258:
468:, later denied any knowledge of the plans to attack Pukearuhe and claimed he would have halted it if he had known. Wetere Te Rerenga, the leader of the war party, claimed that he had tried to prevent Whiteley's murder. There was support among the colonists for Wetere, who was well thought of in the Taranaki. However, this was not believed by Whiteley's family and his grandson, John Whiteley King, urged the Government for a number of years to arrest Wetere and place him on trial. However, there was little political will to do so, and King was ignored. He attempted a private arrest of Wetere but this lacked support and failed.
435:, under the command of Wetere Te Rerenga, attacked Pukearuhe, a redoubt located on confiscated land known as White Cliffs, to the north of New Plymouth. The redoubt had been manned by soldiers up until their withdrawal the previous year and served as a blockhouse for the settlers in the area to retreat to in the event of hostilities. The party murdered seven settlers, including three children and their mother, and Whiteley, who was visiting Pukearuhe. He was shot at least five times and had his belongings looted. His body and those of the settlers were recovered a few days later and taken to New Plymouth for burial at
412:
acts and defer to the
Government. In his view, to follow Christianity was to also require allegiance to the Crown and he used scripture to emphasise this. He also reported back to the authorities, providing intelligence on the areas and people he visited while on his ministrations. The WMS and his fellow missionaries felt that Whiteley should be more circumspect in advancing his views, with some expressing concern for his safety. Despite this, he continued to keep up his practice of travelling around the region to preach at Māori villages.
421:
370:. He became principal of the Grey Institute, a Wesleyan boarding school for the education of Māori youth, but soon found his missionary work was compromised because of the tense state of affairs. The local Māori were more interested in the land issue than matters of Christianity. His fluency in the Māori language meant that he was called upon by Government officials as a translator and adviser, despite concerns regarding his potential bias. In 1859, he was involved in discussions regarding the sale by the
355:
there in the belief that land would be easily purchased. On arrival, they had discovered that it was not available; the Māori refused to sell. This resulted in tension between the settlers and local Māori. Additionally, inter-tribal disputes regarding land ownership were also problematic; soon after
Whiteley's arrival in Taranaki, two rival
480:
built in the early 1960s after the original building, erected in 1898, burnt down. In 1923, a memorial cairn for
Whiteley was put up close to the site of his death but this was later demolished. The land on which the cairn was built was part of a Treaty of Waitangi settlement with Ngāti Tama, the local
336:
and sell it onto settlers, Whiteley, considering this tantamount to land confiscation, was among those who protested. He pointed out that Māori had customary rights to unoccupied land and the Crown's actions were contrary to the principles of the Treaty of
Waitangi. He considered it an affront to the
411:
arising from disputed land purchases and religious tensions and which took place in the first half of the 1860s. For part of the war, Whiteley's school, the Grey
Institute, was closed but was reinstituted in 1865. During this time, in his sermons to Māori he advocated for them to cease their hostile
253:
As part of its agreement with the WMS, the Kawhia station was supposed to have been taken over by the CMS. However, this never eventuated and agreement was given for the abandoned WMS stations to be reopened. Whiteley and his family went back to Kawhia and restarted his old mission in 1839. The area
479:
Whiteley is listed on the
Pukearuhe NZ Wars memorial, in New Plymouth, which commemorates the eight fatalities of the 13 February 1869 attack and was erected in 1871 after a public subscription. Also in New Plymouth, the Whiteley Memorial Methodist Church is named for him. The present structure was
395:
had signed the
Waitangi Treaty. This led to the question of what would happen to their land. Now, he advocated that Māori land be handed over to the Government, which would then allocate lots to each individual Māori. He felt that the unoccupied land being denied to the settlers was wasted and that
386:
He soon came to favour the settlers' position, taking the view that Māori were rebelling against the Crown in their refusal to sell their land. This was in contrast to his advocacy of 1847 for the Māori claim to unoccupied tribal land. At that time, he had argued that it was inappropriate for Māori
354:
In 1856 Whiteley was sent to
Taranaki to preside over the Māori circuit there. He did not desire the posting but the WMS considered his vast experience working with Māori made him particularly suitable for the posting. In contrast to Kawhia, the area had a high population of settlers who had moved
298:
Despite his success in converting Māori, Whiteley at times was frustrated with some aspects of his work. Much of his time was taken up with travel, either to the villages within his district or visits further afield to
Auckland or Sydney. This compromised his availability for his ministrations. He
341:
to sign the Treaty, in the belief that Māori rights to land would be honoured. As a result of his and other missionaries urging, the WMS formally protested to the
Colonial Secretary in London; the response, stating the Treaty of Waitangi would be respected, satisfied the WMS but not Whiteley. He
254:
where he located the mission became known as Te Waitere, a transliteration of his surname. In its early years, it was also known as Lemon Point, for the lemon trees that he planted there. Their infant son died soon after their arrival.
345:
By 1853, there were nearly 500 converts at Kawhia, thanks to Whiteley's work. The following year, he became the chairman of the Wesleyan Church in the Auckland district. He moved to Auckland where he would be based for two years.
299:
sought to improve literacy, setting up a boarding school for local Māori children, but found that many students were removed when their families, being of an itinerant nature, moved to another village. He was involved in a major
245:(chief), had sought a missionary for the settlement. Land was purchased for the mission in January 1838, Whiteley paying with blankets, tools and tobacco. He baptised Moetara in December 1838, giving him the name William King.
191:, in which he became sufficiently proficient that he was tasked with helping to establish another mission station. The WMS had decided to expand its activities in New Zealand and Whiteley was sent on a reconnaissance visit to
382:
of Ati Awa but of greater seniority, believed he had ownership of the land and disputed the sale. Whiteley believed Te Teira had the right to the land and supported the Government's position that the land sale was valid.
396:
the Māori were acting contrary to God's command to "replenish the earth". His pro-settler stance saw him move his family from the mission station into the town itself, reflecting his greater allegiance to the settlers.
488:
saw the area as a site of grievance and after the Methodist Church declined to remove the memorial due to a lack of funds, it was demolished after its plaque was removed. Another memorial was erected nearby in 2008.
476:
After Whiteley's death, his wife was granted an annual gratuity of £100 by the Government in recognition of his services. When she died, this gratuity was passed onto her unmarried daughter.
120:. The tensions in the area meant Whiteley, sympathetic to the settlers' cause, found it difficult to carry out his missionary work. On 13 February 1869, he was murdered at Pukearuhe by a
33:
201:(tribes), who had been freed due to the influence of missionaries. Arriving in Kawhia in March 1834, Whiteley was welcomed by local Māori and invited to set up a mission.
283:. By 1840, he had 300 members for his Church and was working towards eliminating slavery, encouraging the release of slaves captured by the local Māori on raids into the
208:, was dispatched to begin the mission in November. He was joined early in 1835 by Whiteley. However, the station was closed in June the following year. The WMS and the
108:
where there was an existing WMS mission station. As the WMS expanded its activities in the country, Whiteley later established and ran a mission at
187:. Within a few months, his wife gave birth to the couple's first child, a girl, one of six children he would have with his wife. He studied the
1276:
439:. The deaths of Whiteley, the children, and their mother were a shock to both the settlers and local Māori. Colonists speculated that the
1271:
454:, a Ngāti Maniapoto village, was mounted by the Armed Constabulary in April but it proved to be fruitless for the area was deserted.
204:
On reporting back to the WMS, it was agreed that a mission would be established there. William Woon, who had been a missionary in
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Whiteley proved to be successful as a missionary, baptising increasing numbers of Māori into the ministry. Among them was
541:
329:
1236:
Maori Deeds of Old Private Land Purchases in New Zealand, From the Year 1815 to 1840, with Pre-Emptive and Other Claims
257:
216:. Whiteley returned to the Hokianga with his family. He was soon in conflict with the WMS superintendent at Māngungu,
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546:
450:, leading the rebellion against the Crown's confiscation of land in South Taranaki. A punitive expedition to nearby
1286:
424:
Map drawn in 1920 of the redoubt at Pukearuhe, showing the location of the deaths of the settlers and John Whiteley
333:
313:
was to be built. Education of Māori was recognised as one suitable use of the money. This led to the foundation of
321:
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at odds and seeking arms and ammunition to potentially resolve the conflict. This contributed to the tensions.
1234:
195:. Christianity had already reached Kawhia through the activities of Māori, formerly slaves of the Northland
1156:
Glen, Frank (2018). "Religious Factors in the Taranaki Conflict". In Crawford, John; McGibbon, Ian (eds.).
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was raised to investigate and Whiteley was one of its members. As a result, White was recalled to England.
217:
231:, close to the mouth of the Hokianga, where he set up a new station which he called Newark. The local
325:
1014:
314:
152:
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220:, over his running of the mission. When allegations of impropriety were raised against White, a
142:
209:
309:. Its purpose was to discuss how to best spend money raised through the sale of land on which
270:
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140:, England, John Whiteley was the son of a grocer, James Whiteley, and his wife, Elizabeth
8:
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101:(WMS) in New Zealand, active from his arrival in the country in 1833 up until his death.
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159:. In September the following year, he married Mary Ann née Cooke. Soon afterwards, at
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Collision, Compromise and Conversion During the Wesleyan Hokianga Mission, 1827–1855
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was seeking to agitate the situation in Taranaki, inflamed by the activities of the
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of an area of land known as the Waitara Block. However, Kingi Te Rangitake, another
236:
188:
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Born in England, he came to New Zealand with his wife and initially settled in the
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213:
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116:, where the colonists there had become embroiled in land disputes with the local
57:
117:
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continued to agitate on the issue in writing, to the embarrassment of the WMS.
192:
160:
109:
1225:
1199:
Beyond Betrayal: Trouble in the Promised Land - Restoring the Mission to Māori
1139:
Tangiteroria, Crucible of the Kaipara 1835–54: Missionary Impulse & Impact
212:(CMS) had reached an agreement to end all WMS missions that were south of the
179:, arriving there in May the following year. He was initially based at the WMS
151:, after which he started an apprenticeship as a baker. In 1831, he joined the
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Initially Whiteley settled his family in the mission station just outside of
536:
447:
276:
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cult. Whiteley gave him the name Horopapera, a transliteration of the name
1084:
Dancing with the King: The Rise and Fall of the King Country, 1864–1885
280:
148:
1160:. Wellington, New Zealand: Steele Roberts Aotearoa. pp. 124–144.
228:
175:
Whiteley and his wife left for New Zealand in October 1832 aboard the
32:
1103:
John Whiteley: Land Sovereignty and the Land Wars of the 19th Century
317:
in Auckland a few years later, with Whiteley as one of its trustees.
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land to be registered since some was disputed between rival
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97:(20 July 1806 – 13 February 1869) was a missionary for the
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1220:. New Plymouth, New Zealand: New Plymouth City Council.
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Tutu Te Puehu: New Perspectives on the New Zealand Wars
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missionaries, like himself, who in 1840 had encouraged
1105:. Orewa, New Zealand: Wesley Historical Society (NZ).
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887:
815:
707:
695:
938:
1180:
The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History
1086:. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press.
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1239:. Wellington: George Didsbury, Government Printer.
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605:
1182:. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.
112:for several years. He subsequently worked in the
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1218:The Industrious Heart: A History of New Plymouth
287:. The same year, Whiteley solicited the local
399:Whiteley supported the Government during the
305:(gathering) in 1844 at Remuera, involving 17
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332:, to requisition unpopulated land for the
1201:. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books.
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654:Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
428:On 13 February 1869, a war party of the
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464:of Ngāti Maniapoto and a leader of the
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275:(Māori King Movement) and founded the
269:, who later became a supporter of the
227:In the meantime, Whiteley was sent to
1277:Methodist missionaries in New Zealand
1047:. Ministry for Culture & Heritage
167:, he was ordained into the ministry.
141:
1155:
1065:
1041:"Whiteley Memorial Methodist Church"
1021:. Ministry of Culture & Heritage
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845:
833:
656:. Ministry of Culture & Heritage
261:The Wesleyan Mission at Kawhia, 1849
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542:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
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330:Secretary of State for the Colonies
13:
14:
1313:
547:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
248:
1272:English emigrants to New Zealand
31:
1033:
1007:
359:died, leaving their respective
1292:People murdered in New Zealand
1282:English Methodist missionaries
641:
407:, conflicts with the Taranaki
170:
1:
1075:
127:
1297:Burials at Te Henui Cemetery
1101:Brazendale, Graham (2002) .
1015:"Pukearuhe NZ Wars memorial"
7:
1302:1869 murders in New Zealand
1118:Clover, Gary A. M. (2018).
349:
153:Wesleyan Missionary Society
99:Wesleyan Missionary Society
10:
1318:
1233:Turton, H. Hanson (1882).
1141:. Ruawai: Charford Press.
1122:. Nelson: The Copy Press.
1082:Belgrave, Michael (2017).
155:(WMS) for training in the
1137:Fordyce, Stephen (2009).
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374:Te Teira, of the Ati Awa
210:Church Missionary Society
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65:
39:
30:
23:
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415:
391:and furthermore not all
132:Born on 20 July 1806 at
1287:19th-century Methodists
1216:Tullett, J. S. (1981).
1197:Newman, Keith (2013).
425:
262:
16:New Zealand missionary
437:New Plymouth Cemetery
423:
260:
147:. He was educated at
908:, pp. 136, 142.
836:, pp. 126, 146.
535:Brazendale, Graham.
405:Second Taranaki Wars
322:New Zealand Governor
1068:, pp. 134–135.
1045:New Zealand History
1019:New Zealand History
989:, pp. 234–236.
884:, pp. 374–379.
239:, and Moetara, its
426:
324:was instructed by
320:In 1847, when the
293:Treaty of Waitangi
263:
1208:978-0-143-57051-6
1167:978-0-947493-72-1
1148:978-0-473-15006-8
1129:978-0-473-44050-3
962:, pp. 33–35.
752:, pp. 21–22.
740:, pp. 19–20.
692:, pp. 98–99.
648:Pollock, Kerryn.
602:, pp. 32–33.
590:, pp. 11–13.
157:Wesleyan ministry
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537:"Whiteley, John"
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181:Māngungu Mission
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69:13 February 1869
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484:, in 2003. The
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285:Taranaki region
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138:Nottinghamshire
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122:Ngāti Maniapoto
114:Taranaki region
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458:Rewi Maniapoto
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315:Wesley College
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249:Life in Kawhia
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237:Ngāti Korokoro
189:Māori language
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161:Lambeth Chapel
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73:(aged 62)
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960:Belgrave 2017
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882:McGibbon 2000
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948:Newman 2013
690:Newman 2013
636:Clover 2018
624:Turton 1882
612:Clover 2018
567:Clover 2018
171:New Zealand
124:war party.
1256:Categories
1226:1083744048
1076:References
466:Kīngitanga
448:Tītokowaru
441:Kīngitanga
281:Zerubbabel
277:Pai Mārire
272:Kīngitanga
149:Farnsfield
128:Early life
88:Missionary
85:Occupation
46:1806-07-20
1245:429559433
1111:0110-8522
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472:Legacy
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165:London
110:Kawhia
493:Notes
452:Mokau
416:Death
401:First
334:Crown
222:synod
206:Tonga
118:Māori
1241:OCLC
1222:OCLC
1203:ISBN
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