John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

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into his affinity, nor to maintain them. He was summoned before the King and his council. Mowbray was instructed in how to conduct himself henceforth, and a precise regimen was imposed upon him. Exactly which aspects of Mowbray's behaviour were viewed as problematic is unknown, but since it resulted in unprecedented council-imposed restrictions upon him, his conduct must have been viewed as "abnormal". The ordinances not only dictated the time he should go to bed at night and rise in the morning, but the conditions addressed his demeanour also. His unruly followers were dismissed and replaced with those deemed suitable by Henry VI. Their stated role was to turn Mowbray towards "good reule and good governaunce," and they were not just to guide Mowbray but to report any disobedience of the council's instructions back to that body.

615: 563: 72: 780: 1467: 559:, a situation which repeated itself on the elder Mowbray's death in 1432, leaving Constance and Katherine as the two dowagers. Constance died in 1437, but Mowbray's mother survived until around 1483. Because of this, the historian Rowena Archer—who made one of the few full-length studies of the Mowbray family—described Mowbray as inheriting a "hopeless" and "onerous" legacy. It also had political consequences for the future. As he never held much property in the counties where his inheritance was (only holding, for example, seven of the twenty-six manors held by the Mowbrays in Norfolk and Suffolk), his influence was thus restricted there. 1231: 6067: 6011: 1068: 1375: 6272: 6041: 6031: 6021: 1601:(1662). If this is the case then the "Duke of Norfolk" referred to in the play would be Mowbray. According to J. M. Bromley, the play evokes "the similarities between poaching and treason", and the anonymous author deliberately links this Duke of Norfolk to both. Rudolph Fiehler noted how Blague's service to the duke was very much based upon the unsavoury characteristics of "cowardice, poaching and thievery". It has further been suggested that his comic catchphrase was deliberately intended to invoke 6590: 394:, who by the 1450s felt excluded from government, grew belligerent. He rebelled twice, and both times Mowbray defended King Henry. Eventually, Mowbray drifted towards York, with whom he shared enmity towards de la Pole. For much of the decade, Mowbray was able to evade direct involvement in the fractious political climate, and aligned with York early in 1460 until York's death later that year. In March 1461, Mowbray was instrumental in 6078: 6051: 348:, alongside whom Mowbray would later campaign in France. He seems to have had an unruly and rebellious youth. Although the details of his misconduct are unknown, they were severe enough for the King to place strictures upon him and separate him from his followers. Mowbray's early career was spent in the military, where he held the wartime office of Earl Marshal. Later he led the defence of England's possessions in 697:

with others. By the time of his majority, de la Pole—with his links to central government and the King—was an established power in the region. He hindered Mowbray's attempts at regional domination for over a decade, leading to a feud that stretched from the moment Mowbray became Duke of Norfolk to the murder of de la Pole in 1450. The feud was often violent, and led to fighting between their followers. In 1435,

1647:, the marshalcy was one of the two great military officers of the medieval English crown, and has also been described as being of the "utmost importance in matters of ceremony and frequently involved questions of precedence", as well as being responsible for the marshalling of parliament. Archer notes, however, that "specific instances of the earl undertaking tasks arising from his office are extremely rare". 1536:. He appears in act I, scene I, and act II, scene II as a supporter of the Duke of York; the first time just after the Battle of St Albans, and is portrayed "conspicuously associated with opposition." This is ahistorical, as Mowbray was still loyal to King Henry at this point. His second appearance in the play is at the Battle of Towton. The play has been adapted for the screen several times. In the 1960 932:. It was this lack of political connections (specifically, his exclusion from the King's council) that led to his defeat against de la Pole. Mowbray was unsuccessful in influencing local commissions and in nominating parliamentary candidates for shire elections. In any case, the county of Norfolk already possessed a strong and relatively independent layer of wealthy gentry, including the Pastons, the 799:. This found against Mowbray, who had to pay Wingfield 3,500 marks as compensation for the damage the duke caused to Letheringham. He also had to recompense Wingfield for Hoo before he could get it back. It was presumably as part of these proceedings that Mowbray suffered his second bout of imprisonment in the Tower, which commenced on 28 August 1444; he was released six days later. 1117:, on hearing that Wentworth "cast it down and fled" the battlefield. Whatever part, if any, Mowbray played in the fighting, by now contemporaries viewed him as being sympathetic to York. It is likely that Mowbray was deliberately vacillating. He did not attend York's victory parliament in 1455, and might have gone on pilgrimage: he is known to have walked to 1791:, author of the most recent study of Calais as it stood in the fifteenth century, "As the last foothold of English kings on the continental mainland, Calais became the focus of the crown's military and diplomatic efforts to assert its pretensions to the French throne," and that, "despite its importance in the English wool export trade, Calais was 1839:.... Bastard feudal lords were expected to support their retainers in their just causes" and that this could mean that "the lord backed his man in all his quarrels, just or not, took his side, if necessarily backed him by force and/or in the courts, and was ultimately drawn into conflict with his opponent's lord". 1786:

Calais had been an English possession since 1347. Although economically and industrially it was little different to other towns on the north-French coast, for the English its greatest advantage lay in its location as the nearest good harbour to England. Even before 1347 Edward III had spent much time

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William de la Pole entered East Anglian political society in 1431, after fifteen years of campaign in France. His increasing power in East Anglia, which so often thwarted Mowbray's ambitions, was not confined to regional politics. Under a weak King such as Henry VI, de la Pole "virtually governed the

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played an important role in coronations. Like his predecessors, as Earl Marshal Mowbray officiated the coronation of Edward IV on 28 June 1461. Within two months he received several lucrative offices. Public order was a problem from the beginning of the King's reign, and East Anglia was no exception.

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Ralph Griffiths has suggested that when Archbishop John Kemp died in 1453, it may have been in part because of the bullying and threats he had been subjected to, most "notably by Norfolk himself". One modern historian has attributed much of Suffolk's success in the region, which antagonised Mowbray,

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The King and Queen still had the support of much of the nobility and withdrew to the north to commence a campaign of ravaging York and the Nevilles' estates. This forced York, Salisbury and Rutland, to move north on 9 December to suppress the Lancastrians. Mowbray remained in London with Salisbury's

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jury to examine the murder, but the case stalled. Scrope petitioned the King on the basis that Mowbray's proceedings were "inaccurate and inherently malicious," and as a result, the King ordered that proceedings against Scrope's men cease. At least five of the thirteen jurors were Mowbray retainers.

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For Mowbray, East Anglia as the focus of his landed authority was forced upon him since this was where the majority of his estates were located: much of his Lincolnshire inheritance was held by his mother as dower. He was then a newcomer to political society in the region, and had to share influence

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De la Pole fought back with what one contemporary labelled "greet hevyng an shoving." He was successful in doing so. Within a couple of years, Mowbray could not protect his retainers as he had previously done. A Paston letter tells how Robert Wingfield, who was involved in a bitter dispute with one

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described Mowbray as a "disreputable thug", while Richmond concludes that he was "cavalier with the rights of others to a safe life and a secure livelihood". Richmond writes that while "many medieval aristocrats were irresponsible men ... Mowbray's individuality lay in the thoroughness of his

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York returned from exile in October 1460, and much to the frustration of his allies, made claim to the throne. Mowbray's reaction is uncertain as the chroniclers omit mention of him, but some historians note how Mowbray sided with them during the Yorkists' return from exile. The exact cause of his

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The King was urged "to take about his noble person his true blood of his royal realm, that is to say, the high and mighty prince the Duke of York, exiled from our sovereign lord's person by the noising of the false traitor the Duke of Suffolk and his affinity. Also to take about him his person the

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estates. Even his father—after he became duke of Norfolk and inherited his mother's East Anglian dower lands—was often an absentee lord. Mowbray's father was thus never able to establish a sizeable (or "particularly coherent") regional following there, and this was the situation Mowbray inherited.

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As a young adult, Mowbray appears to have been raucous and troublesome, and surrounded himself with equally unruly followers. This seems to have drawn the King's attention: Mowbray had only recently—with the other lords—sworn an oath in parliament not to recruit or welcome villains and wrong-doers

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the following month. The Duke of York feared that the purpose of this council was to destroy him; several chroniclers of the day suggest that Somerset was poisoning the King's mind against York. The duke and his Neville allies proceeded to raise an army from their northern estates. The King and a

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described Mowbray's "methods of argument" as exceptionally belligerent. According to Storey the duke "brought a force of men, with cannon and other siege engines, battered Wingfield's house at Letheringham, forced an entry, ransacked the building and removed valuables amounting to nearly £5,000."

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During the 1450s, English politics become increasingly partisan and factional, with intermittent rises in violence and local disorder. Jack Cade's rebellion in 1450—directly aimed at royal favourites like de la Pole—explicitly named Mowbray as one of the King's "natural counsellors" necessary to

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In 1443, Somerset was promoted from earl to duke and received not only an annuity but precedence over Mowbray in the peerage. In fact, although Mowbray (according to Michael Hicks) "prided himself on being royal himself", two other royal dukes were also created in the 1440s, apart from Suffolk

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Mowbray transferred command to Howard, knowing that time was of the essence for the Yorkists and while he was with them, his soldiers could only march as quickly as he could. If Mowbray was ill, then it is unlikely that he fought personally; Boardman observed that "a sick man would never have

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were used during negotiations between the two camps. It is uncertain at what point Mowbray joined the battle, or if he even reached the King in time to take part. The fighting lasted only a short time, and though there were very few fatalities among the soldiery, Henry Percy, the 2nd Earl of

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when Mowbray was with the King. For his service, he received £200 and a gold cup. York may have abandoned the alliance because of his objection to Mowbray's violent behaviour in East Anglia at a time when York was presenting himself as a candidate of law and order. Mowbray's campaign against

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the throne. The following day—indicating the urgency for resolution felt by the Yorkists by this stage—Mowbray was sent to East Anglia to "prepare for the war on the party of King Edward". The Lancastrian army had returned to the north where, on 29 March 1461, York and Lancaster met at the

1992:, omits the last years of the reign. Beadle suggests that, for the Norfolk composer of the verses, "one reason for his not wanting to remember them might be the uncertain allegiance of the Duke of Norfolk, who had at various times supported and distanced himself from the Yorkist cause." 752:, Mowbray's influence "proved woefully inadequate" to protect and defend his retainers and tenants to the degree they could reasonably expect from their lord. It was his supporters' misfortune, one historian has said, that "Norfolk's power never matched the status attributed to him". 701:, Mowbray's steward of Framlingham, led a group of Mowbray retainers who murdered James Andrew, one of de la Pole's men. When local aldermen attempted to arrest Wingfield's party, the latter rained arrow fire upon the aldermen, but Mowbray secured royal pardons for those responsible. 1079:

Following the collapse of the 1454–55 protectorate, the Yorkist lords retreated to their estates, and Mowbray distanced himself from factional politics. An uneasy peace existed between the court and the Yorkists until April 1455, when the King summoned a Great Council to meet at

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in Suffolk, but the local importance of the duke weakened his grasp. Mowbray clashed with de la Pole, and committed many illegalities doing so. These included damaging property of rivals, assaults, false allegations of outlawry (with confiscation of goods), and even murder.

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Mowbray arrived late but at a crucial point of the battle. His prolonged absence after a day's bitter fighting must have been a worry for the Yorkists, especially as they may have thought him up to a day's march away. Mowbray's absence presented an acute problem for them;

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to meet him there "with as many clenly people as ye may get"), and may have travelled into London with York, who had also recruited locally. Thus, when he arrived for the parliament it was with a large, heavily armed force. Mowbray was appointed, with the Duke of York and

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says of the second Duke of Norfolk, he "spent a considerable proportion of the years between 1415 and 1425 serving in France, but that on his periodic returns to England, he seems to have visited East Anglia relatively rarely, dividing his time instead between London and

988:. York canvassed Mowbray for support, as he was one of the few nobles openly critical of the court. For the former, this was a logical alliance as Mowbray was as bitter an enemy of Somerset as York was. Mowbray gathered his forces at Ipswich on 8 November (having ordered 802:

In June 1446 Henry Howard, one of Mowbray's father's retainer, was murdered. He was visiting his sister-in-law (and Mowbray's aunt), Margaret Mowbray, at the time, as her house was only five miles (8.0 km) away. Howard's killers appear to have been retainers of

724:), he received no other significant offices or patronage from the crown. A recent biographer of Mowbray's, the historian Colin Richmond, has described this as Mowbray's "eclipse". Richmond suggests that soon after his last imprisonment in 1449, Mowbray undertook a 1422:. His mother, Katherine Duchess of Norfolk lived until 1483. She had already taken two more husbands during Mowbray's lifetime, and, after Mowbray's death, took a fourth husband, the much younger John Woodville, a younger brother of Queen Elizabeth Woodville. 1187:

puts it down almost solely to Mowbray's failure to improve his position in Norfolk under Henry, while Castor points to the October 1460 Yorkist parliament being the turning point for Mowbray: possibly he believed that the attempted settlement contained in the

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Robert Lyston, "procured and exited the wurthi prince the Duke of Norffolk to putte oute ageyn the seid Robert Lyston" from the latter's Suffolk manors. Lyston, with de la Pole's support, repeatedly sued Wingfield until in 1441 Wingfield was imprisoned in the

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survived such a strength-sapping ordeal, especially a noble in armour-plate." If his contingent was tasked with bringing up Yorkist artillery, which would have further slowed them down and they may have abandoned armoury en route to increase their speed.

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By the early 1450s, Mowbray believed that East Anglia was his to rule, and described himself as the "princypall rewle and governance throw all this schir" (i.e. that his was the "principal rule and governance through all this shire"). In the late 1440s,

1581:, Mowbray does not appear as a character on stage, but the comical figure Blague repeatedly claims that: "I serve the good Duke of Norfolk." Exactly what period the play is set is the subject debate among scholars. Suggestions range from the reign of 383:. His enemies, particularly de la Pole, also resorted to violent tactics. As a result, the local gentry looked to Mowbray for leadership, but often in vain; de la Pole was a powerful local force and a favourite of the King, while Mowbray was neither. 1183:

change of loyalty is unknown. Colin Richmond argues that the Lancastrian defeat at Northampton in June 1460 was fundamental, and Mowbray lost friends and colleagues. It is possible that King Henry's capture there encouraged him to desert the King.

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to release a man charged with murder into Mowbray's custody. According to the gaoler's later report, he had done so but only out of "fear and terror" of the Duke of Norfolk. Mowbray spent much of the early 1450s hunting down de la Pole's affinity.

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For the good rewle and governaunce of my lord of Northfolk beyng in the Kynges ward, it semeth expedient that he as wele as tho that shall be a boute hys person kepe and observe as hit towcheth hem severally the rewle comprised in tharticles undir

1171:. The Nevilles returned to England in June 1460. They were admitted into London, where they could plan an assault on the King's army, then based in Northampton. On 10 July the Yorkist army under Warwick and March defeated the royalist army at the 641:. The expedition, in which Mowbray provided a contingent, was "one of the largest English armies assembled during the fifteenth century." The campaign was a success, and Burgundy was forced to withdraw. On 13 September that year, Mowbray received 1332:

And about four o'clock at night the two battles joined and fought all night till on the morrow in the afternoon. About noon the aforesaid John, Duke of Norfolk, with a fresh band of good men of war came to the aid of the newly elected King

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The removal of de la Pole did not advance Mowbray's power in East Anglia. He still had rivals in the region with wealth and court connections. The Earl of Oxford in particular wished to extend his landholdings from Essex into Suffolk, while

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in the first year of the reign. This was despite the support of the King, and the backing of John Howard in the shires. Howard was by now one of Mowbray's senior retainers—described as Mowbray's "right well-beloved cousin and servant"—and

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of 500 marks for the head of a Mowbray retainer. In November 1443, Mowbray was bound over for £2,000 to keep the peace with Wingfield and instructed to appear before the royal council the following April. The council ordered them to seek

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Briefly joined the Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.

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troops; the army recently raised to fight at St Alban's had been dispersed and this would require re-mustering. It is likely that—since he died only a few months later—Mowbray was too ill to keep up with the main Yorkist force.

1042:, attacking his failure to prevent the loss of the "two so noble Duchies of Normandy and Guyenne" in France. Somerset was imprisoned in the Tower for the next year. In April 1454, Mowbray was asked to join the York's regency 1763:

Since the next parliament was in October 1435. Rowena Archer considers this "proof that at a critical moment there was no substitute for the personal, determined stance of an adult lord" when it came to defending a family's

997:, to maintain law and order in the City of London for the duration of the parliament, though his retinue caused as much trouble as it prevented. On 1 December, they joined with York's force and attacked Somerset's house in 594:(receiving special permission to attend as a minor). Mowbray—"in a rather remarkable decision," says Archer—lost the case. Maltravers, though, died in May 1435 and so was never summoned to parliament under his new title. 857:), and started breaking into Mowbray's retainers' houses in the area. Mowbray requested that a commission of oyer and terminer be organised to investigate Wingfield and Brandon, which was issued in late December 1447. 1712:

The legal concept of dower had existed since the late twelfth century as a means of protecting a woman from being left landless if her husband died first. He would, when they married, assign certain estates to her—a

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John Fastolf's adversaries were always in the affinity of the Duke of Suffolk, and Fastolf spent a lot of time and more money on prosecuting them; likewise, Mowbray was "the lord to whom Fastolf usually turned" for

1005:. Two days later the King and his magnates rode through London with up to 10,000 men; Mowbray rode ahead with a force of 3,000. The display was carefully designed to quell any remnants of support for Cade's rebels. 1010:

Certayn notable knyghtis and squyers of this countee theer to have comonyngs with your good Lordshep (the earl of Oxford) for the sad rule and governaunce of this counte, (Norfolk) wych standyth ryght indisposed.

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believes that honour was clearly important to Mowbray, as his pursuit of Somerset (for that duke's abject performance in France) shows. Likewise, as Earl Marshal, he must have possessed a firm understanding of

877:, according to Richmond, committed "one outrage after another the duke was either unable to control them, or chose not to do so". Mowbray used any means to defeat his opponents, including charging them with 2029:

considers it "impossible" that Edward would not have gathered artillery while in London, however, subsequent archaeological excavation has not uncovered any sign at all of their presence on the battlefield.

5732: 890:... after the dethe of Henri Howard the sessions of pees were at Gippeswiche the Saturday next after Trinity Sunday last passed there being oure right trusty and right welbeloved cousin the Duc of Norff 869:, which had broken out the previous year. The region continued to experience disorder, and Mowbray's men were responsible for much of it. The unrest included the destruction of properties belonging to 708:

for the significant amount of £10,000, and confined to living within the royal Household, preventing him from returning to seek revenge in East Anglia. Likewise, apart from an appointment to

759:, who was close to de la Pole. Mowbray was bound over on 2 July 1440 for the "enormous" sum of 10,000 marks, had to reside in the King's household, while swearing no further harm to Heydon. 660:

in 1438, leading an expedition to strengthen their defences as Burgundy still presented a threat. Although he shortly after returned to England, in June 1439 he was again back in Calais, at

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York felt increasingly isolated from court, even though he was the King's closest blood relation, and was, at the time, the royal heir. However, Suffolk's fall merely led to the rise of

1741:. Edmund died in 1408; his wife then became the fourth dowager on the inheritance, and, there being no male heirs, it was broken up and divided amongst them and Edmund's five sisters. 505:

For the benefit of the Duke of Norfolk as the King's ward, it is expedient that he and those with him obey the rules written below as far as he and his followers are affected by them

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From the fourteenth century, concerned at "the potential loss of resources, in terms of men, valuables, currency and horses", the English governments tried to control pilgrimage, ("

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The Chronicles of the White Rose of York: A Series of Historical Fragments, Proclamations, Letters, and Other Contemporary Documents Relating to the Reign of King Edward the Fourth

865:, another enemy of de la Pole, sought Mowbray's "good Lordship". In 1451 Mowbray and de Vere collaborated in the county of Suffolk while investigating suspected participants in 1311:

had almost certainly set in on both sides by the time Mowbray's troops arrived on the eastern edge of the battlefield. A contemporary chronicler described the situation thus

1212:, marched north to intercept the approaching Lancastrians. Mowbray brought King Henry with them. The armies clashed on 17 February 1461 outside St Albans, where the Yorkists 1442:. The couple appears to have shared a close bond: while travelling in 1451, Mowbray supposedly dispensed with his retinue to enjoy, according to Colin Richmond, "a private 1255:. It was to be one of the longest and bloodiest battles fought on British soil, and "fought in bitter Yorkshire weather and no less bitter spirit", according to historian 721: 555:, the elder Mowbray's mother Elizabeth Fitzalan (until her death in 1425), and his sister-in-law, Constance Holland. They each held a third of the inheritance as their 1721:

of. By the fifteenth century, the widow was deemed entitled to her dower. The situation the Mowbray heirs experienced was not uncommon in the late middle ages. The

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on 30 December. York, Rutland and Salisbury, died in or soon after the battle. The Queen's army made its way south towards London. Mowbray, Warwick and his brother

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Mowbray's personal and political situation did not improve over the following decade. Between 1440 and 1441 he was imprisoned in the Tower following a dispute with

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Ross, J. A. (2011). "'Mischieviously Slewen": John, Lord Scrope, the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, and the Murder of Henry Howard in 1446". In Kleineke, H. (ed.).

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So did The White Lion full worthily he wrought, Almighty Jesus bless his soul, that their armies taught. Blessed be the time, that God ever spread that flower!

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describes them, by four o'clock in the afternoon, as doomed without him. There must have been much messaging between Edward and Mowbray throughout the day, but

894:... at the wyche tyme the said Duc as it is said seing that he might not doo endite the said lord Scrop nor noone of his maynee for the dethe of the said Howard 1362:, turning them left. His arrival both reinvigorated the Yorkist army and crushed Lancastrian morale with his surprise attack and led rapidly to a Lancastrian 1216:. Mowbray and Warwick abandoned the King to his wife and her supporters, and retreated to London before the victorious Lancastrian army could reach the city. 1049:

The King recovered his health early in 1455 and the protectorate came to an end. Somerset was released from the Tower and as a result, according to historian

4260: 402:, bringing reinforcements late in the combat. He was rewarded by the new regime but did not live to enjoy it. He died in November 1461, and was succeeded as 2017:

notes that this was in spite of his family relationship with York. His cousins also attended the Coventry parliament and likewise took the oath to Henry VI.

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This may have been recognised by Mowbray's contemporaries, particularly those from his own area. Some fifteenth-century political verses in the archives of

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become increasingly powerful, both at court and in the region, and was Mowbray's biggest rival. Mowbray had enough political clout in the 1430s to control

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were killed. They were not only three of the King's most loyal supporters, but Percy and Somerset at least were bitter enemies of the Nevilles and York.

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The Howard family at this time has been described by one modern historian as "one of the wealthiest and most prestigious gentry lines in England", and

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with his own chaplain, then attend morning mass. A similar pattern was to be repeated in the evening, with prayers to the Virgin before a 10 pm curfew.

1156:, and on 11 December 1459 Mowbray took an oath of loyalty to keep Henry VI on the throne. He received several royal commissions in the final months of 786:, still remarkably preserved in 2008, was Mowbray's East Anglian headquarters, from where he directed many of the attacks on his rivals and opponents. 6295: 689: 1504:

to Mowbray's "crass incompetence" and that he was "ineffectual" in assisting those who expected to rely on the protection of a lord of his stature.

375:. Mowbray prosecuted his feuds with vigour, often taking the law into his own hands. This often violent approach drew the disapproving attention of 1989: 1788: 1387:

Mobs rampaged during that year's parliamentary elections. Norfolk may have encouraged this; he is certainly a candidate for ordering the murder of

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By 1440, de la Pole was a royal favourite. He instigated Mowbray's imprisonment on at least two occasions: in 1440 and in 1448. The first saw him

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There was a religious focus to this regimen. Specific restrictions on Mowbray included having to rise between 6 am and 7 am each morning, attend

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Rose, J. A. (2006). "Litigation and Political Conflict in Fifteenth-Century East Anglia: Conspiracy and Attaint Actions and Sir John Fastolf".

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Kenny, G. (2003). "The Power of Dower: The Importance of Dower in the Lives of Medieval Women in Ireland". In Meek, C.; Lawless, C. (eds.).

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to "Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk", Mowbray's grandfather. Falstaff is commonly considered to be a fictional representation of either Sir

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for a one-year term. He had little experience of the north of England, yet was paid wartime wages of £5,000 to campaign against the Scots.

1971:. The alliance had begun sometime in the early 1450s, and had been cemented during the protectorate when York had appointed Salisbury his 5946: 4219:

Archer, R. E. (1995). "Parliamentary Restoration: John Mowbray and the Dukedom of Norfolk in 1425". In Archer, R. E.; Walker, S. (eds.).

994: 1988:, composed between the Battle of Towton and November 1461, describe the period of Henry VI's reign up until the 1450s, but according to 6649: 6191: 5332:

Richmond, C. (2005). "East Anglian Politics and Society in the Fifteenth Century: Reflections, 1956–2003". In Harper-Bill, C. (ed.).

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country". According to Roger Virgo, Mowbray was "forced into a position of inferiority, even humiliation" by de la Pole's dominance.

6669: 5602: 2042:(John Howard's father) had married Mowbray's aunt, Margaret some years before. Robert had long been a member of Mowbray's father's 1873: 98: 4996: 2005:

had been lost to the Turks in the thirteenth century, and by the fifteenth was considered an "unusual activity" for English lords.

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The arbitration did not resolve their feud, and in 1447 Wingfield returned to the attack. Along with another ex-Mowbray retainer,

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and March. York and Salisbury's expedition ended in disaster. Choosing to engage a Lancastrian army outside the duke's castle at

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Bogner, G. (2006). "Alchemists, Pirates, and Pilgrims: Towards a Revised Model of English Knighthood in the Lancastrian Era".

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Mowbray did not live long enough to benefit from the Yorkist victory. He died on 6 November 1461, aged 45, and was buried at

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of his inheritance, and immediately began a busy period devoted to royal service. In 1437, possibly because of Gloucester's

6624: 6350: 6345: 6300: 6116: 6111: 5916: 5899: 1934: 1451: 1419: 1278:, as such not part of the main army, and were intending to join with it later. He was still not with Warwick's and March's 826:, he assaulted, robbed and threatened Mowbray's staff. Mowbray—as Justice of the Peace for Suffolk—ordered him to keep the 419: 407: 325: 281: 259: 5555:

Smith, A. (1984). "Litigation and Politics: Sir John Fastolf's Defence of his English Property". In Pollard, A. J. (ed.).

4145: 1234:

Yorkist and Lancastrian positions at the Battle of Towton, showing the attack of Norfolk's force on the Lancastrian flank.

6405: 6310: 6226: 6216: 1455: 771:

manor. Wingfield had received Hoo from Mowbray's father, but Mowbray wanted it returned. The dispute fell into violence;

579: 571: 109: 6236: 6141: 5882: 1730: 1556: 1439: 816:

This may have been the only occasion on which Mowbray personally sat on a local King's Bench commission as the hearing

6360: 6201: 6196: 6146: 6136: 5810: 5793: 4729: 1447: 981: 956: 870: 862: 391: 367:

Mowbray's marriage to Eleanor Bourchier in the early 1430s drew him into the highly partisan and complex politics of

2055:

She outlived all her Mowbray descendants, and as a result, no Mowbray duke of Norfolk received his full inheritance.

1085:

small force left London on 20 May; the Yorkists approached from the north with a speed calculated to surprise. In a

853:) of Mowbray. This order too was ignored, and they stayed at Letheringham (only five miles from Mowbray's castle at 6305: 6285: 6126: 1930: 1856:'s father) married Mowbray's aunt, Margaret some years before. Robert had long been a member of Mowbray's father's 1853: 1734: 1726: 1466: 1271: 1039: 6571: 6131: 5939: 4704: 1725:

inheritance had been more or less the same for the previous eighty years, but when the last Holland Earl of Kent

1554:. In 1965 the BBC again adapted the history plays for television, this time based on the 1963 theatre production 1184: 873:. The Duke of Suffolk himself fell from power and was murdered in April 1450. In the following years, Mowbray's 614: 6659: 6531: 6231: 1644: 1431: 744:—in one of the latter's many lawsuits 1441, and was able to impose an advantageous settlement (for Fastolf) in 1848:

The Howard family were described as "one of the wealthiest and most prestigious gentry lines in England", and

1750:

The precise date of Katherine Neville's death is unknown, but she is known to have attended the coronation of

740:

to quash Wingfield's fines; but Mowbray's success was fleeting. Mowbray was more successful in his support of

672:. Possibly Mowbray disapproved of royal foreign policy, which was then aimed at making peace with the French. 547:, but not yet his father's lands or titles. Mowbray's father lacked full control of his estates, as they were 6505: 6425: 6330: 6256: 6121: 320:

who, despite having a relatively short political career, played a significant role in the early years of the

71: 6654: 6410: 6335: 1172: 562: 451: 345: 4183:

Archer, R. E. (1984a). "Rich Old Ladies: The Problem of Late Medieval Dowagers". In Pollard, A. J. (ed.).

566:

Mowbray's 1433 petition to parliament over the lordship of Arundel and the right to the earldom of Arundel

6546: 6465: 6206: 6151: 6106: 5837: 5827: 1577: 1347: 823: 650: 57: 5512: 5252:

Pollard, A. J. (2011). "The People and Parliament in Fifteenth-Century England". In Kleineke, H. (ed.).

4728:

Given-Wilson, C.; Brand, P.; Phillips, S.; Ormrod, M.; Martin, G.; Curry, A.; Horrox, R., eds. (2005b).

4703:

Given-Wilson, C.; Brand, P.; Phillips, S.; Ormrod, M.; Martin, G.; Curry, A.; Horrox, R., eds. (2005a).

1029:

Mowbray's alliance with York was intermittent. York again rebelled in 1452, confronting a royal army at

949:

reform the realm. Even so, Mowbray was part of a major royal army which eventually defeated the rebels.

570:

Immediately after his father's death, Mowbray made claim to the earldom of Arundel, setting him against

6593: 6430: 6325: 6166: 5932: 4152: 1700: 1213: 838: 357: 230: 202: 4261:"Chaucer [married names Phelip, Montagu, de la Pole], Alice, duchess of Suffolk(c. 1404–1475)" 1397:

Even though Mowbray supported the Yorkist regime, he met with strong opposition from the East Anglian

1144:. The Yorkists escaped into exile. Mowbray had taken neither side, but with the Yorkists exiled, when 6639: 6495: 6400: 6380: 6181: 1832: 1671: 1510: 1090: 1754:

in June 1483; Rowena Archer places her death as occurring at Epworth "in the late summer" that year.

1075:; both Mowbray and his arch-enemy Suffolk were imprisoned here at different stages of their careers. 438:. The younger Mowbray was born on 12 September 1415 while his father was in France campaigning with 6556: 6500: 6470: 5998: 5031:

Kaufman, A. L. (2004). "To Write: Sir Thomas Malory and his Cautionary Narrative of Legitimation".

2014: 1565: 1256: 1238:

The Lancastrian army marched on London, but were refused entry. On 3 March 1461 Mowbray attended a

1141: 866: 131: 120: 1179:

describes Mowbray as "more likely to have observed from a safe distance than participated" in it.

6664: 6634: 6629: 6450: 6340: 1480: 1458:. The son was seventeen when his father died in 1461, and inherited the estate four years later. 1164: 989: 756: 5458:

The Fifteenth Century X: Parliament, Personalities and Power. Papers Presented to Linda S. Clark

5254:

The Fifteenth Century X: Parliament, Personalities and Power. Papers Presented to Linda S. Clark

4963: 779: 470:

to the benefit of the crown, at a time when the government was in dire need of cash, due to the

6644: 6551: 6490: 6475: 6395: 6246: 6036: 2039: 1849: 1751: 1286:

in late March. There are different explanations for the delay. He may have faced difficulty in

1239: 630: 455: 4486:

The King, the Crown, and the Duchy of Lancaster: Public Authority and Private Power, 1399–1461

1906:, she married William de la Pole sometime between 1430 and 1432 as her third and last husband. 6510: 6435: 6390: 6066: 6010: 5966: 1528: 1434:, and Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Buckingham. Eleanor was the sister of his successor as 1137: 619: 591: 471: 361: 353: 148: 5235:

North-Eastern England during the Wars of the Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450-1500

1627:—or possibly an amalgamation of the two—both of whom are variously associated with Mowbray. 940:. They were eager to augment their positions at the expense of a neighbour, even if a lord. 6619: 6614: 6541: 6485: 6046: 1247: 1145: 817: 395: 5496:

The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France and Lord of Ireland

1163:

The Nevilles and Earl of March spent their exile in Calais, while York and his other son,

1093:. Mowbray managed to avoid involvement in the fighting, even though, as Earl Marshal, his 8: 6420: 6091: 6006: 5692:

Virgoe, R. (1997). "Three Suffolk Parliamentary Elections of the mid-Fifteenth Century".

1582: 1572: 1533: 1243: 1205: 998: 874: 837:, but three hours later Brandon broke him out of prison. Mowbray successfully applied to 447: 341: 308: 43: 4666: 1946:

York held lands in over twenty English counties, mostly in the north of England and the

1733:(who died childless), in 1404, the estates had to support the dowers of Edmund's mother 6271: 6061: 6040: 6030: 6020: 5971: 5890: 5179: 2002: 1877: 1471: 1274:, his cousin and retainer. Mowbray's army may have constituted elements of the Yorkist 1157: 1086: 1050: 1046:, and although he swore loyalty to York's government, claimed to be too ill to attend. 1034:

Somerset, meanwhile, continued unabated. In 1453, with the King incapacitated and York

1002: 854: 807:; who may have actively abetted the killing. On 18 June 1446 Mowbray oversaw the 783: 737: 483: 439: 94: 790:

Wingfield deserted Mowbray in light of the continuing attacks over Hoo, and offered a

6460: 6445: 6415: 6086: 5955: 5768: 5716: 5713:

The Livery Collar in Late Medieval England and Wales: Politics, Identity and Affinity

5697: 5680: 5657: 5638: 5579: 5560: 5541: 5499: 5480: 5461: 5442: 5423: 5404: 5387: 5356: 5337: 5295: 5276: 5257: 5238: 5219: 5200: 5183: 5152: 5133: 5114: 5095: 5076: 5057: 5040: 4980: 4948: 4929: 4910: 4891: 4872: 4853: 4834: 4815: 4796: 4777: 4758: 4689: 4672: 4651: 4634: 4603: 4584: 4565: 4546: 4527: 4508: 4489: 4470: 4451: 4432: 4413: 4396: 4373: 4354: 4335: 4318: 4224: 4207: 4188: 2066: 1835:

notes that "Bastard Feudalism existed for the mutual advantage of lords and retainers

1675: 1602: 1359: 1322: 1287: 1140:. Salisbury won that battle but was defeated soon after with the Duke of York at the 1118: 1062: 1035: 929: 745: 713: 479: 387: 386:

As law and order collapsed in eastern England, national politics became increasingly

321: 316:(12 September 1415 – 6 November 1461) was a fifteenth-century English 254: 197: 4562:

Medieval Market Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200–1500

1787:

attempting to build alliances with the town burghers, although unsuccessfully. Says

1132:

After four years of peace, the civil war resumed in September 1459 when the Yorkist

642: 486:

for £2,000. By March 1434, Anne had arranged for Mowbray's marriage to her daughter

6480: 6455: 6440: 6355: 5656:. The History of Valois Burgundy (New ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 5379: 5175: 4626: 4310: 4301:

Beadle, R. (2002). "Fifteenth-century Political Verses From the Holkham Archives".

1960: 1903: 1881: 1607: 1491: 1487: 1266:

mentions that "every town hath waged and sent forth." Mowbray left East Anglia via

1259:. On Mowbray's advice, Edward followed the Lancastrian army north with a new army. 1252: 1225: 1122: 1114: 882: 741: 709: 698: 669: 638: 629:

In August 1436 Mowbray accompanied the Duke of Gloucester on a campaign to relieve

435: 399: 271: 207: 5755: 5625: 5023: 4648:

Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from the Battle of Towton AD 1461

1406:

of Norfolk. By November, however, he had been arrested by the new Yorkist regime.

1001:. The battle led to the beleaguered duke seeking refuge in the Tower of London in 6221: 5906: 5867: 2064:

Mowbray's grandfather Thomas, 1st Duke of Norfolk, also appears in Shakespeare's

2026: 1972: 1950:, but he held a significant swathe of manors around the Suffolk / Norfolk border. 1696: 1605:, one of Shakespeare's best-known characters, for the audience. In Shakespeare's 1542: 1435: 1415: 1304: 1110: 1072: 916: 831: 791: 733: 634: 459: 403: 380: 173: 105: 53: 1230: 6566: 6561: 6536: 6385: 6072: 5671:

Virgoe, R. (1980). "The murder of James Andrew: Suffolk faction in the 1430s".

5151:. English Historical Documents. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 2310: 2308: 2306: 1722: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1551: 1308: 1279: 1263: 1176: 1021: 842: 466:

1,667). Until his majority, the Mowbray lands were administered by the English

5503: 5383: 5311: 4630: 4239: 1919:

as the new royal favourite, further eclipsing the duke. York resorted to arms.

1378:

The ruins of Thetford Priory, Norfolk, in 2006, where John Mowbray was buried.

6608: 6526: 6266: 5684: 5583: 5391: 5187: 5044: 4676: 4638: 4467:

The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509

4400: 4221:

Rulers and Ruled in Late Medieval England: Essays Presented to Gerald Harriss

4211: 3460: 2043: 1947: 1857: 1594: 1483: 1201: 1189: 933: 127: 116: 5593:

The Holland family, Dukes of Exeter, Earls of Kent and Huntingdon, 1352–1475

4322: 2303: 963:, the Duke of Norfolk ... and he shall be the richest Christian king." 6280: 6241: 5800: 1985: 1773: 1624: 1383: 937: 881:

in another county without their knowledge, and then seizing their goods as

772: 768: 749: 705: 602: 598: 544: 313: 225: 65: 1893:

At some point before 1461, Brandon married Wingfield's daughter Elizabeth.

728:

to Rome; a licence for him to do so had been granted three years earlier.

5872: 5694:

East Anglian Society and the Political Community of Late Medieval England

1586: 1043: 984:

in Autumn 1450—Mowbray took York's side against the new royal favourite,

925: 827: 808: 796: 681: 574:, who had also made claim. This was an old dispute. Mowbray's father and 548: 443: 368: 333: 184: 1374: 1053:, Mowbray may have ("quite rightly" he says) feared for his own safety. 6251: 6077: 6050: 5976: 1590: 1295: 1067: 968: 725: 475: 337: 1443: 6016: 4314: 2001:

Although the latter may have been more unlikely due to the fact that

1593:

places it in the reign of Henry VI, basing his conclusion in part on

1283: 1275: 1267: 1153: 1126: 1081: 850: 665: 661: 646: 467: 379:, and he was bound over for massive sums and imprisoned twice in the 376: 5924: 4086: 3795: 1246:, organised a small group of Yorkist loyalists, and agreed to offer 657: 6026: 4812:

The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558

1515: 1149: 1030: 349: 3307: 442:. Mowbray was seventeen at his father's death and still legally a 3544: 3542: 1403: 1388: 812: 717: 552: 431: 317: 266: 4727: 4702: 3466: 2314: 332:. He inherited his titles upon his father's death in 1432. As a 5576:

The High Court of Chivalry: A Study of the Civil Law in England

5557:

Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History

4185:

Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History

4017: 2070:, but is a far more pivotal character with a much greater role. 1718: 1692: 1495: 1398: 1168: 1094: 1017: 912: 878: 543:

On his father's death in 1432, Mowbray inherited the office of

5673:

Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute ofArchaeology and History

4204:

The Mowbrays: Earls of Nottingham and Dukes of Norfolk to 1432

3539: 3448: 5054:

Studies on Medieval and Early Modern Women: Pawns Or Players?

4964:"Monumental Heraldry in Dorset | British History Online" 4162: 4160: 3935: 3933: 3503: 2376: 1526:

Mowbray, as "Duke of Norfolk", is a minor figure in the play

1476: 556: 517: 5336:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 183–208. 4282:"Mowbray, John, second duke of Norfolk (1392–1432), magnate" 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3372: 3370: 3297: 3295: 2555: 356:. He fought in Calais in 1436, and during 1437–38 served as 4505:

Blood and Roses: The Paston Family in the Fifteenth Century

4053: 4029: 3331: 2993: 2991: 1363: 1121:

in 1456, and over the next two years may have travelled to

846: 834: 5536:

Shakespeare, W. (2001). Cox, J. D.; Rasmussen, E. (eds.).

5477:

Shakespeare's English Kings: History, Chronicle, and Drama

4774:

Fatal Colours: Towton, 1461 – England's Most Brutal Battle

4157: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 3930: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3619: 3617: 1518:

and its application, as it was fundamental to the office.

928:

had been granted the remnants of de la Pole's affinity by

582:'s claim. Mowbray based his right through his grandmother 463: 3981: 3653: 3578: 3566: 3484: 3414: 3412: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3319: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3220: 3208: 3080: 3078: 2964: 2766: 2764: 2584: 2582: 2447: 2445: 2325: 2323: 1537: 1262:

Mowbray seems to have recruited successfully; one of the

4617:

Fiehler, R. (1949). "I Serve the Good Duke of Norfolk".

3807: 3734: 3387: 3385: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3143: 3131: 3107: 3003: 2988: 2879: 2877: 2864: 2862: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2793: 2791: 2776: 2676: 2674: 2659: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2567: 2543: 2531: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2462: 2460: 2405: 2403: 5510: 4543:

Yorkist Lord: John Howard, Duke of Norfolk c. 1425–1485

4098: 4092: 4065: 3894: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3746: 3722: 3698: 3641: 3614: 3097: 3095: 3093: 2825: 2823: 2279: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2136: 2134: 390:, with popular revolts against the King's councillors. 5696:. Norwich: University of East Anglia. pp. 53–64. 4240:"Neville, Katherine, duchess of Norfolk (c.1400–1483)" 4041: 3957: 3918: 3906: 3870: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3554: 3515: 3424: 3409: 3075: 3063: 2761: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2635: 2579: 2519: 2442: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2388: 2364: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2320: 2267: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2119: 1358:

Mowbray launched a decisive attack on the Lancastrian

4645: 4564:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. 4524:

Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England

4127: 3945: 3882: 3801: 3382: 3191: 3119: 3051: 2976: 2894: 2892: 2874: 2859: 2847: 2803: 2788: 2737: 2725: 2671: 2647: 2623: 2594: 2507: 2472: 2457: 2400: 2243: 2107: 324:. Mowbray was born in 1415, the only son and heir of 82:

19 October 1432 – 6 November 1461

4736:. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Woodbridge. 4711:. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Woodbridge. 4115: 4005: 3993: 3858: 3831: 3763: 3710: 3436: 3397: 3232: 3090: 3039: 3015: 2820: 2611: 2131: 2095: 1737:, his brother's widow, Joan Stafford, and his aunt, 943: 845:

ordering Brandon and Wingfield to not come within 7

762: 5603:"Holland, Edmund, seventh earl of Kent (1383–1408)" 4979:(repr. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4688:(2nd ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4600:

Pilgrimage in Medieval English Literature, 700–1500

4445: 3819: 3665: 3629: 3602: 3590: 3527: 3472: 3313: 3179: 3027: 2904: 2835: 2749: 2713: 2686: 2415: 2352: 2335: 2291: 2255: 2146: 1674:from the mid-1450s and into the early years of the 446:. During his minority, his estates were granted by 5731: 5601: 5498:. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green. & Co. 5460:. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 75–96. 5312:"Mowbray, John, third duke of Norfolk (1415–1461)" 5310: 4995: 3155: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2889: 2231: 2083: 1089:, York and his allies intercepted the King at the 5733:"Richard of York, third duke of York (1411–1460)" 5479:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5256:. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 1–16. 5111:Violence and Social Order: East Anglia, 1422–1442 3969: 3167: 2495: 1109:After the battle, Mowbray threatened to hang the 830:but was ignored. Wingfield was then committed to 6606: 5353:Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270–1524 4429:Intimacy and Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare 1963:, which consisted primarily of Mowbray's uncle, 1717:, or dower—usually a third of everything he was 1446:" with his wife. The couple had one child, also 1038:, Mowbray presented charges against Somerset in 522:, Ordinances for John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, 373:William de la Pole, Earl (later Duke) of Suffolk 5637:(2nd ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd. 5289: 5199:(2nd ed.). London: Yale University Press. 4869:From Wakefield to Towton: The Wars of the Roses 4650:(2nd paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxbow Books. 4023: 1430:Mowbray married Eleanor Bourchier, daughter of 680:For much of the 1430s, Mowbray had problems in 675: 590:. In July 1433 Mowbray presented a petition to 5166:Orme, N. (1984). "The Education of Edward V". 4850:Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, c. 1484–1545 4646:Fiorato, V.; Boylston, A.; Knüsel, C. (2007). 1270:on 17 March 1461, where he joined forces with 1016:– August 1450, and Mowbray summons his men to 5940: 4370:The Medieval Soldier in the Wars of the Roses 1967:, and his son, the premier earl in the land, 1589:reign). The 20th-century Shakespeare scholar 980:During the next crisis—the near-rebellion of 736:. In 1440, Mowbray was able to influence the 5765:Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West 5422:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5401:Calais: An English Town in France, 1347–1558 5094:. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press. 5092:Government and Community: England, 1450–1509 4795:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4757:(2nd ed.). New York: Barnes and Noble. 4446:Burley, P.; Elliott, M.; Watson, H. (2007). 4223:. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 99–116. 1812:"). and licences to travel became mandatory. 767:In 1443 Mowbray and Wingfield fell out over 618:The 1436 Siege of Calais, as illustrated in 516:, Chancery Masters' Exhibits, C 115/K2/6682 5559:. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. pp. 35–58. 5540:(3rd ed.). London: Arden Shakespeare. 5535: 5147:Myers, A. R. (1996). Douglas, D. C. (ed.). 4578: 4353:(repr. ed.). Gloucester: Alan Sutton. 4187:. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. pp. 15–35. 4059: 4035: 1666:Westmorland's eldest son, Mowbray's uncle, 1152:, Mowbray attended. Here the Yorkists were 586:; Maltravers through his great-grandfather 5947: 5933: 5742:(online ed.). Oxford University Press 5612:(online ed.). Oxford University Press 5599: 5590: 5010:(online ed.). Oxford University Press 4683: 3548: 3454: 2394: 2382: 5075:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4790: 4469:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4464: 4431:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4407: 3987: 3659: 3584: 3509: 3497: 3376: 3361: 3349: 3325: 3301: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3226: 3149: 3137: 3113: 3009: 2997: 2665: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2285: 1739:Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter 1615:refers to Falstaff as having once been a 684:, where the bulk of his estates now lay. 5493: 5439:The Wars of the Roses: A Concise History 5403:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 5331: 5308: 5273:Henry V and the Southampton Plot of 1415 5127: 4831:A Short History of the Wars of the Roses 4828: 4814:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 4809: 4540: 4367: 4348: 3852: 3813: 3789: 3757: 3740: 3728: 3647: 3623: 3214: 3202: 2707: 2588: 2525: 2513: 2225: 2125: 1546:, the character appears in the episode " 1465: 1373: 1229: 1175:, and once again the King was captured. 1066: 973:Historical Memoranda on Cade's rebellion 778: 613: 561: 484:Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Stafford 6177:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland 6172:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland 5739:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5654:Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy 5651: 5609:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5350: 5317:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5251: 5232: 5130:Women Pilgrims in Late Medieval England 5108: 5056:. Dublin: Four Courts. pp. 59–74. 5030: 5007:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4993: 4885: 4833:. Short histories. London: I.B.Tauris. 4771: 4752: 4616: 4426: 4412:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Limited. 4329: 4286:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4279: 4265:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4258: 4244:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4237: 4206:(D.Phil thesis). University of Oxford. 4201: 4182: 4133: 4121: 4109: 4080: 3924: 3900: 3876: 3704: 3692: 3572: 3337: 3084: 3069: 3057: 3033: 2829: 2641: 2537: 2451: 2436: 2424: 2409: 2329: 2261: 2113: 1870:John Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Masham 1461: 413: 344:and was placed under the protection of 14: 6607: 6097:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 5691: 5670: 5632: 5595:(D.Phil thesis). University of Oxford. 5573: 5474: 5089: 5070: 4502: 4483: 4386: 4300: 4218: 4166: 4047: 3999: 3963: 3939: 3912: 3560: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3125: 3101: 3021: 2982: 2970: 2883: 2814: 2797: 2731: 2680: 2653: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2489: 2466: 2140: 2101: 2089: 1965:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury 1668:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury 1521: 588:Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel 584:Elizabeth Fitzalan, Duchess of Norfolk 578:had also sought the earldom, blocking 428:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland 6192:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 6167:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg 6107:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset 6102:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 6092:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England 5954: 5928: 5729: 5554: 5523:from the original on 23 February 2018 5213: 5146: 5073:Shakespeare and the Idea of Apocrypha 5051: 4974: 4942: 4923: 4904: 4888:Shaping the Nation: England 1360-1461 4866: 4740:from the original on 18 February 2018 4715:from the original on 17 February 2018 4705:"'Introduction: Henry VI: July 1433'" 4664: 4559: 4521: 4334:(repr. ed.). London: Routledge. 4011: 3951: 3888: 3864: 3840: 3772: 3716: 3635: 3403: 3391: 3185: 3173: 3045: 2841: 2782: 2770: 2755: 2370: 2273: 2249: 2237: 1969:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 1917:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 1729:inherited the title from his brother 1680:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 1425: 1369: 597:Mowbray's ancestors had been largely 6346:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence 5762: 5715:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 5710: 5455: 5436: 5417: 5398: 5369: 5355:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 5270: 5216:Curious Tales of Old North Yorkshire 5194: 5165: 4961: 4847: 4602:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 4597: 4526:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 3975: 3825: 3680: 3608: 3596: 3533: 3521: 3478: 3238: 3161: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2868: 2853: 2743: 2719: 2695: 2501: 2358: 2346: 2297: 1474:with Mowbray's arms at centre left: 1418:. He was succeeded by his only son, 1056: 420:John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 371:, and he became the bitter rival of 326:John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 282:John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 260:John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk 18:John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 6341:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland 6227:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford 6087:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England 5113:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4947:(2nd ed.). Harlow: Routledge. 4890:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4583:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4581:The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare 4488:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3802:Fiorato, Boylston & Knüsel 2007 1219: 1204:, the Yorkists were crushed at the 1098:Northumberland, (father of the 3rd 24: 6321:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury 6291:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond 6187:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 5290:Quennell, P.; Johnson, H. (2002). 5180:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1984.tb02237.x 1599:History of the Worthies of England 1560:. Mowbray appears in the episode " 1366:to give the victory to Edward IV. 720:in 1443 (after the suppression of 25: 6681: 6296:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke 6212:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 6157:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu 5635:The End of the House of Lancaster 5319:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 5275:. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing. 4928:. London: Yale University Press. 4246:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 3314:Burley, Elliott & Watson 2007 1136:fought off a royal ambush at the 986:Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 944:Later career and political crisis 871:Alice Chaucer, Duchess of Suffolk 763:Crime and disorder in East Anglia 418:John Mowbray was the only son of 304:John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 6650:Earls of Norfolk (1312 creation) 6589: 6588: 6351:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon 6301:William Hastings, Baron Hastings 6286:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 6270: 6162:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 6117:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 6112:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont 6076: 6065: 6049: 6039: 6029: 6019: 6009: 5511:Shakespeare and History (2018). 4977:The Fifteenth Century, 1399-1485 4139: 2058: 2049: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1995: 1978: 1959:York had become allied with the 1953: 1940: 1880:for his treasonable role in the 1509:irresponsibility." In contrast, 863:John de Vere, the Earl of Oxford 609: 70: 6670:People of the Wars of the Roses 6572:Second Cornish uprising of 1497 6311:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell 6217:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 5513:"John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk" 4175: 1922: 1909: 1896: 1887: 1863: 1842: 1825: 1815: 1802: 1780: 1767: 1757: 1744: 1706: 1685: 1660: 1456:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 1192:was the best possible outcome. 656:Mowbray returned to Calais and 6532:Issue of Edward III of England 6281:Anne Neville, Queen of England 6242:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke 6237:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond 4579:Dobson, M.; Wells, S. (2001). 4507:. Chatham: Faber & Faber. 1795:... above all, a 'town of war. 1650: 1645:Lord High Constable of England 1637: 1432:William Bourchier, Count of Eu 1196:and York's sons, the Earls of 538: 364:, before returning to Calais. 13: 1: 6506:Stafford and Lovell rebellion 6331:William Neville, Earl of Kent 6316:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk 6257:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales 6202:George Stanley, Baron Strange 6197:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby 6147:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter 6142:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon 6137:John Clifford, Baron Clifford 6122:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley 5600:Stansfield, M. M. N. (2004). 5591:Stansfield, M. M. N. (1987). 5441:. London: Thames and Hudson. 2077: 1682:, known today as "Kingmaker." 1585:(1421–1471) to the 1580s (in 668:'s diplomatic mission to the 523: 6406:Siege of the Tower of London 6306:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk 6127:James Butler, Earl of Ormond 5756:UK public library membership 5626:UK public library membership 5024:UK public library membership 4093:Shakespeare and History 2018 1102:), the Duke of Somerset and 805:John, Baron Scrope of Masham 690:parliamentary representation 676:Feud with William de la Pole 452:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 346:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 27:English magnate and nobleman 7: 6625:15th-century English people 6466:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion 6152:John Neville, Baron Neville 6132:John Butler, Earl of Ormond 5828:Warden of the Eastern March 5578:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5237:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5218:. Wilmslow: Sigma Leisure. 4871:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 4852:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 4730:"'Henry VI: November 1459'" 4450:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 4410:Jasper Tudor: Dynasty Maker 4332:The Merry Devil of Edmonton 4024:Quennell & Johnson 2002 1578:The Merry Devil of Edmonton 1548:Henry VI: The Morning's War 651:Warden of the Eastern March 358:Warden of the Eastern March 231:Warden of the Eastern March 10: 6686: 6232:James Tuchet, Baron Audley 5821:The Earl of Northumberland 4665:Giles, J. A., ed. (1845). 4330:Bennett, C., ed. (2000) . 4153:Folger Shakespeare Library 1902:Granddaughter of the poet 1597:'s posthumously published 1223: 1210:John Neville, Lord Montagu 1060: 748:. Generally, though, says 624:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 203:Second Battle of St Albans 6582: 6519: 6373: 6265: 6060: 5997: 5990: 5962: 5913: 5904: 5896: 5889: 5879: 5865: 5857: 5852: 5844: 5834: 5825: 5817: 5807: 5798: 5790: 5785: 5384:10.1080/01440360600601896 4968:www.british-history.ac.uk 4909:. Oxford: Longman Group. 4791:Griffiths, R. A. (1981). 4631:10.1215/00267929-10-3-364 4619:Modern Language Quarterly 4288:. Oxford University Press 4267:. Oxford University Press 3467:Given-Wilson et al. 2005b 2315:Given-Wilson et al. 2005a 1672:Richard, 3rd Duke of York 1091:first Battle of St Albans 297: 287: 277: 265: 253: 249: 239: 218: 190: 180: 168: 156: 141: 86: 78: 64: 51: 36: 5494:Scofield, C. L. (1923). 5372:Journal of Legal History 5292:Who's who in Shakespeare 5149:Late Medieval: 1327–1485 5128:Morrison, S. S. (2000). 4448:The Battles of St Albans 4368:Boardman, A. W. (1998). 4349:Boardman, A. W. (1996). 1630: 1409: 911:Mowbray also forced the 649:, Mowbray was appointed 426:, who was a daughter of 6547:Bonville–Courtenay feud 5767:. London: I.B. Tauris. 5517:Shakespeare and History 5233:Pollard, A. J. (1990). 5109:Maddern, P. C. (1992). 4886:Harriss, G. L. (2005). 4684:Gillingham, J. (1990). 4427:Bromley, J. M. (2011). 4280:Archer, R. E. (2004c). 4259:Archer, R. E. (2004b). 4238:Archer, R. E. (2004a). 4202:Archer, R. E. (1984b). 4060:Dobson & Wells 2001 1352:Thomae Sprotti Chronica 1165:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 6496:Buckingham's rebellion 6476:Readeption of Henry VI 5574:Squibb, G. D. (1959). 5090:Lander, J. R. (1980). 4734:British History Online 4709:British History Online 4671:. London: James Bohn. 4465:Carpenter, C. (1997). 4408:Breverton, T. (2014). 1678:; Salisbury's son was 1670:would later ally with 1500: 1450:, who in 1448 married 1379: 1356: 1318: 1235: 1100:Earl of Northumberland 1076: 1013: 1003:for his own protection 965: 900: 787: 722:Gladman's Insurrection 633:, then under siege by 626: 601:magnates based around 567: 509: 6660:Knights of the Garter 6182:Thomas Ros, Baron Ros 5967:Red Rose of Lancaster 5633:Storey, R.L. (1999). 5309:Richmond, C. (2004). 5294:. London: Routledge. 5132:. London: Routledge. 4975:Jacob, E. F. (1993). 4943:Hicks, M. A. (2013). 4926:The Wars of the Roses 4924:Hicks, M. A. (2010). 4907:Warwick the Kingmaker 4905:Hicks, M. A. (1998). 4867:Haigh, P. A. (2001). 4829:Grummitt, D. (2013). 4793:The Reign of Henry VI 4755:The Wars of the Roses 4686:The Wars of the Roses 4545:. London: Continuum. 4541:Crawford, A. (2010). 4522:Coote, L. A. (2000). 1557:The Wars of the Roses 1529:King Henry VI, Part 3 1469: 1377: 1330: 1314: 1248:Edward, Earl of March 1233: 1173:Battle of Northampton 1138:Battle of Blore Heath 1111:Royal Standard bearer 1070: 1008: 952: 904:The National Archives 888: 867:Jack Cade's Rebellion 782: 617: 572:John, Lord Maltravers 565: 514:The National Archives 493: 392:Richard, Duke of York 362:Anglo-Scottish border 149:Epworth, Lincolnshire 6557:Neville–Neville feud 6542:Princes in the Tower 5652:Vaughan, R. (2014). 5538:King Henry VI Part 3 5437:Ross, C. D. (1986). 5418:Ross, C. D. (1974). 5351:Ridgard, J. (1985). 5334:Medieval East Anglia 5271:Pugh, T. B. (1988). 4994:Kathman, D. (2004). 4848:Gunn, S. J. (1988). 4810:Grummitt, D (2008). 4772:Goodwin, G. (2011). 4753:Goodman, A. (1996). 4351:The Battle of Towton 1462:Character and legacy 1115:Sir Philip Wentworth 666:Archbishop John Kemp 480:arrange his marriage 414:Background and youth 6655:Earls of Nottingham 6336:Sir Richard Herbert 5861:The Earl of Arundel 5811:The Duke of Norfolk 5794:The Duke of Norfolk 5475:Saccio, P. (2000). 5168:Historical Research 5071:Kirwan, P. (2015). 4503:Castor, H. (2004). 4484:Castor, H. (2000). 4169:, pp. 108–110. 3942:, pp. 151–152. 3551:, pp. 119–122. 3512:, pp. 146–147. 3457:, pp. 107–108. 3340:, pp. 257–258. 2973:, pp. 114–115. 2785:, pp. 150–151. 2564:, pp. 162–163. 2385:, pp. 151–161. 1872:was the brother of 1587:Queen Elizabeth I's 1534:William Shakespeare 1522:Cultural depictions 1206:Battle of Wakefield 1185:Christine Carpenter 478:, and the right to 6552:Percy–Neville feud 6431:St Albans (Second) 6326:Sir Thomas Neville 5972:White Rose of York 5891:Peerage of England 5786:Political offices 5730:Watts, J. (2004). 5214:Peach, H. (2004). 4560:Davis, J. (2011). 4372:. Stroud: Sutton. 1874:Henry, Lord Scrope 1501: 1472:Bruges Garter Book 1426:Marriage and issue 1380: 1370:Under the Yorkists 1236: 1087:pre-emptive strike 1077: 961:Duke of Buckingham 955:mighty prince the 788: 784:Framlingham Castle 686:William de la Pole 627: 620:Martial d'Auvergne 580:Maltravers' father 568: 472:Hundred Years' War 398:'s victory at the 354:Hundred Years' War 95:Earl of Nottingham 6602: 6601: 6381:St Albans (First) 6369: 6368: 6247:Margaret Beaufort 5956:Wars of the Roses 5923: 5922: 5914:Succeeded by 5883:The Earl of Essex 5880:Succeeded by 5845:Succeeded by 5835:Succeeded by 5808:Succeeded by 5774:978-1-86064-649-2 5763:Webb, D. (2001). 5754:(Subscription or 5722:978-1-78327-115-3 5711:Ward, M. (2016). 5703:978-0-906219-44-7 5663:978-0-85115-917-1 5644:978-0-75092-199-2 5624:(Subscription or 5566:978-0-86299-163-0 5547:978-1-903436-30-1 5486:978-0-19802-871-0 5467:978-1-84383-692-6 5448:978-0-500-27407-1 5429:978-0-52002-781-7 5410:978-1-84383-401-4 5399:Rose, S. (2008). 5362:978-0-85115-432-9 5343:978-1-84383-151-8 5301:978-0-41526-035-0 5282:978-0-86299-549-2 5263:978-1-84383-692-6 5244:978-0-19820-087-1 5225:978-1-85058-793-4 5206:978-0-30009-754-2 5197:Medieval Children 5195:Orme, N. (2003). 5158:978-0-41560-467-3 5139:978-1-13473-763-5 5120:978-0-19820-235-6 5101:978-0-674-35793-8 5082:978-1-107-09617-2 5063:978-1-85182-775-6 5022:(Subscription or 4986:978-0-19-285286-1 4954:978-1-31789-896-2 4945:Bastard Feudalism 4935:978-0-30018-157-9 4916:978-0-63123-593-4 4897:978-0-19-921119-7 4878:978-0-85052-825-1 4859:978-0-63115-781-6 4840:978-1-84885-875-6 4821:978-1-84383-398-7 4802:978-0-520-04372-5 4783:978-0-29786-072-3 4776:. London: Orion. 4764:978-0-88029-484-3 4695:978-1-84885-875-6 4657:978-1-84217-289-6 4609:978-0-85991-623-3 4598:Dyas, D. (2001). 4590:978-0-19811-735-3 4571:978-1-13950-281-8 4552:978-1-44115-201-5 4533:978-1-903153-03-1 4514:978-0-571-21670-3 4495:978-0-19-820622-4 4476:978-0-521-31874-7 4457:978-1-47381-903-0 4438:978-1-13950-532-1 4419:978-1-44563-402-9 4379:978-0-75091-465-9 4360:978-0-75091-245-7 4341:978-1-135-86674-7 4230:978-1-85285-133-0 4194:978-0-86299-163-0 3575:, pp. 42–43. 3524:, pp. 43–47. 2871:, pp. 75–76. 2856:, pp. 79–80. 2773:, pp. 62–63. 2746:, pp. 53–54. 2540:, pp. 80–83. 2373:, pp. 59–60. 2276:, pp. 17–19. 2040:Sir Robert Howard 1850:Sir Robert Howard 1676:Wars of the Roses 1603:Sir John Falstaff 1323:The Rose of Rouen 1142:Battle of Ludford 1134:Earl of Salisbury 1063:Wars of the Roses 1057:Wars of the Roses 1020:with him and the 936:and those around 714:oyer and terminer 488:Eleanor Bourchier 424:Katherine Neville 406:by his only son, 330:Katherine Neville 322:Wars of the Roses 301: 300: 292:Katherine Neville 244:Eleanor Bourchier 198:Wars of the Roses 145:12 September 1415 16:(Redirected from 6677: 6640:Dukes of Norfolk 6592: 6591: 6426:Mortimer's Cross 6356:Margaret of York 6274: 6080: 6069: 6053: 6043: 6033: 6023: 6013: 5995: 5994: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5897:Preceded by 5858:Preceded by 5818:Preceded by 5791:Preceded by 5783: 5782: 5778: 5759: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5735: 5726: 5707: 5688: 5667: 5648: 5629: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5570: 5551: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5507: 5490: 5471: 5452: 5433: 5414: 5395: 5366: 5347: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5314: 5305: 5286: 5267: 5248: 5229: 5210: 5191: 5162: 5143: 5124: 5105: 5086: 5067: 5048: 5027: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5003: 4997:"Fabell, Peter ( 4990: 4971: 4958: 4939: 4920: 4901: 4882: 4863: 4844: 4825: 4806: 4787: 4768: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4699: 4680: 4661: 4642: 4613: 4594: 4575: 4556: 4537: 4518: 4499: 4480: 4461: 4442: 4423: 4404: 4383: 4364: 4345: 4326: 4315:10.2307/43630392 4297: 4295: 4293: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4234: 4215: 4198: 4170: 4164: 4155: 4147:Henry IV, Part 2 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4036:Shakespeare 2001 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3776: 3770: 3761: 3755: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3217:, p. xxxii. 3212: 3206: 3200: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3088: 3082: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2887: 2881: 2872: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2812: 2801: 2795: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2684: 2678: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2470: 2464: 2455: 2449: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2413: 2407: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2312: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2252:, pp. 1–13. 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2144: 2138: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2071: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1999: 1993: 1982: 1976: 1957: 1951: 1944: 1938: 1926: 1920: 1913: 1907: 1904:Geoffrey Chaucer 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1882:Southampton Plot 1867: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1829: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1784: 1778: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752:King Richard III 1748: 1742: 1710: 1704: 1689: 1683: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1641: 1608:Henry IV, Part 2 1566:David Hargreaves 1494:of three points 1354: 1336: 1327: 1253:Battle of Towton 1244:Baynard's Castle 1226:Battle of Towton 1220:Battle of Towton 1025: 976: 907: 897: 893: 699:Robert Wingfield 670:peace conference 639:Duke of Burgundy 530: 528: 525: 499: 436:northern England 400:Battle of Towton 311: 208:Battle of Towton 191:Wars and battles 176: 163: 152: 74: 46: 34: 33: 21: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6578: 6515: 6491:Siege of London 6365: 6361:Richard of York 6269: 6261: 6222:Andrew Trollope 6207:William Stanley 6075: 6071: 6070: 6064: 6056: 5986: 5958: 5953: 5919: 5910: 5907:Duke of Norfolk 5902: 5885: 5876: 5870: 5868:Justice in Eyre 5863: 5848: 5840: 5838:Sir Robert Ogle 5831: 5823: 5813: 5804: 5796: 5781: 5775: 5753: 5745: 5743: 5723: 5704: 5664: 5645: 5623: 5615: 5613: 5567: 5548: 5526: 5524: 5487: 5468: 5449: 5430: 5411: 5363: 5344: 5322: 5320: 5302: 5283: 5264: 5245: 5226: 5207: 5159: 5140: 5121: 5102: 5083: 5064: 5021: 5013: 5011: 4987: 4955: 4936: 4917: 4898: 4879: 4860: 4841: 4822: 4803: 4784: 4765: 4743: 4741: 4718: 4716: 4696: 4658: 4610: 4591: 4572: 4553: 4534: 4515: 4496: 4477: 4458: 4439: 4420: 4380: 4361: 4342: 4291: 4289: 4270: 4268: 4249: 4247: 4231: 4195: 4178: 4173: 4165: 4158: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3779: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3549:Gillingham 1990 3547: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3455:Gillingham 1990 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3091: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2804: 2796: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2595: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2473: 2465: 2458: 2450: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2416: 2408: 2401: 2395:Stansfield 2004 2393: 2389: 2383:Stansfield 1987 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2336: 2328: 2321: 2313: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2037: 2033: 2027:Andrew Boardman 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1996: 1983: 1979: 1973:Lord Chancellor 1958: 1954: 1945: 1941: 1927: 1923: 1914: 1910: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1868: 1864: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1816: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1792: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1711: 1707: 1690: 1686: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1651: 1643:Along with the 1642: 1638: 1633: 1613:Justice Shallow 1564:" portrayed by 1550:" portrayed by 1543:An Age of Kings 1524: 1481:passant gardant 1464: 1440:Henry Bourchier 1436:Justice in Eyre 1428: 1416:Thetford Priory 1412: 1372: 1355: 1344:Hearne fragment 1341: 1334: 1329: 1320: 1305:Philip A. Haigh 1272:Sir John Howard 1228: 1222: 1125:, Rome or even 1073:Tower of London 1065: 1059: 1051:Ralph Griffiths 1027: 1024:at Framlingham. 1015: 982:Richard of York 978: 967: 946: 917:Bury St Edmunds 909: 902: 895: 891: 824:William Brandon 765: 734:Tower of London 678: 635:Philip the Good 612: 551:by two Mowbray 541: 532: 526: 511: 497: 462:(approximately 422:, and his wife 416: 404:Duke of Norfolk 381:Tower of London 307: 235: 214: 174:Thetford Priory 172: 161: 160:6 November 1461 147: 146: 137: 106:Earl of Norfolk 54:Duke of Norfolk 47: 42: 40: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6683: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6665:Mowbray family 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6635:Barons Segrave 6632: 6630:Barons Mowbray 6627: 6622: 6617: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6567:Battle of Deal 6562:Perkin Warbeck 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6537:Titulus Regius 6534: 6529: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6501:Bosworth Field 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6471:Losecoat Field 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6396:Ludford Bridge 6393: 6388: 6386:Loveday (1458) 6383: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6083: 6081: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6044: 6034: 6024: 6014: 6003: 6001: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5952: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5912: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5878: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5853:Legal offices 5850: 5849: 5847:Sir Ralph Grey 5846: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5833: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5806: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5780: 5779: 5773: 5760: 5727: 5721: 5708: 5702: 5689: 5668: 5662: 5649: 5643: 5630: 5597: 5588: 5571: 5565: 5552: 5546: 5533: 5508: 5491: 5485: 5472: 5466: 5453: 5447: 5434: 5428: 5415: 5409: 5396: 5367: 5361: 5348: 5342: 5329: 5306: 5300: 5287: 5281: 5268: 5262: 5249: 5243: 5230: 5224: 5211: 5205: 5192: 5163: 5157: 5144: 5138: 5125: 5119: 5106: 5100: 5087: 5081: 5068: 5062: 5049: 5028: 5001:. 15th cent.)" 4991: 4985: 4972: 4962:HMSO (2023) . 4959: 4953: 4940: 4934: 4921: 4915: 4902: 4896: 4883: 4877: 4864: 4858: 4845: 4839: 4826: 4820: 4807: 4801: 4788: 4782: 4769: 4763: 4750: 4725: 4700: 4694: 4681: 4662: 4656: 4643: 4614: 4608: 4595: 4589: 4576: 4570: 4557: 4551: 4538: 4532: 4519: 4513: 4500: 4494: 4481: 4475: 4462: 4456: 4443: 4437: 4424: 4418: 4405: 4384: 4378: 4365: 4359: 4346: 4340: 4327: 4298: 4277: 4256: 4235: 4229: 4216: 4199: 4193: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4156: 4149: 3.2/26–28 4138: 4126: 4114: 4112:, p. 364. 4097: 4085: 4083:, p. 125. 4064: 4062:, p. 321. 4052: 4050:, p. 128. 4040: 4038:, p. 181. 4028: 4026:, p. 148. 4016: 4004: 3992: 3990:, p. 724. 3988:Griffiths 1981 3980: 3968: 3966:, p. 152. 3956: 3954:, p. 464. 3944: 3929: 3917: 3915:, p. 143. 3905: 3903:, p. 152. 3893: 3891:, p. 284. 3881: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3830: 3818: 3816:, p. 130. 3806: 3794: 3777: 3762: 3745: 3743:, p. 162. 3733: 3721: 3709: 3707:, p. 143. 3697: 3685: 3664: 3662:, p. 131. 3660:Breverton 2014 3652: 3640: 3628: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3587:, p. 872. 3585:Griffiths 1981 3577: 3565: 3563:, p. 188. 3553: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3510:Carpenter 1997 3502: 3500:, p. 158. 3498:Carpenter 1997 3483: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3433:, p. 110. 3423: 3421:, p. 113. 3408: 3396: 3394:, p. 110. 3381: 3379:, p. 798. 3377:Griffiths 1981 3366: 3364:, p. 741. 3362:Griffiths 1981 3354: 3352:, p. 740. 3350:Griffiths 1981 3342: 3330: 3328:, p. 723. 3326:Griffiths 1981 3318: 3306: 3304:, p. 721. 3302:Griffiths 1981 3291: 3289:, p. 592. 3287:Griffiths 1981 3279: 3277:, p. 648. 3275:Griffiths 1981 3267: 3265:, p. 647. 3263:Griffiths 1981 3255: 3253:, p. 565. 3251:Griffiths 1981 3243: 3241:, p. 104. 3231: 3229:, p. 690. 3227:Griffiths 1981 3219: 3207: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3152:, p. 611. 3150:Griffiths 1981 3142: 3140:, p. 638. 3138:Griffiths 1981 3130: 3128:, p. 111. 3118: 3116:, p. 586. 3114:Griffiths 1981 3106: 3089: 3087:, p. 626. 3074: 3072:, p. 157. 3062: 3050: 3048:, p. 195. 3038: 3026: 3014: 3012:, p. 649. 3010:Griffiths 1981 3002: 3000:, p. 591. 2998:Griffiths 1981 2987: 2985:, p. 117. 2975: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2913:, p. 119. 2903: 2888: 2886:, p. 107. 2873: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2819: 2817:, p. 227. 2802: 2800:, p. 226. 2787: 2775: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2734:, p. 109. 2724: 2722:, p. 166. 2712: 2700: 2698:, p. 138. 2685: 2683:, p. 110. 2670: 2668:, p. 587. 2666:Griffiths 1981 2658: 2656:, p. 264. 2646: 2644:, p. 203. 2634: 2632:, p. 114. 2622: 2610: 2608:, p. 105. 2593: 2578: 2576:, p. 448. 2574:Griffiths 1981 2566: 2562:Griffiths 1981 2554: 2552:, p. 404. 2550:Griffiths 1981 2542: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2492:, p. 108. 2471: 2469:, p. 104. 2456: 2454:, p. 116. 2441: 2439:, p. 103. 2429: 2414: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2361:, p. 208. 2351: 2349:, p. 122. 2334: 2332:, p. 115. 2319: 2302: 2300:, p. 125. 2290: 2286:Griffiths 1981 2278: 2266: 2254: 2242: 2230: 2145: 2143:, p. 263. 2130: 2128:, p. 203. 2118: 2116:, p. 168. 2106: 2104:, p. 104. 2094: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2057: 2048: 2031: 2019: 2007: 1994: 1990:Richard Beadle 1977: 1961:Neville family 1952: 1939: 1921: 1908: 1895: 1886: 1876:, executed by 1862: 1841: 1824: 1814: 1801: 1789:David Grummitt 1779: 1766: 1756: 1743: 1723:Holland family 1705: 1684: 1659: 1649: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1621:John Oldcastle 1552:Jeffry Wickham 1523: 1520: 1479:, three lions 1470:Page from the 1463: 1460: 1454:, daughter of 1427: 1424: 1411: 1408: 1371: 1368: 1339: 1313: 1309:battle fatigue 1280:council of war 1264:Paston letters 1224:Main article: 1221: 1218: 1177:Colin Richmond 1148:was called at 1061:Main article: 1058: 1055: 1022:Earl of Oxford 1007: 957:Duke of Exeter 951: 945: 942: 930:Queen Margaret 906:, KB 145/6/25. 887: 843:letters patent 764: 761: 677: 674: 611: 608: 540: 537: 492: 482:, was sold to 415: 412: 299: 298: 295: 294: 289: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 269: 263: 262: 257: 251: 250: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 234: 233: 228: 222: 220: 216: 215: 213: 212: 211: 210: 205: 194: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 170: 166: 165: 164:(aged 46) 158: 154: 153: 143: 139: 138: 136: 135: 124: 113: 102: 90: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 68: 62: 61: 49: 48: 41: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6682: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6645:Earls Marshal 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6595: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6527:Act of Accord 6525: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6451:Hedgeley Moor 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5862: 5856: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5795: 5789: 5784: 5776: 5770: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5741: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5611: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5009: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4389:The Ricardian 4385: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4168: 4163: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4094: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4037: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4014:, p. 88. 4013: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3927:, p. 10. 3926: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3879:, p. 68. 3878: 3873: 3867:, p. 63. 3866: 3861: 3855:, p. 50. 3854: 3853:Boardman 1996 3849: 3843:, p. 87. 3842: 3837: 3835: 3828:, p. 36. 3827: 3822: 3815: 3814:Boardman 1996 3810: 3804:, p. 19. 3803: 3798: 3792:, p. 75. 3791: 3790:Boardman 1996 3786: 3784: 3782: 3775:, p. 86. 3774: 3769: 3767: 3760:, p. 18. 3759: 3758:Boardman 1998 3754: 3752: 3750: 3742: 3741:Scofield 1923 3737: 3731:, p. 59. 3730: 3729:Boardman 1996 3725: 3719:, p. 65. 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3695:, p. 67. 3694: 3689: 3683:, p. 35. 3682: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3661: 3656: 3650:, p. ix. 3649: 3648:Boardman 1996 3644: 3637: 3632: 3626:, p. 78. 3625: 3624:Boardman 1996 3620: 3618: 3611:, p. 30. 3610: 3605: 3599:, p. 34. 3598: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3536:, p. 48. 3535: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3481:, p. 22. 3480: 3475: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3406:, p. lv. 3405: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3316:, p. 14. 3315: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3215:Grummitt 2013 3211: 3204: 3203:Boardman 1996 3199: 3197: 3195: 3188:, p. 80. 3187: 3182: 3175: 3170: 3164:, p. 12. 3163: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3110: 3104:, p. 58. 3103: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3071: 3066: 3060:, p. 38. 3059: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3035: 3030: 3024:, p. 93. 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2961:, p. 47. 2960: 2955: 2949:, p. 86. 2948: 2943: 2937:, p. 84. 2936: 2931: 2925:, p. 83. 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2901:, p. 80. 2900: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2844:, p. 96. 2843: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2758:, p. 62. 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2710:, p. 54. 2709: 2708:Morrison 2000 2704: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2620:, p. 56. 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2591:, p. 14. 2590: 2589:Crawford 2010 2585: 2583: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2528:, p. 29. 2527: 2526:Grummitt 2008 2522: 2515: 2514:Grummitt 2008 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Retrieved 4243: 4220: 4203: 4184: 4176:Bibliography 4146: 4141: 4136:, p. 6. 4134:Bennett 2000 4129: 4122:Kathman 2004 4117: 4110:Fiehler 1949 4088: 4081:Bromley 2011 4055: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4007: 4002:, p. 2. 3995: 3983: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3925:Pollard 2011 3920: 3908: 3901:Goodwin 2011 3896: 3884: 3877:Kaufman 2004 3872: 3860: 3848: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3705:Goodman 1996 3700: 3693:Kaufman 2004 3688: 3655: 3643: 3638:, p. 5. 3631: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3573:Goodman 1996 3568: 3556: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3445:, p. 4. 3438: 3426: 3399: 3357: 3345: 3338:Pollard 1990 3333: 3321: 3309: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3205:, p. 8. 3181: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3085:Harriss 2005 3070:Maddern 1992 3065: 3058:Maddern 1992 3053: 3041: 3034:Archer 2004b 3029: 3017: 3005: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2849: 2837: 2832:, p. 5. 2830:Ridgard 1985 2778: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2661: 2649: 2642:Harriss 2005 2637: 2625: 2613: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2538:Vaughan 2014 2533: 2521: 2516:, p. 1. 2509: 2504:, p. 9. 2497: 2452:Archer 1984b 2437:Archer 1984b 2432: 2425:Archer 2004a 2410:Archer 1984a 2390: 2378: 2366: 2354: 2330:Harriss 2005 2293: 2281: 2269: 2262:Archer 2004c 2257: 2245: 2233: 2121: 2114:Archer 1984b 2109: 2097: 2092:, p. 1. 2085: 2065: 2060: 2051: 2034: 2022: 2015:Charles Ross 2010: 1997: 1986:Holkham Hall 1980: 1955: 1942: 1924: 1911: 1898: 1889: 1878:King Henry V 1865: 1844: 1827: 1817: 1809: 1804: 1782: 1774:Helen Castor 1769: 1759: 1746: 1715:dos nominata 1714: 1708: 1701:lesser hours 1687: 1662: 1652: 1639: 1625:John Fastolf 1606: 1598: 1576: 1570: 1555: 1541: 1527: 1525: 1506:J. 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Mowbray's 417: 385: 366: 336:he became a 314:Earl Marshal 303: 302: 226:Earl Marshal 162:(1461-11-06) 87:Other titles 66:Coat of arms 38:John Mowbray 31: 29: 6620:1461 deaths 6615:1415 births 6511:Stoke Field 6436:Ferrybridge 6411:Northampton 6391:Blore Heath 6037:Richard III 5991:Key figures 5982:Family tree 5746:17 February 5679:: 263–268. 5527:23 February 5323:17 February 5174:: 119–130. 4744:18 February 4719:17 February 4625:: 364–366. 4309:: 101–121. 4303:Medium Ævum 4292:17 February 4271:17 February 4250:17 February 4167:Kirwan 2015 4048:Saccio 2000 4000:Lander 1980 3964:Castor 2004 3940:Castor 2004 3913:Castor 2004 3561:Castor 2000 3443:Bogner 2006 3431:Beadle 2002 3419:Beadle 2002 3126:Castor 2000 3102:Virgoe 1997 3022:Castor 2004 2983:Castor 2000 2971:Castor 2000 2884:Castor 2000 2815:Storey 1999 2798:Storey 1999 2732:Castor 2000 2681:Castor 2000 2654:Virgoe 1980 2630:Castor 2000 2618:Castor 2000 2606:Castor 2000 2490:Castor 2000 2467:Castor 2000 2141:Virgoe 1980 2102:Archer 1995 2090:Squibb 1959 1854:John Howard 1822:assistance. 1764:privileges. 1573:Elizabethan 1158:Lancastrian 999:Blackfriars 990:John Paston 926:Lord Scales 855:Framlingham 809:presentment 797:arbitration 757:John Heydon 710:commissions 682:East Anglia 576:grandfather 539:Inheritance 527: 1435 369:East Anglia 352:during the 185:East Anglia 6609:Categories 6486:Tewkesbury 6252:Owen Tudor 5977:Tudor rose 5911:1432–1461 5805:1432–1461 5758:required.) 5628:required.) 5504:1011868853 5026:required.) 4012:Hicks 2010 3952:Jacob 1993 3889:Myers 1996 3865:Haigh 2001 3841:Haigh 2001 3773:Haigh 2001 3717:Haigh 2001 3636:Peach 2004 3404:Giles 1845 3392:Hicks 2010 3186:Hicks 2010 3174:Watts 2004 3046:Coote 2000 2842:Hicks 2010 2783:Hicks 2013 2771:Smith 1984 2756:Smith 1984 2371:Kenny 2003 2274:Davis 2011 2250:Hicks 1998 2238:Hicks 1998 2078:References 2067:Richard II 1831:Historian 1591:W. 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Greg 1540:TV serial 1296:Pontefract 1119:Walsingham 1040:parliament 969:John Stowe 726:pilgrimage 706:bound over 592:Parliament 549:encumbered 6421:Wakefield 6062:Lancaster 6047:Henry VII 6017:Edward IV 5873:the Trent 5871:south of 5685:679927444 5584:504278136 5420:Edward IV 5392:709978800 5378:: 53–80. 5188:300188139 5045:984788270 5039:: 61–88. 5033:Enarratio 4677:319939404 4639:924728310 4401:906456722 4212:638691892 3976:HMSO 2023 3826:Ross 1974 3681:Ross 1974 3609:Ross 1974 3597:Ross 1974 3534:Ross 1986 3522:Ross 1986 3479:Ross 1974 3239:Ward 2016 3162:Ross 1974 2959:Gunn 1988 2947:Ross 2011 2935:Ross 2011 2923:Ross 2011 2911:Pugh 1988 2899:Ross 2011 2869:Ross 2011 2854:Ross 2011 2744:Rose 2006 2720:Webb 2001 2696:Dyas 2001 2502:Rose 2008 2359:Orme 2003 2347:Orme 1984 2298:Orme 1984 2044:household 2003:Palestine 1858:household 1777:Epworth". 1562:Edward IV 1452:Elizabeth 1326:, c. 1461 1288:mustering 1284:Doncaster 1276:rearguard 1268:Cambridge 1154:attainted 1127:Jerusalem 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Knowledge

John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

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