41
1743:.
1709:^
1678:.
1674:.
1649:81
1647:.
1630:17
1628:.
1597:.
1585:^
1547:.
1524:.
1512:13
1510:.
1506:.
1487:.
1464:.
1452:.
1440:^
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