369:
96:
380:. The Muslims introduced lemons, Seville oranges and sugar cane, as well as cotton and mulberries for sericulture, and built irrigation systems for agriculture. Sicily was also an important hub for trade between the Near East, North Africa and the Italian maritime republics such as
352:
in 967, a movement which profoundly transformed the social structure of the region. It forced a regrouping of all inhabitants in a small number of cities (one per district), each guarded by a castle and equipped with a
190:
conquered
Ifriqiya in 909, the Kalb, having been an important military and religious support for the Fatimids, were quick to attain high influence in the new regime. By this time, the Kalbids were allied with the
443:
321:
and began their conquest, which was completed in 1091. The
Muslims were allowed to remain and played an important role in the administration, army and economy of the Norman kingdom until the 12th century.
431:
437:
561:
La
Madonna dei Milici di Scicli: cristiani e musulmani nella Sicilia del Mille : i piΓΉ antichi testi in volgare : storia, tradizione, fede, civiltΓ , arte, folclore
425:
254:. During this period there were constant power struggles amongst the Muslims. Nominally the island was under rule of the Aghlabids and afterward their Fatimid successors.
812:
310:
294:
265:
of Sicily, the first of the Kalbid dynasty. The
Fatimids appointed the Kalbids as rulers via proxy before they shifted their capital from
302:
419:
278:
667:
616:
586:
542:
515:
782:
242:, was taken. At the same time various Muslim incursions into southern Italy occurred, with new Emirates being founded in
746:
472:
273:
in 969. Raids into southern Italy continued under the
Kalbids into the 11th century, and in 982 a German army under
235:
178:
in
Ifriqiya (800β909), the fortunes of the Kalb declined as the rulers there favored the tribe's rivals from the
309:
and the Zirids. Even though neither of these powers could establish themselves in Sicily permanently, under
507:
Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of
Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History
817:
407:
361:. It was not just a question of bringing Islam into the Sicilian way of life, but also of conveying the
729:
343:
313:(1040β1053) the island fragmented into small fiefdoms. The Kalbids died out in 1053, and in 1061 the
215:
63:
376:
Under the Kalbid dynasty, Sicily, and especially
Palermo, was an important economic centre of the
807:
802:
334:
of
Sicilian society, notably in 962 with a large ceremony, where fourteen thousand children were
159:, members of which frequently served as governors, administrators and high-ranking officials in
305:(1017β1037) the dynastic conflict intensified, with factions allying themselves variously with
121:
532:
505:
657:
606:
576:
559:
632:
297:(990β998) who entrusted the island to his sons and created space for interference from the
8:
711:
372:
Citrus fruit, like lemons, are said to have been introduced to Sicily under the
Kalbids
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760:
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663:
612:
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538:
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401:
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offensive, crushed in 965 at the Battle of the Ditch or Rametta, the Fatimid Caliph
797:
756:
725:
385:
339:
219:
211:
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112:
741:
737:
358:
791:
768:
733:
707:
377:
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132:
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100:
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368:
306:
257:
After successfully suppressing a revolt the Fatimid caliph appointed
175:
156:
290:
266:
239:
187:
160:
140:
534:
Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean
293:. The dynasty began a steady period of decline under the reign of
314:
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274:
247:
231:
195:
164:
95:
298:
243:
223:
192:
456:
270:
183:
633:"Henri Bresc, La Sicile musulmane - Clio - Voyage Culturel"
262:
179:
783:
Sicily(Italy):A Great Centre of the Islamic Civilization
16:
Ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Sicily from 948 to 1053
485:
139:
from 948 to 1053. They were formally appointed by the
564:. Trigilia Cultura. pp. 82β. GGKEY:3EG1RGUZ1SP.
126:
557:
530:
226:, with a fleet of 10,000 men under the command of
234:was conquered in 831 and became the new capital.
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503:
524:
325:
813:States and territories established in the 940s
600:
598:
238:in 878 and in 902 the last Byzantine outpost,
655:
604:
574:
357:, essential to ensure political fidelity and
155:The Kalbids descended from the Arab tribe of
662:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 66β.
578:The Fatimids: 1. The Rise of a Muslim Empire
649:
595:
551:
537:. Cornell University Press. pp. 109β.
444:Abu'l-Futuh Yusuf ibn Abdallah ibn al-Kalbi
747:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
706:
611:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 12.
330:The Kalbites focused their efforts on the
755:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 496β497.
720:
497:
491:
346:had the Kalbite emir enacted a policy of
716:(in Italian). Catania: Romeo Prampolini.
367:
94:
685:
683:
681:
679:
568:
790:
558:Melchiorre Trigilia (1 January 1990).
365:message on which the dynasty is based.
420:Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi
676:
504:J. Gordon Melton (15 January 2014).
531:Sarah Davis-Secord (20 June 2017).
116:
13:
575:Shainool Jiwa (18 December 2017).
473:History of Islam in Southern Italy
438:Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Kalbi
432:Ja'far I ibn Muhammad ibn al-Kalbi
163:(central North Africa) during the
14:
829:
776:
449:Ja'far II ibn al-Kalbi (998β1019)
210:In 827, in the midst of internal
150:
761:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3822
317:of southern Italy arrived under
218:began: the Aghlabids arrived at
713:Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia
691:Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia
656:Alex Metcalfe (11 March 2014).
605:C. E Bosworth (11 March 2014).
625:
174:β750). During the rule of the
1:
478:
168:
143:, but gained, progressively,
581:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 91β.
326:Social and economic policies
24:
7:
510:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 699β.
466:
462:Hasan as-Samsam (1040β1053)
408:Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi
127:
10:
834:
700:
426:Jabir ibn Ali ibn al-Kalbi
205:
659:Muslims of Medieval Italy
395:
216:Muslim conquest of Sicily
85:
77:
69:
64:Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi
59:
51:
35:
30:
21:
359:religious indoctrination
338:simultaneously; after a
135:dynasty which ruled the
455:Abdallah (1037β1040),
373:
104:
608:New Islamic Dynasties
371:
98:
452:al-Akhal (1019β1037)
198:, a mainstay of the
301:of Ifriqiya. Under
818:948 establishments
374:
105:
669:978-0-7486-8843-2
618:978-0-7486-9648-2
588:978-1-78672-174-7
544:978-1-5017-1258-6
517:978-1-61069-026-3
402:al-Hasan al-Kalbi
319:Roger I of Sicily
259:al-Hasan al-Kalbi
228:Asad ibn al-Furat
147:autonomous rule.
137:Emirate of Sicily
125:
93:
92:
43:Emirate of Sicily
825:
772:
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689:M. Amari (1858)
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277:was defeated by
186:group. When the
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742:Bosworth, C. E.
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693:, v.2, p.330-31
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349:Incastellamento
328:
311:Hasan as-Samsam
283:Battle of Stilo
208:
171:
153:
73:Hasan as-Samsam
47:
26:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
831:
821:
820:
815:
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808:Shia dynasties
805:
803:Arab dynasties
800:
786:
785:
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777:External links
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774:
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730:van Donzel, E.
718:
708:Amari, Michele
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648:
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494:, p. 496.
492:Rizzitano 1978
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327:
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295:Yusuf al-Kalbi
214:conflict, the
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152:
151:Family origins
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99:Italy in 1000
91:
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81:Emir of Sicily
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710:(1933β1939).
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261:(948β953) as
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236:Syracuse fell
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640:. Retrieved
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487:
375:
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332:Islamization
329:
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209:
200:Fatimid army
154:
144:
108:
106:
738:Pellat, Ch.
637:www.clio.fr
336:circumcised
279:Abu'l-Qasim
172: 670s
133:Muslim Arab
86:Dissolution
70:Final ruler
792:Categories
751:Volume IV:
642:2021-04-14
479:References
434:(983β985)
769:758278456
734:Lewis, B.
726:"Kalbids"
446:(990β998)
440:(985β990)
428:(982β983)
422:(970β982)
416:(969β970)
410:(954β969)
404:(948β953)
340:Byzantine
307:Byzantium
212:Byzantine
176:Aghlabids
157:Banu Kalb
131:) were a
128:BanΕ« Kalb
122:romanized
753:IranβKha
744:(eds.).
724:(1978).
467:See also
303:al-Akhal
291:Calabria
267:Ifriqiya
240:Taormina
188:Fatimids
167:period (
161:Ifriqiya
145:de facto
141:Fatimids
798:Kalbids
701:Sources
459:usurper
315:Normans
287:Crotone
281:in the
275:Otto II
248:Taranto
232:Palermo
206:History
196:Berbers
165:Umayyad
124::
117:Ψ¨ΩΩ ΩΩΨ¨
109:Kalbids
60:Founder
52:Founded
36:Country
25:Ψ¨ΩΩ ΩΩΨ¨
22:Kalbids
767:
740:&
666:
615:
585:
541:
514:
414:Ya'ish
396:Rulers
382:Amalfi
363:Shiite
344:Mu'izz
299:Zirids
244:Tropea
224:Sicily
220:Mazara
193:Kutama
113:Arabic
78:Titles
728:. In
457:Zirid
390:Genoa
285:near
271:Cairo
184:Mudar
31:Emirs
765:OCLC
664:ISBN
613:ISBN
583:ISBN
539:ISBN
512:ISBN
388:and
386:Pisa
263:Emir
252:Bari
250:and
180:Qays
107:The
89:1053
757:doi
289:in
269:to
222:in
55:948
794::
763:.
749:.
736:;
732:;
678:^
635:.
597:^
392:.
384:,
246:,
230:.
202:.
169:c.
119:,
115::
101:CE
771:.
759::
672:.
645:.
621:.
591:.
547:.
520:.
182:β
111:(
103:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
