610:, in which Brewster attempted to bypass Fruton's science advisory committee and create a molecular biology department independent of biochemistry department; the MBB department was created only after Brewster had failed to attract a prominent scientist from outside Yale to head a molecular biology department, and the department of biochemistry remained separate as part of the medical school until the creation of the department of molecular biophysics & biochemistry (MB&B) in 1969 (which was itself created after a lengthy and unsuccessful attempt to find a suitably eminent replacement for Fruton to head the department of biochemistry).
357:, a pioneer in peptide synthesis, Fruton synthesized stereospecific dipeptides and other small peptides as enzyme substrates. Fruton and his colleagues found significant instances of specificity in a range of proteases—observations that were relevant to the ongoing theoretical discussions of protein structure. His most significant discovery at the Rockefeller Institute was a synthetic peptide substrate for
482:. Rather than leading a team effort focused on a small number of high-priority problems, Fruton allowed members of his laboratory to choose their own problems (usually within the broad bounds of protein synthesis and proteinases). Ph.D. students and postdoctoral researchers who worked in Fruton's lab include:
605:
on strengthening the sciences at Yale, Fruton became director of the division of science, a position he held until 1962. His work led to the creation of the short-lived department of molecular biology and biophysics (MBB), although his initial proposal to create a similar department that combined
304:, and after an initial rejection—possibly because he was only 15 at the time, possibly because the school had already admitted the quota of New York Jews—his mother convinced an admissions official to reverse the decision. Inspired by the character Max Gottlieb from the
442:. At the end of his five-year appointment as assistant professor, Fruton was promoted to full professor received a joint appointment in the chemistry department—at the time, the only Jewish full professor in the medical school. By 1952, he was elected to the
617:
in 1968. He and Sophia
Simmonds traveled abroad during the 1962–1963 academic year, returning just as the MBB department was being created and the Department of Biochemistry was entering a "crisis" because of the loss of experienced faculty (in particular,
327:
During graduate school Fruton also became active politically, opposing fascism, militarism and anti-Semitism. In 1933 he met Sophia "Topsy" Simmonds, whom he married in 1936. Upon completing his PhD in May 1934, Fruton became a research assistant to
461:
was making enzymology one of the
Foundation's research focuses. Fruton headed a growing lab that included doctoral students, postdoctoral researchers, and technical assistants. The two main areas of research were the action of
446:, and that year he also became chairman of the Department of Physiological Chemistry (which was renamed Biochemistry, reflecting the shift in research focus from medical to general biological problems). He was elected to the
995:
344:
Fruton was a researcher at the
Rockefeller Institute from 1934 to 1945, part of Max Bergmann's long-term and very successful research program in protein chemistry. In his earliest work there, Fruton tested the
324:. Fruton's PhD work focused on "the lability of cystine in alkali", although he developed a broad interest in the range of biochemistry-related research being pursued at the College of Physicians and Surgeons.
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to avoid being targets of anti-Semitism. Joseph Fruton followed his father in rejecting religion, but learned early on "not to advertise either
Jewishness or atheism."
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turned Fruton on to biochemistry. He received his degree in chemistry in 1931, and entered graduate school in the
Department of Biological Chemistry in the
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also came to Yale at the same time. In addition to research and teaching at Yale, in 1948 Fruton visited the laboratories of several eminent biochemists:
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Between
December 1941 and the end of World War II, research in Bergmann's lab shifted from basic protein chemistry to war-related research under the
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the existing biophysics and biochemistry departments was rejected. Fruton became burnt out on Yale politics after an extended conflict with provost
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Columbia
College (Columbia University). Office of Alumni Affairs and Development; Columbia College (Columbia University) (1959).
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312:, Fruton planned his Columbia education around becoming a scientist. The lectures and lab-work of organic chemist
780:. Columbia University Libraries. New York, N.Y. : Columbia College, Office of Alumni Affairs and Development.
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738:, Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, 2006. Accessed April 17, 2008
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Department of
Physiological Chemistry (part of the medical school) —headed then by
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Molecules and Life: Historical Essays on the
Interplay of Chemistry and Biology
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225:(1953; 1958). From 1970 until his death, Fruton worked extensively on the
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A Bio-bibliography for the History of the Biochemical Sciences since 1800
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Most of Fruton's early research at Yale was funded by a grant from the
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Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
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Dexter Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry
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and several other peptidases, as well as proteinases that catalyzed
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Proteins, Enzymes, Genes: The Interplay of Chemistry and Biology
365:
of peptide synthesis and some of the associated side reactions.
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1033:"In Memoriam: Biochemists Joseph Fruton and Sofia Simmonds"
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
353:. Under the tutelage of fellow Bergmann lab researcher
339:
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In 1945, after Max Bergmann's death, Fruton joined the
253:; his father Shama Nuta (Charles) Fruchtgarten was a
116:(in its time the best known textbook of biochemistry)
1114:. Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
589:
In 1953, Fruton and Simmonds completed the textbook
27:
Polish-American biochemist and historian of science
694:Methods and Styles in the Development of Chemistry
626:, who had left to head a biophysics department at
601:In 1959, after offering advice to Yale president
1688:
1118:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
296:, Fruton joined the first class of students at
1752:Members of the American Philosophical Society
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374:Office of Scientific Research and Development
466:and the chemical (as opposed to biological)
1737:James Madison High School (Brooklyn) alumni
1090:. New Haven, Connecticut: Epikouros Press.
318:Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons
221:he also published an influential textbook,
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334:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
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1154:Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry
924:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
638:Fruton died two days after his wife in
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139:Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry
14:
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1112:Joseph Stewart Fruton Papers (MS 1396)
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1747:Polish emigrants to the United States
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448:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
340:Research at the Rockefeller Institute
205:(May 14, 1912 – July 29, 2007), born
1062:Division of the History of Chemistry
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376:. Fruton studied the chemistry of
370:National Defense Research Committee
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1717:Columbia College (New York) alumni
654:(1953, 1958), with Sophia Simmonds
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807:, pp. 23–32; quotation from p. 27
764:, pp. 12–15; quotation from p. 15
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245:Joseph Fruchtgarten was born in
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444:National Academy of Sciences
213:and their interactions with
135:National Academy of Sciences
7:
1064:. American Chemical Society
622:, the new head of MBB, and
380:. In 1943, Fruton won the
294:De Witt Clinton High School
10:
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1086:Fruton, Joseph S. (1994).
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382:American Chemical Society
298:James Madison High School
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580:Dimitrios Theodoropoulos
480:biosynthesis of proteins
920:"Joseph Stewart Fruton"
729:Joseph S. Fruton (1912–
241:Childhood and education
231:history of biochemistry
985:, pp. 138–158, 191–207
777:Columbia College today
676:A Skeptical Biochemist
455:Rockefeller Foundation
292:After a few months at
265:(then occupied by the
1702:Historians of science
1357:Charles C. Richardson
468:synthesis of peptides
203:Joseph Stewart Fruton
176:Rockefeller Institute
1697:American biochemists
1621:Christopher J. Chang
1597:Paul J. Hergenrother
1573:Benjamin Cravatt III
1471:Jacqueline K. Barton
1423:Christopher T. Walsh
1000:search.amphilsoc.org
996:"APS Member History"
652:General Biochemistry
591:General Biochemistry
440:Cambridge University
424:Carlsberg Laboratory
420:Kaj Linderstrøm-Lang
392:Biochemistry at Yale
269:in the midst of the
223:General Biochemistry
114:General Biochemistry
1579:Dewey G. McCafferty
1507:Stuart L. Schreiber
1441:Harold M. Weintraub
1345:Phillips W. Robbins
603:A. Whitney Griswold
597:Administrative work
464:proteolytic enzymes
363:carbobenzoxy method
322:Hans Thacher Clarke
302:Columbia University
229:, particularly the
207:Joseph Fruchtgarten
191:Hans Thacher Clarke
103:Columbia University
44:Joseph Fruchtgarten
1603:Scott K. Silverman
1585:Linda Hsieh-Wilson
1567:Andreas Matouschek
1525:Gregory L. Verdine
1489:George L. McLendon
1291:Harold A. Scheraga
1201:Earl A. Evans, Jr.
883:"Joseph S. Fruton"
734:2008-12-17 at the
666:(1982, 1985, 1994)
536:Derek George Smyth
516:Christine Zioudrou
227:history of science
211:synthetic peptides
166:history of science
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1657:Bradley Pentelute
1627:Matthew D. Disney
1435:Roger D. Kornberg
1417:Charles R. Cantor
1393:James E. Dahlberg
1363:Mario R. Capecchi
1339:Gerald M. Edelman
1327:William P. Jencks
1285:Robert A. Alberty
1279:William F. Neuman
1207:Herbert E. Carter
887:www.nasonline.org
701:Awards and honors
642:on 29 July 2007.
560:Herbert Gutfreund
552:Rosabelle McManus
378:nitrogen mustards
271:Russian Civil War
235:molecular biology
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152:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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1531:Alanna Schepartz
1495:Peter G. Schultz
1465:James E. Rothman
1453:David V. Goeddel
1429:Phillip A. Sharp
1411:Robert G. Roeder
1381:Bruce M. Alberts
1351:Gordon G. Hammes
1267:Nathan O. Kaplan
1255:John M. Buchanan
1237:Dilworth Woodley
1213:Joseph S. Fruton
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541:
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500:Karen Nilsson
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459:Warren Weaver
456:
451:
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429:
428:Hugo Theorell
425:
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414:; biochemist
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79:, Connecticut
78:
69:July 29, 2007
68:
64:
59:
42:
38:
31:
19:
18:Joseph Fruton
1591:Anna K. Mapp
1537:John Kuriyan
1513:Peter S. Kim
1477:Peter Walter
1447:Richard Axel
1399:Mark Ptashne
1309:James Watson
1273:Harvey Itano
1212:
1189:Eric G. Ball
1088:Eighty Years
1087:
1066:. Retrieved
1061:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:the original
1027:
1020:Eighty Years
1019:
1014:
1003:. Retrieved
999:
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983:Eighty Years
982:
977:
970:Eighty Years
969:
964:
957:Eighty Years
956:
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944:Eighty Years
943:
938:
927:. Retrieved
923:
914:
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906:
901:
890:. Retrieved
886:
877:
870:Eighty Years
869:
864:
859:, pp. 92–112
857:Eighty Years
856:
851:
844:Eighty Years
843:
838:
831:Eighty Years
830:
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818:Eighty Years
817:
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805:Eighty Years
804:
799:
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743:
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693:
687:
682:Eighty Years
681:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
637:
612:
600:
590:
588:
532:Charles Drey
504:Bob Metrione
488:Melvin Fried
452:
416:Edward Tatum
405:
395:
367:
343:
330:Max Bergmann
326:
291:
286:
244:
222:
206:
202:
201:
172:Institutions
162:Biochemistry
151:
144:Dexter Award
113:
71:(2007-07-29)
54:May 14, 1912
1712:2007 deaths
1707:1912 births
1651:Howard Hang
1387:C. Fred Fox
1183:George Wald
946:, pp. 89–92
872:, pp. 75–87
846:, pp. 55–58
833:, pp. 38–54
794:, pp. 16–23
548:Harry Kroll
472:cathepsin C
351:dipeptidase
259:Polish Jews
247:Częstochowa
85:Nationality
58:Częstochowa
1691:Categories
1639:Minkui Luo
1333:Bruce Ames
1097:0964046709
1080:References
1043:2013-04-12
1005:2022-09-21
929:2022-09-21
892:2022-09-21
751:, pp. 8–12
628:Penn State
584:Hans Tuppy
568:Frank Hird
564:Max Gruber
438:'s lab at
430:'s lab in
310:Arrowsmith
50:1912-05-14
1669:Yimon Aye
1303:Paul Berg
709:from the
640:New Haven
450:in 1953.
432:Stockholm
215:proteases
77:New Haven
1068:30 April
1018:Fruton,
981:Fruton,
972:, p. 134
968:Fruton,
955:Fruton,
942:Fruton,
905:Fruton,
868:Fruton,
855:Fruton,
842:Fruton,
829:Fruton,
816:Fruton,
803:Fruton,
790:Fruton,
760:Fruton,
747:Fruton,
732:Archived
267:Red Army
93:American
60:, Poland
1633:Yi Tang
332:at the
275:Siedlce
1677:(2021)
1671:(2020)
1665:(2019)
1659:(2018)
1653:(2017)
1647:(2016)
1641:(2015)
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1167:(1935)
1094:
696:(2002)
690:(1999)
684:(1994)
678:(1992)
672:(1990)
660:(1972)
582:, and
542:, and
434:; and
359:pepsin
308:novel
287:Fruton
283:Berlin
279:Warsaw
251:Poland
158:Fields
146:(1993)
141:(1944)
131:Awards
121:Spouse
89:Polish
717:Notes
646:Works
634:Death
263:Minsk
1092:ISBN
1070:2015
384:'s
233:and
105:1934
66:Died
40:Born
630:).
281:to
277:to
1693::
1060:.
998:.
922:.
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1100:.
1072:.
1046:.
1008:.
932:.
895:.
52:)
48:(
20:)
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