186:, an online magazine geared toward the lifestyles of African-American women, interviewed Black Hoodoo practitioners and they voiced their concerns about the appropriation of Hoodoo. "'White-washed Hoodoo doesn’t even acknowledge John the Conqueror that much because he’s been white-washed to be the type of Spirit that helps men with their virility, help men get women, help gamblers get lucky, and he’s so much more than that...'” Storyteller Diane Ferlatte performed the African-American folk tale about High John Conqueror that tells the victories of John the Conqueror on the plantation and how he unified the slave community to escape from slavery. Ferlatte tells other African-American folk stories about Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox, and Uncle Remus. African-American scholars explain High John the Conqueror symbolized freedom from slavery. High John the Conqueror was a trickster and was able to outsmart his enslavers.
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of
England, he has served his people. And, like King Arthur, he is not dead. He waits to return when his people shall call him again ... High John de Conquer went back to Africa, but he left his power here, and placed his American dwelling in the root of a certain plant. Only possess that root,
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magazine in 1943. In this article, she relates a few stories about High John, enough to define him, but not an exhaustive survey of the folklore. The purpose was to present the nation with the hope-building and the power of this inspiring figure during the darkest days of World War II. The article
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and in present day Black
American culture. In 2012, Rob Cleveland, an African-American stage performer, created a play about High John the Conqueror to demystify the folk spirit to audiences. The play focuses on John the Conqueror as an enslaved man whose spirit of resistance could never be broken
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for protection, victory, empowerment, good-luck, love, and protection from evil spirits. "...practitioners do this out of their reverence for or worship of the spirit (or in this case, John de
Conquer, who also symbolizes ties to their enslaved ancestors through the land or 'soil of the South.')"
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So the brother in black offers to these United States the source of courage that endures, and laughter. High John de
Conquer. If the news from overseas reads bad, if the nation inside seems like it is stuck in the Tar Baby, listen hard, and you will hear High John de Conquer treading on his
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In the twentieth century, white drug store owners appropriated Hoodoo and put a white man on High John the
Conqueror product labels. As a result, some people do not know the cultural and historical origins of the African-American folk spirit John the Conqueror had in the
139:..."we not only find that the spirit of John de Conquer inhabits or 'possesses' a root, but he is also woven into a mojo bag that practitioners wear on their persons or store in a “secret place” of their house." The root was used during slavery in the
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that get these impossible tasks done, but warns John that her father the Devil means to kill him even if he performs them. John and the Devil's daughter steal the Devil's own horses; the Devil pursues them, but they escape his clutches by
385:. St. John's wort root is a thin and thread-like root while John the Conqueror root is a tuber. John the Conqueror root is carried by the user and the spell is cast by rubbing the root, which could not be done with a filamentous root.
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singing-drum. You will know then, that no matter how bad things look now, it will be worse for those who seek to oppress us. ... White
America, take a laugh from out of our black mouths, and win! We give you High John de Conquer.
375:, it is important that the root used be whole and unblemished. Dried pieces and chips of the root are used in formulating oils and washes that are used in other sorts of spells.
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Zora Neale
Hurston and unidentified man 1935 Belle Glade, Florida. Hurston documented stories about High John the Conqueror from African-Americans in the Southern United States.
103:". In "Mannish Boy", the line is "I think I'll go down/To old Kansas too/I'm gonna bring back my second cousin/That little Johnny Conqueroo". This line is borrowed from the
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and who outwitted his enslavers. The spirit of resistance in John the
Conqueror encouraged enslaved people to resist their slaveholders to gain their freedom. In 2022
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is chewed, to sweeten the breath and to calm the stomach. It is said that if you spit the juice from chewing this root onto the floor of a courtroom before the
1156:
874:
1979:
628:
Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 4 - The Tribal Drum: The rise of rhythm and blues. " (audio). Pop
Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
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enters, you will win your case. Other names for this root are Little John and Little John to Chew. It is called "Low John" in the Deep South.
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Frederick
Douglass received a High John root from an enslaved conjurer named Sandy Jenkins for protection against slaveholders.
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640:"The Power of Hoodoo: African Relic Symbolism in Amistad and The Narrative of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave"
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if taken internally. It is not used for this purpose in folk magic; it is instead used as one of the parts of a
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stories is a similar archetype to that of High John the Conqueror, outdoing those who would do him in.
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763:"SLAVE NARRATIVES A Folk History of Slavery in the United States From Interviews with Former Slaves"
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206:(son of a king of Congo), said to have ridden a giant crow called "Old Familiar." He was sold as a
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162:, ex-slave Marion Johnson used High John roots to conquer his enemies and receive protection from
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The root known as High John the Conqueror or John the Conqueror root is said to be the root of
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and reap it in the other half a day. The Devil's daughter furnishes John with a magical
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797:"Rob Cleveland brings the myth of slave hero High John the Conqueror to life on stage"
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in the Americas. Despite his enslavement, his spirit was never broken. He survived in
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used the High John root to prevent whippings and protection from slaveholders. In an
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996:"The Straight Dope: What is the "John the Conqueroo" made famous by blues singers?"
255:'s daughter. The Devil sets John a number of impossible tasks: he must clear sixty
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figure, because of the tricks he played to evade those who played tricks on him.
963:"High John de Conquer, by Zora Neale Hu..., THE AMERICAN MERCURY". October 1943.
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703:"Chapter 4 "Winning [Our] War from Within": Moving beyond Resistance"
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wrote of his adventures ("High John de Conquer") in her folklore collection
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115:. In "I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man", it is called "John De Conquer Blue".
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737:"6 African Folklore Figures that Survived the Atlantic Slave Trade"
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The Sanctified Church: The Folklore Writings of Zora Neale Hurston
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The Politics of Black Joy: Zora Neale Hurston and Neo-Abolitionism
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of a dark-skinned man. Because of this, when it is employed as an
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875:"Ferlatte's masterful performance captivates St George audience"
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Hurston, Zora Neale (October 1943). "High John De Conquer".
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The Library of Congress Project Work Projects Administration
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In "High John De Conquer", Zora Neale Hurston reports that:
529:"John the Conqueror: From Root-Charm to Commercial Product"
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823:"Hoodoo Heritage Month: Conjuring, Culture, And Community"
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John or Southern John and additionally is the basis for a
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root. It has a pleasant, earthy odor, but it is a strong
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38:, when dried, are carried as the John the Conqueror root
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has written that John the Conqueror root is the root of
565:"The Elusive History of High John the Conqueror Root"
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Other roots are linked to the same body of legends.
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249:
Jean, the Soldier, and Eulalie, the Devil's Daughter
243:
In one traditional John the Conqueror story told by
1125:Spiritual Merchants: Religion, Magic, and Commerce
1101:
927:. Berkeley: Turtle Island. pp. 6, 10, 16–19.
351:. The plant is known in some areas as bindweed or
134:Hoodoo practitioners place High John roots inside
61:from the African-American spiritual system called
1971:
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311:The American Mercury, October 1943, pp. 450-458
95:mentions him as Johnny Cocheroo in the songs "
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347:species related to the morning glory and the
263:) of land in half a day and then sow it with
296:This is from Hurston's published article in
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427:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
57:, Jack, and many other folk variants, is a
1369:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion
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1315:
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672:Alexander, Leslie; Rucker, Walter (2010).
667:
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551:
515:
1546:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
1065:Learn how and when to remove this message
447:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:
1336:
1028:This article includes a list of general
820:
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675:Encyclopedia of African American History
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848:"Diane Ferlatte Storyteller--High John"
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1980:Folklore of the Southern United States
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16:Folk hero of African-American folklore
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65:. He is associated with the roots of
1719:Timeline of African-American history
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425:adding citations to reliable sources
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214:as a reluctant folk hero, a sort of
87:, especially among practitioners of
821:Whitcomb, Leah (October 18, 2022).
292:and he can be summoned at any time.
13:
1034:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2006:
1420:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl
1127:. University of Tennessee Press.
761:Federal Writers' Project (1941).
735:Pasciuto, Greg (March 22, 2023).
389:Other herbs related to the legend
1954:
1953:
1605:
1599:
1525:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
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1292:
1277:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
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111:", to which "Mannish Boy" is an
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497:family. This is chewed much as
480:formula called Dixie Love Oil.
251:", John falls in love with the
1995:Heroes in mythology and legend
901:Auburn Avenue Research Library
873:Jones, Mike (April 30, 2022).
754:
728:
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202:Sometimes, John is an African
147:to protect from slaveholders.
1:
1123:Long, Carolyn Morrow (2001).
795:Farmer, Jim (July 25, 2012).
527:Long, Carolyn Morrow (1997).
508:
1804:Slavery in the United States
1799:History of the United States
1108:. Turtle Island Foundation.
1100:Hurston, Zora Neale (1981).
1079:Hurston, Zora Neale (1990).
921:Hurston, Zora Neale (1981).
608:. Berkeley. pp. 69–78.
602:Hurston, Zora Neale (1981).
462:Low John is the root of the
189:
101:I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man
19:For Jean le Conquéreur, see
7:
1556:Michael Row the Boat Ashore
10:
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1272:Moses, Man of the Mountain
1262:African American folktales
145:enslaved African-Americans
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897:"High John The Conqueror"
678:. ABC-CLIO. p. 207.
247:, and probably based on "
85:African-American folklore
1751:History of Guinea-Bissau
1714:African-American history
1660:Beaufort, South Carolina
1582:African-American culture
638:Simmons, Alicia (2000).
177:enslaved Black community
21:John V, Duke of Brittany
1787:History of Sierra Leone
1680:Golden Isles of Georgia
1049:more precise citations.
83:powers are ascribed in
73:John the Conqueror root
1460:Afro-American religion
976:Cite journal requires
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170:Cultural appropriation
141:Southern United States
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51:High John de Conqueror
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1815:Related ethnic groups
1780:History of the Gambia
1639:Port Royal Experiment
1453:Religion and folklore
1393:Daughters of the Dust
1282:Sukey and The Mermaid
924:The Sanctified Church
605:The Sanctified Church
563:Tyler, Varro (1991).
469:Trillium grandiflorum
324:
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238:The Sanctified Church
197:
126:
31:
1726:Atlantic slave trade
1401:Gullah Gullah Island
1085:. Harper Perennial.
1002:on January 24, 2001.
950:The American Mercury
421:improve this section
220:Joel Chandler Harris
1541:Charleston red rice
1353:Film and television
877:. The Royal Gazette
569:Pharmacy in History
533:Pharmacy in History
1775:History of Senegal
1761:History of Nigeria
1756:History of Liberia
1510:John the Conqueror
1267:John the Conqueror
1180:Magic and concepts
1011:General references
493:, a member of the
483:"Chewing John" is
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234:Zora Neale Hurston
200:
149:Frederick Douglass
129:
77:John the Conqueroo
47:John the Conqueror
44:
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1822:African Americans
1731:History of Angola
1687:(protected site)
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1587:Culture of Africa
1566:Robot Hive/Exodus
1534:Music and culture
1427:Vibration Cooking
1377:A Soldier's Story
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644:The Oswald Review
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317:Plant information
245:Virginia Hamilton
2002:
1990:Hoodoo conjurors
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1746:History of Ghana
1741:History of Congo
1736:History of Benin
1670:Eulonia, Georgia
1665:Daufuskie Island
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575:(4): 165–166.
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332:Ipomoea jalapa
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35:Ipomoea jalapa
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119:Use in Hoodoo
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68:Ipomoea purga
64:
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48:
41:
37:
36:
32:The roots of
30:
26:
22:
1958:
1792:Bunce Island
1653:Demographics
1634:Igbo Landing
1509:
1465:Black church
1425:
1418:
1412:Publications
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1266:
1212:Kalunga line
1124:
1103:
1080:
1061:
1055:October 2012
1052:
1033:
1000:the original
990:
969:cite journal
958:
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904:. Retrieved
900:
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868:
856:. Retrieved
851:
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830:. Retrieved
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804:. Retrieved
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488:
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467:
461:
458:
443:
437:October 2012
434:
419:Please help
407:
377:
349:sweet potato
342:
336:
330:
328:
325:Jalapae root
304:
297:
295:
286:
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242:
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224:Br'er Rabbit
201:
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173:
130:
93:Muddy Waters
76:
72:
66:
54:
50:
46:
45:
33:
25:
1691:Hog Hammock
1561:Ranky Tanky
1495:Goofer dust
1404:(1994–2000)
1197:Goofer dust
1047:introducing
852:youtube.com
827:MadameNoire
709:: 103–104.
379:Cecil Adams
301:ends with:
289:King Arthur
229:Uncle Remus
183:MadameNoire
113:answer song
97:Mannish Boy
79:, to which
1974:Categories
1939:Toucouleur
1770:Senegambia
1520:Ring shout
1500:Haint blue
1232:Ring shout
1202:Haint blue
1030:references
952:: 450–458.
650:(5): 41–44
509:References
153:Henry Bibb
105:Bo Diddley
408:does not
369:testicles
216:trickster
190:Folk hero
136:mojo bags
109:I'm a Man
1960:Category
1917:Niominka
1872:Mandinka
1437:Language
1255:Folklore
906:July 14,
881:July 14,
832:July 13,
806:July 13,
780:July 13,
776:(4): 121
746:July 13,
720:July 13,
654:July 13,
589:11612725
581:41112508
545:41111803
485:galangal
464:trillium
365:gambling
361:mojo bag
357:laxative
309:—
212:folklore
157:Arkansas
1827:Ambundu
1675:Georgia
1615:History
1551:Kumbaya
1470:Boo Hag
1361:Conrack
1346:Culture
1192:Boo Hag
1043:improve
801:ArtsATL
429:removed
414:sources
344:Ipomoea
226:of the
164:conjure
99:" and "
81:magical
1907:Laalaa
1862:Kpelle
1480:Hoodoo
1396:(1991)
1388:(1989)
1380:(1984)
1372:(1982)
1364:(1974)
1340:topics
1131:
1112:
1089:
1032:, but
931:
858:May 6,
713:
682:
612:
587:
579:
543:
495:ginger
478:hoodoo
373:amulet
204:prince
107:song "
89:Hoodoo
71:, the
63:hoodoo
40:amulet
1985:Herbs
1932:Saafi
1927:Palor
1902:Serer
1897:Wolof
1887:Temne
1877:Mende
1867:Limba
1857:Kongo
1852:Kissi
1766:Sahel
1385:Glory
1237:Simbi
766:(PDF)
711:JSTOR
577:JSTOR
541:JSTOR
503:judge
474:Dixie
353:jalap
341:, an
287:like
257:acres
253:Devil
208:slave
59:deity
1922:Noon
1912:Ndut
1882:Susu
1847:Jola
1842:Igbo
1837:Fula
1832:Baga
1485:Mojo
1222:Mojo
1129:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1087:ISBN
982:help
929:ISBN
908:2023
883:2023
860:2024
834:2023
808:2023
782:2023
748:2023
722:2023
680:ISBN
656:2023
610:ISBN
585:PMID
412:any
410:cite
273:plow
271:and
265:corn
259:(25
151:and
55:John
1892:Vai
423:by
269:axe
222:'s
143:by
75:or
1976::
1768:/
973::
971:}}
967:{{
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694:^
664:^
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573:33
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553:^
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517:^
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261:ha
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53:,
1330:e
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450:)
444:(
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435:(
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417:.
42:.
23:.
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