540:
aristocratic resentment, writing that the plot was mainly carried out by conservative elites who were initially integrated by the Nazi government but during the war lost their influence and were concerned about regaining it. However, at least in
Stauffenberg's case, the conviction that Nazi Germany's atrocities against civilians and prisoners of war were a dishonour to the nation and its military was likely a major motivating factor. Historian Judith Michel assesses the circle around the 20 July Group as a diverse and heterogeneous group that included liberal democrats, conservatives, social democrats, authoritarian aristocrats, and even communists. The common goal was to overthrow Hitler's regime and bring the war to a swift end. There is evidence of the plot encompassing a broad spectrum of plotters which included Communists that April, before the attempted coup, Stauffenberg agreed to cooperate with the Operational Leadership of the KPD (Communist Party of Germany) remaining in Germany. Contacts were established through the Social Democrats Adolf Reichwein and Julius Leber.
1012:
1387:
1142:
1474:
2037:
1459:
1262:
49:
906:
991:
957:
889:
974:
807:, who was involved in Goerdeler's network, came to see him and offered him the support of the opposition if he would make a move to displace Hitler and secure a negotiated end to the war. Nothing came of this meeting, but Popitz was not immediately arrested (although he was later executed towards the end of the war), and Himmler apparently did nothing to track down the resistance network which he knew was operating within the state bureaucracy. It is possible that Himmler, who by late 1943 knew that the war was unwinnable, allowed the plot to go ahead in the belief that if it succeeded he would be Hitler's successor, and could then bring about a peace settlement.
837:
2168:
923:
255:
2184:
1125:
1424:, to death, while putting Beck under arrest; Beck, realising the situation was hopeless, asked for a pistol and shot himselfâthe first of many attempted suicides in the coming days. At first Beck only seriously wounded himselfâhe was then shot in the neck and killed by soldiers. Despite protests from Remer (who had been ordered by Hitler to arrest the conspirators), at 00:10 on 21 July the four officers were executed in the courtyard outside, possibly to prevent them from revealing Fromm's involvement. Others would have been executed as well, but at 00:30
1402:, commander of the troops surrounding the Ministry. After assuring him that he was still alive, Hitler ordered Remer to regain control of the situation in Berlin. Major Remer ordered his troops to surround and seal off the Bendlerblock, but not to enter the buildings. At 20:00 a furious Witzleben arrived at the Bendlerblock and had a bitter argument with Stauffenberg, who was still insisting that the coup could go ahead. Witzleben left shortly afterwards. At around this time the planned seizure of power in Paris was aborted when Field Marshal
1134:
940:
387:
2200:
687:, his secretary. Both women wore gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints. On at least two other occasions Tresckow had tried to assassinate the FĂŒhrer. The first plan was to shoot him during dinner at the army base camp, but this plan was aborted because it was widely believed that Hitler wore a bullet-proof vest. The conspirators also considered poisoning him, but this was not possible because his food was specially prepared and tasted. They concluded that a time bomb was the only option.
2002:, Rommel knew about the conspiracy and advocated that Hitler be arrested and placed on trial. The historian Ian Becket argues that "there is no credible evidence that Rommel had more than limited and superficial knowledge of the plot" and concludes that he would not have acted to aid the plotters in the aftermath of the attempt on 20 July, while the historian Ralf Georg Reuth contends that "there was no indication of any active participation of Rommel in the conspiracy." Historian
621:
5619:
1508:
chaotically, which was due to
Himmlerâs refusal to âestablish specific rules regarding clan guardianshipâ, however, on February 5, 1945, Keitelâs order was issued, according to which the family of a serviceman who committed high treason was subjected to repression up to and including the death penalty. Presumably, the Sippenhaft regulation was introduced to tighten control over the military and keep them in the army during the final period of the war.
875:
858:
2115:. While acknowledging that Tresckow and other 20 July conspirators had been involved in war crimes, Arnold writes that Gerlach's argument is oversimplified. In 2011, Danny Orbach, a Harvard-based historian, wrote that Gerlach's reading of the sources is highly skewed, and, at times, diametrically opposed to what they actually say. In one case, according to Orbach, Gerlach had falsely paraphrased the memoir of the resistance fighter Colonel
1983:, the civilian leader of the resistance, but not to the plotters led by Stauffenberg, and only came to the attention of Stauffenberg due to his appointment to Rommel's headquarters. The conspirators felt they needed the support of a field marshal on active duty. Witzleben was a field marshal, but had not been on active duty since 1942. The conspirators gave instructions to Speidel to bring Rommel into their circle.
1447:
2066:. Gerlach proved that plotters such as Tresckow and Gersdorff were aware of mass murder happening in the East from at least 1941. He writes: "Especially with reference to the murder of the Jews, 'the SS' had deceived the officers by killing in secret, filing incomplete reports or none at all; if general staff officers protested, the SS threatened them." Gerlach concludes: "This is, of course, nonsense."
262:
1515:, as part of state terror at the end of the war, was a means of intimidation within Nazi Germany, when in reality this practice was not always applied, and most of the terror was adopted only after July 20. This was due to its duality: terror was implemented only in quantities necessary to maintain a level of fear among the population that would not lead them to go over to the side of resistance.
2010:
in confessions made under torture by StĂŒlpnagel and
Hofacker, and was included in Goerdeler's papers on a list of potential supporters. Hofacker confessed that Rommel had agreed to demand for Hitler to step down, and if he refused, Rommel would join the other conspirators in deposing Hitler. Rommel was also planned to become a member of the post-Hitler government in papers drawn up by Goerdeler.
1307:'s headquarters and asked him to contact the Allies, only to be informed that Hitler was alive. At 16:40 Stauffenberg and Haeften arrived at the Bendlerblock. Fromm, presumably to protect himself, changed sides and attempted to have Stauffenberg arrested. Olbricht and Stauffenberg restrained him at gunpoint and Olbricht then appointed General
1954:—personal advisor to StĂŒlpnagel—had mentioned a violent upheaval in Berlin, he would not have interpreted it as an assassination. Thus, Rommel's participation remains ambiguous and the perception of it largely has its source in the subsequent events (especially Rommel's forced suicide) and the accounts by surviving participants.
461:) and in other secret circles. Moltke was against killing Hitler; instead, he wanted him placed on trial. Moltke said, "we are all amateurs and would only bungle it". Moltke also believed killing Hitler would be hypocritical: Hitler and National Socialism had turned wrongdoing into a system, something which the resistance should avoid.
1547:, was a fanatical Nazi seen shouting furiously and insulting the accused in the trial, which was filmed for propaganda purposes. The plotters were stripped of their uniforms and given old, shabby clothing to humiliate them for the cameras. The officers involved in the plot were "tried" before the Court of Military Honour, a
1945:, he had turned into Hitler's resolute opponent and in the end supported the coup (though not the assassination itself). He was even the natural leader of the opposition in France to some extent, considering the fact he had drawn many military and political personnel into his orbit in preparation of a "Western solution".
1995:, through whom they hoped to negotiate with the Western Allies, that Rommel could not be counted on for support. Three days before the assassination attempt, on 17 July, Rommel's staff car was strafed by an Allied aircraft in France; he was hospitalised with major injuries and incapacitated on 20 July.
1653:, he was supposed to direct all police forces in Berlin to stand down and not interfere in the military actions to seize the government. However, his actions on 20 July had minimal influence on the events. For his involvement in the conspiracy, he was later arrested, convicted of treason and executed.
2009:
What is not debated are the results of the failed bomb plot of 20 July. Many conspirators were arrested and the dragnet expanded to thousands. Consequently, it did not take long for Rommel to come under suspicion. He was primarily implicated through his connection to Kluge. Rommel's name also came up
1566:
The whole world will vilify us now, but I am still totally convinced that we did the right thing. Hitler is the archenemy not only of
Germany but of the world. When, in few hours' time, I go before God to account for what I have done and left undone, I know I will be able to justify what I did in the
1488:
Over the following weeks, Himmler's
Gestapo, driven by a furious Hitler, rounded up nearly everyone who had the remotest connection with the plot. The discovery of letters and diaries in the homes and offices of those arrested revealed the plots of 1938, 1939, and 1943, and this led to further rounds
1128:
Approximate positions of the attendees at the meeting in relation to the briefcase bomb when it exploded: 1 Adolf Hitler; 2 Adolf
Heusinger; 3 GĂŒnther Korten; 4 Heinz Brandt; 5 Karl Bodenschatz; 6 Heinz Waizenegger; 7 Rudolf Schmundt; 8 Heinrich Borgmann; 9 Walther Buhle; 10 Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer;
1554:
The first trials were held on 7 and 8 August 1944. Hitler had ordered that those found guilty should be "hanged like cattle". Many people took their own lives prior to either their trial or their execution, including Kluge, who was accused of having knowledge of the plot beforehand and not revealing
1409:
As Remer regained control of the city and word spread that Hitler was still alive, the less resolute members of the conspiracy in Berlin began to change sides. Fromm was freed from his room and fighting broke out in the
Bendlerblock between officers supporting and opposing the coup; Stauffenberg was
1234:
Stauffenberg was seen leaving the conference building by Kurt
Salterberg, a soldier on guard duty who did not consider this out of the ordinary as attendees sometimes left to collect documents. He then saw a "massive" cloud of smoke, wood splinters and paper and men being hurled through a window and
1209:
At 12:42 the bomb detonated, demolishing the conference room and killing a stenographer instantly. More than 20 people in the room were injured with three officers later dying. Hitler survived, as did everyone else who was shielded from the blast by the conference table leg. His trousers were singed
682:
Previously, it was believed that
Stauffenberg was mainly responsible for the Valkyrie plan, but documents recovered by the Soviet Union after the war and released in 2007 suggest that the plan was developed by Tresckow by autumn of 1943. All written information was handled by Tresckow's wife, Erika,
674:
In August and
September 1943, Tresckow drafted the "revised" Valkyrie plan and new supplementary orders. A secret declaration began with these words: "The FĂŒhrer Adolf Hitler is dead! A treacherous group of party leaders has attempted to exploit the situation by attacking our embattled soldiers from
1949:
thinks that the conspirators perhaps mistook Rommel's ambiguous attitude for approval of the assassination, considering: the conspirators normally did not explicitly mention the assassination; Rommel was very naive and attached to Hitler (who was the personification of National Socialism, which had
1575:
Fromm's attempt to win favour by executing Stauffenberg and others on the night of 20 July had merely exposed his own previous lack of action and apparent failure to report the plot. Having been arrested on 21 July, Fromm was later convicted and sentenced to death by the People's Court. Despite his
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and told the plotters that Hitler had survived the explosion. As a result, the plot to mobilise Operation Valkyrie would have no chance of succeeding once the officers of the Reserve Army knew that Hitler was alive. There was more confusion when Stauffenberg's aircraft landed and he phoned from the
2692:
Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture, "The heroes of West German accounts at this time were the men involved in the largely conservative, nationalist resistance of the July Plot of 1944. It was not until much later that a new generation of left-liberal historians pointed out how little many
539:
While the primary goal of the plotters was to remove Hitler from power, they did so for various reasons. The majority of the group behind the 20 July plot were conservative nationalistsâidealists, but not necessarily of a democratic stripe. Martin Borschat portrays their motivations as a matter of
1906:
was listed in several notes of the conspirators as a possible Minister of Armaments; however, most of these notes stated Speer should not be approached until after Hitler was dead and one conjectural government chart had a question mark beside Speer's name. This (in addition to Speer being one of
587:
To Poland, which was fighting against Nazi Germany with both its army and government in exile, the territorial demands and traditional nationalistic visions of resistance were not much different from the racist policies of Hitler. Stauffenberg, as one of the leaders of the plot, stated five years
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of 20 July 1944. The badges were struck in three values: gold, silver, and black. (The colours denoted the severity of the wounds received by each recipient.) A total of 100 badges were manufactured, and 47 are believed to have actually been awarded. Each badge was accompanied by an ornate award
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On 18 July rumours reached Stauffenberg that the Gestapo had knowledge of the conspiracy and that he might be arrested at any timeâthis was apparently not true, but there was a sense that the net was closing in and that the next opportunity to kill Hitler must be taken because there might not be
632:
By mid-1943, the tide of war was turning decisively against Germany. The army plotters and their civilian allies became convinced that Hitler should be assassinated, so that a government acceptable to the western Allies could be formed, and a separate peace negotiated in time to prevent a Soviet
2077:. Such actions led historians to question the motives of the plotters, which seemed more concerned with the military situation than with Nazi atrocities and German war crimes. However some others assert that, in such actions, Tresckow had to act out of principle to continue with his coup plans.
1990:
and Strölin on 27 May in Germany, ostensibly at Rommel's request, although the latter was not present. Neurath and Strölin suggested opening immediate surrender negotiations in the West, and, according to Speidel, Rommel agreed to further discussions and preparations. Around the same timeframe,
1507:
Sippenhaft was proposed and introduced by Heinrich Himmler and remained in effect until the end of the war. Its distribution was aimed at creating fears among Wehrmacht members for their families in the event of an attempted betrayal. At first, the practice was not regulated and was carried out
510:). The bomb failed to detonate, and a second attempt a week later with Hitler at an exhibition of captured Soviet weaponry in Berlin also failed. These failures demoralised the conspirators. During 1943 Tresckow tried without success to recruit senior army field commanders such as Field Marshal
600:
Many members of the plot had helped the Nazis gain power and shared revisionist foreign policy goals pursued by Hitler, and even at the time of the plot were anti-democratic, hoping to replace Hitler with a conservative-authoritarian government involving aristocratic rule. They opposed popular
1527:
When I heard that German officers had tried to kill Adolf Hitler ... I was enraged. I fully concurred with the sentences imposed on them, strangling I felt was too good for them; this was the time, precisely, when we were at a very ... precarious military situation. And the only man who could
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Tresckow and the inner circle of plotters had no intention of removing Hitler just to see him replaced by the dreaded and ruthless SS chief, and the plan was to kill them both if possibleâto the extent that Stauffenberg's first attempt on 11 July was aborted because Himmler was not present.
644:
in December 1942, despite his religious scruples, he concluded that the FĂŒhrer's assassination was a lesser moral evil than Hitler's remaining in power. Stauffenberg brought a new tone of decisiveness to the ranks of the resistance movement. When Tresckow was assigned to the Eastern Front,
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11 Heinrich Berger; 12 Heinz Assmann; 13 Ernst John von Freyend; 14 Walter Scherff; 15 Hans-Erich Voss; 16 Otto GĂŒnsche; 17 Nicolaus von Below; 18 Hermann Fegelein; 19 Heinz Buchholz; 20 Herbert BĂŒchs; 21 Franz von Sonnleithner; 22 Walter Warlimont; 23 Alfred Jodl; 24 Wilhelm Keitel.
1185:. It was slow going due to war wounds that had cost Stauffenberg an eye, his right hand, and two fingers on his left hand. Interrupted by a guard knocking on the door advising him that the meeting was about to begin, he was not able to prime the second bomb, which he gave to his
1107:. Operation Valkyrie would be mobilised, the Reserve Army would take control of Germany and the other Nazi leaders would be arrested. Beck would be appointed provisional head of state, Goerdeler would be chancellor, and Witzleben would be commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
308:, tried to kill Hitler by detonating an explosive hidden in a briefcase. However, due to the location of the bomb at the time of detonation, the blast only dealt Hitler minor injuries. The planners' subsequent coup attempt also failed and resulted in a purge of the Wehrmacht.
1728:
The conspirators had earlier designated positions in secret to form a government that would take office after the assassination of Hitler were it to prove successful. Because of the plot's failure, such a government never rose to power and most of its members were executed.
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at the Wolf's Lair and was assured that Hitler was alive. Keitel demanded to know Stauffenberg's whereabouts. This told Fromm that the plot had been traced to his headquarters and that he was in mortal danger. Fromm replied that he thought Stauffenberg was with Hitler.
1206:, who was standing next to Hitler, used his foot to move the briefcase aside by pushing it behind the leg of the conference table, thus unintentionally deflecting the blast from Hitler but causing the loss of one of his legs and his own demise when the bomb detonated.
1103:, this condition had been dropped. The plan was for Stauffenberg to plant the briefcase with the bomb in Hitler's conference room with a timer running, excuse himself from the meeting, wait for the explosion, then fly back to Berlin and join the other plotters at the
2022:
even before the all-but-certain conviction and execution. With this in mind, he committed suicide on 14 October 1944. He was buried with full military honours and his family was spared from persecution; his cause of death did not come to light until after the war.
1314:
By this time Himmler had taken charge of the situation and had issued orders countermanding Olbricht's mobilisation of Operation Valkyrie. In many places the coup was going ahead, led by officers who believed that Hitler was dead. City Commandant, and conspirator,
796:. Even if it fails, we must take action in Berlinââ ,â â for the practical purpose no longer matters; what matters now is that the German resistance movement must take the plunge before the eyes of the world and of history. Compared to that, nothing else matters."
1699:, the German officer who provided the plastic explosives used in the bomb, escaped detection and survived the war. He was the second-to-last survivor of those involved in the plot and died on 1 May 2008, aged 90. The last survivor of the 20 July Plot was
1940:
or the 20 July plot is difficult to ascertain, as most of the leaders who were directly involved did not survive and limited documentation on the conspirators' plans and preparations exists. Historians' opinions on this matter vary greatly. According to
1249:
complex. Werner von Haeften then tossed the second unprimed bomb into the forest as they made a dash for Rastenburg airfield, reaching it before it could be realised that Stauffenberg could be responsible for the explosion. By 13:00 he was airborne in a
579:
The overall goals towards Poland were mixed within the plotters. Most of the plotters found it desirable to restore the old German borders of 1914, while others pointed out that the demands were unrealistic, and amendments had to be made. Some like
1093:
should be killed simultaneously if the planned mobilisation of Operation Valkyrie was to have a chance to succeed, he held back at the last minute because Himmler was not present. In fact, it was unusual for Himmler to attend military conferences.
810:
Popitz was not alone in seeing Himmler as a potential ally. General von Bock advised Tresckow to seek his support, but there is no evidence that he did so. Goerdeler was apparently also in indirect contact with Himmler via a mutual acquaintance,
487:. Tresckow systematically recruited oppositionists into the Group's staff, making it the nerve centre of the army resistance. Little could be done against Hitler as he was heavily guarded, and none of the plotters could get near enough to him.
522:, to persuade him to move against Hitler and at times succeeded in gaining his consent, only to find him indecisive at the last minute. However, despite their refusals, none of the Field Marshals reported their treasonous activities to the
1202:, entered the conference room containing Hitler and 20 officers, positioning the briefcase under the table near Hitler. After a few minutes, Stauffenberg received a planned telephone call and left the room. It is presumed that Colonel
1656:
After 3 February 1945, when Freisler was killed in an American air raid, there were no more formal trials, but as late as April, with the war weeks away from its end, Canaris' diary was found, and many more people were implicated.
667:) had an operational plan called Operation Valkyrie, which was to be used in the event that the disruption caused by the Allied bombing of German cities would cause a breakdown in law and order, or an uprising by the millions of
1110:
Again on 15 July, the attempt was called off at the last minute. Himmler and Göring were present, but Hitler was called out of the room at the last moment. Stauffenberg was able to intercept the bomb and prevent its discovery.
712:
During 1943 and early 1944 von Tresckow and von Stauffenberg organised at least five attempts to get one of the military conspirators near enough to Hitler, for long enough to kill him with hand grenades, bombs, or a revolver:
1410:
wounded after a shootout. As the fighting was still ongoing, Remer and his forces arrived at the Bendlerblock and the conspirators were overwhelmed and arrested; by 23:00 Fromm and Remer had regained control of the building.
2167:
1518:
More than 7,000 people were arrested and 4,980 were executed. Not all of them were connected with the plot, since the Gestapo used the occasion to settle scores with many other people suspected of opposition sympathies.
576:, and the annexation of Polish-inhabited territories that Germany ceded to Poland after 1918, with the restoration of some of the overseas colonies. They believed that Europe should be controlled under German hegemony.
377:
as soon as possible. The details of the conspirators' peace initiatives remain unknown, but they would have included unrealistic demands for the confirmation of Germany's extensive annexations of European territory.
498:
in central Berlin, who controlled an independent system of communications to reserve units throughout Germany. Linking this asset to Tresckow's resistance group in Army Group Centre created a viable coup apparatus.
1709:
As a result of the failed coup, every member of the Wehrmacht was required to reswear his loyalty oath, by name, to Hitler and on 24 July 1944 the military salute was replaced throughout the armed forces with the
2705:, 1949â1969 Benjamin Carl Pearson 2007 Similarly, one could argue that the conservative, nationalist resistance circles that grew up during the war years, whose activity culminated in the July 1944 Officers Plot
2183:
2017:
or a public trial by Freisler's People's Court. Rommel was well aware that being hauled before the People's Court was tantamount to a death sentence. He also knew that if he chose to stand trial, his family
2142:, said that "harsh words" were necessary, and that "There have been cases of refusal to carry out orders that have achieved historic greatness." After this speech, public opinion in Germany began to shift.
1210:
and tattered (see photograph below) and he suffered from a perforated eardrum (as did most of the other 24 people in the room), as well as from conjunctivitis in his right eye. Hitler's personal physician,
4875:
3519:
3499:
2578:
2883:
2153:
East Germany's communist leadership had ignored the assassination attempt for decades, mainly because the conservative and aristocratic conspirators around Stauffenberg did not match the socialist ideal.
4930:
3350:
1054:, and would thus give him an opportunity, perhaps the last that would present itself, to kill Hitler with a bomb or a pistol. Meanwhile, new key allies had been gained. These included General
640:
From early 1942, he had come to share two basic convictions with many military officers: that Germany was being led to disaster and that Hitler's removal from power was necessary. After the
354:", which also has become associated with the entire event. Within hours, the Nazi regime had reasserted its control of Germany. A few members of the conspiracy, including Stauffenberg, were
1161:'s office, saying that he had to change his shirt, which indeed was soaked through with sweat, it being a very hot day. There, assisted by von Haeften, he used pliers to crush the end of a
2013:
Hitler knew it would cause a major scandal on the home front to have the popular Rommel publicly branded as a traitor. With this in mind, he opted to give Rommel the option of suicide via
780:
and the Gestapo were increasingly suspicious of plots against Hitler and rightly suspected the officers of the General Staff, which was indeed the source of many conspiracies against him.
6422:
2743:
1325:
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792:
asking whether there was any reason for trying to assassinate Hitler given that no political purpose would be served, Tresckow's response was: "The assassination must be attempted,
319:
and Soviet forces began to push towards Germany. Under the leadership of Stauffenberg, plotters tried to assassinate Hitler at least five different times in 1943 and 1944. With the
1668:
Hitler took his survival to be a "divine moment in history", and commissioned a special decoration to be made for each person wounded or killed in the blast. The result was the
4205:
Christianity and Resistance in the 20th Century: From Kaj Munk and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Desmond Tutu (International Studies in Religion and Society Series) pp. 134â135, 2008
2088:. To Gerlach, the primary motivation of the plotters was to ensure German victory in the war or at least prevent defeat. Gerlach's arguments were later supported by historian
1998:
Rommel opposed assassinating Hitler. After the war, his widow maintained that he believed an assassination attempt would spark a civil war. According to journalist and author
3068:
3347:
4214:
Christianity and Resistance in the 20th Century: From Kaj Munk and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Desmond Tutu (International Studies in Religion and Society Series) page 135, 2008
2157:
The first all-German commemoration of the event did not take place until 1990. In 2013, the last surviving member of the plot, Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, died in
464:
Plans to stage an overthrow and prevent Hitler from launching a new world war were developed in 1938 and 1939, but were aborted because of the indecision of Army General
1665:, whom Von Dohnanyi had recruited into the Abwehr, was executed 9 April 1945 along with Canaris, Oster, and 4 others. Executions continued to the last days of the war.
1551:
that merely considered the evidence furnished to it by the Gestapo before expelling the accused from the Army in disgrace and handing them over to the People's Court.
502:
In late 1942, Tresckow and Olbricht formulated a plan to assassinate Hitler and stage an overthrow during Hitler's visit to the headquarters of Army Group Centre at
2277:
331:, inadvertently saving Hitler's life. When the bomb detonated, it killed Brandt and two others, while the rest of the room's occupants were injured, one of whom,
6533:
4872:
3516:
3496:
2764:
Hans Coppi Jr.; 'Der vergessene Widerstand der Arbeiter: Gewerkschafter, Kommunisten, Sozialdemokraten, Trotzkisten, Anarchisten und Zwangsarbeiter'; pp. 154â157
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At 19:00, Hitler was sufficiently recovered to make phone calls. He called Goebbels at the Propaganda Ministry. Goebbels arranged for Hitler to speak to Major
1339:
1040:
at the Reserve Army headquarters on BendlerstraĂe in central Berlin. This position enabled Stauffenberg to attend Hitler's military conferences, either at the
1528:
possibly stave off disaster ... was Adolf Hitler. That opinion was shared by many Germans, Germans who did not adore Hitler, who did not belong to the Party.
2119:, and in another case, quoted misleadingly from an SS document. Hence, Orbach concludes that Gerlach's thesis on the German resistance is highly unreliable.
2101:
2092:, who stated that the plotters were interested above all in military victory. However, Gerlach's arguments were also criticized by some scholars, among them
1383:, who was supposed to make a proclamation to the German people over the radio, failed to appear and as he held the only copy, Beck had to work on a new one.
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1362:
323:
closing in on the plotters, a final attempt was organized in July 1944. Stauffenberg personally took a briefcase full of explosives to a conference in the
238:
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4238:
905:
350:, right after giving them disinformation on the intention of the orders they were given. This part of the coup d'Ă©tat attempt is referred to by the name "
6488:
1535:
Very few of the plotters tried to escape or to deny their guilt when arrested. Those who survived interrogation were given perfunctory trials before the
990:
668:
548:
Among demands initially countenanced by the plotters for issue towards the Allies were such points as re-establishment of Germany's 1914 boundaries with
3269:
6452:
748:
As the war situation deteriorated, Hitler no longer appeared in public and rarely visited Berlin. He spent most of his time at his headquarters at the
2131:
revealed that "Only a third of respondents had a positive opinion about the men and women who had tried unsuccessfully to overthrow the Nazi regime."
5657:
5120:
4511:
2224:
1598:
to Hitler dated 29 November 1944 on the background of the plot, states that the Pope was somehow a conspirator, specifically naming Eugenio Pacelli,
1511:
Particularly noteworthy in considering this issue is the scientific publication of Robert Loeffel. In his study, Loeffel came to the conclusion that
679:'s headquarters in East Prussia, radio stations and telephone offices, and other Nazi apparatus through military districts, and concentration camps.
3637:
2134:
The "first official memorial service for the resistance fighters of 20 July" was held on the tenth anniversary in 1954. In his speech at the event,
6528:
6013:
3131:
3033:
1913:
was also under suspicion as he was touted to be head of state after Hitler. He was placed under the supervision of the Gestapo and his home in the
1558:
Tresckow killed himself the day after the failed plot by use of a hand grenade in no man's land between Soviet and German lines. Adjutant General
956:
1287:
Finally, at 16:00 Olbricht issued the orders for Operation Valkyrie to be mobilised. The vacillating General Fromm, however, phoned Field Marshal
694:, commander of the Reserve Army, so the latter had to be either won over to the conspiracy or in some way neutralised if the plan was to succeed.
4315:
1300:
973:
2145:
Nonetheless, a 1956 proposal to name a school after Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg was opposed by a majority of citizens, and, according to
5110:
888:
707:
490:
During 1942, Oster and Tresckow nevertheless succeeded in rebuilding an effective resistance network. Their most important recruit was General
96:
31:
3689:
671:
now being used in German factories. Olbricht suggested that this plan could be used to mobilise the Reserve Army for the purpose of the coup.
5388:
315:, but indecisive leadership and the pace of global events stymied action. Plotters gained a sense of urgency in 1943, after Germany lost the
2854:
2739:
1680:
For his role in stopping the coup Major Remer was promoted to colonel and ended the war as a Major General. After the war he co-founded the
1532:
Allied radio stations also speculated on who the possible remaining suspects could be, many of whom were eventually implicated in the plot.
1058:, the German military commander in France, who would take control in Paris when Hitler was killed, and it was hoped, negotiate an immediate
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6508:
1991:
however, the plotters in Berlin were not aware that Rommel had reportedly decided to take part in the conspiracy. On 16 May, they informed
1674:
1386:
327:. The explosives were armed and placed next to Hitler, but it appears they were moved unwittingly at the last moment behind a table leg by
2080:
Gerlach pointed out that the plotters had "selective moral criteria" and while they were concerned about Jews being exterminated in the
1141:
1082:. However, Stieff felt unable to kill Hitler. Stauffenberg now decided to do both, assassinate Hitler and to manage the plot in Berlin.
675:
the rear in order to seize power for themselves." Detailed instructions were written for occupation of government ministries in Berlin,
1789:
1473:
1085:
On 14 July Stauffenberg attended Hitler's conferences carrying a bomb in his briefcase, but because the conspirators had decided that
6402:
1523:, former Hitler Youth member and later a historian, describes the reaction many Germans felt to the punishments of the conspirators:
730:
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4285:
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Peter Hoffmann, Carl Goerdeler and the Jewish question, 1933â1942, Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2011, xvi.
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By the summer of 1944, the Gestapo was closing in on the conspirators. When Stauffenberg sent Tresckow a message through Lieutenant
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Police Chief of Berlin and had been in contact with members of the resistance since before the war. Collaborating closely with SS-
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Tresckow also "signed orders for the deportation of thousands of orphaned children for forced labor in the Reich"âthe so-called
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1504:(blood guilt) laws, many relatives of the principal plotters were also arrested in the immediate aftermath of the failed plot.
518:, to support a seizure of power. Tresckow, in particular, worked on his Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Centre, Field Marshal
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document personally signed by Hitler. The badges themselves bore a facsimile of his signature, making them among the rarest
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began efforts to bring Rommel into the anti-Hitler conspiracy in early 1944. On 15 April 1944 Rommel's new chief of staff,
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1375:; he angrily refused Olbricht's orders, kept shouting "the FĂŒhrer is alive", was arrested, and held under guard. General
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suggests that Canaris and Himmler were working together to bring about a change of regime, but this remains speculation.
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637:. Severely wounded in North Africa, Claus von Stauffenberg was a political conservative and zealous German nationalist.
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invasion of Germany. In August 1943, Tresckow met, for the first time, a young staff officer named Lieutenant Colonel
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knowledge of the conspiracy, his formal sentence charged him with poor performance in his duties. He was executed in
335:, later died from his injuries. Hitler's trousers were singed by the blast, and he suffered a perforated eardrum and
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The apparent aim of the coup d'Ă©tat attempt was to wrest political control of Germany and its armed forces from the
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592:: "It is essential that we begin a systemic colonisation in Poland. But I have no fear that this will not occur."
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Consequences of the assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944 for the internal politics of the Third Reich
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Consequences of the assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944 for the internal politics of the Third Reich
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Consequences of the assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944 for the internal politics of the Third Reich
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was accused of being the "spiritual leader" of the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler, and executed 6 April 1945.
1633:
3665:. Widerstand: Dissent and Resistance in the Third Reich Series (revised ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
1972:
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struggle against Hitler. None of us can bewail his own death; those who consented to join our circle put on the
1296:
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718:
453:
Groups of military plotters exchanged ideas with civilian, political, and intellectual resistance groups in the
346:. A few hours after the blast, the conspiracy used Wehrmacht units to take control of several cities, including
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2161:. As of 2014, the resistance fighters are generally considered heroes in Germany, according to Deutsche Welle.
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which had been taken from captured Allied soldiers for treatment; Morell had previously observed the death of
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and no reparations. Like most of the rest of German resistance, the 20 July plotters believed in the idea of
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Stauffenberg placed the single primed bomb inside his briefcase and, with the unwitting assistance of Major
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and as a condition for peace demanded that the western allies recognize as a minimum the incorporation of
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Danny Orbach, "Criticism Reconsidered: The German Resistance to Hitler in Critical German Scholarship",
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involved in the July Plot actually sympathized with or understood democratic ideas. John Sandford. 2013.
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1571:. A human being's moral integrity begins when he is prepared to sacrifice his life for his convictions.
1303:, managed to disarm the SD and SS and captured most of their leadership. He travelled to Field Marshal
5841:
4307:
1979:, arrived in Normandy and reintroduced Rommel to StĂŒlpnagel. Speidel had previously been connected to
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arrested more than 7,000 people, 4,980 of whom were executed. Roughly 200 conspirators were executed.
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airport to say that Hitler was in fact dead. The Bendlerblock plotters did not know whom to believe.
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The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938â1945
1580:. Hitler personally commuted his death sentence from hanging to the "more honourable" firing squad.
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consisting of himself, and sentenced Olbricht, Stauffenberg, Haeften and another officer, Colonel
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door. Stauffenberg, upon witnessing the explosion and smoke, erroneously believed that Hitler was
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1406:, who had recently been appointed commander-in-chief in the West, learned that Hitler was alive.
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German Infantry Handbook, 1939â1945: Organization, Uniforms, Weapons, Equipment, and Operations
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3734:"Alter KĂ€mpfer" im Widerstand. Graf Helldorff, die NS-Bewegung und die Opposition gegen Hitler.
2177:: "Here died for Germany on 20 July 1944" (followed by the names of the principal conspirators)
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More proof of Hitler's plan to kill Pius XII: Son of German Intelligence Officer Comes Forward
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Himmler's contacts with the opposition and his possible motives are discussed by Padfield,
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Himmler had at least one conversation with a known oppositionist when, in August 1943, the
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Hitler's closest and most trusted friends) most likely saved Speer from arrest by the SS.
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At around 12:30 pm as the conference began, Stauffenberg asked to use a washroom in
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776:. In both places, he was heavily guarded and rarely saw people he did not know or trust.
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Pave the Way Foundation Reveals Evidence of Pope Pius XII's Active Opposition to Hitler
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in 1943, when Canaris reported the plot to Italian counterintelligence officer General
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Verbrecher aus eigener Initiative? Der 20. Juli 1944 und die Thesen Christian Gerlachs
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1706:, the thwarted plotter of just a few months before. He died on 8 March 2013, aged 90.
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4308:"Operation Valkyrie â The "July Plot" to Assassinate Hitler | Jewish Virtual Library"
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Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1948).
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2014:
1999:
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1219:
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1602:, as being a party in the attempt. Evidence indicates that 20 July plotters Colonel
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1023:(right). Bodenschatz was seriously wounded five days later by Stauffenberg's bomb.
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Faith and Democracy: Political Transformations at the German Protestant Kirchentag
2193:, Berlin) where the corpses were buried but afterwards removed to an unknown place
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Operation Valkyrie could only be put into effect by Hitler himself, or by General
472:, and the failure of the Western powers to oppose Hitler's aggression until 1939.
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for another Hitler military conference, once again with a bomb in his briefcase.
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332:
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American Intelligence and the German Resistance to Hitler: A Documentary History
3329:
2390:"A Group of German Leaders tried to Kill Hitler in 1944. Here's Why They Failed"
1958:
1413:
Perhaps hoping that a show of zealous loyalty would save him, Fromm convened an
1349:, Prague, and many other places troops occupied Nazi Party offices and arrested
1177:
that would take about ten minutes to silently eat through wire holding back the
394:
Since 1938, there had been groups plotting an overthrow of some kind within the
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it to Hitler. StĂŒlpnagel tried to commit suicide, but survived and was hanged.
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1211:
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1020:
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Olbricht now put forward a new strategy for staging a coup against Hitler. The
480:
454:
431:
336:
324:
296:, and overthrow the Nazi regime on 20 July 1944. The plotters were part of the
85:
53:
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Operation Valkyrie: the Stauffenberg Plot to Kill Hitler (80 min. documentary)
4935:
2335:
1036:
On Saturday, 1 July 1944 Stauffenberg was appointed Chief of Staff to General
820:
645:
Stauffenberg took charge of planning and executing the assassination attempt.
30:"Attempted assassination of Adolf Hitler" redirects here. For other uses, see
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430:. They soon established contacts with several prominent civilians, including
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Killing Hitler: The Plots, the Assassins, and the Dictator Who Cheated Death
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The Third Reich at War: How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster
2958:"Oberst i.G. Henning von Tresckow und die StaatsstreichsplÀne im Jahr 1943"
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another. On the morning of Thursday, 20 July Stauffenberg flew back to the
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German Opposition to Hitler and the Assassination Attempt of July 20, 1944
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At around 18:10, the commander of Military District III (Berlin), General
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5704:
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Codename Valkyrie: General Friedrich Olbricht and the Plot Against Hitler
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1914:
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that always decided in favour of the prosecution. The court's president,
1520:
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407:
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German Resistance against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad 1938â1945
1269:
By the time Stauffenberg's aircraft reached Berlin about 16:00, General
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5178:
5029:
3721:
Italian newspaper reveals details behind Hitler's plan to kill Pius XII
3313:
Himmler's Secret War: The Covert Peace Negotiations of Heinrich Himmler
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2019:
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was appointed in his place but proved to be of almost no help. General
1215:
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406:, the deputy head of the Military Intelligence Office; Colonel General
403:
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Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification 1800â1996
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1496:, who finished the war in a concentration camp. Under Himmler's new
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The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany Roderick Stackelberg p. 250
4180:(eds.): War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II,
1685:
1229:
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503:
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1173:. The pencil detonator consisted of a thin copper tube containing
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4897:
Operation "Valkyrie": A Military History of the 20 July 1944 Plot
3381:
3061:"Killing Hitler: The Many Assassination Attempts on Adolf Hitler"
1918:
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the same night. In the months after the coup d'Ă©tat attempt, the
320:
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Holocaust Denial on Trial: Using History to Confront Distortions
1243:
and managed to bluff his way past three checkpoints to exit the
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5248:
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Schloss Cecilienhof und die Konferenz von Potsdam 1945 (German)
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Alternatives to Hitler: German Resistance Under the Third Reich
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2050:. In 1941, Hoepner called for an extermination war against the
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945:
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legitimation or mass participation in governance of the state.
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399:
347:
127:
3634:"Alleged July Plot Conspirators Executed in Plötzensee Prison"
3472:
Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth
3778:
For FĂŒhrer and Fatherland: Military Awards of the Third Reich
2051:
1828:â Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht
4595:
Operation Valkyrie: The German Generals' Plot Against Hitler
3972:
534:
5243:
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The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918â1945
3931:
3611:(Touchstone Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)
2498:
2031:
1732:
The following were slated for these roles as of July 1944:
475:
In 1942, a new conspiratorial group formed, led by Colonel
4120:
Countdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler
2908:
Countdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler
1967:
of Stuttgart at that time, he and two other conspirators,
1562:
remembers Tresckow saying the following before his death:
595:
227:
7,000 arrested; 4,980 executed, including 200 conspirators
4629:
Hart, R.A. (2014). "Rommel and the 20th July Bomb Plot".
4223:
Germany: 1933â1990 â p. 96 Heinrich August Winkler â 2007
2521:
Hammerstein oder Der Eigensinn. Eine deutsche Geschichte.
342:
The plotters, unaware of their failure, then attempted a
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3943:
3658:
3535:
The Gestapo claimed 7,000 arrests. This can be found in
3002:
2767:
2279:
Operation Valkyrie: The Stauffenberg Plot to Kill Hitler
2006:
concluded that he knew of a plot, but was not involved.
1454:, where Stauffenberg, Olbricht, and others were executed
1070:
The plot was now fully prepared. On 7 July 1944 General
4570:
Plotting Hitler's Death: The Story of German Resistance
4061:
4059:
4020:
3996:
3984:
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3806:. "Biographies: Otto Remer," (Retrieved 10 April 2009).
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provided Rommel with a great career) and thus even if
1006:
494:, head of the General Army Office headquarters at the
402:. Early leaders of these plots included Major General
3758:
Guide to Third Reich German Awards...And Their Values
1714:
in which the arm was outstretched and the salutation
1239:
dead. He then climbed into a staff car with his aide
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List of people killed or wounded in the 20 July plot
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Distribution of deaths (labeled here as "Casualty")
1074:was to kill Hitler at a display of new uniforms at
274:
The location of the assassination attempt on Hitler
2720:
1165:inserted into a 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) block of
4196:
2809:German Foreign Policy Klaus Hilderbrand, page 188
2510:
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4591:
4454:Carsten, F. L. "The German Generals and Hitler"
4172:Men of 20 July and the war in the Soviet Union.
3402:
3387:
3335:
3171:
3146:
3055:
3053:
3051:
1675:decorations to have been awarded by Nazi Germany
1230:Escape from the Wolf's Lair and flight to Berlin
1097:By 15 July, when Stauffenberg again flew to the
4843:
4377:
3310:
3267:Germany remembers the plot to kill hitler at dw
3155:The History of the German Resistance, 1933â1945
2740:"Der 20. Juli 1944 â Attentat auf Adolf Hitler"
1438:arrived and further executions were forbidden.
506:in March 1943, by placing a bomb on his plane (
311:As early as 1938, German military officers had
6534:Attacks on military installations in the 1940s
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
3847:"Hitler assassination plotter Von Kleist dies"
2352:
2225:Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death
1629:convicted of participating in the plot was SA-
1616:alleged plot to kidnap or murder Pope Pius XII
708:List of assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler
584:even wanted all of Poland annexed to Germany.
32:List of assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler
6007:
5651:
4956:
3917:. Stiftung Preussische Schlösser und GÀrten.
3203:
3201:
3199:
3048:
2362:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. Supplement B.
1924:
1169:wrapped in brown paper, that was prepared by
483:'s staff, who commanded Army Group Centre in
3912:
3285:
2870:
2868:
2140:President of the Federal Republic of Germany
2070:
1962:
1715:
1637:
1497:
1323:
1274:
1244:
1186:
1098:
842:
749:
5665:
4660:History of the German Resistance, 1933â1945
4260:
3688:, 29 June 2009. Accessed 4 September 2009.
3659:Heideking, JĂŒrgen; Mauch, Christof (1998).
3019:
3017:
2470:Winston Churchill, war annual books, "1944"
697:
6021:
6014:
6000:
5658:
5644:
4963:
4949:
4763:
3196:
3026:"6 Assassination Attempts on Adolf Hitler"
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
1898:â Prime Minister of Berlin and Brandenburg
831:Stauffenberg's co-conspirators in the plot
390:Battle fronts in Europe as of 15 July 1944
4893:
4710:
3780:(1st Ed.) San Jose, CA: R. James Bender.
3760:(2nd Ed.) San Jose, CA: R. James Bender.
3008:
2973:
2865:
2442:
2318:We do Not Call Upon the Germans to Revolt
1986:Speidel met with former foreign minister
1614:were involved in the foiling of Hitler's
1019:, accompanied by Stauffenberg (left) and
731:Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst
615:
582:Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg
535:Opposition to Hitler and to Nazi policies
27:Attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, 1944
4738:
4653:
4273:
4147:
3937:
3887:
3601:
3414:
3014:
2955:
2504:
2366:United States Government Printing Office
2035:
2032:Involvement in war crimes and atrocities
1472:
1457:
1445:
1385:
1260:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1010:
669:forced labourers from occupied countries
619:
385:
304:officers. The leader of the conspiracy,
6529:Failed assassination attempts in Europe
6453:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
6423:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2022)
4417:
4340:
3966:
3875:
3468:
3237:
3152:
3130:. Geopol Intelligence. 28 August 2015.
3023:
2372:
2205:Memorial statue at the Bendlerblock by
2117:Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff
2062:has been studied by historians such as
1798:â Minister of the Interior (considered)
1279:who was in on the plot, had phoned the
725:Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff
596:Political vision of post-Hitler Germany
529:
261:
14:
6476:
4819:
4501:
3978:
3913:MĂŒller, Heike; Berndt, Harald (2006).
3288:Albert Speer His Battle with the Truth
3279:
2726:
2220:Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler
1356:
543:
5995:
5890:The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy
5639:
4944:
4791:
4681:
4526:
4502:Evans, Richard J. (22 January 2009).
4461:
4318:from the original on 22 November 2016
4113:
4101:
4065:
4050:
3949:
3736:Vierteljahrshefte fĂŒr Zeitgeschichte
3375:
3304:
3209:"20. Juli 1944, 12 Uhr: Der Anschlag"
3134:from the original on 13 November 2016
3071:from the original on 26 February 2021
2904:
2773:
2714:
2625:
2599:
2551:from the original on 25 November 2020
2387:
2084:, they were far less disturbed about
1723:
1226:in an assassination 2 years earlier.
1119:
1031:
373:) and to make peace with the Western
64:surveying the damaged conference room
6489:1940s coups d'Ă©tat and coup attempts
4826:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
4770:The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922â1945
4682:Kurtz, H. (1946) . "The July Plot".
4635:. By Beckett, I.F.W. Mechanicsburg:
4628:
4563:
4089:
4077:
4038:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3857:from the original on 5 February 2024
3620:
3609:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
3450:from the original on 4 February 2021
3426:
3128:"6 assassination attempts on Hitler"
3101:
3089:
2996:
2962:Vierteljahrshefte fĂŒr Zeitgeschichte
2943:
2886:from the original on 3 February 2021
2852:
2651:"Another Plot to Kill Hitler Foiled"
2637:
2481:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
2315:
2086:mass murder of civilians in the East
1588:, was executed for his involvement.
790:Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort
288:was a failed attempt to assassinate
6509:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
4882:// Klio. â5 (209). 2024. P. 58 - 65
4592:Galante, P.; Silianoff, E. (1981).
4514:from the original on 13 August 2021
3817:"Hitler plot survivor dies aged 90"
3348:German radio broadcast 10 July 2010
2822:; p. 116; 2003 McGill-Queen's Press
2450:FĂŒhrer Conferences on Naval Affairs
2309:
2259:The Plot to Kill Hitler (1990 film)
2123:Commemoration and collective memory
1957:According to a post-war account by
1704:Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin
1065:
1007:Countdown to Stauffenberg's attempt
737:Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin
611:List of members of the 20 July plot
588:before the coup in 1939 during the
221:Hitler survives with minor injuries
24:
3827:from the original on 19 April 2023
3260:
2925:from the original on 11 April 2023
2661:from the original on 21 March 2021
2523:Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp 2008,
2430:from the original on 15 March 2023
2400:from the original on 20 April 2021
1584:, the son of the famous physicist
1390:Soldiers and Waffen SS men at the
1145:Bomb damage to the conference room
604:
400:Military Intelligence Organization
224:Military coup fails within 5 hours
25:
6550:
5858:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man
4887:
4384:Valkyrie: The Plot To Kill Hitler
4274:Dittrich, Monika (20 July 2014).
4184:; New york, Oxford, 2004, 127â145
3219:from the original on 16 June 2012
3036:from the original on 7 March 2021
2788:. Klaus Hilderbrand. pp. 185â188
2746:from the original on 20 July 2021
2575:Gedenkstatte Deutscher Widerstand
2020:would have been severely punished
1936:'s involvement in the military's
1622:, who passed on the information.
1062:with the invading Allied armies.
743:Eberhard Freiherr von Breitenbuch
410:, a former Chief of Staff of the
5618:
5617:
4970:
4616:from the original on 2 July 2024
4551:from the original on 2 July 2024
4489:from the original on 2 July 2024
4442:from the original on 2 July 2024
4405:from the original on 2 July 2024
4365:from the original on 2 July 2024
4300:
4288:from the original on 7 June 2015
4247:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4187:
4166:
4141:
3542:Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
2581:from the original on 2 July 2024
2461:Hans Helmut Kirst "20th of July"
2198:
2182:
2166:
1911:Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany
989:
972:
955:
938:
921:
904:
887:
873:
856:
835:
764:, with occasional breaks at his
260:
253:
47:
5922:Revolt Against the Modern World
4829:. New York City: RosettaBooks.
4333:
4107:
3906:
3893:
3839:
3809:
3790:
3770:
3750:
3726:
3714:
3695:
3679:
3652:
3640:from the original on 9 May 2008
3626:
3561:
3548:
3529:
3509:
3489:
3462:
3432:
3341:
3231:
3120:
3107:
3024:Andrews, Evan (29 April 2015).
2949:
2898:
2846:
2834:
2825:
2812:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2758:
2732:
2696:
2686:
2673:
2643:
2605:
2571:"Helmuth James Graf von Moltke"
2563:
2533:
2388:Hasic, Albinko (19 July 2019).
2058:Involvement of the plotters in
1810:â Foreign Minister (considered)
1804:â Foreign Minister (considered)
1634:Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorf
1114:
783:
428:German Army Command in the West
292:, the chancellor and leader of
4152:. Pan Macmillan. p. 521.
4150:The Third Reich: A New History
3526:// Klio. â5 (209). 2024. P. 59
3506:// Klio. â5 (209). 2024. P. 59
2486:
2483:, part IV, chapter "20th July"
2473:
2464:
2455:
2412:
2247:The Plot to Assassinate Hitler
1604:Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven
1489:of arrests, including that of
1171:Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven
339:, but was otherwise unharmed.
13:
1:
3178:Thomsett, Michael C. (1997).
2298:
1896:Carl-Hans Graf von Hardenberg
1802:Friedrich von der Schulenburg
1326:Wachbataillon GroĂdeutschland
864:General der Nachrichtentruppe
381:
6504:Building bombings in Germany
5963:Non-conformists of the 1930s
5914:The Concept of the Political
4894:Heinemann, Winfried (2021).
4685:The Course of German History
4276:"How traitors became heroes"
3403:Galante & Silianoff 1981
3388:Galante & Silianoff 1981
3361:(written version; in German)
3336:Galante & Silianoff 1981
2841:A Concise History of Germany
2831:War of extermination p. 137.
2818:Peter Hoffman Stauffenberg:
2679:von Schlabrendorff, Fabian,
2611:Wheeler-Bennett 1967, p. 471
2026:
1973:Carl Heinrich von StĂŒlpnagel
1591:According to a report of SS-
1441:
1422:Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim
1297:Carl-Heinrich von StĂŒlpnagel
1056:Carl-Heinrich von StĂŒlpnagel
949:Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim
626:Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim
479:, a member of Field Marshal
459:von Moltke estate in Kreisau
418:, a former commander of the
153:Make peace with the Western
7:
6524:German resistance to Nazism
5579:(possible illegitimate son)
4798:Rommel: The End of a Legend
4255:Journal of Military History
3747:(PDF, 6,5 MB), pp. 385â423.
3575:. Quadrangle. p. 202.
3227:– via Spiegel Online.
2820:A Family History, 1905â1944
2328:Penn State University Press
2316:Kahn, Arthur D. (2003). "2
2213:
2191:Alter St.-MatthÀus-Kirchhof
648:
442:, the great-grandnephew of
313:plotted to overthrow Hitler
10:
6555:
6499:Attempted coups in Germany
5600:Streets named after Hitler
4458:(Aug 1958) 8#8 pp 556â564.
4148:Burleigh, Michael (2001).
2975:10.1524/VfZg.2007.55.2.331
2855:"The Plots to Kill Hitler"
2189:Memorial at the cemetery (
1969:Alexander von Falkenhausen
1925:Erwin Rommel's involvement
1862:(or Minister of Economics)
1360:
1265:Hitler's tattered trousers
1015:Hitler shaking hands with
701:
652:
608:
29:
6375:
6294:
6243:
6167:
6126:
6080:
6027:
5940:
5874:Prussianism and Socialism
5829:
5803:
5673:
5613:
5592:
5501:
5445:Hitler: The Last Ten Days
5402:
5379:
5286:
5253:MeldemannstraĂe dormitory
5231:
5140:
5131:
5073:
4978:
3853:. London. 12 March 2013.
3802:18 September 2009 at the
3776:Angolia, John R. (1976).
3711:, Zenit News 16 June 2009
3556:Hitler 1936â1945: Nemesis
2911:. Pen & Sword Books.
2876:"Operation Valkyrie 1944"
2681:They Almost Killed Hitler
2336:10.1515/9780271022758-005
2060:war crimes and atrocities
1938:resistance against Hitler
1886:â Reconstruction Minister
1874:â Minister of Agriculture
1692:until his death in 1997.
1684:and remained a prominent
1560:Fabian von Schlabrendorff
1377:Karl Freiherr von ThĂŒngen
1311:to take over his duties.
414:(OKH); and Field Marshal
248:
244:
234:
214:
181:
163:
134:
79:
69:
46:
41:
6057:Holy Roman Empire (1062)
5471:Hitler: The Rise of Evil
4341:Beckett, I.F.W. (2014).
4312:jewishvirtuallibrary.org
3469:Loeffel, Robert (2012).
3311:Martin A. Allen (2005).
3276:. Retrieved 22 July 2015
3238:Johnson, Steven (2021).
3157:. McGill-Queen's Press.
2956:Hoffmann, Peter (2007).
2517:Hans Magnus Enzensberger
2323:Experiment in Occupation
2303:
2113:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
1747:Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
1578:Brandenburg an der Havel
1369:Joachim von Kortzfleisch
881:Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
698:Previous failed attempts
440:Helmuth James von Moltke
412:German Army High Command
356:executed by firing squad
149:continuity of government
6210:Portuguese India (1787)
6062:Mamluk Sultanate (1386)
6028:Before the 16th century
5866:The Decline of the West
5842:SĂŒddeutsche Monatshefte
5667:Conservative Revolution
5485:Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler
5055:Last will and testament
4471:. Vol. 3. London:
4241:5 November 2021 at the
3756:Forman, Adrian (1993).
3338:, photo insert section.
3153:Hoffman, Peter (1996).
2880:University of Cambridge
2843:. p. 200. Mary Fulbrook
2492:Klemens von Klemperer,
2281:(2008 documentary film)
1868:â Minister of Economics
1330:, under the command of
1299:, military governor of
470:Walther von Brauchitsch
6047:Roman Republic (63 BC)
6022:Plots and conspiracies
5565:William Stuart-Houston
5111:Assassination attempts
4575:Henry Holt and Company
3981:, pp. 1031, 1177.
3901:Inside the Third Reich
3823:. London. 2 May 2008.
3723:CBCP News 17 June 2009
3475:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2800:. Hans Mommsen. p. 161
2155:
2071:
2055:
1988:Konstantin von Neurath
1963:
1777:Claus von Stauffenberg
1716:
1697:Philipp von Boeselager
1638:
1573:
1549:drumhead court-martial
1530:
1498:
1485:
1470:
1455:
1395:
1371:, was summoned to the
1332:Major Otto Ernst Remer
1324:
1275:
1266:
1245:
1200:Ernst John von Freyend
1187:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1099:
1028:
980:General der Artillerie
912:General der Infanterie
843:
750:
729:late November 1943 by
704:Operation Spark (1941)
635:Claus von Stauffenberg
629:
616:Von Stauffenberg joins
434:, the former mayor of
391:
306:Claus von Stauffenberg
199:Claus von Stauffenberg
169:; 80 years ago
6332:United Kingdom (1968)
6266:United Kingdom (1820)
5968:Reactionary modernism
5750:Moeller van den Bruck
5553:Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr.
5452:The Meaning of Hitler
5371:German naturalization
5263:16 Prinzregentenplatz
4906:10.1515/9783110699333
4739:Schrader, H. (2009).
4527:Evans, R.J. (2015) .
4504:"Sein wahres Gesicht"
4234:Klaus Jochen Arnold,
3707:21 April 2010 at the
3598:See Shirer 1070â1071.
3286:Gitta Sereny (1996).
2905:Jones, Nigel (2009).
2786:German Foreign Policy
2448:According to Shirer,
2151:
2127:A 1951 survey by the
2039:
1880:â Minister of Justice
1816:â Minister of Finance
1682:Socialist Reich Party
1564:
1525:
1476:
1461:
1449:
1389:
1264:
1144:
1136:
1127:
1014:
623:
389:
300:, mainly composed of
112:54.08056°N 21.49639°E
6408:United States (2020)
6307:United States (1933)
6261:United States (1807)
6205:United States (1783)
6185:Great Britain (1721)
5930:On the Marble Cliffs
5605:Mannerheim recording
5529:Johann Georg Hiedler
5431:The Victory of Faith
5007:Political directives
4878:19 June 2024 at the
4418:BĂŒchner, A. (1991).
4092:, pp. 141, 152.
3743:8 April 2023 at the
3522:19 June 2024 at the
3502:19 June 2024 at the
3272:22 July 2023 at the
3246:. pp. 166â167.
2129:Allensbach Institute
2054:in the Soviet Union.
1931:Generalfeldmarschall
1890:Henning von Tresckow
1273:, an officer at the
1254:arranged by General
997:Generalfeldmarschall
966:Henning von Tresckow
642:Battle of Stalingrad
530:Motivation and goals
485:Operation Barbarossa
477:Henning von Tresckow
317:Battle of Stalingrad
239:4 killed, 20 injured
6448:Sierra Leone (2023)
5816:National Bolshevism
5535:Maria Schicklgruber
5438:Triumph of the Will
5425:Killing baby Hitler
5415:Cult of personality
5356:Hitler's Table Talk
5299:possible monorchism
5232:Civilian residences
5121:conspiracy theories
4845:Wheeler-Bennett, J.
4632:Rommel Reconsidered
4379:Boeselager, von, P.
4344:Rommel Reconsidered
4029:, pp. 145â146.
4005:, pp. 139â142.
3993:, pp. 142â150.
3952:, pp. 177â178.
3940:, pp. 351â354.
3623:, pp. 289â290.
3569:Metternich, Tatiana
3446:. 9 November 2009.
3429:, pp. 270â272.
3353:5 June 2011 at the
2776:, pp. 198â199.
2507:, pp. 608â609.
2264:Stauffenberg (film)
2254:Treason (1959 film)
2102:Klaus Jochen Arnold
1884:Bernhard Letterhaus
1856:â President of the
1845:â President of the
1837:Reichskriegsgericht
1834:â President of the
1826:Erwin von Witzleben
1663:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
1483:Tannenberg Memorial
1477:Funeral of General
1432:ObersturmbannfĂŒhrer
1357:Failure of the coup
1340:Propaganda Minister
1295:Meanwhile, General
1000:Erwin von Witzleben
685:Margarethe von Oven
544:Territorial demands
448:Franco-Prussian War
416:Erwin von Witzleben
194:Erwin von Witzleben
108: /
84:Several, including
6398:Ivory Coast (2012)
6281:Philippines (1828)
6118:Philippines (1587)
5953:European New Right
5492:Apocalypse: Hitler
5420:In popular culture
4855:Palgrave Macmillan
4257:75:2 (April, 2011)
3573:Purgatory of Fools
2853:Kaminski, Joseph.
2479:William L. Shirer
2330:. pp. 13â20.
2056:
1820:Friedrich Olbricht
1808:Ulrich von Hassell
1724:Planned government
1608:Erwin von Lahousen
1596:Erst Kaltenbrunner
1486:
1471:
1456:
1396:
1317:Lieutenant General
1267:
1241:Werner von Haeften
1193:Werner von Haeften
1147:
1139:
1131:
1120:Operation Valkyrie
1032:First week of July
1029:
915:Friedrich Olbricht
898:Werner von Haeften
655:Operation Valkyrie
630:
624:Stauffenberg with
516:Gerd von Rundstedt
514:and Field Marshal
512:Erich von Manstein
492:Friedrich Olbricht
468:and Field Marshal
457:(which met at the
424:Commander-in-Chief
398:and in the German
392:
352:Operation Valkyrie
189:Friedrich Olbricht
117:54.08056; 21.49639
6514:Conflicts in 1944
6471:
6470:
6403:Montenegro (2016)
6052:Roman Empire (65)
5989:
5988:
5633:
5632:
5351:Psychopathography
5341:Stefanie Rabatsch
5306:Wealth and income
5282:
5281:
5163:Reich Chancellery
4915:978-3-11-069947-0
4773:. New York City:
4720:. New York City:
4598:. New York City:
4573:. New York City:
4387:. New York City:
4347:. Mechanicsburg:
4159:978-0-330-48757-3
3692:6 September 2009.
3537:William L. Shirer
3390:, pp. 11â12.
3253:978-0-525-53885-1
2882:. 27 April 2015.
2529:978-3-518-41960-1
2345:978-0-271-02275-8
2098:McGill University
2064:Christian Gerlach
2000:William L. Shirer
1964:OberbĂŒrgermeister
1892:â Chief of Police
1866:Paul Lejeune-Jung
1822:â Minister of War
1790:Interior Ministry
1769:President of the
1756:Wilhelm Leuschner
1659:Hans Von Dohnanyi
1631:ObergruppenfĂŒhrer
1593:ObergruppenfĂŒhrer
1468:Carlshof hospital
1450:Courtyard at the
1428:personnel led by
1404:GĂŒnther von Kluge
1353:and SS officers.
1305:GĂŒnther von Kluge
1220:Reinhard Heydrich
1167:plastic explosive
803:Finance Minister
768:mountain retreat
741:11 March 1944 by
735:February 1944 by
723:21 March 1943 by
717:13 March 1943 by
520:GĂŒnther von Kluge
298:German resistance
282:
281:
167:20 July 1944
16:(Redirected from
6546:
6539:July 1944 events
6230:Venezuela (1797)
6016:
6009:
6002:
5993:
5992:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5637:
5636:
5621:
5620:
5577:Jean-Marie Loret
5346:Reinhold Hanisch
5214:Wolfsschlucht II
5138:
5137:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4942:
4941:
4927:
4868:
4840:
4816:
4788:
4765:Reitlinger, G.R.
4760:
4735:
4707:
4690:Taylor, A. J. P.
4678:
4655:Hoffmann, P.C.W.
4650:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4600:Harper & Row
4588:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4271:
4258:
4251:
4245:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4194:
4191:
4185:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4123:. Philadelphia:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3910:
3904:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3813:
3807:
3794:
3788:
3774:
3768:
3754:
3748:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3699:
3693:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3607:William Shirer,
3605:
3599:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3565:
3559:
3552:
3546:
3533:
3527:
3513:
3507:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3362:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3315:. Robson Books.
3308:
3302:
3301:
3283:
3277:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3242:(1st ed.).
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3215:. 20 July 2004.
3205:
3194:
3193:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3124:
3118:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3057:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3021:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2861:on 7 April 2015.
2857:. Archived from
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2742:. 26 June 2014.
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2541:"Carl Goerdeler"
2537:
2531:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2452:, 1960, p. 1393.
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2385:
2370:
2369:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2313:
2202:
2186:
2173:Memorial at the
2170:
2110:
2076:
2047:Volksgerichtshof
2004:Richard J. Evans
1966:
1947:Ralf Georg Reuth
1719:
1690:Holocaust denial
1688:and advocate of
1643:
1625:A member of the
1503:
1400:Otto Ernst Remer
1334:, to secure the
1329:
1278:
1271:Erich Fellgiebel
1248:
1190:
1163:pencil detonator
1102:
1087:Heinrich Himmler
1076:Klessheim castle
1066:Aborted attempts
993:
976:
959:
942:
925:
908:
891:
877:
867:Erich Fellgiebel
860:
848:
839:
755:
677:Heinrich Himmler
661:Replacement Army
444:Moltke the Elder
264:
263:
257:
182:Executed by
177:
175:
170:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
51:
39:
38:
21:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6494:1944 in Germany
6474:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6393:Zimbabwe (2007)
6383:Cambodia (2000)
6371:
6367:Pakistan (1995)
6357:Zimbabwe (1980)
6327:Cambodia (1959)
6322:Pakistan (1951)
6290:
6276:Colombia (1828)
6239:
6163:
6133:England (1603)
6122:
6076:
6072:Florence (1478)
6023:
6020:
5990:
5985:
5936:
5834:
5832:
5825:
5799:
5678:
5676:
5669:
5664:
5634:
5629:
5609:
5588:
5497:
5398:
5394:Private library
5381:
5375:
5311:Religious views
5278:
5227:
5221:FĂŒhrersonderzug
5219:Special train (
5209:Wolfsschlucht I
5133:
5127:
5081:Military career
5069:
5002:Political views
4974:
4969:
4916:
4890:
4885:
4880:Wayback Machine
4871:Terentiev V.O.
4865:
4837:
4813:
4785:
4757:
4732:
4704:
4675:
4647:
4619:
4617:
4610:
4585:
4554:
4552:
4545:
4517:
4515:
4492:
4490:
4483:
4445:
4443:
4436:
4408:
4406:
4399:
4368:
4366:
4359:
4336:
4331:
4321:
4319:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4272:
4261:
4252:
4248:
4243:Wayback Machine
4233:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4127:. p. 261.
4115:Jones, Nigel H.
4112:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3911:
3907:
3899:Speer, Albert.
3898:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3851:BBC News Online
3845:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3821:BBC News Online
3815:
3814:
3810:
3804:Wayback Machine
3795:
3791:
3775:
3771:
3755:
3751:
3745:Wayback Machine
3731:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3709:Wayback Machine
3700:
3696:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3549:
3534:
3530:
3524:Wayback Machine
3515:Terentiev V.O.
3514:
3510:
3504:Wayback Machine
3495:Terentiev V.O.
3494:
3490:
3483:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3365:
3355:Wayback Machine
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3284:
3280:
3274:Wayback Machine
3265:
3261:
3254:
3244:Riverhead Books
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3190:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2373:
2368:. p. 1688.
2357:
2353:
2346:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2292:Black Orchestra
2239:Jackboot Mutiny
2231:The Desert Fox
2216:
2209:
2207:Richard Scheibe
2203:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2171:
2125:
2104:
2034:
2029:
1927:
1901:
1781:State Secretary
1760:Vice-Chancellor
1726:
1612:Wilhelm Canaris
1545:Roland Freisler
1491:colonel general
1444:
1381:Fritz Lindemann
1365:
1359:
1343:Joseph Goebbels
1301:occupied France
1232:
1214:, administered
1175:cupric chloride
1122:
1117:
1068:
1034:
1027:, 15 July 1944.
1009:
1002:
994:
985:
977:
968:
960:
951:
943:
934:
926:
917:
909:
900:
892:
883:
878:
869:
861:
852:
840:
817:Wilhelm Canaris
805:Johannes Popitz
794:coûte que coûte
786:
710:
702:Main articles:
700:
692:Friedrich Fromm
657:
651:
618:
613:
607:
605:Planning a coup
598:
590:Poland campaign
570:Alsace-Lorraine
562:Greater Germany
546:
537:
532:
508:Operation Spark
455:Kreisauer Kreis
422:and the former
420:German 1st Army
384:
369:(including the
333:Rudolf Schmundt
278:
277:
276:
275:
272:
271:
270:
269:
265:
230:
210:
173:
171:
168:
159:
130:
124:
116:
114:
110:
107:
102:
99:
97:
95:
94:
93:
92:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6552:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6463:Armenia (2024)
6460:
6458:Ukraine (2024)
6455:
6450:
6445:
6443:Moldova (2023)
6440:
6435:
6433:Germany (2022)
6430:
6428:Ukraine (2022)
6425:
6420:
6418:Armenia (2021)
6415:
6413:Ukraine (2021)
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6347:Morocco (1973)
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6317:Germany (1944)
6314:
6312:Germany (1938)
6309:
6304:
6302:Ukraine (1919)
6298:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6286:Georgia (1832)
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6159:Hungary (1670)
6156:
6154:England (1641)
6151:
6149:England (1605)
6146:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6113:England (1586)
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6067:England (1415)
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5996:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5981:Youth Movement
5978:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5926:
5918:
5910:
5902:
5894:
5886:
5882:Storm of Steel
5878:
5870:
5862:
5854:
5846:
5837:
5835:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5663:
5662:
5655:
5648:
5640:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5507:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5458:Hitler Diaries
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5389:Hitler's Globe
5385:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:August Kubizek
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5266:
5256:
5246:
5241:
5239:Braunau am Inn
5235:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5160:
5149:
5147:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5091:Hitler cabinet
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4914:
4900:. de Gruyter.
4889:
4888:External links
4886:
4884:
4883:
4869:
4864:978-1403918123
4863:
4841:
4836:978-0795317002
4835:
4817:
4812:978-1904950202
4811:
4789:
4784:978-0306803512
4783:
4761:
4756:978-1844255337
4755:
4736:
4731:978-0553382556
4730:
4708:
4703:978-1134521968
4702:
4679:
4674:978-0773515314
4673:
4665:McGill-Queen's
4651:
4646:978-0811714624
4645:
4626:
4609:978-0060380021
4608:
4589:
4584:978-0805056488
4583:
4561:
4544:978-1317541882
4543:
4524:
4499:
4482:978-0141015484
4481:
4459:
4452:
4435:978-0887402845
4434:
4415:
4398:978-0297857549
4397:
4375:
4358:978-0811714624
4357:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4299:
4281:Deutsche Welle
4259:
4246:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4195:
4186:
4182:Berghahn Books
4165:
4158:
4140:
4134:978-1848325081
4133:
4106:
4104:, p. 183.
4094:
4082:
4080:, p. 152.
4070:
4068:, p. 642.
4055:
4053:, p. tbd.
4043:
4041:, p. 140.
4031:
4019:
4017:, p. 146.
4007:
3995:
3983:
3971:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3923:
3905:
3892:
3890:, p. 367.
3880:
3868:
3838:
3808:
3789:
3769:
3766:978-0912138398
3749:
3732:Ted Harrison:
3725:
3713:
3694:
3678:
3672:978-0813336367
3671:
3651:
3625:
3613:
3600:
3588:
3581:
3560:
3554:Kershaw, Ian.
3547:
3545:, ch. 29.
3528:
3508:
3488:
3482:978-0230343054
3481:
3461:
3431:
3419:
3417:, p. 426.
3407:
3405:, p. 209.
3392:
3380:
3378:, p. 227.
3363:
3340:
3328:
3321:
3303:
3296:
3278:
3259:
3252:
3230:
3195:
3188:
3170:
3163:
3145:
3119:
3117:, pp. 419â424.
3106:
3104:, p. 228.
3094:
3092:, p. 236.
3082:
3047:
3013:
3011:, p. 241.
3009:Moorhouse 2007
3001:
2999:, p. 220.
2989:
2968:(2): 331â364.
2948:
2946:, p. 219.
2936:
2918:978-1783461455
2917:
2897:
2864:
2845:
2833:
2824:
2811:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2757:
2731:
2719:
2717:, p. 198.
2707:
2695:
2685:
2672:
2642:
2640:, p. 188.
2630:
2628:, p. 226.
2613:
2604:
2602:, p. 224.
2592:
2562:
2532:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2441:
2411:
2371:
2351:
2344:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2286:Walter Gramsch
2283:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2147:Deutsche Welle
2124:
2121:
2094:Peter Hoffmann
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
1981:Carl Goerdeler
1943:Peter Hoffmann
1929:The extent of
1926:
1923:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1872:Andreas Hermes
1869:
1863:
1851:
1840:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1783:
1774:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1734:
1725:
1722:
1636:, who was the
1610:, and Admiral
1569:robe of Nessus
1541:kangaroo court
1537:People's Court
1462:Hitler visits
1443:
1440:
1358:
1355:
1289:Wilhelm Keitel
1252:Heinkel He 111
1231:
1228:
1212:Theodor Morell
1183:percussion cap
1159:Wilhelm Keitel
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1091:Hermann Göring
1072:Helmuth Stieff
1067:
1064:
1033:
1030:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
995:
988:
986:
978:
971:
969:
961:
954:
952:
944:
937:
935:
927:
920:
918:
910:
903:
901:
893:
886:
884:
879:
872:
870:
862:
855:
853:
841:
834:
832:
785:
782:
746:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
699:
696:
653:Main article:
650:
647:
617:
614:
606:
603:
597:
594:
545:
542:
536:
533:
531:
528:
481:Fedor von Bock
446:, hero of the
432:Carl Goerdeler
383:
380:
337:conjunctivitis
280:
279:
273:
267:
266:
259:
258:
252:
251:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
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196:
191:
185:
183:
179:
178:
165:
161:
160:
158:
157:
151:
145:
138:
136:
132:
131:
125:
83:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
58:Hermann Göring
54:Martin Bormann
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6551:
6540:
6537:
6535:
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6507:
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6497:
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6487:
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6479:
6464:
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6456:
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6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6438:Brazil (2022)
6436:
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6426:
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6409:
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6380:
6378:
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6360:
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6350:
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6325:
6323:
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6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6271:France (1820)
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6256:France (1804)
6254:
6252:
6251:France (1800)
6249:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6235:Mexico (1799)
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6225:Sweden (1793)
6223:
6221:
6220:Sweden (1789)
6218:
6216:
6215:Sweden (1788)
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6195:Sweden (1756)
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6180:France (1718)
6178:
6176:
6175:Naples (1701)
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6108:Sweden (1576)
6106:
6104:
6103:Sweden (1574)
6101:
6099:
6098:Sweden (1569)
6096:
6094:
6093:France (1567)
6091:
6089:
6088:France (1560)
6086:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6035:Ancient Egypt
6033:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6005:
6003:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5982:
5979:
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5969:
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5908:
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5879:
5876:
5875:
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5863:
5860:
5859:
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5847:
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5843:
5839:
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5836:
5828:
5822:
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5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
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5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
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5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
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5758:
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5751:
5748:
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5738:
5736:
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5728:
5726:
5723:
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5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5656:
5654:
5649:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5626:
5625:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5573:(half-nephew)
5572:
5569:
5567:(half-nephew)
5566:
5563:
5560:
5557:
5555:(half-nephew)
5554:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5543:(half-sister)
5542:
5541:Angela Hitler
5539:
5537:(grandmother)
5536:
5533:
5531:(grandfather)
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5440:
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5435:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:50th birthday
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Vegetarianism
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:Personal life
5285:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5157:Kehlsteinhaus
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5136:
5130:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5106:The Holocaust
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:Rise to power
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4994:FĂŒhrerprinzip
4991:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4961:
4959:
4954:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4748:
4745:. Sparkford:
4744:
4743:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4712:Moorhouse, R.
4709:
4705:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4525:
4513:
4510:(in German).
4509:
4505:
4500:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4456:History Today
4453:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4229:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4200:
4190:
4183:
4179:
4178:Klaus Naumann
4175:
4169:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4004:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3938:Hoffmann 1996
3934:
3926:
3924:3-910068-16-2
3920:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3896:
3889:
3888:Hoffmann 1996
3884:
3877:
3872:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3793:
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3710:
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3698:
3691:
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3668:
3664:
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3655:
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3622:
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3610:
3604:
3595:
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3570:
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3557:
3551:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3465:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3415:Hoffmann 1996
3411:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3185:
3182:. McFarland.
3181:
3174:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3116:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3018:
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3005:
2998:
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2828:
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2815:
2806:
2799:
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2787:
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2775:
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2745:
2741:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2711:
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2699:
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2676:
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2656:
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2646:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2505:Hoffmann 1996
2501:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2399:
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2355:
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2337:
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2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2294:
2293:
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2276:
2274:
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2268:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:Theodor Heuss
2132:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:Erich Hoepner
2038:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1854:Karl Blessing
1852:
1850:
1849:
1848:Reichsgericht
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1712:Hitler Salute
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:GruppenfĂŒhrer
1642:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:Pope Pius XII
1597:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1436:Otto Skorzeny
1434:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:court martial
1416:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:WilhelmstraĂe
1333:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1320:Paul von Hase
1318:
1312:
1310:
1309:Erich Hoepner
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1256:Eduard Wagner
1253:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1143:
1135:
1126:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:Berchtesgaden
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1001:
998:
992:
987:
984:
983:Eduard Wagner
981:
975:
970:
967:
964:
958:
953:
950:
947:
941:
936:
933:
930:
924:
919:
916:
913:
907:
902:
899:
896:
890:
885:
882:
876:
871:
868:
865:
859:
854:
851:
847:
846:
845:Generaloberst
838:
833:
830:
829:
828:
824:
822:
818:
814:
813:Carl Langbehn
808:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
774:Berchtesgaden
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
753:
744:
740:
738:
734:
732:
728:
726:
722:
720:
716:
715:
714:
709:
705:
695:
693:
688:
686:
680:
678:
672:
670:
666:
662:
656:
646:
643:
638:
636:
627:
622:
612:
602:
593:
591:
585:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
541:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
388:
379:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
256:
247:
243:
240:
237:
233:
226:
223:
220:
219:
217:
213:
207:
206:
205:among othersâŠ
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
184:
180:
166:
162:
156:
152:
150:
146:
144:
140:
139:
137:
133:
129:
121:
91:
87:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
63:
62:Bruno Loerzer
59:
55:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6519:Conspiracies
6484:20 July plot
6376:21st century
6352:Spain (1978)
6342:China (1971)
6337:Libya (1970)
6316:
6295:20th century
6244:19th century
6200:Chile (1781)
6190:Malta (1749)
6168:18th century
6127:17th century
6081:16th century
5973:
5958:Armin Mohler
5948:20 July plot
5947:
5928:
5920:
5912:
5904:
5896:
5888:
5880:
5872:
5869:(1918, 1922)
5864:
5856:
5848:
5840:
5833:publications
5811:George-Kreis
5735:F. G. JĂŒnger
5622:
5571:Heinz Hitler
5561:(half-niece)
5547:Paula Hitler
5523:Klara Hitler
5517:Alois Hitler
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5269:Obersalzberg
5220:
5168:FĂŒhrerbunker
5167:
5145:Headquarters
5142:
5101:World War II
5096:Nazi Germany
5049:Zweites Buch
5047:
5028:
4992:
4985:
4972:Adolf Hitler
4896:
4849:
4825:
4821:Shirer, W.L.
4797:
4769:
4741:
4716:
4684:
4663:. Montreal:
4659:
4631:
4618:. Retrieved
4594:
4569:
4553:. Retrieved
4533:. Abingdon:
4529:
4516:. Retrieved
4507:
4491:. Retrieved
4467:
4455:
4444:. Retrieved
4420:
4407:. Retrieved
4383:
4367:. Retrieved
4343:
4334:Bibliography
4320:. Retrieved
4311:
4302:
4290:. Retrieved
4279:
4254:
4249:
4228:
4219:
4210:
4189:
4168:
4149:
4143:
4119:
4109:
4097:
4085:
4073:
4046:
4034:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3974:
3969:, p. 6.
3967:Beckett 2014
3945:
3933:
3914:
3908:
3900:
3895:
3883:
3876:BĂŒchner 1991
3871:
3859:. Retrieved
3850:
3841:
3829:. Retrieved
3820:
3811:
3792:
3777:
3772:
3757:
3752:
3733:
3728:
3716:
3697:
3681:
3661:
3654:
3642:. Retrieved
3628:
3616:
3608:
3603:
3572:
3563:
3555:
3550:
3540:
3531:
3511:
3491:
3471:
3464:
3452:. Retrieved
3443:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3383:
3343:
3331:
3312:
3306:
3287:
3281:
3262:
3239:
3233:
3221:. Retrieved
3212:
3179:
3173:
3154:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3122:
3114:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:. Retrieved
3064:
3038:. Retrieved
3029:
3004:
2992:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2907:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2879:
2859:the original
2848:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2769:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2734:
2722:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2654:
2645:
2633:
2607:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2574:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2544:
2535:
2520:
2512:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2423:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2393:
2361:
2354:
2322:
2320:fall 1944".
2317:
2311:
2290:
2278:
2270:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2175:Bendlerblock
2156:
2152:
2144:
2138:, the first
2133:
2126:
2090:Hans Mommsen
2079:
2068:
2057:
2045:
2012:
2008:
1997:
1993:Allen Dulles
1985:
1977:Hans Speidel
1959:Karl Strölin
1956:
1934:Erwin Rommel
1928:
1909:
1904:Albert Speer
1902:
1878:Josef Wirmer
1857:
1846:
1835:
1792:(considered)
1786:Julius Leber
1770:
1731:
1727:
1708:
1701:Oberleutnant
1700:
1694:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1592:
1590:
1582:Erwin Planck
1574:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1494:Franz Halder
1487:
1452:Bendlerblock
1431:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1397:
1392:Bendlerblock
1373:Bendlerblock
1366:
1322:ordered the
1313:
1294:
1286:
1281:Bendlerblock
1276:Wolfsschanze
1268:
1246:Wolfsschanze
1236:
1233:
1208:
1204:Heinz Brandt
1197:
1188:aide-de-camp
1156:
1152:Wolfsschanze
1151:
1148:
1115:20 July 1944
1109:
1105:Bendlerblock
1100:Wolfsschanze
1096:
1084:
1069:
1048:East Prussia
1043:Wolfsschanze
1041:
1035:
963:Generalmajor
929:Generalmajor
895:Oberleutnant
825:
809:
798:
793:
787:
784:Preparations
770:Obersalzberg
762:East Prussia
752:Wolfsschanze
747:
719:von Tresckow
711:
689:
681:
673:
664:
658:
639:
631:
628:in June 1944
599:
586:
578:
547:
538:
501:
496:Bendlerblock
489:
474:
466:Franz Halder
463:
452:
393:
364:
341:
329:Heinz Brandt
310:
294:Nazi Germany
290:Adolf Hitler
286:20 July plot
285:
283:
204:
143:Adolf Hitler
141:Assassinate
90:East Prussia
42:20 July plot
36:
6388:Laos (2007)
6362:Peru (1992)
5906:The Outlaws
5901:(1926â1934)
5853:(1909â1939)
5845:(1904â1936)
5559:Geli Raubal
5403:Perceptions
5204:Wolf's Lair
4793:Reuth, R.G.
4463:Evans, R.J.
4322:18 November
4174:Hannes Heer
3979:Shirer 2011
3444:History.com
3440:"July Plot"
3290:. Picador.
3223:17 November
3213:Der Spiegel
3030:History.com
2727:Evans 2009b
2655:History.com
2420:"July Plot"
2273:(2008 film)
2249:(1955 film)
2241:(1955 film)
2233:(1951 film)
2149:(in 2014):
2105: [
1915:Cecilienhof
1814:Ewald Löser
1738:Ludwig Beck
1720:was given.
1717:Heil Hitler
1670:Wound Badge
1651:Arthur Nebe
1521:Alfons Heck
1394:, July 1944
1338:and arrest
1017:Bodenschatz
850:Ludwig Beck
821:Heinz Höhne
819:biographer
574:Sudetenland
526:or Hitler.
408:Ludwig Beck
396:German Army
344:coup d'Ă©tat
325:Wolf's Lair
268:Wolf's Lair
115: /
86:Wolf's Lair
74:Coup d'Ă©tat
6478:Categories
5898:Widerstand
5675:Associated
5382:belongings
5273:KampfhÀusl
5194:Tannenberg
5189:Felsennest
5184:Anlage SĂŒd
5179:Adlerhorst
5132:Places of
5041:in English
5030:Mein Kampf
4853:. London:
4801:. London:
4692:Abingdon:
4620:15 October
4565:Fest, J.C.
4555:15 October
4508:SZ Magazin
4493:15 October
4446:15 October
4424:. Atglen:
4409:15 October
4369:15 October
4102:Reuth 2005
4066:Evans 2009
4051:Reuth 2005
3950:Reuth 2005
3582:0812906918
3376:Kurtz 1946
3322:1861058896
3297:0330346970
3240:Extra Life
3189:0786403721
3164:0773515313
3065:History.uk
2774:Evans 2015
2715:Evans 2015
2626:Kurtz 1946
2600:Kurtz 1946
2545:Britannica
2424:Britannica
2299:References
2073:Heu-Aktion
1859:Reichsbank
1832:Hans Oster
1796:Eugen Bolz
1751:Chancellor
1620:Cesare AmĂš
1606:, Colonel
1586:Max Planck
1513:Sippenhaft
1500:Sippenhaft
1361:See also:
1351:Gauleiters
1216:penicillin
1179:firing pin
1025:Rastenburg
932:Hans Oster
758:Rastenburg
665:Ersatzheer
609:See also:
404:Hans Oster
382:Background
367:Nazi Party
235:Casualties
174:1944-07-20
103:21°29âČ47âłE
100:54°04âČ50âłN
6142:Main Plot
5745:Kommerell
5730:E. JĂŒnger
5720:Hielscher
5715:Heidegger
5511:Eva Braun
5380:Personal
5361:Paintings
5331:Bodyguard
5316:Sexuality
5173:Vorbunker
5134:residence
5036:in Arabic
4924:240145815
4847:(2005) .
4823:(2011) .
4795:(2005) .
4767:(1989) .
4714:(2007) .
4637:Stackpole
4567:(1997) .
4535:Routledge
4518:13 August
4465:(2009) .
4349:Stackpole
4090:Hart 2014
4078:Hart 2014
4039:Hart 2014
4027:Hart 2014
4015:Hart 2014
4003:Hart 2014
3991:Hart 2014
3621:Fest 1997
3558:, p. 693.
3427:Fest 1997
3102:Fest 1997
3090:Fest 1997
2997:Fest 1997
2984:143574023
2944:Fest 1997
2638:Fest 1997
2111:from the
2082:Holocaust
2027:Criticism
1921:watched.
1843:Hans Koch
1771:Reichstag
1765:Paul Löbe
1742:President
1464:Puttkamer
1442:Aftermath
1426:Waffen-SS
1415:impromptu
1181:from the
1060:armistice
302:Wehrmacht
135:Objective
80:Locations
18:July Plot
6137:Bye Plot
5976:movement
5974:Völkisch
5821:Tatkreis
5804:Factions
5780:Spengler
5755:Niekisch
5624:Category
5549:(sister)
5525:(mother)
5519:(father)
5478:Downfall
5024:Prophecy
5019:Speeches
4979:Politics
4876:Archived
4657:(1996).
4614:Archived
4549:Archived
4512:Archived
4487:Archived
4440:Archived
4426:Schiffer
4403:Archived
4389:Hachette
4381:(2009).
4363:Archived
4316:Archived
4286:Archived
4239:Archived
4125:Casemate
4117:(2008).
3855:Archived
3825:Archived
3800:Archived
3741:Archived
3738:45(1997)
3705:Archived
3690:Archived
3644:19 April
3638:Archived
3571:(1976).
3520:Archived
3500:Archived
3448:Archived
3351:Archived
3270:Archived
3217:Archived
3132:Archived
3069:Archived
3034:Archived
2923:Archived
2884:Archived
2744:Archived
2683:, p. 39.
2659:Archived
2579:Archived
2549:Archived
2428:Archived
2398:Archived
2271:Valkyrie
2214:See also
2040:General
1952:Hofacker
1686:Neo-Nazi
1080:Salzburg
801:Prussian
766:Bavarian
649:New plan
504:Smolensk
6040:1155 BC
5941:Related
5850:Die Tat
5775:Schmitt
5770:Salomon
5199:Werwolf
5153:Berghof
4775:Da Capo
4694:Methuen
4473:Penguin
4292:20 July
3861:20 June
3786:2853647
3454:7 March
3359:Bayern1
3138:23 June
3115:Himmler
3075:7 March
3040:7 March
2929:7 March
2890:7 March
2750:22 July
2665:7 March
2585:7 March
2555:7 March
2434:7 March
2404:7 March
2044:at the
2015:cyanide
1919:Potsdam
1481:at the
1466:in the
778:Himmler
683:and by
566:Austria
550:Belgium
524:Gestapo
436:Leipzig
426:of the
360:Gestapo
321:Gestapo
215:Outcome
172: (
147:Ensure
5933:(1939)
5925:(1934)
5917:(1932)
5909:(1930)
5893:(1923)
5885:(1920)
5877:(1919)
5861:(1918)
5795:Zehrer
5790:Winnig
5785:Stapel
5765:Quabbe
5760:Paetel
5740:Klages
5710:George
5705:Freyer
5690:BlĂŒher
5677:people
5583:Blondi
5513:(wife)
5503:Family
5464:Moloch
5294:Health
5259:Munich
5249:Vienna
5143:FĂŒhrer
5074:Events
5065:Nazism
4987:FĂŒhrer
4922:
4912:
4861:
4833:
4809:
4781:
4753:
4747:Haynes
4728:
4722:Bantam
4700:
4671:
4643:
4606:
4581:
4541:
4479:
4432:
4395:
4355:
4156:
4131:
3921:
3831:17 May
3784:
3764:
3669:
3579:
3479:
3319:
3294:
3250:
3186:
3161:
2982:
2915:
2527:
2342:
2266:(2004)
2159:Munich
1961:, the
1695:Major
1479:Korten
1347:Vienna
1224:sepsis
1050:or at
1021:Keitel
946:Oberst
558:Poland
554:France
438:, and
375:Allies
348:Berlin
155:Allies
128:Berlin
60:, and
5831:Major
5700:Evola
5593:Other
5585:(dog)
5410:Books
5326:Staff
5116:Death
5060:Books
4920:S2CID
4688:. By
2980:S2CID
2304:Notes
2109:]
2096:from
2052:Slavs
1345:. In
1237:truly
1222:from
1078:near
1038:Fromm
772:near
756:near
5725:Jung
5695:Bose
5685:Benn
5244:Linz
5012:List
4910:ISBN
4859:ISBN
4831:ISBN
4807:ISBN
4803:Haus
4779:ISBN
4751:ISBN
4726:ISBN
4698:ISBN
4669:ISBN
4641:ISBN
4622:2018
4604:ISBN
4579:ISBN
4557:2018
4539:ISBN
4520:2021
4495:2018
4477:ISBN
4448:2018
4430:ISBN
4411:2018
4393:ISBN
4371:2018
4353:ISBN
4324:2016
4294:2014
4154:ISBN
4129:ISBN
3919:ISBN
3863:2018
3833:2008
3782:OCLC
3762:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3646:2009
3577:ISBN
3477:ISBN
3456:2021
3317:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3225:2019
3184:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3140:2018
3077:2021
3042:2021
2931:2021
2913:ISBN
2892:2021
2752:2021
2667:2021
2587:2021
2557:2021
2525:ISBN
2436:2021
2406:2021
2394:Time
2340:ISBN
2100:and
1971:and
1640:Orpo
1539:, a
1089:and
706:and
556:and
284:The
164:Date
126:and
70:Type
4902:doi
3539:'s
3357:on
2970:doi
2332:doi
1917:at
1430:SS-
1046:in
760:in
6480::
5171:/
4918:.
4908:.
4857:.
4805:.
4777:.
4749:.
4724:.
4696:.
4667:.
4639:.
4612:.
4602:.
4577:.
4547:.
4537:.
4506:.
4485:.
4475:.
4438:.
4428:.
4401:.
4391:.
4361:.
4351:.
4314:.
4310:.
4284:.
4278:.
4262:^
4198:^
4176:,
4058:^
3957:^
3849:.
3819:.
3636:.
3591:^
3442:.
3395:^
3366:^
3211:.
3198:^
3067:.
3063:.
3050:^
3032:.
3028:.
3016:^
2978:.
2966:55
2964:.
2960:.
2921:.
2878:.
2867:^
2657:.
2653:.
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2577:.
2573:.
2547:.
2543:.
2519::
2426:.
2422:.
2396:.
2392:.
2374:^
2338:.
2326:.
2107:de
1788:â
1779:â
1767:â
1758:â
1749:â
1740:â
1677:.
1627:SA
1258:.
1195:.
1191:,
815:.
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568:,
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371:SS
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6008:t
6001:v
5659:e
5652:t
5645:v
5275:)
5271:(
5265:)
5261:(
5255:)
5251:(
5223:)
5175:)
5165:(
5159:)
5155:(
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4957:t
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4926:.
4904::
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4839:.
4815:.
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4497:.
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4413:.
4373:.
4326:.
4296:.
4162:.
4137:.
3927:.
3903:.
3878:.
3865:.
3835:.
3675:.
3648:.
3585:.
3485:.
3458:.
3325:.
3300:.
3256:.
3192:.
3167:.
3142:.
3079:.
3044:.
2986:.
2972::
2933:.
2894:.
2754:.
2729:.
2669:.
2589:.
2559:.
2438:.
2408:.
2348:.
2334::
663:(
176:)
34:.
20:)
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