382:; who has attained wide fame by studying and remembering, by the knowledge and practice of, grammar, music, logic and other great sciences; who
the management of horses, elephants and chariots, (the use of) sword and shield, pugilistic combat and other .
.. . .
. the acts of quickness and efficiency of opposing forces; who day by day is in the habit of bestowing presents and honours and eschewing disrespectful treatment; who is bounteous; whose treasury by the tribute, tolls and shares rightfully obtained overflows with an accumulation of gold, silver, diamonds, beryl stones and (other) precious things; who...........
prose and verse, which are clear, agreeable, sweet, charming, beautiful, excelling by the proper use of words and adorned; whose beautiful frame owns the most excellent marks and signs, such as (auspicious) length, dimension and height, voice, gait, colour, vigour and strength; who himself has acquired the name of Mahakshatrapa; who has been wreathed with many garlands at the svayamvaras of kings' daughters; -he, the
259:(L. 3.) This same (lake) -on the first of the dark half of Margashirsha in the seventy-second -72nd - year of the king, the Mahakshatrapa Rudradaman whose name is repeated by the venerable, the son of . . . . . . . . . . . . , (and) son's son of the king, the Mahakshatrapa Lord Chashtana the taking of whose name is auspicious,
. when by the clouds pouring with rain the earth had been converted as it were into one ocean, by the excessively swollen floods of the Suvarnasikata, Palasini and other streams of mount Urjayat the dam
, though proper precautions , the water- churned by a storm which, of a most tremendous fury befitting the end of a mundane period, tore down hill-tops, trees, banks, turrets, upper stories, gates and raised places of shelter - scattered, broke to pieces,
..
., -with stones, trees, bushes and creeping plants scattered about, was thus laid open down to the bottom of the river:-
467:
479:
392:(L. 16.) When in this matter the Mahakshatrapa's counsellors and executive officers, who though fully endowed with the qualifications of ministers, were averse to a task (regarded as) futile on account of the enormous extent of the breach, opposed the commencement (of the work), (and) when the people in their despair of having the dam rebuilt were loudly lamenting, (the work) was carried out by the minister Suvishakha, the son of Kulaipa, a Pahlava, who for the benefit of the inhabitants of the towns and country bad been appointed by the king in this government to rule the whole of
491:
88:
284:(L. 9.)
..he who, because from the womb he was distinguished by the possession of undisturbed consummate Royal Fortune, was resorted to by all castes and chosen their lord to protect them; who made, and is true to, the vow to the latest breath of his life to abstain from slaying men, except in battles; who compassion
not failing to deal blows to equal antagonists meeting him face to face; who grants protection of life to people repairing to him of their own accord and those prostrating themselves before him;
31:
507:
389:, in order to . . . . . . . . . . . cows and Brahmans for a thousand of years, and to increase his religious merit and fame, -without oppressing the inhabitants of the towns and country by taxes, forced labour and acts of affection -by (the expenditure of) a vast amount of money from his own treasury and in not too long a time made the dam three times as strong in breadth and length . . . . . . . . all . . . . . . (and so) had (this lake) made (even) more beautiful to look at.
224:, first edited and translated this inscription in April 1838. It thereafter attracted a series of visits, revisions and scholarly publications, including those by Lassen, Wilson, Fleet and the significant work of Bhagvanlal Indraji and Bhau Daji in 1862. The edition and interpretation published by Bhau Daji was reviewed and revised further by Eggeling with collotype estampages by Burgess. Kielhorn's translation was published in the
256:
.. of a structure so well joined as to rival the spur of a mountain, because all its embankments are strong, in breadth, length and height constructed without gaps as they are of stone, ,
. furnished with a natural dam,
.., and with well-provided conduits, drains and means to guard against foul matter,
three sections
by............
.and other favours is (now) in an excellent condition.
95:
400:, (a minister) who by his proper dealings and views in things temporal and spiritual increased the attachment (of the people), who was able, patient, not wavering, not arrogant, upright (and) not to be bribed, (and) who by his good government increased the spiritual merit, fame and glory of his master.
432:
building conduits. According to Dilip
Chakrabarti, a professor of South Asian archaeology at the Cambridge University, the inscription is an evidence of historical record keeping tradition in ancient India because Rudradaman otherwise would not have known the names of people involved in the project
208:
retroflex. These and other errors may reflect an influence of the less formal epic-vernacular style and the local dialect features, states
Salomon. Nevertheless, beyond disregarding some of "the grammatical niceties of Paninian/classical Sanskrit", the inscription does closely approach the classical
173:
The inscription has twenty lines, of different lengths spread over about 5.5 feet high and 11 feet wide. The first sixteen lines are extensively damaged in parts and are incomplete, with evidence suggesting willful damage as well as natural rock peeling. The lost text constitutes about 15 percent of
169:
The inscription is found on a major rock to the east of the town of
Junagadh in Kathiavad region of Gujarat, India. It is near the base of the Girnar mountain. The Rudradaman inscription is one of the three significant inscriptions found on the rock, dated to be the second in chronology. The oldest
436:
The
Junagadh rock inscription also highlights an eulogy-style Sanskrit from the 2nd-century. It is the first long inscription in fairly standard Sanskrit that has survived into the modern era. According to Salomon, the inscription "represents a turning point in the history of epigraphic Sanskrit.
195:
rules of the
Sanskrit language "no less than 10 times", but some of these may have been "mere clerical errors". The text also has an "extreme dearth of verbal forms", states Kielhorn, a form that mirrors the classical prose writing style of the early era. According to Salomon, noting Kielhorn and
359:) and other territories gained by his own valour, the towns, marts and rural parts of which are never troubled by robbers, snakes, wild beasts, diseases and the like, where all subjects are attached to him, (and) where through his might the objects of , wealth and pleasure ;
445:, from a stylistic point of view Rudradaman's inscription is clearly their prototype". The Western Satraps successors of Rudradaman, however, were not influenced by this inscription's literary style, but preferred a less formal hybrid Sanskrit language.
419:
The inscription is significant as a historical record of public works in ancient India, nearly 500 years before the inscription was created. It mentions the construction of a water reservoir named
Sudarshana nearby, during the reign of the
190:
The inscription is in
Sanskrit language and entirely in prose. The text is generally in good standard classical Sanskrit but reflects much that is non-standard Sanskrit, according to Kielhorn. For example, it disregards the
178:
and inscriptions of
Skandagupta. The inscribed characters are about 7/8 inches in height. The first eight lines offer a historical record of water management and irrigation conduits at the Sudarshana Lake from the era of
366:
who were loath to submit, rendered proud as they were by having manifested their' title of' heroes among all
Kshatriyas; who obtained good report because he, in spite of having twice in fair fight completely defeated
170:
inscription is a version of Ashoka edicts, while the last and third inscription is of
Skandagupta. The Rudradaman inscription is near the top, above the Ashoka edict. It is dated to shortly after 150 CE.
262:(L. 7.) By a breach four hundred and twenty cubits long, just as many broad, (and) seventy-five cubits deep, all the water escaped, so that (the lake), almost like a sandy desert, extremely ugly .
174:
the total text. The last four are complete and in a good state of preservation. According to Kielhorn, the alphabet is an earlier form of the "decidedly southern alphabet" of those found later in
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This is the first long inscription recorded entirely in more or less standard Sanskrit, as well as the first extensive record in the poetic style. Although further specimens of such poetic
196:
Renou's observations, "the language of the Junagadh inscription is not pure classical Sanskrit in the strictest sense of the term" and its orthography too is inconsistent about
686:
448:
The inscription also is significant in recording that the modern era town of Junagadh has ancient roots and it was known as Girinagara in the 2nd-century CE. The mountain
281:
while governing; and by the conduit ordered to be made by him, constructed in a manner worthy of a king (and) seen in that breach, the extensive dam
...
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in 4th-century BCE, or who later worked on the water reservoir in following centuries, before Rudradaman promoted his Sanskrit inscription in 150 CE.
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183:(321-297 BCE) to the time when the inscription was written around 150 CE. The last twelve lines praise king Rudradaman I (literally, "garland of
679:
375:, on account of the nearness of their connection did not destroy him; who victory . . . . . . . .; who reinstates deposed kings;
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265:(L.8)
for the sake of
/ ordered to be made by the Vaishya Pushyagupta, the provincial governor of the Maurya king
735:
713:
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Artefacts of History: Archaeology, Historiography and Indian Pasts, Sudeshna Guha, SAGE Publications India, 2015
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574:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
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Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1905-6, 45-49
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149:. The inscription is dated to shortly after 150 CE. The Junagadh rock contains inscriptions of
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by Vaishya Pushyagupta. Later, during the reign of Ashoka, it mentions a Yavana king named
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India, an Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations
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287:...who is the lord of the whole of eastern and western Akaravanti (Akara: East
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378:...who by the right raising of his hand has earned the strong attachment of
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Volume VIII, and the translation below is based on it.
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The inscription of Rudradaman, its rubbings and coins
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628:, Epigraphia Indica, Volume VIII, No. 6, pages 36-49
705:Buddhist Critical Spirituality: Prajñā and Śūnyatā
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708:. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 45.
647:. Oxford University Press. pp. 294–295.
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680:"Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman",
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515:coin, with corrupted Greek legend, at the
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751:Tourist attractions in Junagadh district
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237:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman
204:, notation of double consonants and the
24:Jungadh rock inscription of Rudradaman I
626:Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman
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405:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman
119:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman
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252:(Line l.) This lake Sudarshana, from
123:Girnar Rock inscription of Rudradaman
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441:in Sanskrit are not found until the
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107:Rudadaman inscription rock (India)
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452:used to be called Urjayat then.
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531:Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions
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741:Sanskrit inscriptions in India
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362:...who by force destroyed the
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220:, known for his work with the
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641:Dilip K. Chakrabarti (1999).
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343:("Western Border" - Northern
157:of Ashoka), Rudradaman I and
335:districts), Kukura (Eastern
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500:, defeated by Rudradaman I.
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101:Rudadaman inscription rock
702:Ichimura, Shōhei (2001).
571:Salomon, Richard (1998).
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249:(Be it) accomplished!
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133:. It is located near
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536:Nanaghat inscription
307:, Svabhra (northern
242:English translation
121:, also known as the
77:near Girnar mountain
426:Chandragupta Maurya
295:: West Malwa), the
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181:Chandragupta Maurya
682:Project South Asia
273:the Maurya by the
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35:The inscribed rock
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58:circa 150 AD
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232:Translation
213:Inscription
165:Description
159:Skandagupta
730:Categories
547:References
387:Rudradaman
351:(a tribe,
254:Girinagara
137:hill near
66:Junagadh,
443:Gupta era
439:prasastis
430:Tushaspha
398:Surashtra
369:Satakarni
364:Yaudheyas
337:Rajputana
305:Surashtra
299:country,
279:Tushaspha
746:Junagadh
687:Archived
525:See also
424:founder
403:—
341:Aparanta
311:) Maru (
198:anusvara
139:Junagadh
45:Sanskrit
456:Gallery
349:Nishada
325:Sauvira
309:Gujarat
202:visarga
143:Gujarat
68:Gujarat
55:Created
41:Writing
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651:
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450:Girnar
394:Anarta
380:Dharma
345:Konkan
333:Multan
321:Sindhu
313:Marwar
301:Anarta
293:Avanti
275:Yavana
271:Ashoka
193:sandhi
151:Ashoka
135:Girnar
129:ruler
353:Malwa
329:Sindh
317:Cutch
297:Anupa
289:Malwa
277:king
185:Rudra
147:India
63:Place
710:ISBN
649:ISBN
599:p.50
579:ISBN
396:and
331:and
291:and
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117:The
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327:(
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206:ḷ
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