40:
228:
956:
869:
895:), Domna became the mediator between their two sons, Caracalla and Geta, who were supposed to rule as joint emperors, according to their father's wishes expressed in his will. However, the two young men had a discordant relationship, and Geta was murdered by Caracalla's soldiers in December of the same year. Geta's name was then removed from inscriptions and his image erased as the result of a
800:
975:. There she stayed, helping to deal with his correspondence, while he went on to the frontier. During the campaign, Caracalla was assassinated by a Roman soldier. Domna chose to commit suicide after hearing about the rebellion, perhaps a decision hastened by the fact that she was suffering from breast cancer, as well as a reluctance to return to private life. Her sister,
811:
Unlike most imperial wives, Domna remarkably accompanied her husband on his military campaigns and stayed in camp with the army. As worded by
Barbara Levick, Domna "was to exceed all other empresses in the number and variety of her official titles." Honorary titles were granted to Domna similar to
852:
by the empress, Melanie Grunow
Sobocinski pointed out that burned down in 191, whereas Julia Domna's use of Vestal iconography does not occur until 207. Either the reconstruction of took more than fifteen years, or Julia Domna had a different motivation, perhaps one connected to her role as the
583:", which may have implied greater powers being vested in her than what was usual for a Roman empress mother. Her sons succeeded to the throne. They had a conflictual relationship and Domna acted as their mediator, but Caracalla had his brother Geta assassinated later that year.
567:
As empress, Domna was famous for her political, social, and philosophical influence. She received titles such as "Mother of the
Invincible Camps". After the elder of her sons, Caracalla, started ruling with his father, she was briefly co-empress with Caracalla's wife,
722:, France), of which Severus was the governor. The marriage proved happy, and Severus cherished Domna and her political opinions. Domna built "the most splendid reputation" by applying herself to letters and philosophy. She gave birth to their two sons,
2467:(Mother of the Fatherland), which, "as Rowan (2011) 254 points out, only occur on coinage minted after Severus' death, which is surely a significant development in the official presentation of the Augusta's public image."
713:
heard a foretelling of a woman in Syria who would marry a king. So
Severus sought her as his wife. This woman was Domna. Bassianus accepted Severus' marriage proposal in early 187, and in the summer the couple married in
2595:, p. 181: "The date of Julia's birth is not known, but coins of her sister Julia Maesa, minted about 220, show a woman nearing 60 (see figures 11.2, 11.17). Thus, Julia Domna was probably born around 160."
820:(Mother of Augustus). She was respected and viewed positively for most of her tenure, as indicated by coins minted with her portrait that mention her titles or simply refer to her as "Julia Augusta". The title
929:
during the winter of 213/4. Caracalla's mother, Julia Domna, accompanied her son on his provincial tour. There is only circumstantial evidence for her presence in
Germany, but she was certainly at court in
836:
Several medallions for Domna were issued by
Severus as early as 207, on the reverses of which is "Vesta Mater" (Mother Vesta), which, according to Molly M. Lindner, "could refer to an invocation to
3682:
2523:
687:
of the temple of
Elagabalus. The family had enormous wealth and was promoted to Roman senatorial aristocracy. Before her marriage, Domna inherited the estate of her paternal great-uncle
2506:, p. 55: "Roman Syria was in part populated by Arabs. The emperor Septimius Severus married an Arab from Emessa, Julia Domna, whose sons and great-nephews ruled Rome."
1009:, but is thought to have died before he finished the eight-volume work. She also influenced Roman fashion: the hairstyle that she used would later be worn by Roman empress
833:) which she received after Severus' death was "perhaps a way of implying that Domna had absorbed and was continuing her husband's attributes" after his death.
1598:
1053:
39:
1360:
3672:
3113:
564:
broke out in 193, and shortly afterwards
Severus declared himself emperor. The war ended in 197 with the defeat of the last of Severus's opponents.
2340:
2385:
3830:
5012:
2673:
787:
in 194. When afterwards
Severus openly declared his son Caracalla as his successor, Clodius Albinus was hailed emperor by his troops. At the
2516:
3174:
Baharal, Drora (1992). "The
Portraits of Julia Domna from the Years 193–211 A.D. and the Dynastic Propaganda of L. Septimius Severus".
2280:
2253:
4779:
4034:
1046:
484:
4937:
752:
was murdered without an heir in 192, many contenders rushed for the throne, including Domna's husband Severus. An elder senator,
227:
2812:
764:, was called to Rome and appointed emperor. Severus, coming from the north into Rome, overthrew Julianus and had him executed.
4855:
4821:
4663:
2553:
5002:
4043:
3957:
3936:
3902:
3873:
3852:
3721:
3621:
3542:
3502:
3438:
3402:
3340:
3308:
3209:
2317:
53:
5007:
4987:
4982:
2222:
Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.
1039:
760:
as the new emperor of Rome. But when Pertinax would not meet the Guard's demands, he too was murdered. Another politician,
4784:
5017:
4947:
4729:
4526:
4942:
4308:
3803:
3781:
3757:
3661:
3642:
3597:
3567:
3481:
3460:
3361:
3284:
3233:
2290:
2263:
905:
spent the majority of his reign outside Rome, departing the city in late 212 or early 213 for a campaign against the
4997:
4992:
4977:
4952:
3110:
791:
in 197, Severus defeated and killed Albinus, establishing himself as Emperor. Thus, Domna became Empress-consort.
4556:
4531:
4460:
3383:
2371:
4612:
4551:
4027:
2432:
1655:
647:
477:
4739:
4668:
4653:
4521:
4353:
4338:
3912:
Lundgreen, Birte (2004). "Use and abuse of Athena in Roman imperial portraiture: the case of Julia Domna".
3678:
3473:
The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire
1868:
4601:
4194:
3713:
1005:
454:
415:
2991:
955:
4957:
4774:
4658:
4596:
4562:
4275:
968:
743:
587:
572:, until the latter fell into disgrace. Following the death of Severus in 211, Domna became the first
561:
443:
630:. Her name, Domna, is an archaic Arabic word meaning "black", referencing the nature of the sun god
4972:
4962:
4606:
4020:
3318:
848:
While some scholars have proposed that Julia Domna's medallions commemorate the restoration of the
470:
422:
2666:
709:, a generally unreliable source, relates that, after losing his first wife around 186, politician
4692:
4681:
4541:
4313:
4298:
3219:
1933:
881:
2459:
According to Caillan Davenport, there is significant controversy about the dating of the titles
4876:
4405:
4215:
2423:
959:
Lady with her hair dressed in the fashion first set by Julia Domna. The disguised legend reads
4749:
4687:
4618:
4475:
4087:
3611:
988:
984:
784:
109:
4906:
indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and
4850:
4769:
4628:
4536:
4363:
4169:
4132:
3157:
2110:
877:
813:
979:, restored the Severan dynasty in 218. Domna's body was brought to Rome and placed in the
634:
which took the form of a black stone. She was the youngest daughter of the high priest of
586:
Domna committed suicide in 217 upon hearing of Caracalla's assassination in the course of
8:
4932:
4927:
4828:
4811:
4791:
4754:
4734:
4586:
4220:
868:
30:
3674:
The African Emperor? The Life, Career, and Rise to Power of Septimius Severus, MA thesis
4801:
4759:
4719:
4674:
4581:
4455:
4127:
4102:
3824:
3767:
3531:
3526:
3260:
3183:
1940:
788:
655:
631:
549:
545:
3812:
2491:
4883:
4712:
4511:
4445:
4328:
4303:
4292:
4230:
4184:
3953:
3932:
3898:
3869:
3848:
3799:
3777:
3753:
3727:
3717:
3709:
3657:
3638:
3617:
3593:
3563:
3538:
3498:
3477:
3456:
3434:
3417:
3389:
3379:
3371:
3357:
3336:
3304:
3280:
3229:
3205:
2820:
2391:
2367:
2313:
2286:
2259:
2157:
2150:
1618:
1010:
987:). Later, however, both her bones and those of Geta were transferred by Maesa to the
897:
837:
710:
670:
548:. In 187, she married Severus, who at the time was governor of the Roman province of
521:
398:
278:
246:
134:
121:
4638:
2545:
4888:
4833:
4744:
4724:
4707:
4643:
4623:
4494:
4465:
4415:
4260:
4204:
4162:
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4142:
4077:
3993:
3977:
3743:
3252:
1887:
1378:
1014:
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757:
705:
639:
579:
569:
210:
4838:
4796:
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4225:
4117:
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3984:
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3842:
3814:
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3747:
3739:
3697:
3632:
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3516:
3492:
3471:
3351:
3330:
3298:
3223:
3199:
2677:
2527:
2307:
1610:
849:
768:
761:
684:
627:
573:
525:
263:
196:
190:
45:
4012:
3791:
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4843:
4702:
4633:
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4383:
4235:
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4174:
4147:
4097:
4072:
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3448:
3326:
3294:
3272:
2443:
2359:
2234:
2142:
2118:
1926:
1910:
829:
776:
727:
688:
651:
557:
505:
339:
308:
250:
143:
4921:
4871:
4816:
4806:
4506:
4470:
4430:
4425:
4323:
4240:
3512:
3421:
3322:
3117:
2395:
2381:
2336:
2208:
841:
772:
517:
234:
3393:
2309:
The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor
853:
mother of Septimius Severus' heirs, as the legend on the reverses suggests.
4210:
4122:
3838:
3553:
3195:
1000:
863:
3949:
Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romain: devoirs, intrigues & voluptés
3796:
Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs
3702:
3332:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337
4004:
3589:
Maternal Megalomania: Julia Domna and the Imperial Politics of Motherhood
1648:
976:
918:
643:
619:
599:
537:
370:
154:
86:
3187:
4378:
4052:
3816:
Comptes rendus de la Société française de numismatique et d'archéologie
3264:
2126:
659:
384:
4435:
4280:
4082:
1894:
931:
922:
873:
723:
692:
553:
323:
293:
254:
139:
3403:"The Sexual Habits of Caracalla: Rumour, Gossip, and Historiography"
3378:. Myres, J. N. L. (John Nowell Linton). New York: Biblo and Tannen.
3256:
4591:
4516:
4399:
4265:
4250:
926:
906:
888:
779:(successor), Severus could focus on his other rival to the throne,
753:
749:
715:
353:
4546:
4480:
4450:
4333:
4318:
4137:
3243:
Bernario, H. W. (1958). "Julia Domna: Mater Senatus et Patriae".
1022:
1018:
972:
935:
595:
591:
182:
98:
3731:
2419:
2417:
4440:
4286:
3353:
Great Women of Imperial Rome: Mothers and Wives of the Caesars
3156:. For a comparison between the facial structures of Domna and
2387:
The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
2342:
The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
799:
4343:
4062:
2517:
2414:
910:
611:
541:
529:
82:
3928:
Giulia Domna tra oriente e occidente: le fonti archeologiche
3634:
Portraits of the Vestal Virgins: Priestesses of Ancient Rome
1021:. Domna seems to have made the wearing of wigs, a custom of
3813:
Société française de numismatique et d'archéologie (1873).
2437:
892:
844:
made whenever they prayed publicly". According to Lindner,
731:
719:
635:
623:
615:
602:
successfully restored the Severan dynasty to power in 218.
533:
2996:(2nd ed.). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 238.
767:
Severus claimed the title of emperor in 193. By offering
3749:
Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Sourcebook
3518:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
2492:
Société française de numismatique et d'archéologie 1873
921:, the emperor and his court established themselves at
598:, Turkey). After the death of Domna, her older sister
2312:. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. 57–58.
3317:
2625:
2602:
3798:. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
3701:
3530:
3494:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
816:, including "Mother of the Invincible Camps", and
658:, the respective mothers of future Roman emperors
4042:
3738:
3201:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire
2853:
4919:
3637:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
3447:
3129:
917:. After a rocky—and near fatal—crossing of the
1028:
4028:
3914:Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens
3579:Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana
2692:
2690:
1047:
478:
4902:indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor,
3865:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
3135:
2667:
3525:
3370:
3030:
3018:
2961:
2941:
2799:
2543:
2335:
4035:
4021:
3952:(in French). Harmattan. pp. 211–242.
3829:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3773:Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World
2687:
1054:
1040:
840:during prayers and supplications that the
485:
471:
3911:
3766:
3551:
3453:Apollonius of Tyana in Legend and History
3400:
3376:Roman Britain and the English settlements
3293:
3081:
3041:
3039:
3006:
2977:
2965:
2945:
2929:
2881:
2783:
2781:
2633:
2331:
2329:
2282:Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors
2255:Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors
3861:
3837:
3696:
3585:
3469:
3242:
3225:Domina: The Women Who Made Imperial Rome
3218:
3141:
3123:
2893:
2869:
2736:
2641:
2577:
2573:
2503:
954:
867:
798:
3931:(in Italian). L'Erma di Bretschneider.
3924:
3630:
3490:
3428:
3173:
3153:
2957:
2917:
2905:
2621:
2598:
2278:
2251:
520:from 193 to 211 as the wife of Emperor
4920:
3945:
3890:
3844:Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen
3790:
3670:
3651:
3606:
3511:
3277:Septimius Severus: The African Emperor
3271:
3069:
3057:
3036:
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2841:
2835:
2787:
2778:
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2766:
2760:
2748:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2653:
2637:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2364:Septimius Severus: The African Emperor
2326:
2239:Septimius Severus: The African Emperor
2233:
971:. Domna went with Caracalla as far as
857:
794:
590:, on which she had accompanied him to
4016:
3576:
3349:
3093:
3045:
2592:
2170:
2156:
2149:
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2141:
2125:
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2019:
1997:
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1981:
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1957:
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1932:
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1909:
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1368:
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1240:
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1234:
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1121:
1119:
1117:
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1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
901:. As explained by Caillan Davenport:
828:
504:
16:Roman empress consort from 193 to 211
3537:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
3533:How Rome Fell: death of a superpower
3194:
2989:
2629:
2606:
605:
2668:
2480:
983:(perhaps a separate chamber in the
524:. She was the first empress of the
13:
3884:
3654:The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180–395
3433:. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
2805:
2626:Bowman, Garnsey & Cameron 2005
2603:Bowman, Garnsey & Cameron 2005
576:to receive the title combination "
14:
5029:
5013:Burials at the Castel Sant'Angelo
3819:(in French). Vol. IV. Paris.
3401:Davenport, Caillan (2017-08-02).
3372:Collingwood, R. G. (Robin George)
913:, for which he claimed the title
830:[ˈpi.aˈfeːliːksau̯ˈɡusta]
3160:, see Baharal, Plates I and II.
646:. Through Maesa and her husband
226:
38:
3685:from the original on 2017-10-29
3147:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2983:
2971:
2951:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2847:
2793:
2754:
2742:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2659:
2556:from the original on 2019-01-15
2453:
2299:
2272:
2245:
2241:. London: Routledge. p. i.
2227:
2163:
2132:
1916:
1900:
1624:
675:
664:
544:family of priests of the deity
126:
4938:Ancient Roman women in warfare
3752:. Cambridge University Press.
3577:Jones, Christopher P. (2005).
3552:Greenwalt, William S. (2000).
3335:. Cambridge University Press.
2990:King, Charles William (1885).
2647:
2615:
2583:
2567:
2537:
2509:
2497:
2439:Mḗtēr tôn aēttḗtōn stratopédōn
2428:Μήτηρ τῶν ἀηττήτων στρατοπέδων
967:In 217, Caracalla began a new
1:
4910:incidates an empress regnant.
2854:Rowlandson & Bagnall 1998
2474:
1656:Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus
1210:Gaius Claudius Septimius Aper
510:
239:
75:
5003:Women in 2nd-century warfare
4740:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
3679:University of Wales Lampeter
3429:Dunstan, William E. (2011).
3303:. Harvard University Press.
2438:
1869:Gaius Septimius Severus Aper
887:When Severus died in 211 in
737:
626:family that was part of the
588:his campaign against Parthia
7:
5008:Family of Septimius Severus
4988:3rd-century Roman empresses
4983:2nd-century Roman empresses
3925:Ghedini, Francesca (1984).
3714:University of Chicago Press
3613:Julia Domna: Syrian Empress
3581:. Harvard University Press.
3556:; Klezmer, Deborah (eds.).
3497:. Oxford University Press.
3455:. L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER.
3182:(T. 51, Fasc. 1): 110–118.
3130:Dzielska & Stucchi 1986
2463:(Mother of the Senate) and
1029:Severan dynasty family tree
1006:Life of Apollonius of Tyana
981:Sepulcrum C. et L. Caesaris
939:
698:
416:Severan dynasty family tree
10:
5034:
3894:Roman Portraits in Context
3631:Lindner, Molly M. (2015).
3451:; Stucchi, Sandro (1986).
3166:
2813:"Julia Domna 170 CE Syria"
2518:
2448:Mater invictorum castrorum
2427:
941:
861:
783:, whom he defeated at the
741:
724:Lucius Septimius Bassianus
5018:Mothers of Roman emperors
4948:Arabs in the Roman Empire
4897:
4864:
4775:Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
4493:
4414:
4362:
4276:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
4249:
4193:
4051:
4001:
3982:
3974:
3969:
3847:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
3776:. ABC-CLIO. p. 183.
3491:Gagarin, Michael (2010).
3470:Fishwick, Duncan (2005).
3228:. Yale University Press.
2993:Handbook of Engraved Gems
2576:, Introduction, note 88;
2384:; Smith, William (1889).
2339:; Smith, William (1889).
2279:Burrell, Barbara (2004).
2252:Burrell, Barbara (2004).
2178:
2176:
2174:
2154:
2139:
2123:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1961:
1944:
1930:
1891:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1757:
1755:
1743:
1741:
1719:
1717:
1681:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1615:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1472:
1470:
1454:
1452:
1426:
1424:
1400:
1398:
1357:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1276:
1274:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
994:
804:
771:, a powerful governor of
744:Year of the Five Emperors
245:) depicting Julia Domna,
206:
181:
160:
153:
149:
133:
129: 187; died 211)
117:
104:
92:
71:
67:
59:
52:
37:
28:
23:
4943:Suicides in Ancient Rome
3652:Potter, David S (2004).
3586:Langford, Julie (2013).
3204:. Taylor & Francis.
2407:
2207:Dark green indicates an
1230:Lucius Septimius Severus
1025:, popular among Romans.
950:
748:After the Roman emperor
726:in 188 in Lugdunum, and
650:, Domna had two nieces:
610:Julia Domna was born in
506:[ˈjuːli.aˈdomna]
221:Roman imperial dynasties
4998:3rd-century Arab people
4993:2nd-century Arab people
4978:People from Roman Syria
4953:Deified Roman empresses
4693:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
4299:Flavia Julia Constantia
3946:Minaud, Gérard (2012).
3562:. Yorkin Publications.
1934:Sextus Varius Marcellus
934:, and later resided at
882:National Museum, Warsaw
756:, was appointed by the
683:Domna's ancestors were
170:Julia Pia Felix Augusta
4216:Marcia Otacilia Severa
3862:Southern, Pat (2015).
3671:Rahman, Abdur (2001).
3559:Women in World History
3350:Burns, Jasper (2006).
3295:Bowersock, Glen Warren
2447:
2306:Icks, Martijn (2011).
2285:. BRILL. p. 247.
2258:. BRILL. p. 216.
2211:of the Severan dynasty
1599:Publius Septimius Geta
1361:Publius Septimius Geta
1341:Publius Septimius Aper
964:
948:
884:
864:Caracalla § Reign
855:
808:
803:Coin featuring Domna (
730:the following year in
728:Publius Septimius Geta
4780:Theodora Palaiologina
4750:Anna Komnene Angelina
4688:Catherine of Bulgaria
4619:Eudokia Dekapolitissa
4088:Agrippina the Younger
3897:. Walter de Gruyter.
3891:Fejfer, Jane (2008).
3111:Epitome of Book LXXIX
2532:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2366:. London: Routledge.
985:Mausoleum of Augustus
958:
903:
871:
862:Further information:
846:
802:
562:over the Roman throne
552:. They had two sons,
4851:Sophia of Montferrat
4770:Anna of Hohenstaufen
4629:Theophano Martinakia
4537:Theodora of Khazaria
4170:Julia Cornelia Paula
4133:Faustina the Younger
3158:Faustina the Younger
2960:, pp. 405–406;
2636:, pp. 126–128;
2111:Julia Cornelia Paula
1348:Gaius Septimius Aper
989:Mausoleum of Hadrian
814:Faustina the Younger
622:around 160 AD to an
528:. Domna was born in
110:Mausoleum of Hadrian
4829:Keratsa of Bulgaria
4812:Helena Kantakouzene
4792:Irene of Montferrat
4755:Philippa of Armenia
4735:Margaret of Hungary
4587:Theophano of Athens
4406:Julius Nepos's wife
4221:Herennia Etruscilla
4044:Roman and Byzantine
3768:Salisbury, Joyce E.
3527:Goldsworthy, Adrian
3220:Bédoyère, Guy de la
1062:Severan family tree
858:Transition of power
795:Power and influence
691:, a former leading
455:Crisis of the Third
164:Julia Domna Augusta
4856:Maria of Trebizond
4822:Irene Palaiologina
4802:Irene of Brunswick
4760:Maria of Courtenay
4720:Bertha of Sulzbach
4128:Faustina the Elder
4103:Statilia Messalina
3710:Goldhammer, Arthur
2964:, pp. 70–71;
2944:, pp. 68–69;
2908:, p. 231–232.
2823:on 19 January 2015
2817:Women-philosophers
2790:, pp. 89–128.
2735:, pp. 76–77;
2676:2019-11-06 at the
2526:2019-12-08 at the
2390:. London: Murray.
2360:Birley, Anthony R.
2235:Birley, Anthony R.
1941:Julia Avita Mamaea
1605:Septimia Octavilla
965:
915:Germanicus Maximus
885:
809:
789:Battle of Lugdunum
550:Gallia Lugdunensis
253:(face erased) and
4915:
4914:
4884:Byzantine emperor
4713:Dobrodeia of Kiev
4489:
4488:
4293:Valeria Maximilla
4231:Cornelia Salonina
4185:Sallustia Orbiana
4011:
4010:
4002:Succeeded by
3959:978-2-3360-0291-0
3938:978-88-7062-559-2
3904:978-3-1101-8664-2
3875:978-1-138-82669-4
3854:978-1-441-17351-5
3744:Bagnall, Roger S.
3723:978-0-2267-2356-3
3623:978-1-134-32351-7
3544:978-0-300-16426-8
3504:978-0-1951-7072-6
3440:978-0-7425-6832-7
3342:978-0-521-30199-2
3310:978-0-674-77756-9
3211:978-1-317-29634-8
2932:, pp. 77–78.
2763:, pp. 76–77.
2544:Lendering, Jona.
2436:
2405:
2404:
2345:. pp. 45–47.
2319:978-1-84885-362-1
2182:
2181:
2158:Severus Alexander
2151:Sallustia Orbiana
1619:Septimius Severus
1011:Cornelia Salonina
999:Domna encouraged
898:damnatio memoriae
822:Pia Felix Augusta
711:Septimius Severus
671:Severus Alexander
606:Family background
522:Septimius Severus
495:
494:
462:
461:
399:Severus Alexander
279:Septimius Severus
249:, and their sons
247:Septimius Severus
216:
215:
177:
176:
122:Septimius Severus
5025:
4958:People from Homs
4834:Irene Gattilusio
4745:Eudokia Angelina
4725:Maria of Antioch
4708:Irene of Hungary
4644:Zoe Karbonopsina
4624:Eudokia Ingerina
4497:Byzantine Empire
4360:
4359:
4205:Caecilia Paulina
4163:Fulvia Plautilla
4153:Manlia Scantilla
4143:Bruttia Crispina
4078:Milonia Caesonia
4037:
4030:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3994:Fulvia Plautilla
3978:Manlia Scantilla
3975:Preceded by
3967:
3966:
3963:
3942:
3921:
3908:
3879:
3858:
3834:
3828:
3820:
3809:
3787:
3763:
3740:Rowlandson, Jane
3735:
3708:. Translated by
3707:
3698:Rodinson, Maxime
3693:
3691:
3690:
3667:
3648:
3627:
3603:
3582:
3573:
3548:
3536:
3522:
3508:
3487:
3466:
3444:
3425:
3407:
3397:
3367:
3346:
3314:
3290:
3268:
3239:
3215:
3191:
3161:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3031:Goldsworthy 2009
3028:
3022:
3019:Goldsworthy 2009
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2962:Goldsworthy 2009
2955:
2949:
2942:Goldsworthy 2009
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2819:. Archived from
2809:
2803:
2800:Collingwood 1998
2797:
2791:
2785:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2685:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2619:
2613:
2587:
2581:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2541:
2535:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2399:
2377:
2347:
2346:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2204:(4) = 4th spouse
2201:(3) = 3rd spouse
2198:(2) = 2nd spouse
2195:(1) = 1st spouse
2167:
2165:
2136:
2134:
1920:
1918:
1904:
1902:
1888:Fulvia Plautilla
1628:
1626:
1379:Julius Bassianus
1070:
1069:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1032:
969:war with Parthia
945:
832:
827:
806:
781:Pescennius Niger
758:Praetorian Guard
706:Historia Augusta
679:
677:
668:
666:
642:, and sister to
640:Julius Bassianus
570:Fulvia Plautilla
515:
512:
508:
503:
487:
480:
473:
444:Year of the Five
436:
435:
373:
343:
327:
311:
296:
244:
241:
230:
218:
217:
211:Julius Bassianus
151:
150:
128:
80:
77:
42:
21:
20:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5022:
4973:Severan dynasty
4963:Emesene dynasty
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4893:
4860:
4797:Rita of Armenia
4785:Anna of Hungary
4765:Irene Laskarina
4730:Agnes of France
4698:Maria of Alania
4649:Helena Lekapene
4499:
4496:
4485:
4418:
4410:
4394:Marcia Euphemia
4389:Licinia Eudoxia
4366:
4358:
4349:Aelia Flaccilla
4271:Galeria Valeria
4253:
4245:
4226:Cornelia Supera
4197:
4189:
4118:Pompeia Plotina
4113:Domitia Longina
4108:Galeria Fundana
4093:Claudia Octavia
4068:Livia Orestilla
4055:
4047:
4041:
4007:
3990:
3988:
3985:Empress of Rome
3980:
3960:
3939:
3905:
3887:
3885:Further reading
3882:
3876:
3855:
3822:
3821:
3806:
3784:
3760:
3724:
3688:
3686:
3664:
3645:
3624:
3608:Levick, Barbara
3600:
3570:
3545:
3505:
3484:
3463:
3449:Dzielska, Maria
3441:
3405:
3386:
3364:
3343:
3327:Cameron, Averil
3311:
3287:
3273:Birley, Anthony
3257:10.2307/1086523
3236:
3212:
3169:
3164:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2956:
2952:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2688:
2682:www.almaany.com
2678:Wayback Machine
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:, p. 167;
2632:, p. 769;
2628:, p. 502;
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:, p. 502;
2588:
2584:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2542:
2538:
2528:Wayback Machine
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2458:
2454:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2380:
2374:
2358:
2350:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2250:
2246:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2192:
2183:
2162:
2160:
2131:
2129:
1915:
1913:
1899:
1897:
1623:
1621:
1611:Paccia Marciana
1093:Septimius Macer
1063:
1060:
1031:
997:
953:
866:
860:
850:Temple of Vesta
825:
812:those given to
797:
785:Battle of Issus
769:Clodius Albinus
762:Didius Julianus
746:
740:
701:
674:
663:
628:Emesene dynasty
608:
574:empress dowager
526:Severan dynasty
513:
501:
491:
456:
453:
445:
442:
425:
423:All biographies
405:
402:
391:
388:
377:
374:
368:
362:
359:
347:
344:
337:
331:
328:
321:
315:
312:
306:
300:
297:
291:
285:
282:
264:Severan dynasty
257:
242:
202:
173:
142:
124:
113:
97:
81:
78:
48:
46:Vatican Museums
17:
12:
11:
5:
5031:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4913:
4912:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4844:Anna of Moscow
4836:
4831:
4826:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4705:
4703:Irene Doukaina
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:Eudokia Baïana
4636:
4634:Zoe Zaoutzaina
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4577:Maria of Amnia
4574:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:Eastern Empire
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4384:Galla Placidia
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4364:Western Empire
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4236:Ulpia Severina
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4180:Annia Faustina
4177:
4175:Aquilia Severa
4172:
4167:
4155:
4150:
4148:Flavia Titiana
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4098:Poppaea Sabina
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4073:Lollia Paulina
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4056:27 BC – AD 235
4049:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3943:
3937:
3922:
3909:
3903:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3859:
3853:
3835:
3810:
3804:
3788:
3782:
3764:
3758:
3736:
3722:
3694:
3668:
3662:
3649:
3643:
3628:
3622:
3604:
3598:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3549:
3543:
3523:
3513:Gibbon, Edward
3509:
3503:
3488:
3482:
3476:. E.J. Brill.
3467:
3461:
3445:
3439:
3426:
3398:
3384:
3368:
3362:
3347:
3341:
3323:Garnsey, Peter
3315:
3309:
3291:
3285:
3269:
3240:
3234:
3216:
3210:
3192:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3146:
3144:, p. 119.
3134:
3122:
3116:2012-05-26 at
3098:
3096:, p. 209.
3086:
3084:, p. 183.
3082:Salisbury 2001
3074:
3072:, p. 148.
3062:
3060:, p. 192.
3050:
3035:
3023:
3011:
3009:, p. 383.
3007:Greenwalt 2000
2999:
2982:
2978:Davenport 2017
2970:
2966:Davenport 2017
2950:
2946:Davenport 2017
2934:
2930:Davenport 2017
2922:
2920:, p. 232.
2910:
2898:
2896:, p. 282.
2886:
2882:Davenport 2017
2874:
2862:
2856:, p. 45;
2846:
2834:
2804:
2792:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2739:, p. 347.
2725:
2713:
2701:
2686:
2665:Definition of
2658:
2646:
2634:Bowersock 1994
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:, p. 769.
2596:
2589:
2582:
2580:, p. 282.
2566:
2536:
2515:Definition of
2508:
2496:
2494:, p. 151.
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2452:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2382:Gibbon, Edward
2378:
2372:
2349:
2348:
2337:Gibbon, Edward
2325:
2318:
2298:
2291:
2271:
2264:
2244:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2143:Annia Faustina
2140:
2138:
2124:
2122:
2119:Aquilia Severa
2116:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
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2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:Julia Soaemias
1924:
1922:
1908:
1906:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1865:
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1523:
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1471:
1469:
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1423:
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1401:
1399:
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1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1369:Septimia Polla
1367:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
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1325:
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1305:
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1299:
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1281:
1279:
1277:
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1271:
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1267:
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1259:
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1255:
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1215:
1213:
1211:
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1206:
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1201:
1200:
1198:
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1194:
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1190:
1188:
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1160:
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1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1027:
996:
993:
952:
949:
876:with Domna as
859:
856:
842:Vestal Virgins
818:Mater Augustus
796:
793:
775:, the rank of
742:Main article:
739:
736:
700:
697:
689:Julius Agrippa
678: 222–235
667: 218–222
652:Julia Soaemias
607:
604:
560:. A civil war
516:– 217 AD) was
493:
492:
490:
489:
482:
475:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
448:
432:
431:
427:
426:
419:
418:
412:
411:
407:
406:
403:
396:
393:
392:
389:
382:
379:
378:
375:
367:
364:
363:
360:
352:
349:
348:
345:
336:
333:
332:
329:
320:
317:
316:
313:
305:
302:
301:
298:
290:
287:
286:
283:
276:
273:
272:
268:
267:
259:
258:
231:
223:
222:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
201:
200:
194:
187:
185:
179:
178:
175:
174:
172:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
157:
147:
146:
137:
131:
130:
119:
115:
114:
108:
106:
102:
101:
94:
90:
89:
73:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5030:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4872:Roman emperor
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4839:Helena Dragaš
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4817:Irene Asanina
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Anna of Savoy
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Fabia Eudokia
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Ino Anastasia
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:Aelia Eudocia
4429:
4427:
4426:Aelia Eudoxia
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Marina Severa
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4241:Magnia Urbica
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3973:
3970:Royal titles
3968:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3877:
3871:
3868:. Routledge.
3867:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3839:Southern, Pat
3836:
3832:
3826:
3818:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3805:0-88402-115-7
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:Shahîd, Irfan
3789:
3785:
3783:9781576070925
3779:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3759:9780521588157
3755:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3663:0-415-10058-5
3659:
3656:. Routledge.
3655:
3650:
3646:
3644:9780472118953
3640:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:. Routledge.
3615:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3599:9781421408484
3595:
3592:. JHU Press.
3591:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3569:9780787640675
3565:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3554:Commire, Anne
3550:
3546:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3483:9789004071797
3479:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3462:88-7062-599-0
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3363:9781134131853
3359:
3356:. Routledge.
3355:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3286:0-203-02859-7
3282:
3279:. Routledge.
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3235:9780300230307
3231:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3196:Ball, Warwick
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3142:Southern 2008
3138:
3132:, p. 14.
3131:
3126:
3119:
3118:archive.today
3115:
3112:
3108:
3107:Roman History
3105:Cassius Dio,
3102:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3033:, p. 74.
3032:
3027:
3021:, p. 76.
3020:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2980:, p. 76.
2979:
2974:
2968:, p. 77.
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2948:, p. 76.
2947:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2894:Bédoyère 2018
2890:
2884:, p. 80.
2883:
2878:
2871:
2870:Bernario 1958
2866:
2860:, p. 66.
2859:
2855:
2850:
2844:, p. 66.
2843:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2751:, p. 74.
2750:
2745:
2738:
2737:Fishwick 2005
2734:
2729:
2723:, p. 71.
2722:
2717:
2711:, p. 75.
2710:
2705:
2699:, p. 18.
2698:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2680:(in Arabic).
2679:
2675:
2672:
2662:
2656:, p. 41.
2655:
2650:
2644:, p. 55.
2643:
2642:Rodinson 1981
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:, p. 3;
2623:
2618:
2608:
2604:
2601:, p. 3;
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2578:Bédoyère 2018
2575:
2574:Langford 2013
2570:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2512:
2505:
2504:Rodinson 1981
2500:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2466:
2465:Mater patriae
2462:
2461:Mater senatus
2456:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2425:
2424:Ancient Greek
2420:
2418:
2413:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:Bibliography:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2292:90-04-12578-7
2288:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2265:90-04-12578-7
2261:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2173:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2001:
1999:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1912:
1896:
1889:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1752:
1750:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1640:
1620:
1612:
1600:
1591:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1482:
1480:
1467:
1465:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1362:
1339:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1202:
1199:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1153:
1141:
1139:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1003:to write the
1002:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
962:
957:
947:
943:
937:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
902:
900:
899:
894:
890:
883:
879:
875:
870:
865:
854:
851:
845:
843:
839:
834:
831:
823:
819:
815:
805:IVLIA AVGVSTA
801:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
745:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
708:
707:
696:
694:
690:
686:
681:
672:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:Julius Avitus
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
603:
601:
597:
594:(present-day
593:
589:
584:
582:
581:
575:
571:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:(present-day
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:Roman empress
507:
499:
488:
483:
481:
476:
474:
469:
468:
466:
465:
458:
452:
449:
447:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
429:
428:
424:
421:
420:
417:
414:
413:
409:
408:
401:
400:
395:
394:
387:
386:
381:
380:
372:
366:
365:
357:
356:
351:
350:
342:
341:
335:
334:
326:
325:
319:
318:
310:
304:
303:
295:
289:
288:
281:
280:
275:
274:
270:
269:
266:
265:
261:
260:
256:
252:
248:
237:
236:
235:Severan Tondo
229:
225:
224:
220:
219:
212:
209:
205:
199:(by marriage)
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
186:
184:
180:
169:
167:Julia Augusta
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
136:
132:
123:
120:
116:
111:
107:
103:
100:
95:
91:
88:
84:
79: 160 AD
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
54:Roman empress
51:
47:
41:
36:
33:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4842:
4820:
4783:
4711:
4680:
4673:
4611:
4569:
4561:
4398:
4291:
4211:Tranquillina
4161:
4157:
4123:Vibia Sabina
3997:
3991:
3983:
3948:
3927:
3917:
3913:
3893:
3864:
3843:
3815:
3795:
3772:
3748:
3703:
3687:. Retrieved
3673:
3653:
3633:
3612:
3588:
3578:
3558:
3532:
3517:
3493:
3472:
3452:
3431:Ancient Rome
3430:
3413:
3409:
3375:
3352:
3331:
3319:Bowman, Alan
3300:Roman Arabia
3299:
3276:
3251:(2): 67–70.
3248:
3244:
3224:
3200:
3179:
3175:
3154:Baharal 1992
3149:
3137:
3125:
3106:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3048:, p. 2.
3026:
3014:
3002:
2992:
2985:
2973:
2958:Dunstan 2011
2953:
2937:
2925:
2918:Lindner 2015
2913:
2906:Lindner 2015
2901:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2849:
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2821:the original
2816:
2807:
2795:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2681:
2661:
2649:
2622:Gagarin 2010
2617:
2599:Gagarin 2010
2585:
2569:
2558:. Retrieved
2549:
2539:
2531:
2511:
2499:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2386:
2363:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2308:
2301:
2281:
2274:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2215:
2214:
1638:
1221:Fulvius Pius
1004:
1001:Philostratus
998:
980:
966:
960:
942:§ Death
914:
904:
896:
886:
847:
835:
821:
817:
810:
766:
747:
718:(modern-day
704:
702:
685:priest kings
682:
656:Julia Mamaea
614:(modern day
609:
585:
577:
566:
497:
496:
450:
439:
397:
383:
358:' usurpation
354:
338:
322:
277:
262:
233:
29:
18:
4904:underlining
4476:Constantina
4158:Julia Domna
4005:Nonia Celsa
3521:. New York.
3070:Potter 2004
3058:Birley 1999
2858:Levick 2007
2842:Levick 2007
2788:Birley 1999
2773:Rahman 2001
2761:Birley 1999
2749:Gibbon 1831
2733:Birley 1999
2721:Birley 1999
2709:Birley 1999
2697:Levick 2007
2654:Shahîd 1984
2638:Shahîd 1984
2546:"Plautilla"
1947:Unknown (2)
1649:Julia Maesa
1639:Julia Domna
977:Julia Maesa
644:Julia Maesa
600:Julia Maesa
538:Roman Syria
498:Julia Domna
451:Followed by
440:Preceded by
371:Diadumenian
155:Regnal name
87:Roman Syria
24:Julia Domna
4933:217 deaths
4928:160 births
4922:Categories
4607:Euphrosyne
4379:Thermantia
4339:Constantia
4053:Principate
3689:2017-07-07
3385:0819611603
3094:Burns 2006
3046:Jones 2005
2593:Burns 2006
2560:2019-11-26
2550:Livius.org
2475:References
2373:0415165911
2127:Elagabalus
1355:Fulvia Pia
961:Amo te ego
919:Hellespont
872:Relief of
660:Elagabalus
632:Elagabalus
578:Pia Felix
546:Elagabalus
514: 160
430:Succession
385:Elagabalus
271:Chronology
243: 200
193:(by birth)
4659:Theophano
4597:Theodosia
4572:of Athens
4527:Anastasia
4436:Pulcheria
4281:Minervina
4083:Messalina
4046:empresses
3998:(202–205)
3825:cite book
3704:The Arabs
3422:2046-5963
3374:(1998) .
2630:Ball 2016
2607:Ball 2016
2433:romanized
2396:993285639
2121:(2 and 4)
1895:Caracalla
1593:Septimius
1023:Assyrians
932:Nicomedia
923:Nicomedia
874:Caracalla
773:Britannia
738:Civil war
693:centurion
554:Caracalla
324:Caracalla
294:Caracalla
255:Caracalla
140:Caracalla
4889:Augustae
4865:See also
4682:Theodora
4664:Theodora
4654:Theodora
4613:Theodora
4592:Prokopia
4582:Theodote
4517:Gregoria
4500:610–1453
4495:Eastern/
4461:Theodora
4456:Euphemia
4400:Placidia
4309:Faustina
4266:Eutropia
4251:Dominate
3920:: 69–91.
3841:(2008).
3794:(1984).
3770:(2001).
3746:(1998).
3732:80025916
3700:(1981).
3683:Archived
3610:(2007).
3529:(2009).
3515:(1831).
3394:36750306
3329:(2005).
3297:(1994).
3275:(1999).
3222:(2018).
3198:(2016).
3188:41536198
3114:Archived
2674:Archived
2554:Archived
2524:Archived
2362:(1999).
2237:(1999).
2168:222–235)
2137:218–222)
1921:209–211)
1905:197–217)
1629:193–211)
1015:Palmyran
938:in 216 (
927:Bithynia
907:Alemanni
889:Eboracum
878:Victoria
754:Pertinax
750:Commodus
716:Lugdunum
699:Marriage
446:Emperors
355:Macrinus
4900:Italics
4557:Eudokia
4547:Tzitzak
4532:Eudokia
4512:Martina
4481:Leontia
4451:Zenonis
4446:Ariadne
4419:395–610
4367:395–480
4334:Domnica
4329:Justina
4319:Charito
4304:Eusebia
4254:284–610
4198:235–285
4138:Lucilla
3989:193–211
3416:(100).
3265:1086523
3245:Phoenix
3176:Latomus
3167:Sources
2435::
2209:emperor
2166:
2135:
1919:
1903:
1627:
1019:Zenobia
973:Antioch
944:, below
936:Antioch
909:on the
596:Antakya
592:Antioch
580:Augusta
457:Century
410:Dynasty
404:222–235
390:218–222
361:217–218
330:211–217
314:209–211
299:198–211
284:193–211
197:Severan
183:Dynasty
112:, Italy
99:Antioch
63:193–211
31:Augusta
4669:Helena
4602:Thekla
4522:Fausta
4466:Sophia
4441:Verina
4314:Helena
4287:Fausta
4261:Prisca
4195:Crisis
3956:
3935:
3901:
3872:
3851:
3802:
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3720:
3660:
3641:
3620:
3596:
3566:
3541:
3501:
3480:
3459:
3437:
3420:
3410:Histos
3392:
3382:
3360:
3339:
3307:
3283:
3263:
3232:
3208:
3186:
2827:3 July
2394:
2370:
2316:
2289:
2262:
2216:Notes:
1017:queen
995:Legacy
826:Latin:
777:Caesar
669:) and
540:to an
502:Latin:
207:Father
191:Emesan
118:Spouse
105:Burial
60:Tenure
44:Bust,
4968:Julii
4570:Irene
4552:Maria
4542:Maria
4374:Maria
4354:Galla
4344:Laeta
4063:Livia
3992:with
3406:(PDF)
3261:JSTOR
3184:JSTOR
2669:دِمنة
2519:μήτηρ
2444:Latin
2408:Notes
951:Death
911:Rhine
838:Vesta
620:Syria
618:) in
612:Emesa
536:) in
530:Emesa
369:with
307:with
292:with
135:Issue
83:Emesa
4908:bold
4877:list
4841:(w.
4819:(w.
4782:(w.
4710:(w.
4563:Anna
4160:(w.
3954:ISBN
3933:ISBN
3899:ISBN
3870:ISBN
3849:ISBN
3831:link
3800:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3754:ISBN
3728:LCCN
3718:ISBN
3658:ISBN
3639:ISBN
3618:ISBN
3594:ISBN
3564:ISBN
3539:ISBN
3499:ISBN
3478:ISBN
3457:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3418:ISSN
3390:OCLC
3380:ISBN
3358:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3305:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3206:ISBN
2829:2019
2392:OCLC
2368:ISBN
2314:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2260:ISBN
1911:Geta
1013:and
940:see
893:York
732:Rome
720:Lyon
703:The
654:and
636:Baal
624:Arab
616:Homs
558:Geta
556:and
542:Arab
534:Homs
340:Geta
309:Geta
251:Geta
232:The
144:Geta
93:Died
72:Born
4675:Zoë
4283:(?)
4207:(?)
3253:doi
2145:(3)
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1641:(2)
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925:in
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