Jonestown - Knowledge

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pavilion. Armed guards with guns and crossbows surrounded the pavilion. One drill lasted for six days. Known as 'the Six Day Siege', this ordeal was used thereafter by Jones as a symbol of the community's indomitable spirit. For days on end, frightened townsfolk ringed the commune, armed with machetes and whatever crude tools would serve as weapons. Surrounding them, Jones claimed, were mercenaries bent on murder, as well as the abduction of Jones' son John Victor Stoen and others. Jones' wife and others outside of the commune engaged in interminable shortwave radio conversations with Jones, seeking to dissuade him from ordering a mass suicide. The panic reached such a point that an ad hoc evacuation was ordered by Jones, with dozens of townsfolk hastily loaded onto boats on the George River. The destination of this exodus was Cuba. Several people fell into the river, suffering injuries. At last, Jones bowed to pressure, and the drill ended. Veterans of the 'Siege' were held in high regard in Jonestown, and in numerous addresses Jones tearfully recalled their stoic courage on the 'front line.'

2004:. Prokes and the Carter brothers soon ditched most of the money and were apprehended heading for a Temple boat at Port Kaituma. It is unknown how they reached Georgetown, 150 miles (240 km) away, since the boat had been sent away earlier that day. The brothers were given the task before the suicides began, and soon abandoned it when they realized what was about to happen; Tim Carter desperately tried to search for his wife and son, discovering his son in time to witness him being poisoned, and his wife killing herself in despair. At this point, Carter had a 1937:" of weary soldiers. After Jones confirmed that "the Congressman's dead", no dissent is heard on the death tape. By this point, armed guards had taken up positions surrounding the pavilion area. Directly after this, Jones stated that "the Red Brigade's the only one that made any sense anyway", and, "the Red Brigade showed them justice". In addition to McElvane, several other Temple members gave speeches praising Jones and his decision for the community to commit suicide, even after Jones stopped appreciating this praise and begged for the process to go faster. 488: 310: 2128: 1537:, six miles (10 km) from Jonestown, some hours later. Because of lack of room on the plane, only four of the Concerned Relatives – Anthony Katsaris, Beverly Oliver, Jim Cobb and Carol Boyd – accompanied Ryan, Speier and the journalists to Port Kaituma and ultimately to Jonestown. It was felt that the presence of the Stoens would unnecessarily antagonize Jones, and Harris wanted to remain in Georgetown because he hoped to spend time with his daughter Liane, who was staying at the Temple's Lamaha Gardens headquarters there. 1525: 1856: 2136: 1787:, Steve Sung, Richard Dwyer, Tim Reiterman, Charles Krause, Ron Javers, Anthony Katsaris, Carolyn Houston Boyd, and Beverly Oliver were the nine injured in and around the Twin Otter. After the shootings, the Cessna's pilot Tom Fernandez, along with the pilot and co-pilot of the Twin Otter, Captain Guy Spence and First officer Astil Rodwell Paul, as well as the injured Monica Bagby, fled in the Cessna to Georgetown. The damaged Twin Otter and the injured Ryan delegation members were left behind on the airstrip. 157: 1796: 2418: 1751: 1565:

attempted to talk Jerry Parks out of leaving, Parks told him, "No way, it's nothing but a communist prison camp." Jones gave the two families, along with Gosney and Bagby, permission to leave. Before leaving, Gosney was forced to sign a statement stating that he was leaving his 4-year-old son behind of his own free will. When Harris handed Gosney's note to Jones during an interview in the pavilion, Jones stated that the defectors were lying and wanted to destroy Jonestown.

64: 877:, and ate meals that reportedly consisted of nothing more on some days than rice, beans, greens, and occasionally meat, sauce, and eggs. Despite having access to an estimated $ 26 million by late 1978, Jones also lived in a tiny communal house, though fewer people lived there than in other communal houses. His house reportedly held a small refrigerator containing, at times, eggs, meat, fruit, salads, and soft drinks. Medical problems, such as severe 577: 1421:, announced that he would visit Jonestown. Ryan was friends with the father of Bob Houston, a Temple member in California whose mutilated body was found near train tracks on October 5, 1976, three days after a taped telephone conversation with Houston's ex-wife in which leaving the Temple was discussed. Over the following months, Ryan's interest was further aroused by the allegations put forth by Stoen, Layton, and the Concerned Relatives. 2404: 115: 722: 1202:

Timofeyev opened the speech stating that the Soviet Union would like to send "our deepest and the most sincere greetings to the people of this first socialist and communist community of the United States of America, in Guyana and in the world". Both speeches were met by cheers and applause from the crowd in Jonestown. Following the visit, Temple members met almost weekly with Timofeyev to discuss a potential Soviet exodus.

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time roughly concurrent with the shootings on the Cessna, the Red Brigade opened fire with shotguns, handguns and rifles while at least two shooters circled the plane on foot. There were perhaps nine shooters whose identities are not all certainly known, but most sources agree that Joe Wilson, Stanley Gieg, Thomas Kice Sr, and Ronnie Dennis were among them.

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poison or whether they were so-called "relief" injections to quicken death and reduce suffering from convulsions from those who had previously taken poison orally. Mootoo and American pathologist Lynn Crook determined that cyanide was present in some bodies, while analysis of the contents of the vat revealed several tranquilizers as well as

1926:. After several exchanges in which Jones argued that a Soviet exodus would not be possible, along with reactions by other Temple members hostile to Miller, she backed down. However, Miller may have ceased dissenting when Jones confirmed at one point that "the Congressman has been murdered" after the airstrip shooters returned. 1386:; he would often say he went for three or four days without any rest. During meetings and public addresses, his once-sharp speaking voice often sounded slurred; words ran together or were tripped over. Jones would occasionally not finish sentences even when reading typed reports over the commune's PA system. 2016:

arriving in Port Kaituma. While in the jungle near the settlement, they heard gunshots. This observation concurs with the testimony of Clayton, who, having previously fled into the jungle, heard the same sounds as he was sneaking back into Jonestown to retrieve his passport. Rhodes volunteered to fetch a

800:"Discussion" about current events often took the form of Jones interrogating individual followers about the implications and subtexts of a given news item, or delivering lengthy and often confused monologues on how to "read" certain events. In addition to Soviet documentaries, political thrillers such as 1247:. Reiterman's subsequent story about the Stoen custody battle prompted the immediate threat of a lawsuit by the Temple. The repercussions were devastating for the Temple's reputation, and made most former supporters more suspicious of the Temple's claims that it was the victim of a "rightist vendetta". 2167:. The last shipment of bodies arrived early on the morning of November 27, 1978. The base's mortuary was tasked with fingerprinting, identifying, and processing the bodies. The base's resources were overwhelmed, and numerous individuals tasked with moving or identifying the bodies suffered symptoms of 660:

large number of immigrants to Guyana overwhelmed the government's small but stringent immigration infrastructure in a country where immigrants had outweighed locals. Guyanese immigration procedures were compromised to inhibit the departure of Temple defectors and curtail the visas of Temple opponents.

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Jones, Jim. The White Nights were originally called 'Omegas', denoting their finality, but when Jones decided that the events more properly marked a new beginning and an evolution to a higher form of socialist consciousness, they were briefly renamed 'Alphas'. This second title was only briefly used,

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In 2003, with the help of Gerry Gouveia, a pilot involved with the Jonestown cleanup, a television crew recording a special for the 25th anniversary of the event returned to the site to uncover any remaining artifacts. Although the site was covered with dense vegetation, the team uncovered a standing

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At the airstrip, Reiterman photographed the aftermath of the shootings. Dwyer assumed leadership at the scene and, at his recommendation, Larry Layton was arrested by Guyanese police. Dwyer was grazed by a bullet in his buttock during the shootings. It took several hours before the eleven wounded and

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Moore also left a note, which in part stated: "I am at a point right now so embittered against the world that I don't know why I am writing this. Someone who finds it will believe I am crazy or believe in the barbed wire that does NOT exist in Jonestown." The last line, "We died because you would not

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Jones' sons, Stephan, Jim Jones Jr., and Tim were in Georgetown with the Jonestown Basketball Team to play in a tournament with the Guyanese National Team. In the moments before the suicide, Jim Jones contacted Stephan with orders to "get revenge" on enemies of the Peoples Temple in Georgetown before

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Three high-ranking Temple survivors claimed they were given an assignment and thereby escaped death. Tim Carter and his brother Mike, aged 30 and 20, and Mike Prokes, 31, were given luggage containing $ 550,000 in U.S. currency, $ 130,000 in Guyanese currency, and an envelope, which they were told to

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On 11 April 1978, the Concerned Relatives distributed a packet of documents, including letters and affidavits, that they titled an "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones" to the Peoples Temple, members of the press, and members of Congress. In June 1978, Layton provided the

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Jones' paranoia and drug usage increased in Jonestown as he became fearful of a government raid on the commune, citing concerns that the community would not be able to resist an attack. Jones would call "Alert, Alert, Alert" over the community loudspeaker to call the community together in the central

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meshed with that". Jones also thought that Guyana was small, poor, and independent enough for him to easily obtain influence and official protection. He was skillful in presenting the Guyanese government the benefits of allowing the Peoples Temple to establish a settlement in the country. One of the

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in 1998, Jim Jones Jr., the adopted son of the cult leader, discovered the rusting remains of an oil drum near the former entrance to the pavilion. Jones recognized the drum, originally adapted for use during meal times, as the drum used for drink mixtures during the White Night exercises, and which

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After escaping Jonestown, Rhodes arrived in Port Kaituma on the night of 18 November 1978. That night, Clayton stayed with a local Guyanese family and travelled to Port Kaituma the next morning. Prokes and the Carter brothers were put into protective custody in Port Kaituma. They were later released

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Five teenage members of the Parks and Bogue families, with one boyfriend, followed the instructions of defector Gerald Parks to hide in the adjacent jungle until help arrived and their safety was assured. Thereafter, that group was lost for three days in the jungle and nearly died. Guyanese soldiers

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argued that the Temple should alternatively attempt an airlift to the Soviet Union. Jim McElvane, a former therapist who had arrived in Jonestown only two days earlier, assisted Jones by arguing against Miller's resistance to suicide, stating "Let's make it a beautiful day" and later citing possible

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Temple member, attempted to take two of his children to Ryan to process the requisite paperwork for transfer back to the United States. Al's wife, Bonnie, summoned on the loudspeakers by Temple staff, loudly denounced her husband. Al pleaded with Bonnie to return to the U.S., but Bonnie rejected his

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In September 1977, former Temple members Tim and Grace Stoen battled in a Georgetown court to produce an order for the Temple to show cause why a final order should not be issued returning their five-year-old son, John. A few days later, a second order was issued for John to be taken into protective

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prepared an "immediate action" contingency plan for responding to a police or media crackdown. The plan listed various options, including fleeing to Canada or to a "Caribbean missionary post" such as Barbados or Trinidad. For its Caribbean missionary post, the Temple quickly chose Guyana, conducting

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upon arrival in San Francisco. Layton could not be tried in the U.S. for the attempted murders of Gosney, Bagby, Dale Parks, and the Cessna pilot on Guyanese soil and was, instead, tried under a federal statute against assassinating members of Congress and internationally protected people (Ryan and

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In addition, she stated, "JIM JONES – the one who made this paradise possible – much to the contrary of the lies stated about Jim Jones being a power-hungry sadistic, mean person who thought he was God – of all things." And "His hatred of racism, sexism,

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in the case of unnatural death. Doctors in the U.S. performed autopsies on only seven bodies, including those of Jones, Moore, Lawrence Schacht, and Carolyn Layton. Moore and Layton were selected among those autopsied, in part, because of the urging of the Moore family, including Rebecca Moore, the

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The concoction was prepared with the help of Jonestown’s in-house doctor, Larry Schacht, a Texan native and former methamphetamine addict who got sober with the help of Jones, who subsequently paid for his college education to become a doctor. Schacht had been researching the best ways for a person

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Meanwhile, some passengers had boarded the larger Twin Otter. A tractor with a trailer attached, driven by members of the Temple's Red Brigade security squad, arrived at the airstrip and approached the Twin Otter. When the tractor neared within approximately 30 feet (9 m) of the aircraft, at a

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That afternoon, the Parks and the Bogue families, along with Christopher O'Neal (who was the boyfriend of one of the Parks daughters) and Harold Cordell (who was living with Mrs. Bogue), stepped forward and asked to be escorted out of Jonestown by the Ryan delegation. When Jones' adopted son Johnny

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Everyone, including the children, was told to line up. As we passed through the line, we were given a small glass of red liquid to drink. We were told that the liquid contained poison and that we would die within 45 minutes. We all did as we were told. When the time came when we should have dropped

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The Temple established offices in the Guyanese capital city of Georgetown and conducted numerous meetings with Prime Minister Forbes Burnham and other Guyanese officials. In 1976, Temple member Michael Prokes requested that Burnham receive Jones as a foreign dignitary along with other "high ranking

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have self-criticism and group criticism. Unfortunately, not enough about their foreign policy. But in the Soviet Union, they have it.... The sale of nearly 30,000 pounds of copper to China has been announced by the Ministry of Mining in Industry of Chile. Another blunder of China's foreign policy,

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The only medical doctor to initially examine the scene at Jonestown was Mootoo, who visually examined over 200 bodies and later told a Guyanese coroner's jury of having seen needle marks on at least 70. However, no determination was made as to whether those injections initiated the introduction of

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Two more people who were intended to be poisoned managed to survive. Grover Davis, 79, who was hard-of-hearing, missed the announcement to assemble on the loudspeaker, laid down in a ditch and pretended to be dead. Hyacinth Thrash, 76, realized what was happening and crawled under her bed, only to

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Dear Comrade Timofeyev, The following is a letter of instructions regarding all of our assets that we want to leave to the Communist Party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Enclosed in this letter are letters which instruct the banks to send the cashiers checks to you. I am doing this on

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On the tape, Jones urged Temple members to commit "revolutionary suicide". Such an act had been planned by the Temple before and, according to Jonestown defectors, its theory was "you can go down in history, saying you chose your own way to go, and it is your commitment to refuse capitalism and in

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Shortly after the dump truck initially departed, Temple member Don "Ujara" Sly grabbed Ryan while wielding a knife. While Ryan was unhurt after others wrestled Sly to the ground, Dwyer strongly suggested that the congressman leave Jonestown while he filed a criminal complaint against Sly. Ryan did

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While most of the Ryan delegation began to depart on a large dump truck to the Port Kaituma airstrip, Ryan and Dwyer stayed behind in Jonestown to process any additional defectors. Shortly before the dump truck left, Temple loyalist Larry Layton, the brother of Deborah Layton, demanded to join the

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Only Ryan, Speier, Lane and Garry were initially accepted into Jonestown, while the rest of Ryan's group was allowed in after sunset. That night, they attended a musical reception in the settlement's main pavilion. While the party was received warmly, Jones said he felt like a dying man and ranted

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For the first several months, Temple members worked six days a week, from approximately 6:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., with an hour for lunch. In mid-1978, after Jones' health deteriorated and his wife began managing more of Jonestown's operations, the work week was reduced to eight hours a day

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Jones reached an agreement to guarantee that Guyana would permit Temple members' mass migration. To do so, he stated that they were "skilled and progressive", showed off an envelope he claimed contained $ 500,000, and stated that he would invest most of the group's assets in Guyana. The relatively

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Just before the start of the final meeting in the pavilion, Garry and Lane were told that the people were angry with them. The lawyers were escorted to a house used to accommodate visitors. According to them, they talked their way past two armed guards and made it to the jungle, before eventually

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Rhodes described a scene of both hysteria and confusion as parents watched their children die from the poison. He also stated that most present "quietly waited their own turn to die", and that many of the assembled Temple members "walked around like they were in a trance". Survivor Tim Carter has

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Larry Layton was a passenger on the Cessna, the first aircraft to set up for takeoff. After the Cessna had taxied to the far end of the airstrip, he produced a handgun and started shooting at the passengers. He wounded Bagby and Gosney, and tried to kill Dale Parks, who disarmed him after the gun

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for the Soviet Union in Georgetown, visited Jonestown for two days and gave a speech. Jones stated before the speech, "For many years, we have let our sympathies be quite publicly known, that the United States government was not our mother, but that the Soviet Union was our spiritual motherland."

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cited the Temple for technical violations and for using amateur frequencies for commercial purposes. Because shortwave radio was Jonestown's only effective means of non-postal communication, the Temple felt that the FCC's threats to revoke its operators' licenses threatened Jonestown's existence.

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Bureaucratic requirements after Jones' arrival sapped labor resources for other needs. Buildings fell into disrepair and weeds encroached on fields. School study and nighttime lectures for adults turned to Jones' discussions about revolution and enemies, with lessons focusing on Soviet alliances,

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community, with Jones stating: "I believe we're the purest communists there are." Jones' wife, Marceline, described Jonestown as "dedicated to live for socialism, total economic and racial and social equality. We are here living communally." Jones wanted to construct a model community and claimed

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As 500 members began the construction of Jonestown, the Temple encouraged more to relocate to the settlement. Jones saw Jonestown as both a "socialist paradise" and a "sanctuary" from media scrutiny. In 1976, Guyana finally approved the lease it had negotiated (retroactive to April 1974) with the

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In August 2014, the never-claimed cremated remains of nine people from Jonestown were found in a former funeral home in Dover. As of September 2014, four of their remains had been returned to next-of-kin, and the remaining five had not. Those five were publicly identified in the hope that family

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One of those people on that plane is gonna shoot the pilot, I know that. I didn't plan it but I know it's gonna happen. They're gonna shoot that pilot and down comes the plane into the jungle and we had better not have any of our children left when it's over, because they'll parachute in here on

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poisoning, a significant number of whom were injected against their will, in an event termed "revolutionary suicide" by Jones and some Peoples Temple members on an audio tape of the event, and in prior recorded discussions. The poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by Temple

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mill (possibly the largest remaining structure), the remains of a tractor (speculated to be the same tractor used by the airstrip shooters), a generator, a filing cabinet, a truck near the site of Jones' house, a fuel pump, and other smaller miscellaneous items. Gouveia also led the team to the

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In the early evening of 18 November, at the Temple's headquarters in Georgetown, Temple member Sharon Amos received a radio communication from Jonestown instructing the members at the headquarters to take revenge on the Temple's enemies and then commit revolutionary suicide. Later, after police

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The poison caused death within five minutes for children, less for babies, and an estimated 20–30 minutes for adults. After consuming the poison, according to Rhodes, people were then escorted away down a wooden walkway leading outside the pavilion. It is not clear if some initially thought the

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Two Temple members, Vernon Gosney (1953–2021) and Monica Bagby (1960–2009), made the first move for defection that night. In the pavilion, Gosney mistook NBC reporter Don Harris for Ryan and passed him a note, reading, "Dear Congressman, Vernon Gosney and Monica Bagby. Please help us get out of

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When the Ryan delegation arrived in Guyana, Jim Jones' attorneys Lane and Garry initially refused to allow them access to Jonestown. However, by the morning of November 17, they informed Jones that Ryan would likely leave for Jonestown that afternoon regardless of his willingness. Ryan's party,

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Stephan, Tim, and Jim Jr. eventually found them dead after they arrived at the Temple headquarters in their efforts to return to Jonestown to stop the suicide. They and other members of the Jonestown Basketball Team had been away in Georgetown, where they played an exhibition match against the

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in Georgetown interviewed Social Security recipients on multiple occasions to make sure they were not being held against their will. None of the 75 people interviewed by the embassy stated that they were being held captive, were forced to sign over welfare checks, or wanted to leave Jonestown.

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Jones's recorded readings of the news were part of the constant broadcasts over Jonestown's tower speakers, such that all members could hear them throughout the day and night. Jones' news readings usually portrayed the U.S. as a "capitalist" and "imperialist" villain, while casting "socialist"

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during the selection process. Former Temple member Tim Carter stated that the reasons for choosing Guyana were the Temple's view of a perceived dominance of racism and multinational corporations in the U.S. government. According to Carter, the Temple concluded that Guyana, an English-speaking,

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According to escaped Temple member Odell Rhodes, the first to take the poison were Ruletta Paul and her one-year-old infant. A syringe without a needle fitted was used to squirt poison into the infant's mouth, after which Paul squirted another syringe into her own mouth. Stanley Clayton also

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and a lack of physical transportation, and even if 200 of the 900+ wanted to leave, "I'd still say you have a beautiful place here." Despite Garry's report, Jones told him, "I have failed." Garry reiterated that Ryan would be making a positive report, but Jones maintained that "all is lost."

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and other intelligence agencies were conspiring with "capitalist pigs" to destroy the settlement and harm its inhabitants. After work, when purported emergencies arose, the Temple sometimes conducted what Jones referred to as "White Nights". During such events, Jones would sometimes give the

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Staff Investigative Group (1979) "The Assassination of Representative Leo J. Ryan and the Jonestown, Guyana, Tragedy. Report of a Staff Investigative Group to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives", U.S.

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Before leaving Jonestown for the airstrip, Ryan had told Garry that he would issue a report that would describe Jonestown "in basically good terms". Ryan stated that none of the 60 relatives he had targeted for interviews wanted to leave, the 14 defectors constituted a very small portion of

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Jonestown." A child nearby witnessed Gosney's act and verbally alerted other Temple members. Harris brought two notes, one of them Gosney's, to Ryan and Speier. According to Speier in 2006, reading the notes caused her and the congressman to realize that "something was very, very wrong."

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After the Six Day Siege, Jones no longer believed the Guyanese could be trusted. He directed Temple members to write to over a dozen foreign governments inquiring about immigration policies relevant to another exodus by the Temple. He also wrote to the State Department, inquiring about

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I tell you, I don't care how many screams you hear, I don't care how many anguished cries ... death is a million times preferable to 10 more days of this life. If you knew what was ahead of you – if you knew what was ahead of you, you'd be glad to be stepping over

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Sharon Amos, Michael Prokes, Matthew Blunt, Timothy Regan, and other Temple members took active roles in the "Guyana-Korea Friendship Society", which sponsored two seminars on the revolutionary concepts of Kim Il Sung. In April 1978, a high-ranking correspondent of Soviet news agency

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arrived at the headquarters, Sharon escorted her children, Liane (21), Christa (11), and Martin (10), into a bathroom. Wielding a kitchen knife, Sharon first killed Christa, and then Martin. Then Liane assisted Sharon in cutting her own throat, after which Liane killed herself.

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Plastic cups, Flavor Aid packets, and syringes, some with needles and some without, littered the area where the bodies were found. Mootoo concluded that a gunshot wound to Annie Moore could not have been self-inflicted, though Moore had also ingested a lethal dose of cyanide.

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A 44-minute cassette tape, known as the "death tape", records part of the meeting Jones called inside the pavilion in the early evening of 18 November 1978. When the assembly gathered, referring to the Ryan delegation's air travel back to Georgetown, Jones told the gathering:

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of the orders caused Jones to set up a false sniper attack upon himself and begin his first series of White Nights, called the "Six Day Siege". During the Siege, Jones spoke to Temple members about attacks from outsiders and had them surround Jonestown with guns and machetes.

888:, various forms of punishment were used against members considered to have serious disciplinary problems. Methods included imprisonment in a 6-by-4-by-3-foot (1.8 m × 1.2 m × 0.9 m) plywood box and forcing children to spend a night at the bottom of a 1553:

Ryan, Speier, Dwyer, and Annibourne stayed the night in Jonestown while other members of the delegation, including the press corps and members of Concerned Relatives, were told that they had to find other accommodations. They went to Port Kaituma and stayed at a small café.

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After Ryan's departure from Jonestown towards Port Kaituma, Marceline Jones made a broadcast on the public address system, stating that everything was all right, and asking residents to return to their homes. During this time, aides prepared a large metal tub with grape

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Although Jones, his executive partners, and congregation voiced their thoughts about moving their operation to the Soviet Union, Jones had a change of heart. He had stated that he preferred to stay within the Guyanese borders because of the sovereignty it afforded them.

2233:(CAN), a group aimed at deprogramming members of cults, was formed soon after the Jonestown deaths. The group, which included Congressman Ryan's daughter Patricia, was involved in various personal, social and legal battles with a range of religious organizations, from 1876: 680:

that socialist Guyana wanted to keep an open door to cooperation with the U.S. Dymally followed up that meeting with a letter to Burnham stating that Jones was "one of the finest human beings" and that Dymally was "tremendously impressed" by his visit to Jonestown.

1873: 688:. One Temple member, Paula Adams, was involved in a romantic relationship with Guyana's ambassador to the U.S., Laurence "Bonny" Mann. Jones bragged about other female Temple members he referred to as "public relations women" giving all for the cause in Jonestown. 832:

system, but no one could view anything in the way of film or recorded TV, no matter how innocuous or seemingly politically neutral, without a Temple staffer present to "interpret" the material for the viewers. This invariably meant damning criticisms of perceived

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Larry Layton, who had fired a gun at several people aboard the Cessna, was initially found not guilty of attempted murder in a Guyanese court, employing the defense that he was "brainwashed." Acquittal in a Guyanese court did not free Layton, who was promptly

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The sheer scale of the event, as well as Jones' socialism, purported inconsistencies in the reported number of deaths, allegedly poor explanation of events related to said deaths, and existence of classified documents led some conspiracy theorists to suggest

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Children were generally surrendered to communal care, and at times were only allowed to see their biological parents briefly at night. Jones was called "Father" or "Dad" by both adults and children. The community had a nursery at which 33 infants were born.

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witnessed mothers with their babies first approach the tub containing the poison. Clayton said that Jones approached people to encourage them to drink the poison and that, after adults saw the poison begin to take effect, "they showed a reluctance to die".

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others in their party gathered themselves together. Most of them spent the night in the Port Kaituma café. The more seriously wounded slept in a small tent at the airstrip. A Guyanese government plane arrived the following morning to evacuate the wounded.

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Found near Carolyn Layton's body was a handwritten note signed by Layton, witnessed by Katsaris and Moore, dated 18 November 1978, stating, "This is my last will and testament. I hereby leave all assets in any bank account to which I am a signatory to the

284:. Seventy or more individuals at Jonestown were injected with poison, and a third of the victims were minors. Guards armed with firearms and crossbows had been ordered to shoot anyone who attempted to flee the settlement as Jones lobbied for suicide. 2825:, former member Stanley Clayton refused to "use the term 'suicide'" because "that man was killing us"; another member, Tim Carter, said that the victims were "fucking slaughtered" and that their deaths had nothing to do with "revolutionary suicide". 631:

In 1974, after traveling to an area of northwestern Guyana with Guyanese officials, Jones and the Temple negotiated a lease of over 3,800 acres (1,500 ha) of land in the jungle located 150 miles (240 km) west of the Guyanese capital of

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as he decried attacks by the press and his enemies. It was later reported – and verified by audio tapes recovered by investigators – that Jones had run rehearsals on how to convince Ryan's delegation that everyone was happy and in good spirits.

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were repeatedly screened and minutely analyzed by Jones. Recordings of commune meetings show how livid and frustrated Jones would get when anyone did not find the films interesting or did not understand the message Jones was placing upon them.

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With the move to San Francisco came increasing political involvement by the Temple and the high levels of approval they received from the local government. After the group's participation proved instrumental in the mayoral election victory of

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cites the book as an example of Soviet active measures during the 1980s that "spread both disinformation stories and enemy propaganda against the United States", adding, "It's hard to imagine that anyone could believe so ridiculous a story".

1730:. When the entourage reached the airstrip between 4:30 p.m. and 4:45 p.m., the planes had not appeared as scheduled. The group had to wait until the aircraft landed at approximately 5:10 p.m. Then the boarding process began. 1874: 2340:) was published in the Soviet Union, claiming that group members were assassinated by CIA agents and mercenaries to prevent further political emigration from the U.S. as well as suppress opposition to the U.S. regime. Political scientist 4364:

and 'White Night' was adopted soon thereafter. Jones refers to an 'Omega' on one tape recorded at Jonestown, the only known time when this title was used. Confusingly, this mention came after the switch to 'White Night' had been made.

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so, promising to return later to address the dispute. The truck departing to the airstrip had stopped after the passengers heard of the attack on Ryan, and took him as a passenger before continuing its journey towards the airstrip.

1963:

of death by poison or death by a guard's hand. Cries and screams of children and adults were easily heard on the tape recording made. As more Temple members died, eventually the guards themselves were called in to die by poison.

1315:

Lane then held press conferences stating that "none of the charges" against the Temple "are accurate or true" and that there was a "massive conspiracy" against the Temple by "intelligence organizations," naming the CIA, the

1725:

to fly them back to Georgetown. Because of the defectors departing Jonestown, the group grew in number and now an additional aircraft was required. Accordingly, the U.S. embassy arranged for a second plane, a six-passenger

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let us live in peace," is written in different color ink. No other specific reference is made to the events of the day. Moore also wrote, "JONESTOWN – the most peaceful, loving community that ever existed."

768:

Jones compared this schedule to the North Korean system of eight hours of daily work followed by eight hours of study. This also comported with the Temple's practice of gradually subjecting its followers to sophisticated

4206: 4220: 672:, the Prime Minister of Guyana, "couldn't rave enough about us, the wonderful things we do, the project, the model of socialism". Jones did not permit members to leave Jonestown without his express prior permission. 1272:

Tim Stoen represented three members of the Concerned Relatives in lawsuits filed in May and June 1978 against Jones and other Temple members, seeking in excess of $ 56 million in damages. The Temple, represented by

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since 1976 after Jones obtained a jeweler's license to buy the chemical, purportedly to clean gold. In May 1978, a Temple doctor wrote a memo to Jones asking permission to test cyanide on Jonestown's pigs, as their

1072:

to learn how to manipulate members of the cult. Divine told Jones personally to "find an enemy" and "to make sure they know who the enemy is" as it will unify those in the group and make them subservient to him.

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dead, Rev. Jones explained that the poison was not real and that we had just been through a loyalty test. He warned us that the time was not far off when it would become necessary for us to die by our own hands.

1137:

communicated via radio-telephone to the Jonestown crowd, urging them to hold strong against the "conspiracy". Jones made radio broadcasts stating "we will die unless we are granted freedom from harassment and

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videotape by NBC cameraman Bob Brown, who was killed along with Robinson, Harris, and Temple defector Patricia Parks in the few minutes of shooting. Ryan was killed after being shot more than twenty times.

1182:. Negotiations with the Soviet embassy included extensive discussions of possible resettlement there. The Temple produced memoranda discussing potential places within the USSR in which they might settle. 872:

Because it stood on poor soil, Jonestown was not self-sufficient and had to import large quantities of commodities such as wheat. Temple members lived in small communal houses, some with walls woven from

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In response to reactions of seeing the poison take effect on others, Jones counseled, "Die with a degree of dignity. Lay down your life with dignity; don't lay down with tears and agony." He also said,

1967:

Jones was found dead lying next to his chair in the pavilion between two other bodies, his head cushioned by a pillow. His death was caused by a gunshot wound to his left temple that Guyanese Chief

1959:

suggested that, like a previous practice, that day's lunch of grilled cheese sandwiches may have been tainted with sedatives. This crowd was surrounded by armed guards, offering members the basic

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In the summer of 1977, Jones and several hundred Temple members moved to Jonestown to escape building pressure from San Francisco media investigations. Jones left the same night that an editor at

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and the U.S. State Department itself criticized the latter's handling of the Temple. Guyanese political opposition seized the opportunity to embarrass Prime Minister Burnham by establishing an

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in Georgetown. Rhodes, Clayton, Garry, and Lane were also brought to Georgetown. Prokes died by suicide on March 14, 1979, during a press conference, four months after the Jonestown incident.

695:

Later, Burnham stated that Guyana allowed the Temple to operate in the manner it did on the references of Moscone, Mondale, and Rosalynn Carter. Burnham also said that, when Deputy Minister

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The event was covered heavily by the media, and photographs pertaining to it adorned newspaper and magazine covers for months after its occurrence. It was labeled a "cult of death" by both

1996:

behalf of Peoples Temple because we, as communists, want our money to be of benefit for help to oppressed peoples all over the world, or in any way that your decision-making body sees fit.

636:. The site, located near the disputed border with Venezuela, was isolated and had soil of low fertility. The nearest body of water was seven miles (eleven kilometres) away by muddy roads. 456:". In doing so, the Temple preached that "those who remained drugged with the opiate of religion had to be brought to enlightenment – socialism." Jones had an interest in 5962: 1875: 656:

In 1974, Guyanese officials granted the Temple permission to import certain items "duty free". Later payoffs helped safeguard shipments of firearms and drugs through Guyanese customs.

2590: 1305:" and return to the U.S. after repairing his reputation. In September 1978, Lane spoke to the residents of Jonestown, providing support for Jones' theories and comparing him to famed 741:

detailing allegations of abuse by former Temple members. After the mass migration, Jonestown became overcrowded. Jonestown's population was slightly under 900 at its peak in 1978.

676:

U.S. officials". Jones traveled to Guyana with Dymally to meet with Burnham and Foreign Affairs Minister Fred Willis. In that meeting, Dymally agreed to pass on the message to the

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Jonestown members four options: attempt to flee to the Soviet Union, commit "revolutionary suicide", stay in Jonestown and fight the purported attackers, or flee into the jungle.

2310:

According to religious studies scholar Rebecca Moore, "In the twenty-three years since the deaths in Jonestown, conspiracy theories have blossomed in number and sophistication."

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After the tragedy at Jonestown, Adams married Mann. On 24 October 1983, Mann fatally shot both Adams and the couple's child, and then fatally shot himself. (Weingarten, Gene.

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elitism, and mainly classism, is what prompted him to make a new world for the people – a paradise in the jungle. The children loved it. So did everyone else."

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Please be sure that these assets do get to the USSR. I especially request that none of these are allowed to get into the hands of my adopted daughter, Suzanne Jones Cartmell.

1849:

to die in advance of the foreseen mass suicide. About 30 minutes after Marceline Jones' announcement, Jim Jones made his own, calling all members immediately to the pavilion.

1393:, Reiterman thought it was "shocking to see his glazed eyes and festering paranoia face to face, to realize that nearly a thousand lives, ours included, were in his hands". 892:, sometimes upside-down. This "torture hole", along with beatings, became the subject of rumor among local Guyanese. For some members who attempted to escape, drugs such as 2012:

committing suicide themselves. Stephan not only refused to do so but then contacted the Peoples Temple in San Francisco and told them not to do anything unless he said so.

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Jones' health significantly declined in Jonestown. In 1978, Jones was informed of a possible lung infection, upon which he announced to his followers that he in fact had

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Reiterman was surprised by the severe deterioration of Jones' health when he saw him in Jonestown on November 17, 1978. After covering Jones for eighteen months for the

753:. After Jones arrived, however, Jonestown life significantly changed. Entertaining movies from Georgetown that the settlers had watched were mostly canceled in favor of 6856: 3768:

members – the black members of its population, presently more than any other color on up to how white your skin determines your rank in Chilean society."

1265:

defending Jones "as a man of the highest character," and stating that Temple defectors were trying to "damage Rev. Jones' reputation" with "apparent bold-faced lies".

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checks received by members. Up to $ 65,000 in monthly welfare payments from U.S. government agencies to Jonestown residents were signed over to the Temple. In 1978,

3555: 4110: 864:. All voice communications with San Francisco and Georgetown were transmitted using this radio, from mundane supply orders to confidential Temple business. The 7905: 5232: 3760:

justifies this kind of uh, inexcusable behavior. That's why we're pro-Soviet. That's why we stand by the Soviet Union as the avant-garde, because this is a

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Terms used to describe the deaths in Jonestown and Georgetown have evolved over time. Many contemporary media accounts after the events called the deaths a

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Now deserted, the compound at Jonestown was first tended by the Guyanese government following the deaths. The government then allowed its re-occupation by

6325: 6226: 6073:"Who was on the Jonestown basketball team and why were they in Georgetown on November 18? – Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple" 5659: 765:

for five days a week. After the day's work ended, Temple members would attend several hours of activities in a pavilion, including classes on socialism.

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Commission. Increasing public support in California gave Jones access to several high-ranking political figures, including vice presidential candidate

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914 of the 918 dead, including Jones himself, were collected by the United States military in Guyana, then transported by military cargo plane to

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Meanwhile, in late 1977 and early 1978, Tim and Grace Stoen participated in meetings with other relatives of Jonestown residents at the home of

8462: 5870: 5685: 3219: 8482: 8402: 7833: 4392: 3246: 2616: 5430: 3321: 1214:, another Temple defector. Together, they called themselves the "Concerned Relatives". Tim Stoen engaged in letter-writing campaigns to the 4443: 3108: 2365:. The buildings were mostly destroyed by a fire in the mid-1980s, after which the ruins were left to decay and be reclaimed by the jungle. 1865: 615:

stated that Jones may have "wanted to use cooperatives as the basis for the establishment of socialism, and maybe his idea of setting up a

2215:

stated that "few events, in fact, in the entire history of the Gallup Poll have been known to such a high percentage of the U.S. public".

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would claim their remains; all five remain unclaimed by family and have been interred at the Jonestown Memorial at Evergreen Cemetery in

1418: 1557:

In the early morning of November 18, eleven Temple members sensed danger enough to walk out of Jonestown and all the way to the town of

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involvement, beyond the attested visits of Soviet diplomatic personnel to Jonestown and the overtures made by Jim Jones to the USSR.

1324:. Though Lane presented himself as a disinterested party, Jones was actually paying him $ 6,000 per month to generate such theories. 1160: 4783: 2069:

I, Marceline Jones, leave all bank assets in my name to the Communist Party of the USSR. The above bank accounts are located in the

1355:

Audio tapes of 1978 meetings within Jonestown attest to Jones' declining physical condition, with the commune leader complaining of

597:

treaties with the U.S. In October 1973, the directors of the Temple passed a resolution to establish an agricultural mission there.

238:. Jonestown became internationally infamous when, on November 18, 1978, a total of 918 people died at the settlement, at the nearby 8346: 8001: 6371: 2284: 2140: 1218:

and the Guyanese government, and traveled to Washington, D.C. to attempt to begin an investigation. In January 1978, Stoen wrote a

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socialist country with a government including prominent black leaders, would afford black Temple members a peaceful place to live.

3756:

supporting fascist regimes... In spite of the beauty of China, what it's done domestically, getting rid of the rats, the flies...

1974:

The events at Jonestown constituted the greatest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until the incidents of

5957: 3954: 761:

Jones' crises, and the purported "mercenaries" sent by Tim Stoen, who had defected from the Temple and turned against the group.

7880:

website run by David Wise, once a pastor of the Los Angeles Branch of the Peoples Temple, but latterly an opponent of Jim Jones.

3356:

Walliss, John, "Apocalyptic Trajectories : Millenarianism and Violence in the Contemporary World", Oxford, New York, 2004,

2061:

Found near Marceline Jones' body was a typewritten note, dated 18 November 1978, signed by Marceline and witnessed by Moore and

8502: 8407: 8382: 8299: 6911: 2461: 5760: 8417: 6890:"What The Military Didn't Do: Debunking One Conspiracy Theory – Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple" 1569: 6942: 6521:

Jorgensen, Danny L (April 1, 1980). "The Social Construction and Interpretation of Deviance: Jonestown and the Mass Media".

3050:"What was Peoples Temple's plan to move to the Soviet Union? – Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple" 2083:

For anyone who finds this letter, please honor this request as it is most important to myself and my husband James W. Jones.

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Dwyer). He was convicted of conspiracy and of aiding and abetting the murder of Ryan and of the attempted murder of Dwyer.

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were administered in an "extended care unit". Armed guards patrolled the area day and night to enforce Jonestown's rules.

8467: 8028: 7164: 7142: 6421: 4050: 2664:. Official website of the project – Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. University of San Diego 2097: 2001: 309: 2473:, a documentary television series that covered the events at Jonestown in Season 6, Episode 2 ("Jonestown Cult Suicide") 2379:

he believed was used to hold the beverage mix of poison and grape-flavored punch during the events of 18 November 1978.

2302:", referring to a person or group holding an unquestioned belief, argument, or philosophy without critical examination. 7700: 7677: 7649: 7621: 7580: 7559: 7540: 7519: 7480: 7461: 7438: 7419: 7394: 7375: 7356: 7333: 7312: 7293: 7267: 7246: 7219: 7195: 7044: 6839: 6747: 4250: 4230: 4194: 2965: 2934: 2527: 2219: 1255: 17: 7065: 6768: 6204: 6132: 5291: 5047: 4992: 4874: 4746: 4462: 4421: 4368: 4331: 4307: 3860: 3834: 3805: 3740: 3721: 3465: 3442: 3029: 2879: 2837: 2640: 1269:

group with a further affidavit detailing alleged crimes by the Temple and substandard living conditions in Jonestown.

707:, Mondale asked him, "How's Jim?", which indicated to Reid that Mondale had a personal interest in Jones' well-being. 7816: 7810:, an extensive resource on the topics, sponsored by the Department of Religious Studies at San Diego State University 7738: 7719: 6485: 4105: 2000:

The letters included listed accounts with balances totaling in excess of $ 7.3 million to be transferred to the

865: 677: 553: 6002: 1910:, one Temple member stated: "The ones that they take captured, they're gonna just let them grow up and be dummies." 1587: 5229: 2276:

investigated the event and announced that there was no evidence of CIA involvement at Jonestown. Others suggested

600:

The Temple chose Guyana, in part, because of the group's own socialist politics, which were moving further to the

8392: 8033: 7829:, an unofficial web-publishing (digital) of the death tape seemingly made just before and during the mass slaying 4207:"Demographics and the Black Religious Culture of Peoples Temple," in Peoples Temple and Black Religion in America 2122: 1336:– a ploy to foster sympathy and strengthen support within the community. Jones was said to be abusing injectable 1317: 920: 716: 616: 539: 531: 481: 301: 7939: 7120: 6638: 6176: 8437: 8377: 6509: 5684:

Malisow, Craig (January 30, 2013). Downing, Margaret; Candler, Jessica; Folb, Stuart; Breiter, Russell (eds.).

5355: 3692: 3361: 2317:, claimed that Jonestown was a "mass mind control experiment" conducted by the CIA. A 1980 newspaper column by 2168: 1259: 6223: 5652: 2900: 7927: 7884: 4209:, edited by Rebecca Moore, Anthony Pinn and Mary Sawyer (Bloomington: Indiana Press University, 2005), p. 59. 2369: 2361:

for a few years in the early 1980s. The buildings and grounds were looted by local Guyanese people, but were

1076:

On at least two occasions during White Nights, after a "revolutionary suicide" vote was reached, a simulated

250:, Guyana's capital city. The name of the settlement became synonymous with the incidents at those locations. 156: 7901:. (web-archived copy of the original website, no longer extant; unfortunately the scanned pages are missing) 5298:, Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. 4709:

Poster, Alexander (2019). "Jonestown:An International Story of Diplomacy, Detente, And Neglect, 1973–1978".

1056:

Jones made frequent addresses to Temple members regarding Jonestown's safety, including statements that the

653:

Temple for the over 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) of land in northwest Guyana on which Jonestown was located.

8507: 8492: 8457: 8432: 8351: 8341: 8291: 7994: 7003: 2503: 808: 205: 6046: 6024: 3751:. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. ".... in China, when their foreign policy's so bad, they 2857: 2196:

in 2002, he is the only person ever to have been held criminally responsible for the events at Jonestown.

2171:. In many cases, responsibility for cremation of the remains was distributed to Dover area funeral homes. 8397: 6151: 5842: 5812: 5608: 2495: 2269: 1754: 1568:

After a sudden violent rainstorm started, emotional scenes developed between family members. Al Simon, a

1057: 6664:

Malnic, Eric (February 25, 1984). "'Almost Like a Guilt': Sniper Escaped Jonestown but Not Its Horror".

2989: 1945:

exercise was another White Night rehearsal. Rhodes reported being in close contact with dying children.

8497: 8452: 6981: 4004: 2453: 2374: 1375:, and, in late October to early November 1978 while he was ill in his cabin, grotesque swelling of the 1239: 507: 63: 31: 628:. This idea seemed promising to the Burnham government, who feared a military incursion by Venezuela. 8307: 8168: 4272: 3140:

Introduction – Seductive Poison: A Jonestown Survivor's Story of Life and Death in the Peoples Temple

2540: 2476: 2318: 2294:

Although Jones used poisoned Flavor Aid, the drink mix was also commonly (mistakenly) referred to as

2249:, where they were found to be influential on law enforcement's concerns for children in the eventual 2164: 1777: 560: 476:

and was fascinated with the influence of religion. In the early 1960s, Jones visited Guyana – then a

259: 6612: 6586: 5867: 5701: 3214: 8272: 5919: 5890: 4037: 2437: 2234: 704: 609: 7843: 6365:"Emotional Effects on USAF Personnel of Recovering and Identifying Victims from Jonestown, Guyana" 5426: 4689:"Edith Roller Journals: April 1978 – Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple" 3315: 3250: 2798:"'Can't Sleep.' 'Beyond Imagination.' What It Was Like to Work on the Jonestown Massacre Clean-Up" 2612: 2388:

former site of the pavilion, where they found the remains of a steel drum, an organ, and a bed of

2325:

of the U.S. Embassy to Guyana Richard Dwyer had ties to the CIA. In 1980, an investigation by the

939:

made up approximately 70% of Jonestown's population. 45% of Jonestown residents were black women.

8472: 8442: 8214: 8102: 7987: 7630: 7011: 6417: 4388: 1488: 1458: 1438: 1215: 1198: 7863: 6502:

The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Realities

4440: 3112: 2957: 2951: 2488:, a four-part Sundance documentary series originally broadcast in 2018 which was co-produced by 8447: 8329: 7669: 2230: 2163:

in Delaware, a location that had been used previously for mass processing of the dead from the

1310: 1223: 546: 419: 7185: 6829: 4247:"The Demographics of Jonestown – Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple" 2683: 2211:

magazines. In February 1979, 98% of Americans polled said that they had heard of the tragedy.

1804:

Jonestown's residents, that any sense of imprisonment the defectors had was likely because of

8335: 7305:

The Ghosts of November: Memoirs of an Outsider Who Witnessed the Carnage at Jonestown, Guyana

7034: 6391: 2469: 2299: 2188: 1306: 774: 442: 2709: 1613:

NBC footage taken by Bob Brown, showing gunmen exiting a tractor and trailer at the airstrip

7823:, website for the film broadcast on PBS includes video interviews with survivors from 2006. 3778: 3722:"FBI Summaries of Peoples Temple Tapes Q 155, Q 160, Q 190, Q 198, Q 200, Q 203 and Q 242." 3152: 2423: 2362: 2179:, along with the remains of approximately half of those who perished on November 18, 1978. 2160: 1975: 1622: 1143: 838: 749:

Many members of the Temple believed that Guyana would be, as Jones promised, a paradise or

276:. In contrast, later sources refer to the deaths with terms such as mass murder-suicide, a 239: 1301:" by U.S. intelligence agencies against the Temple. Jones told Lane he wanted to "pull an 1230:

write to Prime Minister Burnham; 91 congressmen wrote such letters, including Congressman

8: 7887:

The Jonestown, Guyana Tragedy: Primary Source Materials from the U.S. Department of State

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Parroting Jones' prior statements that hostile forces would convert captured children to

1479: 1356: 1321: 1164: 874: 473: 7452:

The Suicide Cult: The Inside Story of the Peoples Temple Sect and the Massacre in Guyana

6364: 1170:

In Georgetown, the Peoples Temple conducted frequent meetings with the embassies of the

8372: 8158: 8123: 7795: 7599: 7595: 7450: 7345: 7238: 7234: 6739: 6735: 6685: 6087:"The Courage of Dissent – Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple" 5700:, United States of America: Houston Press, LP. (Voice Media Group, LLC). Archived from 5012: 5008: 2038: 1929:

When the Red Brigade members came back to Jonestown after Ryan's murder, Tim Carter, a

1558: 1286: 1227: 885: 633: 266: 247: 5609:"Guyana Inquest – Interviews of Cecil Roberts, Cyril Mootoo, Odell Rhodes, and others" 4399:"Jonestown Survivor Laura Johnston Kohl – AllOutAttack Podcast w/ Harry Robinson – #2" 4033:"40 years after Jonestown massacre, ex-members describe Jim Jones as a 'real monster'" 2735: 2321:

also claimed that the CIA was involved in the Jonestown Massacre, and speculated that

2127: 1424:

On November 14, 1978, Ryan flew to Georgetown, along with a delegation that included:

8427: 7921: 7734: 7715: 7696: 7673: 7645: 7639: 7617: 7611: 7576: 7555: 7536: 7515: 7509: 7476: 7457: 7434: 7415: 7390: 7371: 7352: 7329: 7323: 7308: 7289: 7263: 7242: 7215: 7191: 7040: 6864: 6835: 6743: 6666: 6538: 6505: 5351: 4649: 4226: 4190: 3688: 3357: 2961: 2930: 2769: 2578: 2489: 2034: 2005: 1298: 1122: 936: 829: 802: 794: 754: 620:

main tactics was to speak of the advantages of their American presence near Guyana's

585: 355: 127: 7530: 3958: 8238: 8230: 8153: 7979: 7826: 7209: 6530: 5756: 4962: 4718: 4641: 4046: 2322: 2246: 1968: 1918: 1524: 1302: 897: 738: 700: 7906:"The Assassination of Representative Leo J Ryan and the Jonestown, Guyana Tragedy" 7231:

A Sympathetic History of Jonestown: the Moore Family Involvement in Peoples Temple

7171:, including interview with pilot Gerry Gouveia and visit to former Jonestown site. 7149:, including interview with pilot Gerry Gouveia and visit to former Jonestown site. 7085: 6534: 4872:"Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones. April 11, 1978. 1250:

Still, others remained loyal. On the day after Reiterman's article was published,

487: 8071: 7838: 7820: 7790: 7168: 7146: 7069: 6772: 6329: 6230: 6208: 6183: 6160: 6136: 6053: 6031: 6009: 5966: 5874: 5851: 5821: 5740: 5344: 5295: 5255: 5236: 5051: 4996: 4878: 4860: 4787: 4750: 4466: 4447: 4425: 4372: 4335: 4311: 4114: 4085: 4011: 3864: 3838: 3809: 3787: 3764:

thing to do, to support one of the most brutal fascist regimes, who has tortured

3744: 3612: 3559: 3469: 3446: 3325: 3275:"Jonestown: An International Story of Diplomacy, Detente, and Neglect, 1973–1978" 3223: 3162: 3033: 2883: 2864: 2841: 2797: 2644: 2261: 2201: 2135: 2074: 1834: 1818: 1703:

Larry Layton (Cessna attack), Peoples Temple "Red Brigade" (attack on Twin Otter)

1139: 901: 861: 542: 7665:

A Thousand Lives: The Untold Story of Hope, Deception, and Survival at Jonestown

4668:"Q759 Transcript – Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple" 4075: 2762:"An apocalyptic cult, 900 dead: remembering the Jonestown massacre, 40 years on" 1277:, filed a suit against Stoen on 10 July 1978, seeking $ 150 million in damages. 8193: 8183: 8163: 8138: 8128: 8014: 7897:, the contents of U.S. Government archives on the subject obtained through the 7802:. The story of Laura Johnson Kohl. Includes pre-event information & photos. 7659: 7205: 4851: 2465:, a 1980 television movie based on the life of Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple 2341: 2062: 1991:

and three instructional letters, the first of which was to Timofeyev, stating:

1826: 1722: 1710:

group. Several defectors voiced their suspicions about Larry Layton's motives.

1652: 1376: 814: 669: 612: 601: 556: 535: 527: 503: 495: 477: 469: 293: 253:

A total of 909 individuals died in Jonestown itself, all but two from apparent

227: 7159: 7137: 7036:

Psychological Operations and Political Warfare in Long-term Strategic Planning

6427: 4398: 8366: 8188: 8148: 8118: 8097: 8076: 8066: 8061: 7607: 6868: 6542: 6335:. San Diego State University: Jonestown Project. Retrieved 22 September 2007. 4653: 4042: 2773: 2569: 2409: 2257: 2253:

in 1993. After a slew of legal and fiscal issues, CAN went bankrupt in 1996.

2212: 1923: 1805: 1784: 1669: 1665: 1583: 1428: 1274: 1244: 1211: 1115: 1069: 854: 850: 820: 689: 519: 457: 339: 92: 79: 7965: 7955: 7949: 6973: 6889: 6086: 6072: 4966: 4688: 4667: 4246: 4132: 3049: 2661: 2131:

Pictures of those who died in Jonestown laid out at a 2011 memorial service.

692:, the wife of the prime minister, was also a strong advocate of the Temple. 8222: 8178: 7813: 7692: 7257: 7062: 6763: 6322: 6201: 6129: 5733: 5286: 5042: 4987: 4950: 4871: 4743: 4459: 4418: 4365: 4328: 4304: 3855: 3829: 3800: 3737: 3605: 3462: 3439: 3026: 2876: 2834: 2637: 2565: 2354: 2242: 1822: 1795: 1534: 1290: 1262: 1171: 1130: 1077: 1065: 837:

propaganda in Western material, and glowing praise for and highlighting of

790: 786: 770: 726: 696: 465: 273: 243: 132: 7940:"Davisville, 8/4/14: Listening to a survivor, and the story, of Jonestown" 2226:

which concluded that Burnham was responsible for the deaths at Jonestown.

2008:, and was pulled away from the village by his equally distraught brother. 721: 8173: 7934:

Report of a Staff Investigative Group to the Committee on Foreign Affairs

7570: 5288:

Obituary announcement of Julius Evans (references his escape with family)

3072:"Jonestown Massacre: How conman Jim Jones' final words caused 900 deaths" 2238: 2184: 2017: 1930: 1830: 1372: 1364: 1349: 1333: 1251: 1219: 1156: 1134: 846: 778: 594: 549: 515: 371: 323: 281: 7976:– 2019 Documentary about Jonestown filmed entirely by The Peoples Temple 4722: 4629: 1987:

deliver to the Soviet embassy in Georgetown. The envelope contained two

1080:

was rehearsed. Temple defector Deborah Layton described the event in an

860:

Jonestown's primary means of communication with the outside world was a

8133: 4645: 4028: 4027:

Effron, Laura; DelaRosa, Monica; Pearson, Muriel (September 26, 2018).

2877:"How many children and minors died in Jonestown? What were their ages?" 2535: 2389: 2283:

The bodies of over 400 of those who died are buried in a mass grave at

2250: 1888: 1814: 1718: 1099: 889: 834: 576: 511: 461: 433: 403: 7286:

A Lavender Look at the Temple: A Gay Perspective of the Peoples Temple

209:

The Peoples Temple Agricultural Project's places of interest in Guyana

8010: 2560: 2531: 1542: 1368: 1345: 1081: 1046: 893: 793:, and was known to side with the Soviets over the Chinese during the 664: 625: 589: 588:

and the defection of eight Temple members, Jones and Temple attorney

491: 453: 297: 235: 2482:, a thriller whose plot borrows heavily from the events of Jonestown 1760:

Undaunted: Surviving Jonestown, Summoning Courage, and Fighting Back

8092: 7966:

The Black Hole of Guyana:The Untold Story of the Jonestown Massacre

7187:

Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History

4853:

Letter Addressed to President Jimmy Carter, Dated February 19, 1978

4187:

How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate

2927:

How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate

2314: 2295: 2207: 1988: 1838: 1648: 1411: 1383: 1341: 1231: 878: 785:. Jones would often read news and commentary, including items from 644: 514:, in 1965. In the early 1970s, the Temple opened other branches in 480:– while on his way to establishing a short-lived Temple mission in 277: 262: 7892: 7875: 6486:"1978 CULT FIGURE GETS LIFE TERM IN CONGRESSMAN'S JUNGLE SLAYING." 3940:

Reiterman, Tim, "Peoples Temple's $ 26 million financial empire",

2591:

List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office

1608: 1434:

Neville Annibourne, representing Guyana's Ministry of Information;

6732:

Was Jonestown a CIA Medical Experiment?: A Review of the Evidence

6432: 5959:

Jonestown and City Hall slayings eerily linked in time and memory

5693: 4479: 4477: 4475: 3790:" (Documentary also airing on PBS including numerous interviews). 2552: 2384: 2363:

not taken over because of their association with the mass killing

2223: 2049: 1960: 1907: 1842: 1774: 1367:

of 30 to 40 pounds in the last two weeks of Jonestown, temporary

1142:." Deputy Minister Reid finally assured Marceline Jones that the 1094: 905: 446: 265:, an act that Jones ordered. Four other Temple members committed 254: 7572:

Six Years with God: Life Inside Rev. Jim Jones's People's Temple

5003:. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. Excerpted from 3618:. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. August 1, 1977. 2053:

sister of the two victims, who was not a Temple member herself.

884:

Although Jonestown contained no dedicated prison and no form of

7508:

Krause, Charles A; Stern, Laurence M; Harwood, Richard (1978).

6153:

Guyana Inquest – Interviews of Cecil Roberts & Cyril Mootoo

2193: 1971:

Leslie Mootoo stated was consistent with being self-inflicted.

1765: 1727: 1360: 1337: 909: 750: 684:

Temple members took pains to stress their loyalty to Burnham's

571: 545:. Guests at a large 1976 testimonial dinner for Jones included 522:, and would eventually move its headquarters to San Francisco. 502:

After Jones received considerable criticism in Indiana for his

468:

from a young age, and would later frequently praise Stalin and

387: 223: 120: 7972: 7470: 6142:. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. 8 March 2007. 5757:"The Jonestown Death Tape (FBI No. Q 042) (November 18, 1978)" 4472: 2889:. Department of Religious Studies, San Diego State University. 2327:

United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence

1327: 449:, in 1955. The movement purported to practice what it called " 8143: 7827:"The Jonestown Death Tape (FBI No. Q 042) (November 18 1978)" 7805: 7075:. San Diego State University: Jonestown Project. 8 March 2007 6974:"Reconstructing Reality: Conspiracy Theories About Jonestown" 6349:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 102–120. 5697: 4951:"Reconstructing Reality: Conspiracy Theories About Jonestown" 3274: 2573: 2507:– Episodes 300–304 – a five-part series aired in January 2018 1636: 919:

For a year, it appears the commune was run primarily through

881:

and high fevers, struck half the community in February 1978.

7959: 7368:

Awake in a Nightmare: Jonestown: The Only Eyewitness Account

6978:

Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple

6765:"Reconstructing Reality: Conspiracy Theories About Jonestown 5270:"Jonestown massacre memories linger amid rumors of CIA link" 1285:

During July–August 1978, Jones sought the legal services of

7796:

Jonestown: Rebuilding my life after surviving the massacre.

7641:

Our Father Who Art in Hell: The Life and Death of Jim Jones

7447: 6775:, Journal of Popular Culture 36, no. 2 (Fall 2002): 200–220 6681:

Girl killed, 11 shot at school on coast; suspect found dead

5249:'Slavery of Faith': Survivor recounts escape from Jonestown 2556: 2547:

Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God

2358: 2291:. In 2011, a memorial to them was erected at the cemetery. 1406: 1187: 1179: 1129:

The rallies took an almost surreal tone as black activists

231: 7807:

Alternative considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple

7073: