Juno (mythology) - Knowledge

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as the sanctuary does not show any other trait proper to Phoenician ones. The mention of the goddess of the sanctuary as being named locally Eileitheia and Leucothea by different Greek authors narrating its destruction by the Syracusean fleet in 384 BC, made the picture even more complex. R. Bloch has proposed a two-stage interpretation: the first theonym Eilethya corresponds to Juno Lucina, the second Leucothea to Mater Matuta. However, the local theonym is Uni and one would legitimately expect it to be translated as Hera. A fragmentary bronze lamella discovered on the same site and mentioning both theonym Uni and Thesan (i. e. Latin Juno and Aurora-Mater Matuta) would then allow the inference of the integration of the two deities at Pyrgi: the local Uni-Thesan matronal and auroral, would have become the Iuno Lucina and the Mater Matuta of Rome. The Greek assimilation would reflect this process as not direct but subsequent to a process of distinction. Renard rejects this hypothesis since he sees in Uni and Thesan two distinct deities, though associated in cult. However the entire picture should have been familiar in Italian and Roman religious lore as is shown by the complexity and ambivalence of the relationship of Juno with Rome and Romans in Virgil's Aeneid, who has Latin, Greek and Punic traits, result of a plurisaecular process of amalgamation. Also remarkable in this sense is the

2692: 777: 356: 2010:(Jupiter) and Juno. It seems fairly safe to assume that from the earliest times they were identified by their own proper names and since they got them they were never changed through the course of history: they were called Jupiter and Juno. These gods were the most ancient deities of every Latin town. Praeneste preserved divine filiation and infancy as the sovereign god and his paredra Juno have a mother who is the primordial goddess Fortuna Primigenia. Many terracotta statuettes have been discovered which represent a woman with a child: one of them represents exactly the scene described by Cicero of a woman with two children of different sex who touch her breast. Two of the votive inscriptions to Fortuna associate her and Jupiter: " Fortunae Iovi puero..." and "Fortunae Iovis puero..." 2261:. In the cult this Hera received at Cape Lacinion she was associated with Heracles, supposed to be the founder of the sanctuary. Contacts with Central Italy and similarity would have favoured a certain assimilation between Latin warlike Junos and Argive Heras and the association with Heracles of Latin Junos. Some scholars, mostly Italians, recognize in the Junos of Falerii, Tibur and Lavinium the Greek Hera, rejecting the theory of an indigenous original cult of a military Juno. Renard thinks Dumézil's opposition to such a view is to be upheld: Bayet's words though did not deny the existence of local warlike Junos, but only imply that at a certain time they received the influence of the Heras of Lacinion and Sele, a fact that earned them the epithet of 1713:

Athena at Athens and Hera at Argos. The motif of the snake of the palace as guardian goddess of the city is shared by Iuno Seispes with Athena, as well as its periodic feeding. This religious pattern moreover includes armour, goatskin dress, sacred birds and a concern with virginity in cult. Virginity is connected to regality: the existence and welfare of the community was protected by virgin goddesses or the virgin attendants of a goddess. This theme shows a connexion with the fundamental theological character of Iuno, that of incarnating vital force: virginity is the condition of unspoilt, unspent vital energy that can ensure communion with nature and its rhythm, symbolised in the fire of

2403:", meaning the Lar Familiaris. Festus calls him "a god endowed with the power of doing everything", then citing an Aufustius: "Genius is the son of the gods and the parent of men, from whom men receive life. Thence is he named my genius, because he begot me". Festus's quotation goes on saying: "Other think he is the special god of every place", a notion that reflects a different idea. In classic age literature and iconography he is often represented as a snake, that may appear in the conjugal bed, this conception being perhaps the result of a Greek influence. It was easy for the Roman concept of Genius to expand annexing other similar religious figures as the Lares and the Greek 1294: 1825:. While Dumézil's refusal of seeing a Greek influence in Italic Junos looks difficult to maintain in the light of the contributions of archaeology, his comparative analysis of the divine structure is supported by many scholars, as M. Renard and J. Poucet. His theory purports that while male gods incarnated one single function, there are female goddesses who make up a synthesis of the three functions, as a reflection of the ideal of woman's role in society. Even though such a deity has a peculiar affinity for one function, generally fertility, i. e. the third, she is nevertheless equally competent in each of the three. 2281:, though being of Greek origin, is considered by scholars as having received its full acknowledgement and development in Etruria: Heracles has become a bearded adult on the mirrors of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Most scholars view the fact as an initiation, i.e. the accession of Heracles to the condition of immortal. Even though the two versions coexisted in Greece and that of Heracles infant is attested earlier Renard suggests a process more in line with the evolution of the myth: the suckling of the adult Heracles should be regarded as more ancient and reflecting its original true meaning. 1478:, while she is attested in many Etruscan and Latin towns. Before that time her Roman equivalent was Juno Moneta. Marcel Renard for his part considers her an ancient Roman figure since the title of the Veian Juno expresses a cultic reality that is close to and indeed presupposes the existence at Rome of an analogous character: as a rule it is the presence of an original local figure that may allow the introduction of the new one through evocatio. He agrees with Dumézil that we ignore whether the translation of the epithet is exhaustive and what Etruscan notion corresponded to the name 2122:: the role of Juno Covella is hence the same as that of Lucina for women during parturition. The association of the two gods is reflected on the human level at the difficult time of labours as is apparent in the custom of putting a key, symbol of Janus, in the hand of the woman with the aim of ensuring an easy delivery, while she had to invoke Juno Lucina. At the nonae Caprotinae similarly Juno had the function of aiding and strengthening the moon as the nocturnal light, at the time when her force was supposed to be at its lowest, after the Summer solstice. 785: 503: 6302:, i.e. beneath and above the line of the horizon. The world man can see is to the south of the east-west line. The sections of the NE quadrant are inhabited by the heavenly gods, thence are the most favourable. Those of the NW quadrant by the underworld and fate gods, thence the most unfavourable. The sections of the SE quadrant are inhabited by gods of nature, thence moderately favourable. Those of the SW quadrant byearthly gods and gods related to humans, thence moderately unfavourable. M. Pallottino "Deorun sedes" in 2703: 1806: 2457: 1461: 7091: 1637:. The Capitoline triad poses difficult interpretative problems. It looks peculiarly Roman, since there is no sure document of its existence elsewhere either in Latium or Etruria. A direct Greek influence is possible but it would be also plausible to consider it a local creation. Dumézil advanced the hypothesis it could be an ideological construction of the Tarquins to oppose new Latin nationalism, as it included the three gods that in the Iliad are enemies of 1974: 70: 4551:"On the way leading directly from Deulis to Delphi, on the left hand side...; there the towns of Phocis hold their common assemblies...the building is very large, supported by rows of columns. Steps on which the representatives sit stand between the columns and the walls. At the back there are...only the statues of Zeus, Hera and Athena. Zeus in the middle on a throne, the goddesses on the two sides, Hera at his right and Athena at his left." 7569: 2352:("the juno of goddesses named Dea Dia"), in contrast to their sacrifice of two cows sacrificed to Juno (singular). However both G. Wissowa and K. Latte allow that this ritual could have been adapted to fit theology of the Augustan restoration. While the concept of a Juno of goddesses is not attested in the inscriptions of 58 BC from Furfo, that of a Genius of gods is, and even of a Genius of a goddess, 1174:, i.e. when the community is in its direst straits, needs the intervention of a divine tutelary goddess, a divine queen, since the king (divine or human) has failed to appear or has fled. Hence the customary battles under the wild figs, the scurrilous language that bring together the second and third function. This festival would thus show a ritual that can prove the trifunctional nature of Juno. 7541: 812: 2232:, games in the circus. In Bayet's view Juno and Hercules did supersede Pilumnus and Picumnus in the role of tutelary deities of the newborn not only because of their own features as goddess of the deliverers and as apotropaic tutelary god of infants but also because of their common quality as gods of fertility. This was the case in Rome and at 2137:: they had their altars on opposite sides of the alley behind the Tigillum Sororium. Physically this consisted of a beam spanning the space over two posts. It was kept in good condition down to the time of Livy at public expenses. According to tradition it was a rite of purification that served at the expiation of 676:) can be traced back to the Indoeuropean trifunctional ideology: as Regina and Moneta she is a sovereign deity, as Sespeis, Curitis (spear holder) and Moneta (again) she is an armed protectress, as Mater and Curitis (again) she is a goddess of the fertility and wealth of the community in her association with the 703:: through her association with the moon she governed the feminine physiological functions, menstrual cycle and pregnancy: as a rule all lunar deities are deities of childbirth. These aspects of Juno mark the heavenly and worldly sides of her function. She is thus associated to all beginnings and hers are the 1688:, the spearholder, an armed protectress. The martial aspect of these Junos is conspicuous, quite as much as that of fecundity and regality: the first two look strictly interconnected: fertility guaranteed the survival of the community, peaceful and armed. Iuno Curitis is also the tutelary goddess of the 1562:. It was restored by Augustus. Two inscriptions found near the church of S. Sabina indicate the approximate site of the temple, which corresponds with its place in the lustral procession of 207 BC, near the upper end of the Clivus Publicius. The day of the dedication and of her festival was September 1. 6293:

II 42. It implied a twice repeated division of the four parts of the sky based on the four cardinal points into two sections. A north south line divides space into a left part to the east, named familiaris and considered favourable (the orientation is defined by an observer facing south), and a right

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Paris 1957 espec. p. 393-4. On the origin of Argive Hera Berard argues that given the Thessalic character of the legend of the Argonauts, her name evokes the Argos of Thessaly. On the other hand the cult of the Hera of the Sele would have been brought during prehistoric colonisations by the Amineans,

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Macrobius I 9, 15: "In sacris...invocamus Ianum Geminum, I. Patrem, I. Iunonium, I. Consivium, I. Quirinum, I. Patultium and Clusivium."; other preserved by Lydus IV 2 correspond to Ianualis (from the cake ianual eaten on the kalendae), Cenulum and Cibullum: cf.R. Schilling above p. 97; G. Capdeville

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II 85-86: "Is est locus saeptus religiose propter Iovis pueri, qui lactens cum Iunone in gremio sedens, mamma appetens, castissime colitur a matribus": "This is an enclosed place for religious reasons because of Iupiter child, who is seated on the womb with Juno suckling, directed towards the breast,

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had already stated that Juno was named Astarte in the Punic language, a notion that the discovery of the Pyrgi lamellae has proved correct. It is debated whether such an identification was linked to a transient political stage corresponding with Tefarie Velianas's Carthaginian-backed tyranny on Caere

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of soldiers at the end of the warring season, i.e. their cleansing from the religious pollution contracted at war. The story finds parallels in Irish and Indian mythologies. These rites took place in October, the month that at Rome saw the celebration of the end of the yearly military activity. Janus

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who states she was the Juno of Veii. The sacred geese of the Capitol were lodged in her temple: as they are recorded in the episode of the Gallic siege (ca. 396-390 BC) by Livy, the temple should have existed before Furius's dedication. Basanoff considers her to go back to the regal period: she would

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on February 1. It was an appropriate date for her celebration since the month of February was considered a perilous time of passage, the cosmic year then coming to an end and the limits between the world of the living and the underworld being no longer safely defined. Hence the community invoked the

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Dumézil remarks these titles match perfectly those of Latin Junos, especially the Juno Seispes Mater Regina of Lanuvium, the only difference being in the religious orientation of the first function. Compare also the epithet Fluonia, Fluviona of Roman Juno, discussed by G. Radke. However D. P. Harmon

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Official website of the Musei Capitolini, Comune di Roma, offering details on the location and architectural features of the temple. Cf. Livy V 54, 7 on the annual procession commemorating her role of saviour: in it the image of the goddess represented as a goose was taken from her sanctuary on the

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The role of the two gods at the kalendae of every month is that of presiding over the birth of the new moon. Janus and Juno cooperate as the first looks after the passage from the previous to the ensuing month while the second helps it through the strength of her vitality. The rites of the kalendae

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has Janus say that he is the original Chaos and also the first era of the world, which got organised only afterwards. He preserves a tutelary function on this universe as the gatekeeper of Heaven. His nature, qualities and role are reflected in the myth of him being the first to reign in Latium, on

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The complexity of the figure of Juno has caused much uncertainty and debate among modern scholars. Some emphasize one aspect or character of the goddess, considering it as primary: the other ones would then be the natural and even necessary development of the first. Palmer and Harmon consider it to

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as in Rome. In her annual rites at Falerii youths and maiden clad in white bore in procession gifts to the goddess whose image was escorted by her priestesses. The idea of purity and virginity is stressed in Ovid's description. A she goat is sacrificed to her after a ritual hunting. She is then the

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That a goddess evoked in war and for political reasons receive the homage of women and that women continue to have a role in her cult is explained by Palmer as a foreign cult of feminine sexuality of Etruscan derivation. The persistence of a female presence in her cult through the centuries down to

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Some scholars view this concentration of multiple functions as a typical and structural feature of the goddess, inherent to her being an expression of the nature of femininity. Others though prefer to dismiss her aspects of femininity and fertility and stress only her quality of being the spirit of

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where a cult of Juno Lucina and Hercules was known. At Lanuvium and perhaps Rome though their most ancient association rests on their common fertility and military characters. The Latin Junos certainly possessed a marked warlike character (at Lanuvium, Falerii, Tibur, Rome). Such a character might

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means paired, double. Renard's theory has been rejected by G. Capdeville as not being in accord with the level of sovereign gods in Dumézil's trifunctional structure. The theology of Janus would show features typically belonging to the order of the gods of the beginning. In Capdeville's view it is

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M. Renard advanced the view that Janus and not Jupiter was the original paredra or consort of Juno, on the grounds of their many common features, functions and appearance in myth or rites as is shown by their cross coupled epithets Janus Curiatius and Juno Sororia: Janus shares the epithet of Juno

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was directed to Fortuna. Camillus was devout to her and to Matuta, both matronal deities. When he brought Juno Regina from Veii the Roman women were already acquainted with many Junos, while the ancient rites of Fortuna were falling off. Camillus would have then made a political use of the cult of

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of the city: the maidens approached the lair blindfolded. The snake was supposed to feed only on the cakes offered by chaste girls. The rite was aimed at ensuring agricultural fertility. The site of the temple as well as the presence of the snake show she was the tutelary goddess of the city, as

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Basanoff has argued that the legend not only alludes to sex and fertility in its association with wildfig and goat but is in fact a summary of sort of all the qualities of Juno. As Juno Sespeis of Lanuvium Juno Caprotina is a warrior, a fertiliser and a sovereign protectress. In fact, the legend

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and Latin Tutela or Tutula proposed that she together with other slave girls would render herself up to the enemy camp pretending to be the wives and daughters of the Roman families. Upon agreement of the senate, the women dressed up elegantly and wearing golden jewellery reached the Latin camp.

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states she is invoked by warriors, by clerics and by deliverers. She bestows on females an easy delivery and timely milking. She bestowed on heroes the vigour by which they defeated their demonic adversaries. She is the great purifier, "she who puts the worshipper in the ritual, pure condition"

2426:, Juno, along with Jupiter and Minerva, is one of the Penates of man. This view is ascribed by Macrobius to the mystic religion of Samothrace, imported to Rome by Tarquinius Priscus, himself an initiate, who thereby created the Roman Capitoline Triad. Juno is the god by whom man gets his body. 2065:

Janus as gatekeeper of the gates connecting Heaven and Earth and guardian of all passages is particularly related to time and motion. He holds the first place in ritual invocations and prayers, in order to ensure the communication between the worshipper and the gods. He enjoys the privilege of

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had the task of signalling the appearance of the new moon. While the meaning of the epithet Covella is unknown and debated, that of the rituals is clear as the divine couple is supposed to oversee, protect and help the moon during the particularly dangerous time of her darkness and her

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While her connection with the idea of vital force, the fullness of vital energy, and eternal youthfulness is now generally acknowledged, the multiplicity and complexity of her personality have given rise to various and sometimes irreconcilable interpretations among modern scholars.

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is particularly revealing since it reflects two interrelated aspects of the function of Juno: cyclical renewal of time in the waning and waxing of the moon and protection of delivery and birth (as she who brings to light the newborn as vigour, vital force). The ancient called her

1736:. Claudius Helianus later wrote "...she has much new of Hera Argolis" The iconography of Argive Hera, matronal and regal, looks quite far away from the warlike and savage character of Iuno Seispes, especially considering that it is uncertain whether the former was an armed Hera. 2269:

Magna Graecia and Lanuvium mixed their influence in the formation of the Roman Hercules and perhaps there was a Sabine element too as is testified by Varro, supported by the find of the sanctuary of Hercules Curinus at Sulmona and by the existence of a Juno Curitis in Latium.

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Gagé and D'Albret remark an accentuation of the matronal aspect of Juno Regina that led her to be the most matronal of the Roman goddesses by the time of the end of the republic. This fact raises the question of understanding why she was able of attracting the devotion of the

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II 11: "deus Conseuius.... qui consationibus concubitalibus praesit." " god Conseuius who presides on sowing and sexual intercourse": here Tertullian has preserved the most ancient form, even though he is not aware it is an epithet of Ianus (Capdeville above p. 433); August.

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writes that the temples of these three gods should be located on the most elevated site, isolated from the other. To his Etruscan founders the meaning of this triad might have been related to peculiarly Etruscan ideas on the association of the three gods with the birth of

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and at the time of the first treaty between Rome and Carthage (Polybius II 22, 19). It would testify to the adaptability of Etruscan theology, ready to assimilate myths and rites. G. Dumézil ARR p. 663. M. Pallottino remarked the golden lamellae look to have been written

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when branches of wild fig trees were fastened to cultivated ones to promote insemination. The historical episode narrated by ancient sources concerns the siege of Rome by the Latin peoples that followed the Gallic sack. The dictator of the Latins Livius Postumius from

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and on her rely all vital forces. But at the same time she belongs to the first function as a religious sovereign: she is pure, she is the means of purifications and helps the conceiving and realisation of pious thoughts. Lastly she is also a warrior: allied with the

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Otto underlines how this conception would entail the association of the genius with sex in common linguistic usage and how it would have been exploited in comic poets. Also that the Roman notion of genius was in the religious sphere close to the juridical concept of

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of the king as an adviser within each curia, as the epithet itself implies. It can be assumed thence that Juno Moneta intervenes under warlike circumstances as associated to the sacral power of the king. Since coins were later made near her temple, her epithet,

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goddess related to politics, power and war. Others think her military and poliadic qualities arise from her being a fertility goddess who through her function of increasing the numbers of the community became also associated to political and military functions.

2162:, etymologically identical to her. Modern scholars are divided on the interpretation of J. Curiatius and J. Sororia. Renard citing Capdeville opines that the wisest choice is to adhere to tradition and consider the legend itself as the source of the epithets. 2621:

Martianus Capella's collocation of gods into sixteen different regions of Heaven is supposed to be based on and to reflect Etruscan religious lore, at least in part. It is thence comparable with the theonyms found in the sixteen cases of the outer rim of the

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The two gods are mentioned together in a dedicatory inscription found in the ruins of the temple of Hercules at Lanuvium, whose cult was ancient and second in importance only to that of Juno Sospita. In the cults of this temple just like in those at the

2683:, dedicated to the City Protector Goddess Juno Caelestis, was one of the biggest building monuments of Carthage, and became a holy site for pilgrims from all Northern Africa and Spain. This was one of the biggest holy sites in the Roman Empire. 971:

ordered the gifts for the newborn to be placed in the treasury of the temple though it looks that another shrine stood there before 375 BC. In 190 BC the temple was struck by lightning, its gable and doors injured. The annual festival of the

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Basilea or as the queen of Jupiter Rex. The actual epithet Regina could though come from Veii. At Rome this epithet may have been applied to a Juno other than that of the temple on the Aventine built to lodge the evocated Veian Juno as the

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deities of the primordial and sovereign level, as it finds a parallel in Vedic religion. The contradiction would put Fortuna both at the origin of time and into its ensuing diachronic process: it is the comparison offered by Vedic deity

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Varro VI 27: "sic :"Die te quinti kalo Iuno Covella" or "Septimi die te kalo Iuno Covella"; but the text looks to be corrupt: R. Schilling restitutes: "... dixit quinquies: "Kalo Iuno Covella" aut (or) septies: "Kalo Iuno C."

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in Rome women were not allowed. The exclusion of one sex is a characteristic practice in the cults of deities of fertility. Even though no text links the cults of the Ara maxima with Juno Sospita, one of her temples was located in the

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in 338 BC the Romans required as a condition of peace the condominium of the Roman people on the sanctuary and the sacred grove of Juno Seispes in Lanuvium, while bestowing Roman citizenry on the Lanuvians. Consequently, the

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was on the kalendae of June. Her Temple on the summit of the Capitol was dedicated only in 348 BC by dictator L. Furius Camillus, presumably a son of the great Furius. Livy states he vowed the temple during a war against the

1266:(bridal spear) that in the marriage ceremonies was used to comb the bridegroom's hair as a good omen. Palmer views the rituals of the curiae devoted to her as a reminiscence of the origin of the curiae themselves in rites of 1129:

There they seduced the Latins into fooling and drinking: after they had fallen asleep, they stole their swords. Then Tutela gave the convened signal to the Romans brandishing an ignited branch after climbing on the wild fig (

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on the other hand proposed the theory of the irreducibility and interdependence of the three aspects (sovereignty, war, fertility) in goddesses that he interprets as an original, irreducible structure as hypothesised in his

761:, a word often used to designate soldiers, hence resulting in a tutelary deity of the sovereignty of peoples; in women capable of bearing children, from puberty on she oversees childbirth and marriage. Thence she would be a 1768:

or special priest belonging to Juno Seispes continued to be a Lanuvian, specially nominated by the town to take care of the goddess even though she was housed in her temple at Rome (in the Forum Holitorium). At the time of

1285:. Excavations in Largo di Torre Argentina have revealed four temple structures, one of whom (temple D or A) could be the temple of Juno Curitis. She shared her anniversary day with Juppiter Fulgur, who had an altar nearby. 5260:

I 9, 16: "Consivius a conserendo, id est a propagine generis humani quae Iano auctore conseritur": "Consivius from insemination, i.e. from the propagation of mankind who is sown having Janus as author." ; Tertullian

2149:(wrath), indispensable at war but dangerous in social life. What is known of the rites of October 1 shows at Rome the legend has been used as an aetiological myth for the yearly purification ceremonies which allowed the 1731:

A Greek influence in their cults looks probable. It is noteworthy though that Cicero remarked the existence of a stark difference between the Latin Iuno Seispes and the Argolic Hera (as well the Roman Iuno) in his work

905:. On the last day of the month, leading into March 1, she was celebrated as protectress of matrons and marriages. The new year began on March 1. The same was celebrated as the birthday of Rome's founder and first king, 2321:) would designate the specific virile generative potency, as opposed to feminine nature, reflected in conception and delivery, under the tutelage of Juno Lucina. Such an interpretation has been critically reviewed by 2017:, raising new questions and opening new perspectives in the theology of Latin gods. Dumézil has elaborated an interpretative theory according to which this contradiction would be an intrinsic, fundamental feature of 3320:

have been discovered inscriptions linking the two entities: "μ]εfίτηι καπροτινν[ιαις" and "διωvιιας διομανας" (domina) : cf. M. Lejeune "Notes de linguistique italique XXIII: Le culte de Rossano di Vaglio" in

2577:, Posidonia, Pyrgi might be a counter to Aphrodite's, linked to sacred prostitution in ports, as the sovereign of legitimate marriage and family and of their sacrality. Hera's presence had already been attested at 1443:

Palmer thinks she is to be identified with Juno Populona of later inscriptions, a political and military poliadic (guardian) deity who had in fact a place in the Capitoline temple and was intended to represent the

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Juno's own warlike aspect among the Romans is apparent in her attire. She was often shown armed and wearing a goatskin cloak. The traditional depiction of this warlike aspect was assimilated from the Greek goddess

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R. Maurenbrecher's reading, (after Schilling, above): "1.Divom patrem canite, divom deum supplicate; 2.Patulci cosmis. Es duonus Sancus Ianius, es duonus Cerus es Ianeus; 3.Potissimum meliosum recum; 4.Ianituos".

5425:. According to Capdeville and Dury Moyaers & Renard the main defect of all the proposed interpretations is that they are highly speculative, i.e. not grounded onto sufficient evidence in ancient sources. 1700:

At Lanuvium the goddess is known under the epithet Seispes Mater Regina. The titles themselves are a theological definition: she was a sovereign goddess, a martial goddess and a fertility goddess. Hence her

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and dedicated by himself as censor in 179 on December 23. It was connected by a porch with a temple of Fortuna, perhaps that of Fortuna Equestris. Its probable site according to Platner is just south of the

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and a Greek connotation. However Bayet recognized the quality of mother and of fertility deity as being primitive among the three purported by the epithets of the Juno of Lanuvium (Seispes, Mater, Regina).

2664:, interpreted as Saturn. Capdeville admits of being unable to explain the collocation of Juno Caelestis among the underworld gods, which looks to be determined mainly by her condition as spouse of Saturn. 946:, goddess who retains the blood inside the body during pregnancy. While the protection of pregnancy is stressed by Duval, Palmer sees in Fluonia only the Juno of lustration in river water. Ovid devotes an 2171:

only natural that a god of beginnings and a sovereign mother deity have common features, as all births can be seen as beginnings, Juno is invoked by deliverers, who by custom hold a key, symbol of Janus.

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Among Germanic peoples the homologous goddess was bivalent, as a rule the military function was subsumed into the sovereign: goddess *Frīy(y)o- was at the same time sovereign, wife of the great god, and

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be the natural vital force of youthfulness, Latte women's fecundity. These original characters would have led to the formation of the complex theology of Juno as a sovereign and an armed tutelary deity.

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Juno is certainly the divine protectress of the community, who shows both a sovereign and a fertility character, often associated with a military one. She was present in many towns of ancient Italy: at

2938:) and that between Sabines and Romans. Juno opens the bolts of the Ianualis Gate thrice, then Janus opens the Lautolae hot source that scorches the Sabines. On the last episode cf. also Macrobius 1510:, the Etruscan Juno and Aurora, i.e. Mater Matuta. One can then suppose Camillus's simultaneous vow of the temples of the two goddesses should be seen in the light of their intrinsic association. 1474:

J. Gagé dismisses these assumptions as groundless speculations as no Jupiter Rex is attested and in accord with Roe D'Albret stresses that at Rome no presence of a Juno Regina is mentioned before

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which itself is certainly an Italic title. This is the only instance of evocatio recorded by the annalistic tradition. However Renard considers Macrobius's authority reliable in his long list of

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This Juno is placed by ancient sources in a warring context. Dumézil thinks the third, military, aspect of Juno is reflected in Juno Curitis and Moneta. Palmer too sees in her a military aspect.

1717:. It is a decisive factor in ensuring the safety of the community and the growth of crops. The role of Iuno is at the crossing point of civil and natural life, expressing their interdependence. 2581:

in the sanctuary of Manganello. In the 18th century a dedication to Iuno Historia was discovered at Castrum Novum (Santa Marinella). The cult of Iuno and Hera is generally attested in Etruria.

2596:, one of the ports of Caere, excavations had since 1956 revealed the existence of a sacred area, intensely active from the last quarter of the 4th century, yielding two documents of a cult of 1432:

Juno Regina is perhaps the epithet most fraught with questions. While some scholars maintain she was known as such at Rome since the most ancient times as paredra (consort) of Jupiter in the

3177:

III 69, 5-6. M Renard remarks that the annual procession which took the image of the goddess (represented as a goose) from the temple of Juno Moneta on the Arx to the Capitoline temple in a

1133:) and hiding the fire with her mantle. The Romans then irrupted into the Latin camp killing the enemies in their sleep. The women were rewarded with freedom and a dowry at public expenses. 6143:

At Perusia, Cortona, Siena, Populonia, Visentium, even more in southern Etruria at Veii, Falerii, Tarquinia, Gravisca, Caerae, Pyrgi: M. Renard "Iuno Historia" above p. 152; L. Ross Taylor

2301:, has been maintained by many scholars, lastly Kurt Latte. In the past it has also been argued that goddess Juno herself would be the issue of a process of abstraction from the individual 6081:

1977 p. 398-458. All the Greek Inscriptions are written in Ionian characters, Torelli thinks of a Samian colony. The cult of the lunar deities may be associated with sailing: cf. Roscher

6074:

Dedicatory inscriptions to Hera on terracottas of the 6th century; besides Greek dedications to Hera, Aphrodite and Apollo, Etruscan to Turan. M. Torelli "Il santuario greco di Gradisca"

4868:

in the description of the serpent cult; at Tibur "Iuno Argeia" is found on an inscription: CIL XIV 3556; Hera Argeia or Iuno Argiva at Falerii: Dionysius of Halicarnassus I 21, 1-2; Ovid

2158:

as god of transitions, Juno for her affinities to Janus, especially on the day of the kalendae. It is also possible though that she took part as the tutelary goddess of young people, the

5758:

44 supported by Diodorus IV 39, 2 as adult: Diodorus relates only the simulated delivery as an adoption but Bayet believes the suckling was a necessary consequence. Bayet above p. 152

1111:

This festival had a legendary aetiology in a particularly delicate episode of Roman history and also recurs at (or shortly after) a particular time of the year, that of the so-called

1164:, present or symbolised in the fig and the goat) in general, and here in particular, have an inherently apotropaic value directly related to the nature of Juno. The occasion of the 967:. probably not far west of the church of S. Prassede, where inscriptions relating to her cult have been found. The grove should have extended down the slope south of the temple. As 5784:

M. Renard above p. 617-8: the process would be parallel to that of the myth of Eros, originally the primordial god who fathered Aphrodite who later became the child of the goddess.

5648:

a Pelasgian people issued from Thessaly (cf. Dionysius of Halicarnassus I 17, 2 and 89, 2). At the time of the first colonisation at the middle of the 7th century, the Trezenians,

5619:

1974-5 p. 56f.; S. Weinstock in RE VI A 1 1937 art. Tibur Col. 832f.: cults of the Iuno of Tibur as imported from Falerii; G. Pugliese Carratelli "Achei nell'Etruria e nel Lazio?"

1705:

was chosen by the highest local magistrate, the dictator, and since 388 BC the Roman consuls were required to offer sacrifices to her. Her sanctuary was famous, rich and powerful.

1498:

and his contemporary vow of a new temple to both Matuta and Iuno Regina hint to a degree of identity between them: this assumption has by chance been supported by the discovery at

5612:

1977 p. 435 on the Samian presence that gave an Argive connotation to the cult of Hera in Italy, archaic Argive Hellenisation of Falerii; M. Torelli "Tre studi di storia etrusca"

5421:), differ widely from one another. However, they all consider the feria to be related to an initiation into adult life and/or reintegration into civil life of young soldiers, the 2097:

is particularly relevant, as the god of the kalendae who cooperates with and is the source of the youthful vigour of Juno in the birth of the new lunar month. His other epithet

847:(expiations); lustrations designed to remove spiritual contamination or ritual pollution accumulated in the previous year. On the 1st of the month, a black ox was sacrificed to 1542:. Gagé traces back the phenomenon to the nature of the cult rendered to the Juno Regina of the Aventine in which Camillus played a role in person. The original devotion of the 554:

Juno's theology is one of the most complex and disputed issues in Roman religion. Even more than other major Roman deities, Juno held a large number of significant and diverse

1362:. Modern scholars agree that the origins of the cult and of the temple were much more ancient. M. Guarducci considers her cult very ancient, identifying her with Mnemosyne as 920:

as both are associated with the goat, symbol of fertility. But in essence there is unity between fertility, regality and purification. This unity is underlined by the role of

6178:

The presence of Astarte would be the reflection of a familiarity of the Etruscans with Phoenician_Punic religion as a consequence of their alliance with the Carthaginians at

2145:

that this story is in fact the historical transcription of rites of reintegration into civil life of the young warriors, in the myth symbolised by the hero, freed from their

1490:. Roe D'Albret underlines the role played by Camillus and sees a personal link between the deity and her magistrate. Similarly Dumézil has remarked the link of Camillus with 2480:

was held on October 10, possibly the date of the dedication of her temple. This fact reflects the strict association of the goddess with the beginning of each lunar month.

1407:

the altar-tables of the curiae are consecrated to Juno Curitis to justify the false etymology of Curitis from curiae: the tables would assure the presence of the tutelary

2414:

of every woman, was supposed to have under her jurisdiction the eyebrows of women or to be the tutelary goddess of the eyebrows of everybody, irrespective of one's sex.

5546:

V 9, 71 "Sancte Pater salve, cui iam favet aspera Iuno" "Hail Thee Holy Father, to whom the harsh Iuno is propitious", at the end of a passage devoted to the legend of

4518:

A backformation hinting to the association of the three deities in a temple site before the founding of that of Iupiter Capitolinus. Its existence is attested by Varro

3104:, 1937, pp.103-112: the theme *yuwen- includes the root *yu- at degree 0 and the suffix -wen-. The original meaning of the root *yu- is that of force as found in Vedic 2566:

were a people who maintained extensive (if often conflicting) contacts with the other peoples of the Mediterranean: the Greeks, the Phoenicians, and the Carthaginians.

650:

in Samnium Regina Populona. In Rome she was since the most ancient times named Lucina, Mater and Regina. It is debated whether she was also known as Curitis before the

1148:. In folklore the wild fig tree is universally associated with sex because of its fertilising power, the shape of its fruits and the white viscous juice of the tree. 2491:

was an epithet for Juno as "she who brings children into light". On this day, lambs and cattle were sacrificed in her honor in the temple of her sacred grove on the

2336:

mentions it first). Dumézil also remarks that from these passages one could infer that every woman has a Venus too. As evidence of the antiquity of the concept of a

1708:

Her cult included the annual feeding of a sacred snake with barley cakes by virgin maidens. The snake dwelt in a deep cave within the precinct of the temple, on the

2183:

are undoubtedly Greek his figure underwent an early assimilation into Italic local religions and might even preserve traces of an association to Indoiranian deity

1921:

has remarked that the meaning of Seispes cannot be seen as limited to the warrior aspect, as it implies a more complex, comprehensive function, i. e. of Saviour.

1124:

and daughters of the most prominent families be surrendered to the Latins as hostages. While the senate was debating the issue a slave girl, whose Greek name was

1387:. At Cures she was the tutelary deity of the military chief: as such she is never to be found among Latins. This new quality is apparent in the location of her 1140:

had been unable to interpret the myth underlying this legendary event, later though he accepted the interpretation given by P. Drossart and published it in his

7491: 5270:

VII 2 "...Ianus, cum puerperium concipitur...aditum aperit recipiendi semini." "J. at the start of pregnancy...opens the way in to the reception of the sperm".

1748:(supernatural or unearthly phenomena) which happened in her temple were referred to Rome and accordingly expiated there. Many occurred during the presence of 2371:

Romans believed the genius of somebody was an entity that embodied his essential character, personality, and also originally his vital, generative force and

2600:. Scholars had long believed the Etruscan goddess Uni was strongly influenced by the Argive Heras and had her Punic counterpart in the Carthaginian goddess 1558:: it lodged the wooden statue of the Juno transvected from Veii. It is mentioned several times by Livy in connexion with sacrifices offered in atonement of 757:

youthfulness, liveliness and strength, regardless of sexual connexions, which would then change according to circumstances: thus in men she incarnates the

3439:

Paris 1975 "Question dix. Theologica minora". Helernus is also associated with the black beans used as offerings to the restless dead on March 1, during

2691: 2641:(1599) many editors have proposed the correction of Hospitae into Sospitae. S. Weinstock has proposed to identify this entity with one of the spouses of 1597:

moon. She did not receive a temple in Rome: presumably her image was deposited in another temple of Juno (Moneta or Regina) and later transferred to the

877:. This is usually understood to be a rite of purification and fertility. A goat was sacrificed and its hide cut into strips, used to make whips known as 669: 1840:. Sarasvati as river goddess is first a goddess of the third function, of vitality and fertility associated to the deities of the third function as the 1416:

became the Latin term for both the place where coins were made, but also for the currency itself (and the Latin word ultimately yielded in English both

1205:". Martianus Capella states she must be invoked by those who are involved in war. The hunt of the goat by stonethrowing at Falerii is described in Ovid 4214: 1952:

Dumézil opines that the theologies of ancient Latium could have preserved a composite image of the goddess and this fact, notably her feature of being

558:, names and titles representing various aspects and roles of the goddess. In accordance with her central role as a goddess of marriage, these included 2626:. Juno is to be found in region II, along with Quirinus Mars, Lars militaris, Fons, Lymphae and the dii Novensiles. This position is reflected on the 2375:. However the genius had no direct relationship with sex, at least in the conceptions of the classical period, even though the nuptial bed was named 1209:

III 13, 16 ff. In fact the Juno Curritis of Falerii shows a complex articulated structure closely allied to the threefold Juno Seispes of Lanuvium.

2434:

Among the female entities that in the pontifical invocations accompanied the naming of gods, Juno was associated to Heries, which she shared with

1929:(thence *Friy(y)a-dagaz "Freitag for Veneris dies). However the internal tension of the character led to a duplication in Scandinavian religion: 1160:

indeed shows regal, military and protective traits, apart from the sexual ones. Moreover, according to Basanoff these too (breasts, milky juice,

1152:

presents a heroine, Tutela, who is a slightly disguised representation of the goddess: the request of the Latin dictator would mask an attempted

1724:

she was known as Kalendaris Iuno and was honoured as such ritually at the kalendae of each month from March to December, i.e. the months of the

7496: 4409:

G. Dumézil "Servius et la Fortune. Essai sur la fonction sociale du louange et de la blâme et sur les elements indo-européens du cens romain"

5641: 2554:

Juno is the patroness of marriage, and many people believe that the most favorable time to marry is June, the month named after the goddess.

776: 5148:

1882 p. 200: CIL XIV 2863: ORCEVIA NUMERI/ NATIONU CRATIA/ FORTUNA DIOVO FILEA/ PRIMOCENIA/ DONOM DEDI. Cited by G. Dumézil above p. 71 ff.

780:

A woman, perhaps Juno Lucina, goddess of childbirth, presents the goddess of love, Aphrodite (Roman Venus) with the beautiful infant Adonis.

6119:'s delivery of Heracles. Fecundity, birth, prophecy, magic and lunar character are common to the two figures: M. Renard "Iuno Historia" in 1022:

states that by his time this temple had become so dilapidated that it was no longer discernible "because of the injuries of time". A later

2379:

in honour of the Genius and brides on the day of marriage invoked the genius of their grooms. This seems to hint to a significance of the

661:

and Caprotina, Tutula, Fluonia or Fluviona, Februalis, the last ones associated with the rites of purification and fertility of February.

2054:

The relationship of the female sovereign deity with the god of beginnings and passages is reflected mainly in their association with the

5398:

1959 p.14f.; R. Schilling "Janus dieu introducteur, dieu des passages" above p. 108ff. ; J. Gagé "La poutre sacrée des Horatii" in

1991:

The divine couple received from Greece its matrimonial implications, thence bestowing on Juno the role of tutelary goddess of marriage (

1777:, who served as the city's dictator and highest magistrate in 52 BC (Cic. Mil. 27), and of course was also a Roman citizen (he had been 7240: 3316:

77. The association of Juno Lucina and Mefitis on the same or closely nearby site may not be coincidental as at Rossano di Vaglio in

355: 5726:

Bruxelles 1955 p. 15ff., 15-19 on iconographical and literary sources: "Junon et Hercule"; M. Renard "Hercule allaité par Junon" in

1885:

and of the Aśvin twins. Though in hymns and rites her threefold nature is never expressed conjointly (except in Ṛg Veda VI 61, 12::

1494:. In his relationship to the goddess he takes the place of the king of Veii. Camillus's devotion to female deities Mater Matuta and 861: 6652: 4163:

to the Capitoline temple, where she was placed in the sacellum of Iuventas, in the space between the cellae of Jupiter and Minerva.

2652:. This deity is the Punic Astarte/Tanit, usually associated with Saturn in Africa. Iuno Caelestis is thence in turn assimilated to 1457:

and his wife-queen were to offer a monthly sacrifice to Juno in the Regia. This might imply that the prerepublican Juno was royal.

1367: 480: 5719:

Paris 1926 p. 150-154; W. Deonna "Deux études de symboliqe religieuse. I La legende de Pero et Micon et l'allaitment symbolique."

2074:

of January as well as at the kalendae of each month: These rites show he is considered the patron of the cosmic year. Ovid in his

1104:): the custom implied runs, mock battles with fists and stones, obscene language and finally the sacrifice of a male goat to Juno 2195:, has argued that such a function must be a later development as it looks to have superseded that of the two original Latin gods 1570: 1559: 566:("she who looses the bride's girdle"). However, other epithets of Juno have wider implications and are less thematically linked. 2830:, composed in 1361–62. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature. 1590: 1197:. Dumézil remarked that Juno Curitis "is represented and invoked at Rome under conditions very close to those we know about for 494:, "rejuvenate", sometimes connecting it to the renewal of the new and waxing moon, perhaps implying the idea of a moon goddess. 6550:

Rome and the Campagna: An Historical and Topographical Description of the Site, Buildings, and Neighbourhood of Ancient Rome...

6497:. I Tatti Renaissance Library. Vol. 1. Translated by Virginia Brown. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. xi. 696:

of the new moon. The view that she was also a Moon goddess though is no longer accepted by scholars, as such a role belongs to

3941:

I 82: "cum pelle caprina, cum hasta, cum calceolis repandis": "with a goat skin, a spear and pointed boots curving backwards".

7629: 4335:

1969 p. 58 ff. discussed the Roman identification with Mater Matuta and Iuno Lucina, i.e. Leukothea and Eileitheyia in their

2924:

Cf. e.g. also Virgil's and Ovid's ascribing of analogous actions, if opposite in aim, to the two gods in the wars of Aeneas.

1165: 5286:

heaven, sky on the grounds of Paulus p. 34 L: "cohum caelum poetae dixerunt"; M. Renard "Aspects anciens de Janus et Junon"

2569:

Evidence of intense cultural exchanges with the Greeks has been found in 1969 at the sanctuary of the port of Gravisca near

1684:, a fact that has been seen as a proof of the relevance of the goddess to the whole society. In both towns she was known as 6389:

McHugh, J. S. (2015). The Emperor Commodus: God and Gladiator. (n.p.): Pen & Sword Books.

2391:

states: "Genius is the god under whose tutelage everyone is born and lives on", and that "many ancient authors, among whom

1004: 2476:

on September 13, because the date of these two was determined by the preeminence of Jupiter. Perhaps a second festival of

932:

how to overcome the sterility that ensued the abduction of the Sabine women, Juno answered through a murmuring of leaves "

7557: 5668:

where they inherited and took on the sanctuary founded by their predecessors: cf. P. C. Sestieri "Richerche posidionati"

2187:

that in Greece have not survived. Among other roles that Juno and Hercules share there is the protection of the newborn.

2046:, being at the same time his mother and daughter, as is true for the whole group of sovereign gods to which she belongs. 1078: 5409:

Bruxelles 1957 p. 235 ff.; G. Dury Moyaers et Marcel Renard "Aperçu critique des travaux relatifs au culte de Junon" in

2706:

Ancient Roman four-gods-stone (3rd century AD) with relief of Iuno or Minerva from Place Kleber. Archaeological Museum,

2220:, one of the sites of the legend of Hercules in Rome. The feria of the goddess coincides with a "Birthday of Hercules" ( 2141:

who had murdered his own sister when he saw her mourning the death of her betrothed Curiatius. Dumézil has shown in his

7508: 4965:

1965 p. 1-ff.; also other works by the same author, Jean Berard and Mario Torelli cited below at note n. 164.

4041:

1920 p. 147-157; J. Gagé "Les autel de Titus Tatius. Une variante sabine des rites d' integration dans les curies?" in

3853:

1977 p. 524-7) too expresses the view that Tutŭla, Tutĕla cannot be connected linguistically to the word and notion of

3157:

Paris 1974; It. tr. Milano 1977 p. 185-186; C. W. Atkins "Latin 'Iouiste' et le vocabulaire religieux indoeuropéen" in

2680: 1670:

The cults of the Italic Junos reflected remarkable theological complexes: regality, military protection and fertility.

1892:

Only in her Avestic equivalent Anahita, the great mythic river, does she bear the same three valences explicitly: her

622:. In five Latin towns a month was named after Juno (Aricia, Lanuvium, Laurentum, Praeneste, Tibur). Outside Latium in 7624: 6502: 1610: 1448:

of the king. The date of her introduction, though ancient, would be uncertain; she should perhaps be identified with

1096:

The alliance of the three aspects of Juno finds a strictly related parallel to the Lupercalia in the festival of the

916:

After Wissowa many scholars have remarked the similarity between the Juno of the Lupercalia and the Juno of Lanuvium

476: 239: 1593:

at the defeat of Carthage in 146 BC, and romanized as Juno Caelestis (Heavenly Juno). One of her symbols was of the

959:) of Juno Lucina was built in 375 BC in the grove sacred to the goddess from early times. It stood precisely on the 5775:

Univ. of Texas Press 2006 p. 15: "...the Etruscan version best illustrates the meaning of his name, glory of Hera".

2986:

The sex of the genii—as well as of some other gods—may be uncertain as is shown in the case of the genius of Rome:

1649:

towns should have the three temples of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva at the end of three roads leading to three gates.

1378:

dating to the 8th century. L. A. Mac Kay considers the goddess more ancient than her etymology on the testimony of

1262:

lends support to a Sabine origin of the epithet and of the cult of Juno in the curiae. The spear could also be the

1641:. It is probable Latins had already accepted the legend of Aeneas as their ancestor. Among ancient sources indeed 7302: 3842:

and corresponding to the obscene character of the festival; M. Lejeune; J. Loicq in his review of Dumézil's book

3078:

Munich 1912 pp. 181-2, drawing on W. Schulze and W. Otto in 1904 and 1905. Juno would then be a derivate noun in

2725:

described the temple within the sanctuary as one of Samos' three marvels of engineering, the other two being the

837:

In the Roman calendar, February is a month of universal purification, and begins the new year. In book II of his

3887:

I 8 : the goddess uses cart and spear; I 17: "in the ceremonies of Tibur the following prayer is uttered: "

2996:. See also CIL I 632: "sei deo sei deivae sac/ C Sextius C F Calvinus pr/ de senati sententia/ restituit"; Cato 2672:

Juno became the subject of major cult worship in North Africa, where she was merged with the indigenous Goddess

2660:. Uni is here the Punic goddess, in accord with the identification of Pyrgi. Her paredra was the Phoenician god 7604: 5512:

Roma 1902-1912 III p. 22 and 31; D. Vaglieri "Civita Lavinia. Scoperta di anitchitá nel territorio del Comune"

3636: 1332:

referred to the Capitol, place of her cult. Also perhaps a cultic term or even, as in her temple were kept the

4560:

Luisa Banti "Il culto del cosiddetto tempio di Apollo a Veii ed il problema delle triadi etrusco-italiche" in

6447: 4081:

R. Schilling "Ianus dieu intrducteur, dieu des passages" above; D. P. Harmon "Religion in Latin Elegists" in

1547:

Juno Regina to subdue the social conflicts of his times by attributing to her the role of primordial mother.

1293: 1370:, her oracular character, her announcement of perils: she considers her as an introduction into Rome of the 950:

to the lustrative function of river water in the same place in which he explains the etymology of February.

7639: 6645: 4538:

V p. 63-64 thinks of a dating after 575 BC. Other scholars put its founding at 580 BC, during the reign of

3284:

since the goddess had since the most ancient times a sacred grove and a temple on the Cispius near that of

1100:. On that day the Roman free and slave women picnicked and had fun together near the site of the wild fig ( 1070: 910: 824: 17: 5499:

Ephemer. Epigraph. IX 605: "Herculi San et Iunoni Sospit". The inscription is dated to the 2nd century BC.

4798:

p. 586: the Welsh king Math could live only if he kept his feet on the lap of a virgin, except at wartime.

1646: 7634: 6442: 3648:

In 41 BC Q. Pedius quaestor built or restored a wall which seems to have surrounded both: cf. CIL VI 358.

2034:, that shows that there is no question of choosing one of the two apparent options: as the mother of the 1822: 1789:(Milo's slaves killed Clodius in that encounter), he was on his way to Lanuvium in order to nominate the 1251:. The *quiru- would design the sacred spear that gave the name to the primitive curiae. The discovery at 980: 3189:

in front of the statue of Minerva, stood Iuventas's aedicula. "Aspects anciens de Janus et de Junon" in

2967:, that the part of the human body associated to the genius were not the sexual organs but the forehead. 7531: 7173: 7147: 6582:

Moyaers, Geneviève Dury; et al. (1981), "Aperçu Critique des Travaux Relatifs au Culte de Junon",

4530:

Boston and New York, 1893 p. 190: Lanciani states it was found and demolished in 1625 by order of Pope

3170: 1404: 6625: 7644: 7614: 7594: 7307: 7142: 4889:

I 29, 82: "At non-est talis Argia nec Romana Iuno. Ergo alia species Iunonis Argivis alia Lanuvinis".

2733:. Hera being equated with Juno, the temple is also associated with the Roman goddess, for example in 2613:

of Malta (of the Hellenistic period) which has yielded dedicatory inscriptions to Astarte and Tanit.

5417:

as an epithet related to the swelling of breasts in adolescent girls (based on Festus's glossa s.v.

2410:

The genius was believed to be associated with the forehead of each man, while goddess Juno, not the

7599: 7422: 7401: 7391: 6798: 6661: 2763: 2730: 2113:

and one to Juno by the regina sacrorum in the Regia: originally when the month was still lunar the

1857:

she annihilates the enemies and, sole among female goddesses, bears the epithet of the warrior god

1818: 1753: 1270:, a practice the Romans continued to use for Juno or her equivalent at later times as for Falerii, 1177:

Other scholars limit their interpretation of Caprotina to the sexual implications of the goat, the

1034: 630:

she was Populona (she who increase the number of the people or, in K. Latte's understanding of the

444: 259: 2085:, in the age when the Earth could still bear gods. The theology of Janus is also presented in the 1752:

in Italy. Perhaps the Romans were not completely satisfied with this solution as in 194 BC consul

7406: 6638: 6518: 3891:, (I beseech Thee) with your cart (curru) and your shield (clipeo) do protect my young slaves of 3567:

Mythographi Romani III 3; Paulus ex Festo s.v. p. 82 L; Martianus Capella above II 149; Arnobius

2018: 2464:

All festivals of Juno were held on the kalendae of a month except two (or, perhaps, three): the

664:

Her various epithets thus show a complex of mutually interrelated functions that in the view of

7649: 7234: 6592: 4580:

at the Lavinium 13 altars site: F. Castagnoli "Dedica arcaica lavinate a Castore e Polluce" in

3243:"Les autels de Titus Tatius. Une variante sabine des rites d' integration dans les curies?" in 2993: 2968: 2925: 2908: 2783: 1642: 1630: 1475: 1391:, her name, her role: 1. her altar is located in the regia of Titus Tatius; 2. Moneta is, from 1023: 789: 3280:

The ancient were divided on the etymology of Lucina: some connected the epithet with the word

909:, and the peaceful union of Romans and Sabine peoples through treaty and marriage after their 7453: 7350: 7006: 6925: 6673: 6567: 5174:

p. 311-312: "Of Aditi Daksa was born, and of Daksa Aditi, o Daksa, she who is your daughter".

4911:

A. Pasqualini "Diomede nel Lazio e le tradizioni leggendarie sulla fondazione di Lanuvio" in

2563: 2483:

Every year, on the first of March, women held a festival in honour of Juno Lucina called the

2242: 1673:

In Latium are relatively well known the instances of Tibur, Falerii, Laurentum and Lanuvium.

311: 31: 1534:

in the sacrifices to Capitoline Juno are proof of the resilience of this foreign tradition.

834:

of July 5 offer a depiction of Juno's roles in the spheres of fertility, war, and regality.

403:. Although this etymology still receives some support, a derivation was later proposed from 7448: 7332: 7286: 7076: 6920: 6693: 5298:

heifer and Iuno proposed the IE root for bovines *g(w)ou- (that gave English cow) and also

5140:

R. Mowat "Inscription latine sur plaque de bronze acquise à Rome par par M. A. Dutuit" in

4336: 2818: 2353: 2196: 1778: 1232:, as king Titus Tatius dedicated a table to Juno in every curia, that Dionysius still saw. 1125: 1065:. It was apparently this temple that was later reported as having fallen into disrepute by 816: 811: 6217:

G. Dumézil above p. 171 : "It is not certain whether Thesan be a designation of Uni".

451:

is he who has the fullness of vital force. In some inscriptions Jupiter himself is called

8: 7486: 7292: 7178: 7152: 7011: 6860: 6850: 6813: 4027:

E. Bickel "Beiträge zur Römische Religionsgeshichte. I Flamen curialis und Iuno Curitis"

3128: 2872: 2831: 2726: 2642: 2007: 1978: 1662:

plays a decisive role as a goddess of destiny along with the sovereign couple Uni Tinia.

1298: 539: 511: 283: 148: 126: 122: 4983:

Above II 41, 16: "Sarasvati the most mother, the most river, the most divine"; II 41, 17

3094: 784: 7365: 6991: 6955: 6915: 6890: 6793: 6773: 6713: 6630: 6554: 6490: 6424: 6416: 6294:

part to the west, named hostilis, unfavourable. An east-west line divides space into a

6282: 4539: 3838:

Münster 1965 article Caprotina und Tutula: Caprotina would derive from a word meaninig

2827: 2734: 2649: 2605: 2290: 2082: 1629:. The only ancient source who refers to the presence of this divine triad in Greece is 1400: 603: 523: 299: 291: 275: 170: 162: 108: 1813: 665: 7503: 7463: 7117: 7071: 6945: 6935: 6885: 6758: 6738: 6733: 6718: 6548: 6498: 6428: 6112: 4605:

Disegno storico del culto capitolino nell'Italia romana e nelle province dell' Impero

2992:

was an inscription on the shield consecrated to the genius in the Capitol, quoted by

2934:

quoting these verses on Juno's opening of the gate of the Ianua Belli of the town of

2858: 2357: 2059: 1984: 1926: 1774: 1714: 1579: 1343: 1085: 996: 295: 166: 138: 134: 130: 4709:

CIL XIV I(VNONI) S. M. R.2091; 2088; 2089; 2121; IUNONE SEISPITEI MATRI REGINAE 2090

502: 7545: 7396: 7127: 7046: 6986: 6845: 6823: 6596: 6408: 6179: 5768: 5413:

1981 p. 186-188. These works though being all inspired by Rose's interpretation of

4692:

Daniel P. Harmon "Religion in the Latin Elegists" in ANRW 1986 p. 1971-3: K. Latte

4326:

eta thesan etras uniịathi ba.../hutila tịna etiasa acaliạ.../tḥanchvilus catharnaia

3489:

Cf. G. Radke above article Februa, Februata for the different forms of the epithet.

2762:, where she is depicted as a cruel and savage goddess intent upon supporting first 2749: 2718: 2657: 2488: 2435: 1870: 1733: 1566: 1460: 1433: 1379: 1278:. Juno Curitis would then be the deity evoked after her admission into the curiae. 1058: 852: 805: 797: 519: 337: 287: 216: 158: 55: 5939:

does not mean the first among brothers, but the first absolute of all generations.

5645:

La colonisation grecque de l' Italie meridionale et de la Sicilie dans l'Antiquité

2951:

The immortality of Heracles was ensured by Hera rather than being hindered by her.

7518: 7513: 7432: 7427: 7280: 7248: 7132: 6665: 5717:

Herclé etrusque. Critique des principaux monuments relatifs à l' Herclé etrusque.

3028: 2702: 2597: 2392: 2213: 1760:

of Lanuvium in the Forum Holitorium (vowed three years earlier in a war with the

1598: 1531: 1503: 1302: 1048: 968: 801: 737: 547: 345: 315: 271: 189: 112: 79: 5771:"Etruscan Inscriptions and Etruscan Religion" in N. Thomas De Grummond (editor) 7370: 7259: 7122: 6840: 4874:

La colonisation grecque de l'Italie meridinale et de la Siclie dans l'Antiquité

2627: 2623: 2345: 2322: 2217: 2090: 2086: 1973: 1725: 1602: 1468: 1384: 1282: 1213: 1062: 1054: 793: 717: 697: 319: 254: 6574: 6480:

classics.mit.edu/Ovid/metam.html contains a full text translation of the work.

5640:

1968 p. 321-47 espec. p. 331 on Mycenean precolonial origin of Hera in Italy;

4034:

1916 p. 560; G. Radke above, article Cur(r)itis; P. Kretschmer "Iuno Curitis"

2637:

An entity named Juno Hospitae Genius is to be found alone in region IX. Since

2013:

However, in 1882 R. Mowat published an inscription in which Fortuna is called

1805: 530:

figure) standing behind the wheel, manning it, with Ixion already tied to it.

7619: 7609: 7588: 7297: 7221: 7137: 7066: 7036: 7016: 6865: 6788: 6778: 6679: 5602: 2884: 2808: 2589: 2332:, especially in the imperial age, the relevant documentation is rather late ( 2306: 2254: 1555: 1523: 1077:

delivered her puppies beneath the temple's statue of the goddess. The consul

988: 859:/Crane, a nymph who may be an image of Juno Sospita. On the same day, Juno's 727: 627: 611: 424: 423:, "younger"). This etymology became widely accepted after it was endorsed by 60: 4811:

n. s. 7 Zurich 1949 p. 48-57: D. P. Harmon above; R.E.A. Palmer above p. 38.

1728:

ten-month year, a fact which is a testimony to the antiquity of the custom.

7360: 7355: 7317: 7214: 6763: 6703: 6319:

S. Weinstock "Martianus Capella and the Cosmic System of the Etruscans" in

6127: 5653: 5088:

G. Dumézil "Déesses latines et mythes vediques. III Fortuna Primigenia" in

4587:

1959 p. 109-117; S. Weinstock "Two archaic inscriptions from Lavinium" in

3670:

III 247; Festus p. 147 M; Hemer. Praenest. ad Kal. Mart.; CIL I 2nd p. 310.

3476:

Paulus ex Festo above p. 75 L; Mythographi Romani III 3; Martianus Capella

2460:

Juno; Vatican, Rome. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection

2456: 2404: 2246: 2126: 2105:

included the invocations to Juno Covella, giving the number of days to the

2076: 1998:

The association of Juno and Jupiter is of the most ancient Latin theology.

1740: 1491: 1454: 1375: 1082: 1031: 1013: 1008: 839: 820: 615: 327: 75: 6768: 5978:

V 94-6; Aulus Gellius VI 1, 3, where however he is rather Jupiter himself.

3861:, but should have a sexual meaning as also is true in the case of goddess 3240: 2942:

I 9 17-18, who however does not mention Juno as the author of the miracle.

2822:, a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the 2184: 1833: 1403:

with Numa (Tatius's son in law) she is associated to a Sabine king; 3. In

7112: 5649: 4160: 2840: 2696: 2250: 2109:, a sacrifice to Janus by the rex sacrorum and the pontifex minor at the 1862: 1530:

collected money for the service, and to the times of Augustus during the

1334: 460: 7090: 6083:

Studien zur vergleichenden Myth der Griechen und Römer. II Iuno und Hera

4194: 2328:

While there are some correspondences between the ideas about genius and

7322: 7229: 6996: 6981: 6971: 6900: 6880: 6562: 6156:

Cf. Martianus Capella: Saturni Caelestis Iuno, in region XIV of Heaven.

5384:

For other interpretations cf.: H. J. Rose "Mana in Greece and Rome" in

4958:

G. Pugliese Carratelli "Culti e dottrine religiose in Magna Gaecia" in

2871:

in 2011, and named it Juno in reference to her relationship to the god

2707: 2516:

fell on September 1, followed on the 13th of the same month by that of

2484: 2469: 2451: 2423: 2388: 2208: 2188: 2066:

receiving the first sacrifice of the new year, which is offered by the

2006:

is represented as nursing two infants, one male and one female, namely

1941:, typical god of the third function, was extracted a second character, 1934: 1606: 1554:) in Rome. The one dedicated by Furius Camillus in 392 BC stood on the 1511: 1171: 995:. This was located near or under the site of the 6th century church of 973: 942:

oversees the secundament of the placenta and is strictly associated to

924:

in the aetiologic story told by Ovid and the symbolic relevance of the

890: 870: 535: 472: 263: 6420: 2035: 69: 7575: 7468: 7056: 6950: 6399:

Coulter, Cornelia C. (1937). "Boccaccio's Archaeological Knowledge".

6104: 5747: 5665: 5633:

1965 p. 1 ff.; "Lazio, Roma e Magna Grecia prima del IV secolo A.C."

4531: 3461: 3440: 2722: 2630:

by the situation of Uni in case IV, owing to a threefold location of

2570: 1999: 1721: 1650: 1347: 1000: 976:

was celebrated here on March 1, day of the dedication of the temple.

607: 579: 5664:

by the Acheans (Herodotus VIII 43; Pausanias III 30, 10) settled at

3610:

V 49, 74 dedication by Titus Tatius; Dionysius Halicarnasseus IV 15.

3335:

1971 p. 667 ff. The inscriptions are dated to the 3rd-2nd centuries.

534:

sits at Mercury's feet; a Roman fresco from the eastern wall of the

7375: 7312: 7253: 7157: 6976: 6930: 6905: 6835: 6743: 6728: 6723: 6698: 6412: 6108: 5547: 5279: 4853: 4665: 3862: 3437:

Fêtes romaines d'eté et d'automne. Suivi par dix questions romaines

2823: 2795: 2661: 2333: 2274: 2233: 2200: 2180: 2071: 2055: 1845: 1786: 1761: 1749: 1692:

and of the new brides, whose hair was combed with the spear called

1655: 1594: 1437: 1436:

others think she is a new acquisition introduced to Rome after her

1275: 1256: 1236: 1202: 1153: 1142:

Fêtes romaines d'été et d'automne, suivi par dix questions romaines

992: 925: 866: 848: 704: 651: 647: 639: 623: 595: 575: 515: 468: 303: 174: 5391:

1949 p. 165-169; M. Renard "Aspects anciens de Janus et Junon" in

2002:

offers a glimpse into original Latin mythology: the local goddess

1633:

X 5, 1–2, who mentions its existence in describing the Φωκικόν in

1320:. Palmer accepts Cicero's etymology as a possibility while adding 749:, the god of passages and beginnings who after her is often named 7031: 7021: 6940: 6910: 6895: 6855: 6753: 6116: 5661: 5657: 5477:

Chicago 2006 p. 220 ff.; G. Dury Moyaers et M. Renard above p.188

3789:

P. Drossart "Nonae caprotinae: la fausse capture des Aurores" in

3465: 3317: 3285: 3245:

Melanges J. Heurgon. L'Italie préromaine et la Rome républicaine.

2935: 2912: 2868: 2813: 2638: 2616: 2585: 2574: 2492: 2349: 2138: 2058:

of every month, which belong to both, and in the festival of the

2003: 1933:

resulted in a merely sovereign goddess, the spouse of wizard god

1841: 1837: 1782: 1659: 1574: 1515: 1495: 1487: 1359: 1252: 1190: 1117: 960: 906: 712: 643: 587: 555: 543: 531: 360: 349: 307: 6347:

IV 23; 16 fr. 240 C apud Tertullian above II 12, 18; Macrobius

1893: 1878: 1514:

will repeat the same translation with the statue of the Juno of

318:, and she was said to also watch over the women of Rome. As the 7458: 7200: 7194: 7107: 7041: 7026: 7001: 6783: 6708: 6285:, the art of interpreting the meaning of lightningbolts: Pliny 6234:

p. 334-7 above; W. S. Anderson "Iuno and Saturn in the Aeneid"

2889: 2835: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2753: 2039: 1942: 1874: 1854: 1790: 1770: 1765: 1702: 1634: 1614: 1507: 1189:

Under this epithet Juno is attested in many places, notably at

1157: 984: 921: 856: 677: 658: 635: 368: 6435: 5247:

V, as saying that Janus had twelve altars, one for each month.

4834: 4217:

prior to the dedication of the temple of the Capitol: Martial

2812:

offers a story accounting for her sacred association with the

2634:

in the first three cases that determines an equivalent shift.

447:

referring to a concept of vital energy or "fertile time". The

7551: 7327: 7051: 6875: 6830: 6818: 6803: 6748: 6281:

The division of Heaven into sixteen parts is ascribed to the

5918:

Paulus ex Festo p. 214 L 2nd s. v. genialis lectus; Arnobius

5832: 5575: 5183:

R. Schilling "Janus dieu introducteur, dieu des passages" in

4624:

Paris 1974 part II chapt. 1; It. tr. Milano 1977 p. 276 n. 31

4576:

M. Renard cites the discovery of an inscription dedicated to

4499:

Evocatio: Iuno Caelestis de Carthage. I Exoratio. II Evocatio

4213:

Paris 1974 p. 426; the triad had been already present in the

3328:

1967 p. 202-221; "Inscriptions de Rossano di Vaglio 1971" in

3134:

Philadelphia, 1974, p. 4; Marcel Renard "Le nom de Junon" in

2799: 2737:'s fanciful yet vivid description of the temple ruins in his 2714: 2673: 2631: 2601: 2593: 2578: 2400: 2023: 1938: 1930: 1882: 1858: 1829: 1586: 1499: 1248: 1235:

Modern scholars have proposed the town of Currium or Curria,

1194: 1027: 999:, which has an unusual circular shape similar to that of the 964: 746: 742: 619: 599: 583: 527: 507: 471:, "Youth", was one of two deities who "refused" to leave the 372: 262:, the protector and special counsellor of the state. She was 225: 30:

This article is about the Roman goddess. For other uses, see

6626:

The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Juno)

6462: 6126:

1953 p. 137-54; Pausanias IX 11, 3. On the oracular Hera of

5900: 4396:

Pubbl. dell' Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Serie 5

4306:

Camillus; a study of Indoeuropean religion as Roman history

3000:

139: "si deus si dea es quoium illud (lucus) sacrum est...".

2038:

she has the same type of relationship with one of his sons,

1605:. The goddess was once again transferred to Rome by emperor 7208: 7061: 5542:

Munich 1912 p. 276 n. 5; J. Bayet above p. 387-8; Properce

4627: 4607:

Accademia dei Lincei. Memorie. Serie VIII 2 1949 p. 317-415

3271:

Münster 1965 articles Tutela, Tutula and Fluonia, Fluviona.

3112:

genius of the vital force and also in Greek αιών and Latin

2864: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2278: 2238: 2093:

the Etruscans called him Heaven. His epithets are numerous

1946: 1638: 1449: 1371: 1271: 1019: 591: 439: 323: 267: 231: 199: 5991:

Paris 1977 part II chapt. 4; It. tr. Milano 1977 p. 316-8.

5464:

Capdeville "Les epithets cultelles de Janus" above p. 428.

4722:

Paris 1974 part II chapt. 1. 2; It. tr. Milano 1977 p. 266

4501:

p. 63–66; G. Dumézil ARR Paris 1974 p. 468; G. Ch. Picard

3937:

A description of Juno Sespeis's attire is given in Cicero

2604:, identified by the Romans as Juno Caelestis. Nonetheless 2573:. Renard thinks the cult of Hera in great emporia such as 222: 6870: 5750:, end of the 4th century; Diodorus Siculus IV 9; Hyginus 5626:

1962 p. 24; "Culti e dottrine religiose in Magna Grecia"

4526:

V 22, 4; VI 74, 34. Archaeologically: cf. R. A. Lanciani

2653: 2645:, as the epithet recurs below (I 81) used in this sense. 1764:); in it the goddess was honoured in military garb. The 1074: 279: 6660: 2584:

The relationship between Uni and the Phoenician goddess

657:

Other epithets of hers that were in use at Rome include

371:, who bore a goatskin, or a goatskin shield, called the 6519:"NASA's Juno Spacecraft launches to Jupiter 5 Aug 2011" 6304:

Studi in onore di Aristide Calderini e Roberto Paribeni

5292:

Annuaire de l'institut de philologie orientale et slave

2557: 1045:

This temple was located at the Roman vegetable market (

594:

as Regina, at Tibur and Falerii as Regina and Curitis,

6103:

CIL 3573. Renard associates it to the Greek legend of

5302:

caved in, inflected, etymology proposed also by Latte.

4822:

Annales de l'Institut de Philologie Orientale et Slave

4748:

Daniel P. Harmon above p. 1971; Properce IV 8; Aelian

4184:

p. 151-152; Paulus-Festus s.v. curiales menses p. 56 L

3296:

II 435 and VI 449. Other favoured the derivation from

2125:

The Tigillum Sororium was a rite (sacrum) of the gens

1625:

The first mention of a Capitoline triad refers to the

1108:

under a wildfig tree and with the using of its lymph.

7529: 3507:

Y._M. Duval "Les Lupercales, Junon et le printemps."

3181:

portantine, stopped and placed the image between the

2081:

the banks of the Tiber, and there receiving the god

518:

and on the right Juno sits on her throne. Behind her

240: 228: 6581: 6259:

R. Bloch "Hera, Uni, Junon en Italie Centrale" p. 18

5754:

II 43; Pausuanias IX 25, 2; as infant; Eratosthenes

4070:

Recherces sur la legende sabine des origines de Rome

3954:

IV 26; Stephanus Byzant. s.v. Κυρίς; Festus p. 302 L

2974:

frontem Genio, unde venerantes deum tangimus frontem

2387:, of whom every human individual is an incarnation: 1869:. She is the common spouse of all the heroes of the 1796: 654:

of the Juno of Falerii: this though seems probable.

6057:Gellius XIII 23, 2 and 18; Festus p. 221 L; Ennius 5850:

Tibullus III 19, 15 and 6, 48: IV 6, 1; CIL II 1324

4236:

Recherches sur la prise de Véies et sur Iuno Regina

3711: 3686: 2648:In region XIV is located Juno Caelestis along with 2289:The view that Juno was the feminine counterpart to 865:("birthday") as Juno Sospita was celebrated at her 851:, a minor underworld deity whom Dumézil takes as a 219: 6373:G. Capdeville "Les dieux de Martianus Capella" in 6094:Dedications on terracottas of the 4th-3rd century. 5827:Pauly Real Encyclopaedie d. Altertumswissenchaften 4417:p. 154 and notes; J. Gagé "Matronalia" above p. 86 3464:, though according to Varro it was located on the 2588:has been brought to light by the discovery of the 1963: 274:and a goddess of love and marriage. A daughter of 5075:D. P. Harmon "Religion in the Latin Elegists" in 4902:XI 16: "...και έχει πλησίον νεών Ήρας Αργολίδος". 4018:I 17; Paul. ex Fest. s.v. Curiales menses p.56 L. 3185:of Jupiter and that of Minerva and there, in the 2786:, commenting on some of her several roles in the 2695:Ruins of the temple of Juno in Samos, painted by 2356:. On this point it looks remarkable that also in 1181:and the obscene words and plays of the festival. 873:festival was held, in which Juno was involved as 7586: 6206:Recherches sur les religions de l'Italie antique 2399:, maintain that he is one and the same with the 2297:named genius, so women have their own one named 2293:, i.e. that as men possess a tutelary entity or 2273:The mythical theme of the suckling of the adult 1781:in 57 BC), resided in Rome. When he fatally met 1613:was built between 222 and 235 AD in the town of 1212:Ancient etymologies associated the epithet with 979:One temple of Juno Sospita was located near the 936:" "That a sacred ram cover the Italic mothers". 913:, which was ended by the intervention of women. 486:Ancient etymologies associated Juno's name with 27:Ancient Roman goddess of marriage and childbirth 5800:Edinborough 1913 s. v. Family p. 797; K. Latte 5514:Atti della reale Accademia nazionale dei Lincei 5475:Indoeuropean Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 4234:J. Gagė "Matronalia" p. 80-81; Y. Roe D'Albret 3099:Bulletin de la société de linguistique de Paris 2166:Curitis and Juno the epithet Janus Geminus, as 1697:patroness of the young soldiers and of brides. 1620: 1383:be the Sabine Juno who arrived at Rome through 1120:would have requested the Roman senate that the 5863:Munich 1912 p. 561 n. 7; K. Latte above p. 54. 4768:1921 p. 294-370; Properce IV 8, 3 defines the 4240:Annuaire de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes 4061:E. Paratore-R. Verdière "Varron avait raison" 3254:1976 p. 316 ; Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3097:, "Expression indo-européenne de l' éternité" 2911:attributes the institution of the ceremony to 2617:Juno in Martianus Capella's division of Heaven 2509:("The Nones of the Wild Fig") held on July 7. 2101:hints to his role in the generative function. 1297:Juno's sacred geese warn the Romans while the 741:sacrificed to Juno a white sow or lamb in the 707:of every month: at Laurentum she was known as 387:was once popularly thought to be connected to 6646: 6561: 6132:Un antchissimo responso dell' oracolo di Cuma 5142:Mem. de la Soc. nat. des Antiquités de France 4394:De ludis saecularibus populi Romani Quiritium 2534:The last of her yearly festivals was that of 715:). At Rome on the Kalends of every month the 5815:The Religious experience of the Roman People 3928:II 149: "Curitim debent memorare bellantes". 3895:born into my house". The precise meaning of 3132:Roman Religion and Roman Empire. Five Essays 2748:Perhaps Juno's most prominent appearance in 1828:As concrete instances Dumézil makes that of 1502:of a bronze lamella which mentions together 1486:on the grounds of an archaeological find at 1342:would thence have the meaning of recording: 1312:As for the etymology, Cicero gives the verb 893:. The Juno of this day bears the epithet of 4662:Paris 1974 part II chapt 1; It. tr. p. 276. 4582:Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni 2987: 2972: 2962: 2929: 2721:, beginning perhaps in the 8th century BC. 2249:, military goddesses close to the Heras of 2227: 2221: 1956:, would in turn have rendered possible her 1046: 1011: 954: 884: 878: 830:The rites of the month of February and the 483:of deities who already occupied the site. 331: 248: 90: 6653: 6639: 6601:Commentarii [Commentaries on Vergil's 4486:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 4426:Livy V 2, 1-3; Dionysius XIII 3; Plutarch 3753:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 3681:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 3509:Annales be Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest 2237:suggest a comparison with the Greek armed 1573:in 187 BC during the war against the 771: 68: 6584:Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römische Welt 6489: 6483: 5935:part II chapt. 4, It. tr. p. 317 remarks 5411:Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römische Welt 4927:Livy VIII 14, 2; Silius Italicus VIII 360 4308:1980 Univ. of California Press p. 129 ff. 3857:because of the different quantity of the 3061:II Erlangen 1836 p. 62 ; L. Preller 2042:, the minor sovereign who represents the 1088:and relics from the temple remain today. 348:in Rome, and also including Jupiter, and 5170:Ṛg-Veda X 72, 4-5; G. Dumézil above and 4785:Harmon above p. 1973; Herodotus VIII 41. 3963:Paulus ex Festo p. 43 and 55 L; Servius 3806:Vsevolod Basanoff "Nonae Caprotinae" in 3456:II 425-452, the rite is named after the 3057:I Berlin 1828 p. 200 ff.; J. A. Hartung 2752:is as the primary antagonistic force in 2701: 2690: 2455: 1972: 1819:hypothesis of the trifunctional ideology 1809:Juno. Silver statuette, 1st–2nd century. 1804: 1739:After the definitive subjugation of the 1459: 1292: 810: 783: 775: 501: 455:, and one of the epithets of Jupiter is 375:. Juno was also shown wearing a diadem. 354: 6398: 6380:3 1996 p. 250-300, especially p. 290-1. 5288:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 5066:Münster 1965 article Fluonia, Fluviona. 4509:II; Solinus XXVIII 11; Macrobius III 9. 3848:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 3249:Colléction de l 'École Français de Rome 2422:According to one interpretation of the 2417: 1901:). Her complete name too is threefold: 306:. Like Hera, her sacred animal was the 14: 7587: 5366:1953 p. 13; G. Capdeville above p.430. 5355:Bologna 1939 p. 99 ff.; Marcel Renard 5311:Schilling above p. 116; Paulus p. 49 L 5223:"Les epithets cultuelles de Janus" in 4918:1998 2 p. 672 n. 59 with bibliography. 4827:1952 p. 401-8, esp. p. 408; Macrobius 4761:G. Bendinelli "Monumenti Lanuvini" in 4001:Cf. G. Radke above, article Cur(r)itis 2989:Genio urbis Romae sive mas sive femina 2368:: the sex of this Genius is feminine. 1949:to the sphere of pleasure and wealth. 646:Regina, at Pisarum Regina Matrona, at 411:, "youth"), through a syncopated form 6634: 6383: 5550:and of the Ara Maxima. Cf. Macrobius 5185:Melanges d'Archeologie et d' Histoire 5109:very chastely worshipped by mothers". 4794:D. P. Harmon above citing G. Dumézil 4388:Horace Carmen Saeculare; E. Fraenkel 4195:https://www.etymonline.com/word/money 2527:in which the goddess was honoured as 2364:is mentioned in region IX, and not a 1582:on the west end of circus Flaminius. 1467:("Queen Juno") on a coin celebrating 1069:, when it was stained by episodes of 843:, Ovid derives the month's name from 497: 253: 7558: 6546: 5706:V 66 and 74; E. Paratore above p. 49 5605:"Il santuario greco di Gravisca" in 5357:Aspects anciens de Janus et de Junon 5294:1953 from the parallel etymology of 4700:III 13; Festus s.v. Curritis p. 55 L 4131:1954 p. 105-119 partic. p. 116 n. 3. 3717: 3692: 3478:De Nuptiis Mercurii et Philolologiae 3153:G. Wissowa above p. 135; G. Dumézil 3149: 3147: 3124: 3122: 3090: 3088: 3025:Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia 2558:Etrurian Uni, Hera, Astarte and Juno 2309:and K. Latte, Genius (from the root 2174: 928:: asked by the Roman couples at her 815:The area of the Forum Olitorium and 522:stands and gestures. On the left is 6591: 6468: 6339:1, fr. 23 Cardauns apud Tertullian 6226:P. Boyancé "La religion de Virgil" 6196:II 2, 10; Polyanus II 21; Aelianus 5906: 5838: 5798:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics 5728:Hommage à Jean Bayet. Coll. Latomus 5581: 5508:Bayet above p. 387; R. A. Lanciani 4840: 4671: 4633: 4620:III: part III chapt. 1 Paris 1973; 4466:Fasti Antiates apud NS 1921 p. 121. 4174:Junon falisque et ses cultes à Rome 4107:A. Claridge, J. Toms, T. Cubberley 3426:VI 13; Paulus ex Festo s.v. p. 75 L 2847: 2713:The Ionian Greeks of the island of 2505:After this was the festival of the 2498:The second festival was devoted to 2348:sacrifice of two sheep to the Juno 2241:one finds in the South of Italy at 1968: 1873:, sons and heirs of the Vedic gods 24: 7089: 6375:Revue de l' Histoire des Religions 6270:De Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae 5974:I 36; Julius Obsequens 58; Vergil 5796:s. v. Iunones; W. Hastings, Sebin 5159:Déesses latines et mythes vediques 5120:Déesses latines et mythes vediques 4503:Les religions de l'Afrique antique 4400:Milano 1941 p. 107-119; p. 201-221 3018: 2790:, supposes her as a conflation of 2731:harbor works of the island capital 2686: 2284: 2193:Les origines de l'Arcadisme romain 1665: 934:Italidas matres sacer hircus inito 336:("Queen") and was a member of the 48:Goddess of marriage and childbirth 25: 7661: 6619: 6609:In Tria Virgilii Opera Expositio 6343:II 2, 15: fr. 36 C apud Augustin 6022:G. Dumézil above: It. tr. p. 263. 5961:Festus p. 214 L 2nd s. v. genius. 4392:Oxford 1957 chapt. 7; G.B. Pighi 4304:G. Dumerzil & Udo Strutynsky 3791:Revue de l'Histoire des Religions 3571:III 30; R. E. A. Palmer above, p. 3144: 3119: 3085: 3082:, rather unusual in the feminine. 2667: 2429: 2383:as the propagative spirit of the 2049: 1797:Theological and comparative study 1366:because of her presence near the 1281:Juno Curitis had a temple on the 1216:, with the Sabine word for spear 1156:of the tutelary goddess of Rome. 1091: 745:. She is closely associated with 692:in her function of helper in the 282:, she was the sister and wife of 7567: 7539: 6511: 6474: 6392: 6367: 6354: 6329: 6313: 6275: 6262: 6253: 6244:Saturnia Iuno in Greece and Rome 6220: 6211: 6192:Strabon V 2, 8; Ps. Aristoteles 6186: 6172: 6159: 6150: 6137: 6134:p. 129 ff., also on Iuno Moneta. 6097: 6088: 6068: 6063:...Nerienem Mavortis et Herem... 6051: 6042: 6025: 6016: 6007: 5994: 5981: 5964: 5955: 5942: 5925: 5912: 5879: 5866: 5853: 5844: 5820: 5807: 5787: 5778: 5761: 5736: 5709: 5696: 5687: 5678: 5596: 5587: 5566: 5557: 5532: 5519: 5502: 5493: 5488:Les origines de l'Hercule romain 5480: 5467: 5458: 5441: 5428: 5378: 5369: 5345: 5332: 5323: 5314: 5305: 5273: 5250: 5237: 5216: 5203: 5194: 5177: 5164: 5151: 5134: 5125: 5112: 5098: 5082: 5069: 5056: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4952: 4939: 4930: 4921: 4905: 4892: 4879: 4846: 4814: 4801: 4788: 4779: 4755: 4742: 4725: 4712: 4703: 4686: 4677: 4652: 4639: 4610: 4225:Boston & New York 1893 p.190 2980: 2954: 2945: 2918: 2902: 2743: 2154:would then be the patron of the 1658:and the siege of Troy, in which 1247:, the Sabine word for spear and 215: 6540: 6401:American Journal of Archaeology 6232:A propos de l'Eneide de Virgile 5451:, Book XIV, lines 778-804, and 5230:1975 2 p. 395-436, who rejects 5131:CIL XIV 2868 and 2862 (mutile). 4597: 4570: 4554: 4545: 4512: 4491: 4484:S. Ball Platner & T. Ashby 4478: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4420: 4403: 4382: 4373: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4311: 4298: 4285: 4276: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4228: 4199: 4187: 4166: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4114: 4101: 4088: 4075: 4055: 4029:Reinische Museum zur Philologie 4021: 4004: 3995: 3982: 3957: 3944: 3931: 3918: 3902: 3877: 3868: 3816: 3800: 3783: 3758: 3745: 3732: 3723: 3698: 3679:S. Ball Platner & T. Ashby 3673: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3630: 3613: 3600: 3587: 3574: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3530: 3517: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3470: 3446: 3429: 3408: 3395: 3386: 3383:R. E. A. Palmer above, p. 3-56. 3377: 3365: 3355: 3338: 3274: 3261: 3234: 3221: 2719:a sanctuary to the goddess Hera 1964:Associations with other deities 1184: 1081:secured its restoration with a 721:invoked her, under the epithet 359:Juno-Hera, antique fresco from 5375:G. Capdeville above p. 430-431 5243:Macrobius above, quotes Varro 5046:G. Dumézil "Juno S. M. R." in 4936:Livy XXXII 30, 10; XXXIV 53, 3 4366:Livy XXII 1, 17-19; Macrobius 4317:Published by M. Pallottino in 4140:R. E. A. Palmer above p. 29-30 3834:= phallus p. 183ff.; G. Radke 3751:S. Ball Platner& T. Ashby 3312:ii 450 and III 255; Plutarch, 3200: 3164: 3068: 3047: 3034: 2852: 2523:October 1 was the date of the 2317:bear or be born, archaic also 2129:and later of the State. In it 1565:Another temple stood near the 1427: 1288: 1041:and consecrated and opened in 13: 1: 6586:(in French), pp. 142–202 6575:Book I, Chapter 17, Section 8 6448:University of Mary Washington 6115:who by cheating Hera allowed 6013:Paulus ex Festo p. 403 L 2nd. 5989:La religion romaine archaïque 5933:La religion romaine archaique 5861:Religion und Kultus der Römer 5829:VII 1912 col. 1157-8; 1159-60 5773:The Religion of the Etruscans 5540:Religion und Kultus der Römer 4720:La religion romaine archaique 4660:La religion romaine archaique 4622:La religion romaine archaïque 4271:La religion romaine archaique 4211:La religion romaine archaique 3826:Lund 1973 p. 28ff.; D. Porte 3392:R. E. A. Palmer above, p. 39. 3300:as goddess of infants: Varro 3076:Religion und Kultus der Römer 3007: 2305:of every woman. According to 2226:), which was celebrated with 1645:states that according to the 1550:Juno Regina had two temples ( 963:near the sixth shrine of the 731:he announced the date of the 475:when the building of the new 7630:Queens of Heaven (antiquity) 6337:Antiquitates Rerum Divinarum 5802:Römische Religionsgeschichte 5245:Antiquitates Rerum Divinarum 4856:as its founder hero: Appian 4694:Römische Religionsgeschichte 4578:Castorei Podluqueique qurois 4505:Paris 1954 p. 568; Plutarch 4251:R.E.A. Palmer above p. 21–29 4010:Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 3371:G. Dumézil ARR; V. Basanoff 3012: 2445: 2340:of women, homologous to the 1621:Juno in the Capitoline triad 825:Museum of Roman Civilization 378: 78:based on an original in the 7: 6557:: Deighton, Bell, & Co. 6228:Collection Myth et Religion 6167:Quaestiones in Heptateuchum 5353:La religione di Roma antica 5340:Les Horaces et les Curiaces 5282:proposed a derivation from 5234:as a glossa of Cedrenus' s. 4864:XI 16 calls the local Iuno 4430:6; Valerius Maximus I 8, 3. 4357:R. E. A. Palmer above p. 25 4068:I 1973 p. 49-63; J. Poucet 3210:V 67 and 69 ; Cicero, 2878: 2179:Even though the origins of 2143:Les Horaces et les Curiaces 1676:At Tibur and Falerii their 1007:. In his early 1st-century 869:temple. On February 15 the 10: 7666: 7148:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 7087: 6362:Saturne Africain. Histoire 5733:Bruxelles 1964 p. 611-618. 5386:Harvard Theological Review 5053:1954 p. 105–119 4439:Monumentum Ancyranum IV 6. 4149:V. Basanoff citing Mancini 3639:VI 356-361; 3694-5; 30199. 3403:Römishe Religionsgeshichte 3197:1942 p. 154; Livy V 54, 7. 3171:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2867:launched a space probe to 2856: 2834:briefly employs Juno as a 2449: 2245:and at the mouth of river 1518:in consequence of a dream 1405:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 606:. She is also attested at 29: 7479: 7441: 7415: 7384: 7343: 7271: 7187: 7166: 7143:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 7100: 6964: 6689: 6672: 6443:"Deception in the Aeneid" 5393:Revue belge de philologie 5361:Revue belge de philologie 5001:Above II 3, 8; I 3, 10-11 4820:M. Renard "Iuno Covella" 4696:Munich 1960 p. 168; Ovid 4683:Martianus Capella II 149. 4379:R.E.A. Palmer above p. 27 4122:Iuno Sospita Mater Regina 3926:De Nupt. Merc. et Philol. 3549:Mythographi Romani III 3. 3480:II 149: "Iuno Februalis". 3191:Revue belge de philologie 2778:' attempt to found a new 2472:of July, the festival of 1937:, while from the name of 1585:The Carthaginian goddess 578:as Sespeis Mater Regina, 490:, "to aid, benefit", and 477:Temple of Capitoline Jove 195: 185: 180: 154: 144: 118: 104: 99: 86: 67: 53: 44: 39: 7625:Metamorphoses characters 7402:Rape of the Sabine Women 6321:Journal of Roman Studies 5614:Dialoghi di Architettura 5529:II 7: Bayet above p. 387 5455:, Book I, lines 265–272. 5438:, Book VII, lines 620–2. 5161:Bruxelles 1956 chapt. 3. 4731:Livy VIII 14, 2; Cicero 4589:Journal of Roman Studies 4528:Pagan and Christian Rome 4411:Coll. Les Mythes Romains 4223:Pagan and Christian Rome 3418:19-46: see also Servius 3193:1953 p. 21; V. Basanoff 3031:, Haydock, 1995, p. 215. 2895: 2681:temple of Juno Caelestis 2360:'s division of Heaven a 1867:destroyer of oppositions 1756:erected a temple to the 1611:temple to Juno Caelestis 1005:Temple of Minerva Medica 642:Lucina, at Terventum in 467:meaning "the youngest". 443:(αἰών) through a common 7407:Battle of Lacus Curtius 6242:p. 61-9; L. A. Mac Kay 5684:J. Bayet above p. 170-1 5172:Mariages indo-européens 4348:Dio Cassius VXL 14, 5-6 3908:G. Dumézil "Iuno SMR" 3288:: Pliny XVI 235; Varro 3161:Paris, 1975, pp.527-535 3044:Warwick Press 1986 p.62 2816:. She is remembered in 1571:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 855:related to the cult of 772:Juno Sospita and Lucina 270:, queen of the gods in 7094: 6662:Ancient Roman religion 6593:Servius the Grammarian 6364:Paris 1966 p. 215-222. 6145:Local Cults in Etruria 6085:Leipzig 1875 p. 106ff. 5572:J. Bayet above p. 170. 5516:anno 304 V serie 1907. 5064:Die Götter Altitaliens 4872:III 13, 31; J. Berard 4796:Archaic Roman Religion 4674:, Bk. I, §§8 & 17. 4242:IV 1975-6 p. 1093-1103 3874:CIL XI 3100;3125;3126. 3836:Die Götter Altitaliens 3498:G. Wissowa above p.185 3460:of Juno Lucina on the 3269:Die Götter Altitaliens 3059:Die Religion der Römer 2994:Servius the Grammarian 2988: 2973: 2969:Servius the Grammarian 2963: 2930: 2784:Servius the Grammarian 2710: 2699: 2518:Juno Regina Capitolina 2461: 2228: 2222: 1988: 1844:and of propagation as 1810: 1476:Marcus Furius Camillus 1471: 1306: 1138:Archaic Roman Religion 1047: 1024:Temple of Juno Sospita 1012: 955: 885: 879: 827: 819:in the scale model of 808: 790:Temple of Juno Sospita 781: 735:. On the same day the 551: 391:(Jove), originally as 363: 332: 249: 91: 7605:Deities in the Aeneid 7093: 6568:Institutiones Divinae 6547:Burn, Robert (1871), 6230:1963 p. 19; R. Bloch 6076:La Parola del Passato 5813:William Warde Fowler 5693:J. Bayet above p. 386 5635:La Parola del Passato 5628:La Parola del Passato 5621:La Parola del Passato 5607:La Parola del Passato 5563:J. Bayet above p. 388 5187:1960 p. 91-131; Ovid 4960:La parola del Passato 4413:Paris 1943; J. Bayet 4207:Les dieux des Romains 4182:Les dieux des Romains 4180:38. 101; V. Basanoff 4063:L'Antiquite Classique 3683:London 1929 p. 288-9. 3558:Paulus s. v. p. 82 L. 3373:Les diuex des Romains 3323:Revue d'Etudes Latins 3195:Les dieux des romains 3175:Antiquitates Romanae, 2705: 2694: 2459: 1976: 1889:having three seats). 1808: 1754:C. Cornelius Cethegus 1463: 1296: 1035:G. Cornelius Cethegus 814: 787: 779: 505: 358: 352:, goddess of wisdom. 260:ancient Roman goddess 7287:Interpretatio graeca 6236:Studies in Philology 6204:p. 166ff.; R. Bloch 5817:London 1918 p. 135-6 4852:Lanuvium considered 4763:Monumenti dei Lincei 4475:Iulius Obsequens 14. 4337:interpretatio graeca 4330:Archeologia Classica 4319:Archeologia Classica 4282:Livy V 21; V 22, 3–7 4193:etymonline: 'money' 4014:, II 50, 3; Servius 4012:Antiquitates Romanae 3973:Quaestiones Romanae, 3899:at Tibur is unclear. 3729:Julius Obsequens 55. 3627:II 435-6; III 245-6. 3314:Quaestiones Romanae, 3216:Quaestiones Romanae, 3155:La relig. rom. arch. 3141:1950, 1, p. 141-143. 2819:De Mulieribus Claris 2418:Juno and the Penates 2362:Juno Hospitae Genius 1779:tribune of the plebs 1526:of 217 BC, when the 1170:, shortly after the 1053:) beside Temples of 918:Seispes Mater Regina 817:Theater of Marcellus 433:is related to Latin 7640:Childhood goddesses 7487:Classical mythology 7308:Theology of victory 7153:Kings of Alba Longa 6491:Boccaccio, Giovanni 6202:Myth et Epopée. III 5874:Genius Iovis Liberi 5804:Munich 1960 p. 105. 5213:IV 2: citing Varro. 4900:De natura animalium 4876:Paris 1957 p. 393-4 4862:De Natura Animalium 4807:A. Brelich "Vesta" 4750:De Natura Animalium 4488:London 1929 p. 290. 4176:p. 110-141; Cicero 4043:Melanges J. Heurgon 3405:Munich 1960 p. 168. 3159:Mélanges Benveniste 3129:Robert E. A. Palmer 3063:Rômische Mythologie 2844:(Act IV, Scene I). 2832:William Shakespeare 2727:Tunnel of Eupalinos 2015:daughter of Jupiter 1911:), The Immaculate ( 1680:was a male, called 1003:later misnamed the 540:House of the Vettii 510:: in the center is 344:), centered on the 186:Etruscan equivalent 7635:Marriage goddesses 7095: 6287:Naturalis Hiatoria 6283:Etrusca disciplina 6268:Martianus Capella 6208:Genève 1976 p. 1-9 6035:III 40; Macrobius 5510:Storia degli scavi 5490:Paris 1926 p.383-4 5404:Collection Latomus 5037:Yasna LXV 2 and 5. 4974:Ṛig Veda II 41, 17 4898:Claudius Helianus 4540:Tarquinius Priscus 4209:p. 87; G. Dumézil 4047:Coll. Ec. Fr. Rome 3924:Martianus Capella 3657:Livy XXXXVII 3, 2. 3595:Naturalis Historia 2828:Giovanni Boccaccio 2739:Genealogia Deorum. 2735:Giovanni Boccaccio 2711: 2700: 2606:Augustine of Hippo 2462: 2133:was associated to 2070:on the day of the 1989: 1811: 1694:caelibataris hasta 1682:pontifex sacrarius 1647:Etrusca Disciplina 1580:porticus Pompeiana 1569:, vowed by consul 1472: 1346:identifies her as 1324:mount, hill, verb 1307: 1255:of a sanctuary of 828: 809: 782: 552: 498:Roles and epithets 445:Indo-European root 364: 330:, Juno was called 286:and the mother of 46:Queen of the Gods 7527: 7526: 7504:Etruscan religion 7118:Romulus and Remus 7101:Legendary figures 7085: 7084: 6734:Castor and Pollux 6200:I 20. G. Dumézil 6130:cf. M. Guarducci 6048:Macrobius III 13. 6033:Adversus Nationes 5920:Adversus Nationes 5767:W. Deonna above; 5593:J. Bayet, p. 170. 4843:, Bk. VIII, §654. 4324:1967 p. 336 ff.: 4273:Paris 1974 p. 307 4221:; R. A. Lanciani 3776:VI 18; Macrobius 3569:Adversus Nationes 3256:Roman Anitquities 3214:II 66; Plutarch, 3040:Corbishley, Mike 2859:Juno (spacecraft) 2543:) of the warlike 2525:Tigillum Sororium 2397:De Indigitamentis 2358:Martianus Capella 2175:Juno and Hercules 2060:Tigillum Sororium 1985:Annibale Carracci 1793:of Juno Seispes. 1344:Livius Andronicus 1264:celibataris hasta 987:northwest of the 944:Fluvonia, Fluonia 889:, wielded by the 853:god of vegetation 674:Les dieux Romains 670:Vsevolod Basanoff 255:[ˈjuːnoː] 205: 204: 16:(Redirected from 7657: 7645:Capitoline Triad 7615:Tutelary deities 7595:Juno (mythology) 7580: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7560: 7554:Juno (mythology) 7544: 7543: 7542: 7535: 7397:Founding of Rome 7167:Legendary beings 7128:Tullus Hostilius 6965:Abstract deities 6824:Lares Familiares 6687: 6686: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6632: 6631: 6614: 6587: 6577: 6558: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6396: 6390: 6387: 6381: 6371: 6365: 6358: 6352: 6333: 6327: 6317: 6311: 6279: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6251: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6209: 6190: 6184: 6176: 6170: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6141: 6135: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6086: 6072: 6066: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6005: 5998: 5992: 5985: 5979: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5953: 5946: 5940: 5929: 5923: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5895:Genius Victoriae 5883: 5877: 5870: 5864: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5842: 5841:, Bk. III, §607. 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5811: 5805: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5776: 5769:Larissa Bonfante 5765: 5759: 5740: 5734: 5713: 5707: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5676: 5660:) expelled from 5652:people from the 5600: 5594: 5591: 5585: 5584:, Bk. III, §552. 5579: 5573: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5555: 5536: 5530: 5523: 5517: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5491: 5484: 5478: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5456: 5445: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5367: 5349: 5343: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5303: 5277: 5271: 5254: 5248: 5241: 5235: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5181: 5175: 5168: 5162: 5155: 5149: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5116: 5110: 5102: 5096: 5086: 5080: 5073: 5067: 5060: 5054: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4966: 4956: 4950: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4890: 4887:De natura deorum 4883: 4877: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4818: 4812: 4805: 4799: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4759: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4729: 4723: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4656: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4595: 4574: 4568: 4567:1943 p. 187-224. 4558: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4516: 4510: 4495: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4448:Livy XXVII 37, 7 4446: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4418: 4407: 4401: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4232: 4226: 4215:Capitolium vetus 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4170: 4164: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4118: 4112: 4105: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4079: 4073: 4059: 4053: 4025: 4019: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3961: 3955: 3948: 3942: 3939:De Natura Deorum 3935: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3906: 3900: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3820: 3814: 3804: 3798: 3787: 3781: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3604: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3474: 3468: 3450: 3444: 3435:Georges Dumézil 3433: 3427: 3422:VIII 343; Varro 3412: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3348:I 15, 18; Varro 3342: 3336: 3278: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3238: 3232: 3225: 3219: 3204: 3198: 3168: 3162: 3151: 3142: 3126: 3117: 3095:Émile Benveniste 3092: 3083: 3072: 3066: 3051: 3045: 3038: 3032: 3022: 3001: 2991: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2966: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2933: 2922: 2916: 2906: 2863:In spaceflight, 2848:Modern reception 2750:Roman literature 2512:The festival of 2507:Nonae Caprotinae 2466:Nonae Caprotinae 2231: 2225: 2223:Natalis Herculis 2139:Publius Horatius 2032:Enemy of Bondage 1969:Juno and Jupiter 1945:, confined as a 1734:De natura deorum 1627:Capitolium Vetus 1567:circus Flaminius 1434:Capitoline Triad 1380:Valerius Maximus 1098:Nonae Caprotinae 1079:L. Julius Caesar 1068: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1017: 958: 888: 886:amiculus Iunonis 882: 832:Nonae Caprotinae 725:, when from the 634:, the army), in 461:superlative form 419:, "heifer", and 338:Capitoline Triad 335: 314:counterpart was 257: 252: 243: 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 214: 196:Greek equivalent 94: 74:Juno Sospita, a 72: 56:Capitoline Triad 37: 36: 21: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7600:Roman goddesses 7585: 7584: 7583: 7573: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7559:sister projects 7556:at Knowledge's 7550: 7540: 7538: 7530: 7528: 7523: 7519:Myth and ritual 7514:Greek mythology 7475: 7437: 7433:Pignora imperii 7428:Parabiago Plate 7411: 7380: 7339: 7273: 7267: 7249:Sibylline Books 7183: 7162: 7133:Servius Tullius 7096: 7081: 6960: 6676: 6668: 6659: 6622: 6543: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6505: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6471:, Bk. II, §225. 6467: 6463: 6453: 6451: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6372: 6368: 6359: 6355: 6345:de Civitate Dei 6334: 6330: 6318: 6314: 6289:II 143; Cicero 6280: 6276: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6212: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6173: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6142: 6138: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6089: 6073: 6069: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 5999: 5995: 5986: 5982: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5947: 5943: 5930: 5926: 5917: 5913: 5909:, Bk. II, §351. 5905: 5901: 5884: 5880: 5871: 5867: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5812: 5808: 5794:Roscher Lexicon 5792: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5766: 5762: 5741: 5737: 5714: 5710: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5537: 5533: 5524: 5520: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5485: 5481: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5446: 5442: 5433: 5429: 5400:Hommages Deonna 5383: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5350: 5346: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5278: 5274: 5255: 5251: 5242: 5238: 5221: 5217: 5209:Johannes Lydus 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5182: 5178: 5169: 5165: 5156: 5152: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5099: 5087: 5083: 5074: 5070: 5061: 5057: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4957: 4953: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4910: 4906: 4897: 4893: 4884: 4880: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4819: 4815: 4806: 4802: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4772:old dragon the 4760: 4756: 4747: 4743: 4730: 4726: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4657: 4653: 4647:De architectura 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4615: 4611: 4602: 4598: 4575: 4571: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4522:V 149； Martial 4517: 4513: 4496: 4492: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4421: 4408: 4404: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4299: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4233: 4229: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4119: 4115: 4106: 4102: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4076: 4060: 4056: 4026: 4022: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3983: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3907: 3903: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3821: 3817: 3813:1949 p. 209-216 3805: 3801: 3797:1974 p. 129-139 3788: 3784: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3601: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3518: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3475: 3471: 3451: 3447: 3434: 3430: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3343: 3339: 3279: 3275: 3266: 3262: 3239: 3235: 3226: 3222: 3205: 3201: 3169: 3165: 3152: 3145: 3127: 3120: 3093: 3086: 3073: 3069: 3053:P. K. Buttmann 3052: 3048: 3039: 3035: 3029:The Book People 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3004: 2985: 2981: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2923: 2919: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2881: 2861: 2855: 2850: 2746: 2689: 2687:Temple at Samos 2670: 2619: 2560: 2474:Juno Capitolina 2454: 2448: 2432: 2420: 2393:Granius Flaccus 2377:lectus genialis 2344:of men, is the 2287: 2285:Juno and Genius 2214:Forum Olitorium 2177: 2151:desacralisation 2131:Janus Curiatius 2089:. According to 2052: 2044:Creative Energy 1971: 1966: 1907:), The Strong ( 1814:Georges Dumézil 1799: 1668: 1666:Junos of Latium 1623: 1599:Colonia Junonia 1532:ludi saeculares 1430: 1291: 1187: 1136:Dumézil in his 1094: 1066: 1049:Forum Olitorium 1042: 1038: 969:Servius Tullius 802:Forum Olitorium 774: 738:regina sacrorum 709:Kalendaris Iuno 666:Georges Dumézil 500: 381: 346:Capitoline Hill 342:Juno Capitolina 272:Greek mythology 241: 218: 212: 211: 82: 80:Vatican Museums 49: 47: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7663: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7582: 7581: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7489: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7451: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7371:Pythagoreanism 7368: 7366:Peripateticism 7363: 7358: 7353: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7260:The Golden Ass 7251: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7218: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7179:Barnacle goose 7176: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7123:Numa Pompilius 7120: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6670: 6669: 6658: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6621: 6620:External links 6618: 6617: 6616: 6589: 6579: 6559: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6525:. 27 June 2016 6510: 6503: 6482: 6473: 6461: 6434: 6413:10.2307/498505 6407:(3): 397–405. 6391: 6382: 6366: 6353: 6328: 6312: 6291:De Dininatione 6274: 6261: 6252: 6250:1956 p. 59-60. 6219: 6210: 6198:Historia Varia 6185: 6171: 6158: 6149: 6136: 6111:and sister of 6096: 6087: 6067: 6050: 6041: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5993: 5980: 5972:De Divinatione 5963: 5954: 5941: 5924: 5911: 5899: 5878: 5872:CIL IX 3513: " 5865: 5852: 5843: 5831: 5819: 5806: 5786: 5777: 5760: 5735: 5708: 5695: 5686: 5677: 5675:1955 p. 35-48. 5595: 5586: 5574: 5565: 5556: 5531: 5518: 5501: 5492: 5479: 5473:R. D. Woodard 5466: 5457: 5440: 5427: 5377: 5368: 5351:Nicola Turchi 5344: 5331: 5322: 5313: 5304: 5272: 5249: 5236: 5215: 5202: 5193: 5176: 5163: 5150: 5133: 5124: 5111: 5097: 5095:1956 p. 71-78. 5081: 5068: 5055: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5019:Above VI 61, 7 5012: 5010:Above II 30, 8 5003: 4994: 4992:Above I 10, 30 4985: 4976: 4967: 4951: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4904: 4891: 4878: 4860:II 20; Aelian 4845: 4833: 4813: 4809:Albae Vigiliae 4800: 4787: 4778: 4754: 4741: 4724: 4711: 4702: 4685: 4676: 4664: 4651: 4638: 4636:, Bk. I, §422. 4626: 4618:Myth et Epopée 4609: 4596: 4594:1960 p. 112ff. 4569: 4562:Studi Etruschi 4553: 4544: 4534:. E. Gjerstad 4511: 4507:Caius Gracchus 4490: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4457:Livy XL 52, 1. 4450: 4441: 4432: 4419: 4415:Titus Livius V 4402: 4381: 4372: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4328:. R. Bloch in 4310: 4297: 4284: 4275: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4227: 4198: 4186: 4165: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4113: 4100: 4087: 4074: 4054: 4020: 4003: 3994: 3981: 3967:I 8; Plutarch 3956: 3943: 3930: 3917: 3915:1954 p. 117 n. 3901: 3876: 3867: 3844:Fêtes Romaines 3815: 3799: 3782: 3757: 3744: 3740:De Divinatione 3731: 3722: 3720:, p. 305. 3710: 3697: 3695:, p. 158. 3685: 3672: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3629: 3612: 3599: 3586: 3573: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3529: 3516: 3514:1976 p. 271-2. 3500: 3491: 3482: 3469: 3445: 3428: 3407: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3364: 3354: 3337: 3304:V 69; Cicero, 3273: 3260: 3233: 3220: 3199: 3163: 3143: 3118: 3084: 3067: 3046: 3033: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2998:De Agricultura 2979: 2953: 2944: 2931:Ianus Iunonius 2917: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2875:in mythology. 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2798:storm-goddess 2745: 2742: 2688: 2685: 2669: 2668:Juno Caelestis 2666: 2628:Piacenza Liver 2624:Piacenza Liver 2618: 2615: 2559: 2556: 2450:Main article: 2447: 2444: 2431: 2430:Heries Junonis 2428: 2419: 2416: 2373:raison d' être 2323:Walter F. Otto 2286: 2283: 2229:ludi circenses 2218:Carmental Gate 2176: 2173: 2115:pontifex minor 2091:Johannes Lydus 2087:carmen Saliare 2062:of October 1. 2051: 2050:Juno and Janus 2048: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1798: 1795: 1667: 1664: 1622: 1619: 1609:. A surviving 1603:Caius Gracchus 1469:Julia Soaemias 1429: 1426: 1299:Gauls approach 1290: 1287: 1283:Campus Martius 1186: 1183: 1093: 1092:Juno Caprotina 1090: 1063:Carmental Gate 792:with those of 773: 770: 718:pontifex minor 506:Punishment of 499: 496: 380: 377: 320:patron goddess 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 178: 177: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 120: 116: 115: 106: 102: 101: 97: 96: 88: 84: 83: 73: 65: 64: 54:Member of the 51: 50: 45: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7662: 7651: 7650:Dii Consentes 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7578: 7577: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7555: 7547: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7293:Imperial cult 7291: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274:and practices 7270: 7262: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7222:Metamorphoses 7219: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7138:Ancus Marcius 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7067:Tranquillitas 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6680:Dii Consentes 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6651: 6649: 6644: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6597:"In Vergilii 6594: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6506: 6504:0-674-01130-9 6500: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6386: 6379: 6376: 6370: 6363: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6325: 6322: 6316: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6256: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6214: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6181: 6175: 6168: 6162: 6153: 6146: 6140: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6091: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6045: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6019: 6010: 6003: 6002:Lingua Latina 5997: 5990: 5984: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5958: 5951: 5950:De Die Natali 5945: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5921: 5915: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5892: 5891:Genius Martis 5888: 5885:CIL II 2407 " 5882: 5875: 5869: 5862: 5856: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5810: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5781: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5721:Coll. Latomus 5718: 5712: 5705: 5704:Lingua latina 5699: 5690: 5681: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5603:Mario Torelli 5599: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5569: 5560: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5528: 5522: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5496: 5489: 5483: 5476: 5470: 5461: 5454: 5450: 5449:Metamorphoses 5444: 5437: 5431: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5381: 5372: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5335: 5329:Livy I 26, 13 5326: 5317: 5308: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5107: 5106:De nat. Deor. 5101: 5094: 5091: 5090:Coll. Latomus 5085: 5078: 5072: 5065: 5059: 5052: 5049: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5007: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4971: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4948: 4942: 4933: 4924: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4901: 4895: 4888: 4882: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4842: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4797: 4791: 4782: 4775: 4771: 4770:annosus draco 4767: 4764: 4758: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4721: 4715: 4706: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4648: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4606: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4563: 4557: 4548: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520:Lingua Latina 4515: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4487: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4376: 4369: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4288: 4279: 4272: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4172:V. Basanoff, 4169: 4162: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3950:Schol. Pers. 3947: 3940: 3934: 3927: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3871: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3824:Early Rome. V 3819: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3748: 3741: 3735: 3726: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3621:Lingua Latina 3616: 3609: 3608:Lingua Latina 3603: 3596: 3590: 3583: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3425: 3424:Lingua Latina 3421: 3417: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3358: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302:Lingua latina 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3270: 3264: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3108:vital force, 3107: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3043: 3037: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2957: 2948: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2885:Potnia Theron 2883: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2845: 2843: 2842: 2838:character in 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2809:Metamorphoses 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2744:In literature 2741: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2614: 2612: 2611:Fanum Iunonis 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590:Pyrgi Tablets 2587: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2458: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2405:δαίμων ἀγαθός 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:Georg Wissowa 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:Cape Lacinion 2240: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2111:curia Calabra 2108: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1975: 1961: 1959: 1958:interpretatio 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1823:Indoeuropeans 1820: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1762:Galli Insubri 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:lectisternium 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1182: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1061:and near the 1060: 1056: 1051: 1050: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 989:Palatine Hill 986: 982: 977: 975: 970: 966: 962: 957: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 881: 876: 872: 868: 864: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841: 835: 833: 826: 822: 818: 813: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 778: 769: 767: 764: 760: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739: 734: 730: 729: 728:curia Calabra 724: 720: 719: 714: 711:(Juno of the 710: 706: 702: 699: 695: 691: 686: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 571: 567: 565: 561: 557: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 495: 493: 489: 484: 482: 479:required the 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 441: 436: 432: 428: 426: 425:Georg Wissowa 422: 418: 414: 410: 407:(as in Latin 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 376: 374: 370: 362: 357: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 251: 246: 245: 236: 209: 201: 198: 194: 191: 188: 184: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 150: 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 98: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 71: 66: 63: 62: 61:Dii Consentes 57: 52: 43: 38: 33: 19: 7579:from Commons 7574: 7553: 7423:Gubernaculum 7392:Golden Bough 7361:Neoplatonism 7356:Epicureanism 7285: 7258: 7239: 7220: 7213: 7199: 6808: 6704:Anna Perenna 6678: 6611: 6608: 6602: 6598: 6583: 6573:(in Latin), 6571: 6566: 6549: 6541:Bibliography 6527:. Retrieved 6522: 6513: 6495:Famous Women 6494: 6485: 6476: 6464: 6454:20 September 6452:. Retrieved 6446: 6437: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6385: 6377: 6374: 6369: 6361: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6323: 6320: 6315: 6307: 6306:Milano 1956 6303: 6299: 6296:pars postica 6295: 6290: 6286: 6277: 6269: 6264: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6174: 6166: 6161: 6152: 6144: 6139: 6131: 6123: 6120: 6107:daughter of 6099: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6018: 6009: 6001: 5996: 5988: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5957: 5949: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5919: 5914: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5887:Genius Iovis 5886: 5881: 5873: 5868: 5860: 5855: 5846: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5814: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5780: 5772: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5738: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5703: 5698: 5689: 5680: 5672: 5669: 5654:Peloponnesus 5644: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5598: 5589: 5577: 5568: 5559: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5526: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5495: 5487: 5482: 5474: 5469: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5435: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5371: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5339: 5334: 5325: 5316: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5244: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5218: 5210: 5205: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5171: 5166: 5158: 5153: 5145: 5144:5me Ser. 3 5141: 5136: 5127: 5119: 5114: 5105: 5100: 5092: 5089: 5084: 5076: 5071: 5063: 5058: 5050: 5047: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4946: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4915: 4912: 4907: 4899: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4866:Hera Argolis 4865: 4861: 4857: 4848: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4808: 4803: 4795: 4790: 4781: 4776:of Lanuvium. 4773: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4757: 4749: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4719: 4714: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4679: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4646: 4641: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4604: 4603:Ugo Bianchi 4599: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4547: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4497:V. Basanoff 4493: 4485: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4427: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4375: 4367: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4305: 4300: 4292: 4287: 4278: 4270: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4205:V. Basanoff 4201: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4108: 4103: 4095: 4090: 4085:1986 p. 1971 4082: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4006: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3951: 3946: 3938: 3933: 3925: 3920: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3889:Juno Curitis 3888: 3884: 3879: 3870: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822:E. Gjerstad 3818: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3752: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3725: 3713: 3705: 3700: 3688: 3680: 3675: 3667: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3607: 3602: 3594: 3589: 3581: 3576: 3568: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3537: 3532: 3524: 3519: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3477: 3472: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3436: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3402: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3308:II 68; Ovid 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3276: 3268: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3228: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3042:Ancient Rome 3041: 3036: 3024: 3020: 2997: 2982: 2956: 2947: 2939: 2920: 2904: 2862: 2839: 2817: 2807: 2796:Carthaginian 2787: 2757: 2747: 2738: 2712: 2678: 2671: 2647: 2636: 2620: 2610: 2592:in 1964. At 2583: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2548: 2545:Juno Sospita 2544: 2540: 2539:protection ( 2536:Juno Sospita 2535: 2533: 2529:Juno Sororia 2528: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2463: 2440:Heres Martea 2439: 2433: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2396: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2205: 2192: 2191:, author of 2178: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2135:Juno Sororia 2134: 2130: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2075: 2067: 2064: 2053: 2043: 2031: 2027: 2019:Indoeuropean 2014: 2012: 1997: 1993:Iuno Pronuba 1992: 1990: 1977: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1886: 1866: 1849: 1836:and Avestic 1827: 1812: 1800: 1758:Juno Sospita 1757: 1745: 1741:Latin League 1738: 1730: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1626: 1624: 1584: 1564: 1551: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1527: 1520: 1492:Mater Matuta 1483: 1479: 1473: 1464: 1455:rex sacrorum 1445: 1442: 1431: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1363: 1355:dies natalis 1354: 1352: 1339: 1335:Libri Lintei 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316:warn, hence 1313: 1311: 1308: 1280: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1199:Juno Seispes 1198: 1188: 1185:Juno Curitis 1178: 1176: 1166: 1161: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1121: 1113:caprificatio 1112: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1071:prostitution 978: 952: 947: 943: 939: 938: 933: 929: 917: 915: 902: 898: 894: 874: 862:dies natalis 860: 844: 838: 836: 831: 829: 821:ancient Rome 768: 762: 758: 755: 750: 736: 732: 726: 722: 716: 708: 700: 693: 689: 684: 683:The epithet 682: 673: 663: 656: 631: 572: 568: 563: 559: 553: 548:Fourth Style 514:holding the 491: 487: 485: 481:exauguration 464: 456: 452: 448: 438: 434: 430: 429: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 382: 365: 341: 328:Roman Empire 207: 206: 76:plaster cast 59: 18:Juno Sospita 7497:Persecution 7449:Gallo-Roman 7241:Res divinae 7113:Rhea Silvia 6565:(303–311), 6341:Ad Nationes 6326:1946 p. 127 6246:2nd Series 6165:Augustinus 5987:G. Dumézil 5948:Censorinus 5937:primigenius 5931:G. Dumézil 5859:G. Wissowa 5752:Poet. Astr. 5642:Jean Berard 5538:G. Wissowa 5527:Ad nationes 5525:Tertullian 5338:G. Dumézil 5263:Ad Nationes 5211:De Menisbus 5118:G. Dumézil 5028:Yt. V 85-87 4735:17 and 45; 4718:G. Dumézil 4658:G. Dumézil 4645:Vitruvius, 4616:G. Dumézil 4524:Epigrammata 4269:G. Dumézil 4219:Epigrammata 4178:de Domo Sua 4120:G. Dumézil 4052:1976 p. 516 3780:I 11, 35-40 3755:London 1929 3718:Burn (1871) 3693:Burn (1871) 3623:V 50; Ovid 3527:II 362-453. 3401:Kurt Latte 3292:V 49; Ovid 3074:G. Wissowa 2853:Spaceflight 2841:The Tempest 2697:Luigi Mayer 2549:The Saviour 2514:Juno Regina 2502:on June 1. 2500:Juno Moneta 2478:Juno Moneta 1887:triṣadásthā 1871:Mahābhārata 1601:founded by 1484:evocationes 1465:IVNO REGINA 1440:from Veii. 1428:Juno Regina 1397:the Adviser 1368:auguraculum 1289:Juno Moneta 1228:, with the 1224:cart, with 1146:Question IX 1144:in 1975 as 997:San Teodoro 991:within the 875:Juno Lucina 804:, drawn by 672:(author of 550:(60–79 AD). 492:iuvenescere 181:Equivalents 87:Other names 7589:Categories 7442:Variations 7344:Philosophy 7323:Capitolium 7230:Propertius 6997:Averruncus 6982:Aeternitas 6972:Abundantia 6901:Proserpina 6613:(in Latin) 6563:Lactantius 6360:M. Leglay 6349:Saturnalia 6310:p. 223-34. 6194:Oekonomica 6037:Saturnalia 5742:Lycophron 5552:Saturnalia 5342:Paris 1942 5320:G. Dumézil 5256:Macrobius 5191:I 103-139. 5157:G Dumézil 4947:Pro Milone 4829:Saturnalia 4737:Pro Murena 4733:Pro Milone 4536:Early Rome 4370:I 6, 12-14 4368:Saturnalia 4293:Saturnalia 4291:Macrobius 4094:Macrobius 3832:caprificus 3772:29; Varro 3452:In Ovid's 3350:Ling. Lat. 3344:Macrobius 3306:Nat. Deor. 3212:Nat. Deor. 3208:Ling. Lat. 3055:Mythologus 3008:References 2940:Saturnalia 2857:See also: 2824:Florentine 2782:in Italy. 2708:Strasbourg 2656:and Greek 2485:Matronalia 2452:Matronalia 2424:Di Penates 2389:Censorinus 2209:Ara maxima 2189:Jean Bayet 2185:Trita Apya 1850:the mother 1607:Elagabalus 1512:Octavianus 1364:the Warner 1318:the Warner 1179:caprificus 1172:poplifugia 1131:caprificus 1102:caprificus 1083:Senatorial 974:Matronalia 953:A temple ( 871:Lupercalia 536:triclinium 437:and Greek 7546:Mythology 7469:Mithraism 7454:Mysteries 7303:Palladium 7281:Festivals 7057:Securitas 7007:Concordia 6951:Vertumnus 6769:Dīs Pater 6666:mythology 6555:Cambridge 6429:207358292 6351:I 10, 20. 6031:Arnobius 5748:scholiast 5744:Alexandra 5715:J. Bayet 5666:Posidonia 5486:J. Bayet 5419:sororiare 5290:1953 and 5122:p. 96 ff. 5062:G. Radke 4949:27 and 46 4831:I 15, 18. 4739:51 and 90 4532:Barberini 3975:87; Ovid 3774:Lin. Lat. 3764:Plutarch 3584:II 35-46. 3462:Esquiline 3441:Lemuralia 3290:Lin. Lat. 3267:G. Radke 3258:II 50, 3. 3241:Jean Gagé 3013:Citations 2928:comments 2794:with the 2772:Rutulians 2766:and then 2723:Herodotus 2571:Tarquinia 2564:Etruscans 2446:Festivals 2350:Deae Diae 2313:, whence 2257:known as 2216:near the 2099:Consivius 2028:Not-Bound 2000:Praeneste 1960:as Hera. 1903:The Wet ( 1863:vṛtraghnỉ 1848:. She is 1834:Sarasvatī 1726:pre-Numan 1722:Laurentum 1651:Vitruvius 1631:Pausanias 1348:Mnemosyne 1328:and noun 1305:in 390 BC 1241:*quir(i)s 1162:genitalia 1106:Caprotina 1001:nymphaeum 895:Februalis 608:Praeneste 580:Laurentum 383:The name 379:Etymology 258:) was an 213:English: 100:Genealogy 95:("Queen") 7509:Glossary 7480:See also 7376:Stoicism 7351:Cynicism 7313:Pomerium 7272:Concepts 7254:Apuleius 7174:She-wolf 7158:Hersilia 7077:Victoria 6977:Aequitas 6931:Summanus 6921:Silvanus 6906:Quirinus 6836:Libertas 6799:Hercules 6744:Cloacina 6729:Carmenta 6724:Bona Dea 6699:Angerona 6694:Agenoria 6599:Aeneidem 6493:(2003). 6272:I 45-60. 6183:hastily. 6109:Tiresias 6105:Historis 5554:I 12, 28 5548:Bona Dea 5434:Vergil, 5280:Scaliger 5232:cibullum 5079:p. 197 . 4854:Diomedes 4428:Camillus 3988:Servius 3883:Servius 3863:Tutilina 3766:Camillus 3708:II 57–58 3597:XVI 235. 3416:Fasti II 3231:VI 59-62 2879:See also 2774:against 2770:and the 2729:and the 2354:Victoria 2334:Tibullus 2275:Heracles 2234:Tusculum 2201:Pilumnus 2197:Picumnus 2181:Hercules 2168:sororius 2160:iuniores 2095:Iunonius 2056:kalendae 1981:and Juno 1846:Sinīvalī 1832:goddess 1787:Bovillae 1750:Hannibal 1746:prodigia 1678:sacerdos 1656:Herakles 1595:crescent 1560:prodigia 1556:Aventine 1544:matronae 1540:matronae 1528:matronae 1438:evocatio 1276:Carthage 1268:evocatio 1257:Hercules 1237:Quirinus 1226:Quirites 1203:Lanuvium 1154:evocatio 1126:Philotis 1122:matronae 993:Pomerium 948:excursus 940:Februlis 926:Lupercal 899:Februata 867:Palatine 849:Helernus 806:Lanciani 751:Iunonius 705:kalendae 701:Lucifera 652:evocatio 648:Aesernia 640:Pisaurum 624:Campania 596:Tusculum 576:Lanuvium 556:epithets 516:caduceus 469:Iuventas 401:*Diovona 326:and the 312:Etruscan 304:Juventas 247:; Latin 175:Juventas 155:Children 119:Siblings 58:and the 7492:Decline 7416:Objects 7318:Temples 7298:Charity 7032:Laverna 7022:Fortuna 7012:Feronia 6941:Veritas 6911:Salacia 6896:Priapus 6881:Penates 6861:Neptune 6856:Minerva 6851:Mercury 6814:Jupiter 6754:Dea Dia 6719:Bellona 6674:Deities 6529:15 June 6469:Servius 6121:Latomus 6117:Alcmena 6059:Annales 6039:III 13. 5970:Cicero 5907:Servius 5839:Servius 5756:Katast. 5746:39 and 5670:MEFR(A) 5662:Sybaris 5658:Argolid 5582:Servius 5544:Elegiae 5423:iuvenes 5415:sororia 5225:MEFR(A) 5104:Cicero 4945:Cicero 4885:Cicero 4841:Servius 4672:Servius 4634:Servius 3969:Romulus 3840:phallus 3808:Latomus 3770:Romulus 3738:Cicero 3540:II 441. 3466:Cispius 3318:Lucania 3286:Mefitis 3187:pronaos 3179:lectica 3136:Phoibos 2964:persona 2936:Latinus 2926:Servius 2913:Romulus 2909:Servius 2873:Jupiter 2869:Jupiter 2826:author 2814:peacock 2643:Neptune 2639:Grotius 2586:Astarte 2493:Cispius 2468:on the 2395:in his 2259:Argivae 2127:Horatia 2120:labours 2072:Agonium 2004:Fortuna 1979:Jupiter 1913:Anāhitā 1899:yaož dā 1838:Anāhīta 1821:of the 1783:Clodius 1686:Curitis 1660:Minerva 1643:Servius 1575:Ligures 1516:Perusia 1496:Fortuna 1399:: like 1360:Aurunci 1326:e-mineo 1303:Capitol 1260:Curinus 1253:Sulmona 1220:, with 1191:Falerii 1118:Fidenae 1043:194 BC. 1030:by the 961:Cispius 907:Romulus 891:Luperci 880:februum 845:februae 823:at the 800:at the 759:iuvenes 723:Covella 713:Kalends 694:labours 690:Covella 644:Samnium 632:iuvenes 588:Falerii 560:Pronuba 544:Pompeii 538:in the 532:Nephele 512:Mercury 473:Capitol 457:Ioviste 453:Iuuntus 449:iuvenis 415:(as in 409:iuvenis 361:Pompeii 350:Minerva 308:peacock 296:Bellona 284:Jupiter 264:equated 167:Bellona 149:Jupiter 145:Consort 127:Neptune 123:Jupiter 105:Parents 7532:Portal 7459:Cybele 7385:Events 7333:Celtic 7201:Aeneid 7195:Virgil 7108:Aeneas 7042:Pietas 7027:Fontus 7002:Caelus 6992:Annona 6987:Africa 6956:Vulcan 6916:Saturn 6891:Pomona 6794:Genius 6784:Faunus 6774:Egeria 6714:Aurora 6709:Apollo 6605:]" 6603:Aeneid 6501: 6427: 6421:498505 6419: 6335:Varro 6300:antica 6180:Alalia 6169:VII 16 6147:p. 85. 6000:Varro 5922:II 67. 5702:Varro 5447:Ovid, 5436:Aeneid 5048:Eranos 4870:Amores 4774:tutela 4752:XI 16. 4698:Amores 4649:, I.7. 4390:Horace 4126:Eranos 4098:III 9. 4036:Glotta 3979:II 477 3910:Eranos 3855:tutēla 3619:Varro 3606:Varro 3593:Pliny 3420:Aeneid 3414:Ovid 3310:Fasti, 3206:Varro 2971:noted 2890:Reitia 2836:masque 2788:Aeneid 2776:Aeneas 2768:Turnus 2759:Aeneid 2754:Virgil 2717:built 2650:Saturn 2575:Croton 2541:tutela 2489:Lucina 2381:Genius 2342:genius 2295:double 2291:Genius 2263:Argive 2083:Saturn 2036:Aditya 2026:, the 1954:Regina 1943:Freyja 1905:Arədvī 1875:Dharma 1855:Maruts 1791:flamen 1771:Cicero 1766:flamen 1703:flamen 1690:curiae 1635:Phocis 1615:Dougga 1591:evoked 1508:Thesan 1488:Isaura 1480:Regina 1446:Regina 1414:moneta 1401:Egeria 1393:monere 1340:monere 1330:monile 1314:monēre 1245:*quiru 1230:curiae 1222:currus 1207:Amores 1158:Tutela 1086:decree 1073:and a 1039:197 BC 1032:consul 985:Cybele 981:Temple 922:Faunus 903:Februa 763:poliad 685:Lucina 678:curiae 659:Moneta 636:Umbria 628:Teanum 612:Aricia 604:Lucina 564:Cinxia 524:Vulcan 488:iuvare 465:iuuen- 431:Iuuen- 421:iūnior 405:iuven- 369:Athena 333:Regina 310:. Her 300:Lucina 292:Vulcan 276:Saturn 171:Lucina 163:Vulcan 109:Saturn 92:Regina 7576:Media 7328:Cella 7235:Varro 7215:Fasti 7188:Texts 7072:Terra 7052:Salus 7017:Fides 6946:Vesta 6936:Venus 6886:Pluto 6876:Orcus 6831:Liber 6819:Lares 6804:Janus 6789:Flora 6779:Fauna 6759:Diana 6749:Cupid 6739:Ceres 6425:S2CID 6417:JSTOR 6113:Manto 6061:104 " 6004:V 69. 5952:III 1 5889:", " 5650:Doric 5453:Fasti 5296:iunix 5284:cohum 5268:C. 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