275:, Fruton recounts that the "delay had adverse effect on Topsy's personal research, but the recognition of the merits of her scientific work and the quality of her contributions as a teacher could no longer be denied" by then. Fruton and Simmonds remained at Yale in the 1950s, when Fruton had the opportunity to join departments at other universities, in part because Simmonds—as a woman and the wife of a senior scientist—would have had even fewer opportunities for an independent career elsewhere.
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Fruton became a full professor in 1950, and subsequently became chairman of his department; Simmonds only became associate professor by 1959, and she was initially denied promotion to full professorship in 1966, only reaching that rank in 1975, nearly 30 years after starting at Yale. In his memoir
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In 1945, Fruton and
Simmonds began working at Yale: Fruton as an associate professor and Simmonds as an instructor of physiological chemistry. The next year, Simmonds joined the Yale laboratory of
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Sofia, who went by the childhood nickname "Topsy" throughout her life, was the second child of Lionel Julius
Simmonds and Clara Gottfried Simmonds. She was raised in
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251:, completing her PhD in biochemistry in 1942 and continuing as a research associate until she and Fruton moved to New Haven, Connecticut in 1945.
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263:. Opportunities for career advancement for women scientists were very limited at the time, and discrimination (often in the form of anti-
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there, Simmonds became a full professor of biochemistry in 1975, and later served as
Associate Dean of Yale College. With her husband
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American Men & Women of
Science: A Biographical Directory of Today's Leaders in Physical, Biological and Related Sciences. Index
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in 1933; the two began courting and they married in 1936. After high school and several months as a laboratory assistant at the
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rules) prevented the advancement of women scientists who worked in the same field as their husbands, as
Simmonds did.
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Notable women in the physical sciences : a biographical dictionary
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Notable women in the physical sciences : a biographical dictionary
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158:(July 31, 1917 – July 27, 2007) was an American biochemist who studied
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In 1969, after being nominated by Edward Tatum, Simmonds received the
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Womeon
Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action: 1940–1972
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541:. New Haven, Connecticut: Epikouros Press. pp. 66–119.
371:"In Memoriam: Biochemists Joseph Fruton and Sofia Simmonds"
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239:(who had been Fruton's advisor), but soon transferred to
515:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press.
309:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
247:. She worked in Vigneaud's laboratory on the study of
231:(where Fruton was earning his PhD), Simmonds attended
461:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
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219:, where her father was the superintendent of the
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509:Shearer, Benjamin F; Shearer, Barbara (1997).
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187:. After decades as a researcher and then
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295:Fruton, Joseph S., and Sofia Simmonds.
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352:(4). December 2009. Archived from
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601:20th-century American chemists
455:Rossiter, Margaret W. (1995).
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303:Shearer, Benjamin F. (1997).
375:Yale Bulletin & Calendar
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576:American women biochemists
537:Fruton, Joseph S. (1994).
175:. Following training with
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156:Sofia S. "Topsy" Simmonds
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55:New Haven, Connecticut
160:amino acid metabolism
297:General Biochemistry
221:Hebrew Orphan Asylum
197:General Biochemistry
245:Vincent du Vigneaud
237:Hans Thacher Clarke
189:associate professor
177:Vincent du Vigneaud
144:Vincent du Vigneaud
16:American biochemist
495:, pp. 118–119
339:"Joseph S. Fruton"
181:Cornell University
78:Cornell University
23:Sophia S. Simmonds
429:978-0-7876-6531-9
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108:Scientific career
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49:(2007-07-27)
571:2007 deaths
566:1917 births
62:Nationality
560:Categories
548:0964046709
522:0313293031
325:References
316:0313293031
167:metabolism
35:1917-07-31
217:Manhattan
207:in 1969.
389:27 March
265:nepotism
65:American
282:of the
172:E. coli
164:peptide
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493:Fruton
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404:Fruton
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114:Fields
101:(1969)
94:Awards
84:Spouse
357:(PDF)
342:(PDF)
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543:ISBN
517:ISBN
467:ISBN
424:ISBN
391:2014
311:ISBN
255:Yale
162:and
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29:Born
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