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ethnic ally at the time of troubles after Vima's reign. Konow supports this theory by citing a
Tibetan tradition that a Khotanese expedition to India of about A.D. 120 was commanded by a King Vijayakirti along with a King Kanika and the king of Guzan. Ghirshman's similar theory is that Kanishka was originally king of Kashmir before becoming suzerain of the dynasty as a whole. He cites the above mentioned Khalatse epigraph, which may allude to Kushan power reaching the northeast corner of Kashmir, and also the Rajatarangini, in which the list of Turushka kings of Kashmir gave Kanishka's name as the third of a sequence, suggesting that he had predecessors there (Hushka and Jushka). Finally, testimony of Kanishka's activity in Kashmir in favor of the Buddhist faith suggests that he favored the region above others and that he founded Peshawar as his capital to be close to Kashmir.
855:
1719:
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832:
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875:
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1842:
1490:
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2046:
498:
1656:(with the legend "Metrago Boudo") cross-legged on a throne, holding a water pot, and also forming the Abhaya mudra. These coins are only known in copper and are quite worn out . On the clearest coins, Maitreya seems to be wearing the armbands of an Indian prince, a feature often seen on the statuary of Maitreya. The throne is decorated with small columns, suggesting that the coin representation of Maitreya was directly copied from pre-existing statuary with such well-known features.
2091:
180:
7519:
1900:
7530:
1641:
480:
3061:
546:
541:
531:
521:
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171:
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3089:
3078:
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578:
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3056:
2062:"At this time the King of Ngan-si (Pahlava) was very aggressive and of a violent nature....There was a bhikshu (monk) arhat who seeing the harsh deeds done by the king wished to make him repent. So by his supernatural force he caused the king to see the torments of hell. The king was terrified and repented and cried terribly and hence dissolved all his negatives within him and got self realised for the first time in life ."
1918:
584:
516:
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1930:
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572:
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59:
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831:
2153:
chase and the hare suddenly disappeared at .... the king lost his patience and took the matter in his own hands and started resurrecting the plans precisely, thus completing the stupas with utmost perfection and perseverance. These two stupas are still in existence and were resorted to for cures by people afflicted with diseases."
2025:. The edge of the lid is decorated by a frieze of flying geese. The body of the casket represents a Kushan monarch, probably Kanishka in person, with the Iranian sun and moon gods on his side. On the sides are two images of a seated Buddha, worshiped by royal figures, can be assumed as Kanishka. A garland, supported by
2157:
King
Kanishka because of his deeds was highly respected, regarded, honored by all the people he ruled and governed and was regarded the greatest king who ever lived because of his kindness, humbleness and sense of equality and self-righteousness among all aspects. Thus such great deeds and character
2152:
became sovereign of all
Jambudvīpa (Indian subcontinent) but he did not believe in Karma, but he treated Buddhism with honor and respect as he himself converted to Buddhism intrigued by the teachings and scriptures of it. When he was hunting in the wild country a white hare appeared; the king gave a
980:
On his coins, the king is typically depicted as a bearded man in a long coat and trousers gathered at the ankle, with flames emanating from his shoulders. He wears large rounded boots, and is armed with a long sword as well as a lance. He is frequently seen to be making a sacrifice on a small altar.
2906:
Kanishka, known as the Great (....) He is also known through mentions of him in many Indian epic and religious sources, where he is associated with the spread of
Buddhism in Central Asia (Bivar 1983: 190f; Staviskij 1986: 201-215). Despite this concentration on his support of Buddhism, however, he
1438:
school of art (an inescapable religious syncretism pervades
Kushana rule). Kanishka personally seems to have embraced both Buddhism and the Persian attributes but he favored Buddhism, proven by his devotion to Buddhist teachings and prayer styles depicted in various books related to kushan empire.
2962:"In Gandhara the appearance of a halo surrounding an entire figure occurs only in the latest phases of artistic production, in the fifth and sixth centuries. By this time in Afghanistan the halo/mandorla had become quite common and is the format that took hold at Central Asian Buddhist sites." in
2325:
There are two unconfirmed theories about
Kanisha's having ruled in the periphery of the Kushan Empire before assuming power as the Shaonanoshao. Both are based on the supposition of a separate Kanishka dynasty. The earlier-Sten Konow's-is that Kanishka came from Khotan, having been summoned as an
1403:
Kanishka standing.., clad in heavy Kushan coat and long boots, flames emanating from shoulders, holding standard in his left hand, and making a sacrifice over an altar. Kushan-language legend in Greek script (with the addition of the Kushan Ϸ "sh" letter): ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ ("Shaonanoshao
2057:
In
Buddhist tradition, Kanishka is often described as an aggressive, hot tempered, rigid, strict, and a bit harsh kind of King before he got converted to Buddhism of which he was very fond, and after his conversion to Buddhism, he became an openhearted, benevolent, and faithful ruler. As in the
1666:
The iconography of these three types is very different from that of the other deities depicted in
Kanishka's coinage. Whether Kanishka's deities are all shown from the side, the Buddhas only are shown frontally, indicating that they were copied from contemporary frontal representations of the
1505:
Only six Kushan coins of the Buddha are known in gold (the sixth one is the centerpiece of an ancient piece of jewellery, consisting of a
Kanishka Buddha coin decorated with a ring of heart-shaped ruby stones). All these coins were minted in gold under Kanishka I, and are in two different
894:
2014:(caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realisations at such a late date: "The servant Agisalaos, the superintendent of works at the vihara of Kanishka in the monastery of Mahasena" ("dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kaniskasa vihara mahasenasa sangharame").
981:
The lower half of a lifesize limestone relief of
Kanishka similarly attired, with a stiff embroidered surplice beneath his coat and spurs attached to his boots under the light gathered folds of his trousers, survived in the Kabul Museum until it was destroyed by the Taliban.
1554:
In general, the representation of the Buddha on these coins is already highly symbolic, and quite distinct from the more naturalistic and Hellenistic images seen in early Gandhara sculptures. On several designs a mustache is apparent. The palm of his right hand bears the
964:
that the Kushans evidently spoke, and Greek divinities were replaced by corresponding Iranian ones. All of Kanishka's coins – even ones with a legend in the Bactrian language – were written in a modified Greek script that had one additional glyph (Ϸ) to represent /š/
1754:
2032:
The attribution of the casket to Kanishka has been recently disputed, essentially on stylistic ground (for example the ruler shown on the casket is not bearded, to the contrary of Kanishka). Instead, the casket is often attributed to Kanishka's successor
1805:
1409:
Standing Buddha in Hellenistic style, forming the gesture of "no fear" (abhaya mudra) with his right hand, and holding a pleat of his robe in his left hand. Legend in Greek script: ΒΟΔΔΟ "Boddo", for the Buddha. Kanishka monogram (tamgha) to the
1601:
The gown of the Shakyamuni Buddha is quite light compared to that on the coins in the name of Buddha, clearly showing the outline of the body, in a nearly transparent way. These are probably the first two layers of monastic clothing the
1542:
The ears are extremely large and long, a symbolic exaggeration possibly rendered necessary by the small size of the coins, but otherwise visible in some later Gandharan statues of the Buddha typically dated to the 3rd–4th century CE
2436:), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"), from Falk (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, p. 133.
1478:. Like all coins of Kanishka, the design is rather rough and proportions tend to be imprecise; the image of the Buddha is often slightly overdone, with oversize ears and feet spread apart in the same fashion as the Kushan king.
2738:) and Ziri-Tambo (Janjgir-Champa). These cities lay to the east and south of Mathura, up to which locality Wima had already carried his victorious arm. Therefore they must have been captured or subdued by Kanishka I himself."
2907:
appears to have been a ruler more akin to Constantine the Great than Theodosius the Great, in that he did not himself convert to Buddhism, rather rendering his support to the religion (Stavinskij 1986: 215-229; Grenet 2006).
1414:
In Buddhist tradition Kanishka is regarded as of utmost importance. Although he never converted to Buddhism, he encouraged its teachings and provided royal sponsorship. Notably, he administered the 4th Buddhist Council in
1469:
The Buddhist coins of Kanishka are comparatively rare (well under one percent of all known coins of Kanishka). Several show Kanishka on the obverse and the Buddha standing on the reverse. A few also show the
2122:"A desire thus arose in ....at that time the four world-regents learnt the mind of the king. So for his sake they took the form of young boys.... began a stūpa of mud....the boys said to 'We are making the
854:
2002:"(*mahara)jasa kanishkasa kanishka-pure nagare aya gadha-karae deya-dharme sarva-satvana hita-suhartha bhavatu mahasenasa sagharaki dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kanishkasa vihare mahasenasa sangharame"
1667:
standing and seated Buddhas in statuary. Both representations of the Buddha and Shakyamuni have both shoulders covered by their monastic gown, indicating that the statues used as models were from the
1983:, during the archaeological excavations in 1908–1909 in Shah-Ji-Ki-Dheri, just outside the present-day Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar. It is today at the Peshawar Museum, and a copy is in the
1772:
1718:
2490:
According to one influential account, he was born in Khotan and came from a family line different from that of Kushan dynasty founder Kujūla Kadphises and his successor, Vīma Kadphises.
2262:
According to one influential account, he was born in Khotan and came from a family line different from that of Kushan dynasty founder Kujūla Kadphises and his successor, Vīma Kadphises.
1825:
1733:
1009:
Kanishka standing, clad in heavy Kushan coat and long boots, flames emanating from shoulders, holding a standard in his left hand, and making a sacrifice over an altar. Greek legend
3477:
Chavannes, Édouard. (1906) "Trois Généraux Chinois de la dynastie des Han Orientaux. Pan Tch'ao (32–102 p. C.); – son fils Pan Yong; – Leang K'in (112 p. C.). Chapitre LXXVII du
3241:
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017
2829:
3628:
Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1998): "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese."
821:
1450:. Archaeologists who rediscovered the base of it in 1908–1909 estimated that this stupa had a diameter of 286 feet (87 metres). Reports of Chinese pilgrims such as
956:
in his beliefs. Kanishka's coins from the beginning of his reign bear legends in Greek language and script and depict Greek divinities. Later coins bear legends in
685:. The connection of Kanishka with other Kushan rulers is described in the Rabatak inscription as Kanishka makes the list of the kings who ruled up to his time:
2118:, which first described how Kanishka would arrive 400 years after the death of the Buddha. The account also describes how Kanishka came to raise his stupa:
1598:), standing to front, with left hand on hip and forming the abhaya mudra with the right hand. All these coins are in copper only, and usually rather worn.
662:. Finally, testimony of Kanishka's activity in Kashmir in favor of the Buddhist faith suggests that he favored the region above others and that he founded
5669:
4851:
Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan
874:
3722:
2726:
claims that in the year 1 Kanishka I's authority was proclaimed in India, in all the satrapies and in different cities like Koonadeano (Kundina), Ozeno (
2176:
played a key role in the development and the transmission of Buddhist ideas in the direction of northern Asia from the middle of the 2nd century CE. The
6584:
5059:
3000:
4372:
620:'s reign. Konow supports this theory by citing a Tibetan tradition that a Khotanese expedition to India of about A.D. 120 was commanded by a King
6588:
4676:
4672:
6812:
4684:
4544:
4423:
4419:
4380:
4364:
4287:
461:. However, historians no longer regard this date as that of Kanishka's accession. Falk estimates that Kanishka came to the throne in 127 CE.
5029:
4411:
4403:
4396:
1841:
3537:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250
4376:
4319:
4315:
2073:
Additionally, the arrival of Kanishka was reportedly foretold or was predicted by the Buddha, as well as the construction of his stupa:
1454:
indicate that its height was 600 to 700 (Chinese) "feet" (= roughly 180–210 metres or 591–689 ft.) and it was covered with jewels.
5137:
4307:
4221:
1614:. Also, his gown is folded over the left arm (rather than being held in the left hand as above), a feature only otherwise known in the
4872:
4769:
Richard Salomon (July–September 1996). "An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman".
4894:
4415:
7404:
6856:
457:
Earlier scholars believed that Kanishka ascended the Kushan throne in 78 CE, and that this date was used as the beginning of the
350:
7059:
5039:
2535:
At Home in Many Worlds: Reading, Writing and Translating from Chinese and Jewish Cultures : Essays in Honour of Irene Eber
1570:
The full gown worn by the Buddha on the coins, covering both shoulders, suggests a Gandharan model rather than a Mathuran one.
381:–150 CE) the empire reached its zenith. He is famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. A descendant of
3672:
3664:
3600:
3584:
3545:
3468:
3270:
3162:
2899:
2707:
2623:
2596:
2543:
2513:
2483:
2402:
2285:
2255:
840:(full line) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under Kanishka (dotted line). The conquests in India are according to the
2868:
H. Humbach, 1975, pp. 402–408. K. Tanabe, 1997, p. 277, M. Carter, 1995, p. 152. J. Cribb, 1997, p. 40. References cited in
2134:
to be built wholly (?) with a large stūpa and hither relics must be invited which the meritorious good beings...will bring."
2128:.'....At that time the boys changed their form.... said to him, 'Great king, by you according to the Buddha's prophecy is a
1979:" or "Kanishka reliquary", dated to the first year of Kanishka's reign in 127 CE, was discovered in a deposit chamber under
7565:
5222:
5064:
3026:
2520:
According to the Chinese sources, Kanishka came originally from Khotan and belonged to one of the smaller Yueh Chi tribes.
2503:
2473:
2292:
According to the Chinese sources, Kanishka came originally from Khotan and belonged to one of the smaller Yueh Chi tribes.
608:
There are two theories about Kanisha's origins, both based on the supposition of a separate Kanishka dynasty. The earlier
7399:
3707:
7296:
6846:
4941:
2167:
1689:
Several Buddhist statues are directly connected to the reign of Kanishka, such as several Bodhisattva statues from the
435:
17:
2199:. Central Asian and East Asian Buddhist monks appear to have maintained strong exchanges for the following centuries.
7570:
5142:
3749:
3135:
7389:
3717:
7074:
6819:
3037:
7466:
7456:
5285:
2746:
and J. Cribb, who had a central role in the decipherment: "A new Bactrian inscription of Kanishka the Great", in
1134:
Following the transition to the Bactrian language on coins, Iranian and Indic divinities replace the Greek ones:
1020:
Standing Helios in Hellenistic style, forming a benediction gesture with the right hand. Legend in Greek script:
3509:
Foucher, M. A. 1901. "Notes sur la geographie ancienne du Gandhâra (commentaire à un chapitre de Hiuen-Tsang)."
7411:
7064:
6866:
6757:
6702:
5275:
3577:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE
2790:
1551:, often highly stylised in a curly or often globular manner, also visible on later Buddha statues of Gandhara.
819:
late in his reign. This war is attested in a single source, a Chinese translation of a lost Sanskrit original,
718:
7381:
7079:
6762:
5054:
4887:
3122:"The Buddhist Triad, from Haryana or Mathura, Year 4 of Kaniska (ad 82). Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth." in
6964:
6836:
6807:
6509:
2632:
1629:
4796:
Richard Salomon (1995) . "A Kharosthī Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma".
3245:
6655:
6564:
6034:
5679:
5192:
5087:
3691:
2780:
2669:
343:
6199:
7504:
6984:
6460:
5946:
5069:
4902:
6394:
3630:
Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies
2356:"The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas". Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII.
7394:
7207:
7197:
7069:
6052:
5632:
5393:
5368:
2181:
31:
5418:
3727:
3621:
Sims-Williams, Nicholas and Joe Cribb (1995/6): "A New Bactrian Inscription of Kanishka the Great."
2750:
No. 4, 1995–1996. Also see, Mukherjee, B. N. "The Great Kushanan Testament", Indian Museum Bulletin.
1766:", with inscription "year 4 of Kanishka" (131 CE). Another similar statue has "Year 32 of Kanishka".
7560:
7499:
6851:
6665:
6643:
6636:
6539:
6072:
5692:
5508:
5453:
5074:
4880:
2343:
759:—known via a Chinese translation made in AD 472—refers to the conquest of Pataliputra by Kanishka.
646:
epigraph, which may allude to Kushan power reaching the northeast corner of Kashmir, and also the
7436:
7416:
6747:
6727:
6484:
6214:
5458:
4299:
3314:
3239:
816:
7446:
7286:
6954:
6924:
6697:
6648:
6489:
6437:
6432:
6194:
6015:
5912:
5664:
5659:
5408:
4447:
3293:
2098:
1672:
1594:(with the legend "Sakamano Boudo", i.e. Shakamuni Buddha, another name for the historic Buddha
1501:
in Kanishka's coinage. The mandorla is normally considered as a late evolution in Gandhara art.
1435:
736:
336:
5776:
3260:
2687:
2642:
2613:
2586:
2533:
2275:
2245:
751:, where there was a town Kanishkapur (modern day Kanispora), named after him not far from the
7451:
7421:
7002:
6934:
6767:
6682:
6677:
6601:
6596:
6514:
5044:
4694:
4550:
4435:
3955:
3939:
3742:
3410:
2882:
Khodadad Rezakhani (2017). "From the Kushans to the Western Turks". In Touraj Daryaee (ed.).
2318:
2195:
Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and established a translation bureau at the Chinese capital
1762:
764:
6067:
3224:
Identifying Several Visual Types of Gandharan Buddha Images. Archives of Asian Art 58 (2008)
7474:
7441:
7426:
6944:
6841:
6787:
6672:
6611:
6579:
6574:
6559:
6544:
6534:
6499:
6412:
6104:
6027:
5330:
5270:
5019:
4986:
4936:
4491:
2207:
1987:. It is said to have contained three bone fragments of the Buddha, which are now housed in
1578:
7314:
5929:
5798:
5724:
5600:
5338:
3643:
2808:"Remarks on the Paintings from the Buddhist Monastery of Fayaz Tepe (Southern Uzbekistan)"
784:) in 90 AD. Ban Chao claimed to be victorious, forcing the Kushans to retreat by use of a
654:
kings of Kashmir gave Kanishka's name as the third of a sequence, along with the names of
8:
7281:
7160:
6994:
6969:
6959:
6919:
6896:
6779:
6752:
6712:
6631:
6621:
6549:
6476:
5907:
5764:
5545:
5523:
5475:
5295:
5095:
4951:
4931:
4620:
2723:
2699:
2422:
2158:
of the king Kanishka made his name immortal and thus he was regarded "THE KING OF KINGS"
1248:
841:
740:
682:
674:
406:
5255:
5182:
2964:
1885:
1419:
as the head of the council. It was presided by Vasumitra and Ashwaghosha. Images of the
7344:
7249:
7091:
7054:
7049:
6979:
6929:
6876:
6871:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6722:
6707:
6692:
6687:
6626:
6606:
6569:
6494:
6299:
6000:
5924:
5802:
5744:
5585:
5485:
5413:
5388:
5034:
4964:
4778:
4479:
3851:
3712:
3308:
3203:
2936:
2426:
1431:
776:
with a Kushan army of 70,000 men led by an otherwise unknown Kushan viceroy named Xie (
7143:
3287:
3012:
1489:
7555:
7522:
7484:
7180:
7165:
7128:
7113:
6886:
6802:
6717:
6554:
6519:
6504:
6231:
6221:
5902:
5749:
5734:
5605:
5528:
5448:
5383:
5315:
5202:
4959:
4757:
3668:
3660:
3596:
3580:
3541:
3464:
3390:
3266:
3195:
3158:
3131:
2928:
2895:
2786:
2703:
2619:
2592:
2539:
2509:
2479:
2398:
2281:
2251:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1471:
1315:
989:
961:
957:
451:
6466:
5260:
5160:
3531:
2884:
King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)
7170:
7123:
7118:
6974:
6939:
6914:
6909:
6660:
6616:
6529:
6204:
5860:
5853:
5637:
5627:
5513:
5177:
5049:
4805:
4036:
3735:
3187:
2887:
2695:
2077:". . . the Buddha, pointing to a small boy making a mud tope.... that on that spot
1740:
933:
777:
698:
686:
651:
382:
199:
6249:
4809:
3105:
2045:
7534:
7479:
7431:
7359:
7229:
7027:
7007:
6949:
6861:
6524:
6422:
6269:
6005:
5988:
5973:
5951:
5503:
5373:
5207:
5187:
4590:
4388:
4144:
3925:
3892:
3535:
3152:
3125:
3002:
Problems of Chronology in Gandharan. Positionning Gandharan Buddhas in Chronology
2664:
2456:
2392:
2050:
1976:
1950:
1891:
1870:
1796:
1791:
937:
642:
before becoming suzerain of the dynasty as a whole. He cites the above-mentioned
635:
125:
6279:
5433:
5423:
4311:
3495:
Falk, Harry (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." In:
7489:
7192:
7042:
6824:
6404:
6384:
6304:
5993:
5983:
5917:
5754:
5240:
5103:
4733:
4647:
4582:
4431:
4189:
4104:
3888:
3858:
3844:
3702:
3562:
2418:
2369:"The Date of Kanishka since 1960 (Indian Historical Review, 2017, 44(1), 1–41)"
2224:
1984:
1980:
1966:
1906:
1866:
1848:
1832:
1615:
1443:
1388:
1301:
1038:
904:
797:
785:
706:
694:
681:, as demonstrated by an impressive genealogy of the Kushan kings, known as the
678:
617:
599:
486:
402:
371:
309:
219:
100:
80:
67:
2919:
M. Saleem Beg (2020). "Sacred Architecture of Kashmir: Language of Identity".
2891:
2017:
The lid of the casket shows the Buddha on a lotus pedestal, and worshipped by
497:
7549:
7259:
7108:
6417:
6319:
6177:
5978:
5956:
5892:
5563:
5358:
5353:
5245:
4914:
4635:
4606:
4275:
4030:
3822:
3817:
3797:
3758:
3433:
3199:
2932:
2743:
2177:
1779:
1659:
The qualification of "Buddha" for Maitreya is inaccurate, as he is instead a
1147:
837:
647:
504:
386:
299:
154:
143:
48:
5717:
5707:
5079:
3191:
426:
Although he never converted to the religion, his conquests and patronage of
7349:
7334:
7304:
7254:
7244:
7086:
6881:
6374:
6209:
6087:
5875:
5870:
5697:
5568:
5443:
4904:
4668:
4586:
4578:
4539:
4519:
4392:
4291:
4283:
4271:
4242:
3877:
3456:
2090:
1604:
1523:
941:
865:
755:
Pass and which still contains the base of a large stupa. The Buddhist text
390:
279:
6132:
6117:
6077:
5774:
5438:
5014:
3612:
3437:
3426:
3403:
2206:. How and when this came about is still uncertain. The inscription on The
2147:
2129:
2123:
2078:
2064:
179:
7319:
7148:
6289:
6274:
6057:
5865:
5793:
5573:
5403:
5305:
5152:
5024:
4564:
4456:
4217:
3960:
3944:
3901:
3881:
3832:
3792:
3124:
Museum (Singapore), Asian Civilisations; Krishnan, Gauri Parimoo (2007).
2735:
2425:(discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king
2421:
for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian
1690:
1660:
1610:
1529:
1515:
1458:
1457:
Kanishka is said to have been particularly close to the Buddhist scholar
1281:
1229:
861:
845:
809:
801:
744:
595:
447:
398:
289:
259:
7309:
5769:
4507:
3207:
2940:
2106:
stupa was dedicated in the 2nd century CE and contained coins of Kaniska
269:
7264:
7222:
7098:
6904:
6829:
6443:
6427:
6389:
6369:
6264:
6239:
6147:
6082:
6062:
5808:
5739:
5610:
5493:
5463:
5398:
5348:
5006:
4996:
4969:
4384:
4343:
4156:
4050:
4006:
3991:
3919:
3492:. The Asiatic Society of Bengal Monograph Series, Vol. XVIII. Calcutta.
2219:
1995:
1954:
1698:
1684:
1586:" (with legend ϷΑΚΑΜΑΝΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ "Shakamano Boddo") in Kanishka's coinage.
1259:
1126:
The inscriptions in Greek are full of spelling and syntactical errors.
1087:
953:
908:
728:
724:
702:
690:
616:, having been summoned as an ethnic ally at the time of troubles after
609:
249:
209:
6284:
5280:
4782:
3060:
2692:
The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires
1640:
1055:
Greek deities, with Greek names are represented on these early coins:
762:
Knowledge of his hold over Central Asia is less well established. The
545:
540:
530:
520:
7239:
7212:
6379:
6254:
5966:
5882:
5759:
5649:
5622:
5615:
5578:
5535:
5498:
5265:
5230:
5197:
5172:
5127:
4740:
4699:
4680:
4610:
4602:
4295:
4279:
4267:
4247:
4148:
4077:
4056:
4012:
3979:
3950:
3913:
3896:
3801:
3757:
3418:
3127:
The Divine Within: Art & Living Culture of India & South Asia
2103:
1899:
1816:
1379:
1363:
1270:
1184:
439:
431:
170:
63:
7012:
5848:
5702:
5468:
5250:
5119:
5111:
4849:
3632:. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden. 1998, pp. 79–93.
2761:
2368:
1648:" (with legend ΜΕΤΡΑΓΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ "Metrago Boddo") in Kanishka's coinage.
479:
7529:
7369:
7324:
7269:
7234:
7138:
6364:
6359:
6309:
6244:
6162:
6127:
6122:
5783:
5654:
5642:
5553:
5212:
4909:
4714:
4368:
4327:
4212:
4181:
3966:
3907:
3812:
3788:
3372:
3222:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3055:
2807:
2785:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1(g).
2203:
2192:
2173:
2139:
2115:
2034:
1988:
1940:
1936:
1835:
with inscription mentionning the "year 318", thought to be 143 CE.
1697:
are inscribed with a date in an era which is now thought to be the
1694:
1668:
1653:
1645:
1625:
1620:
1535:
1498:
1475:
1451:
1447:
1427:
1326:
1289:
993:
Gold coin of Kanishka I with Greek legend and Hellenistic divinity
900:
805:
769:
752:
663:
643:
583:
577:
515:
458:
427:
420:
412:
394:
319:
239:
110:
6354:
6344:
6329:
6152:
6022:
5290:
571:
566:
7274:
7217:
7202:
6349:
6339:
6314:
6189:
6184:
6142:
6112:
6044:
6010:
5897:
5838:
5833:
5687:
5590:
5428:
5378:
5165:
4991:
4208:
3985:
3827:
3237:
3065:
3050:
2690:. In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.).
2026:
1923:
Kanishka, surrounded by the Iranian Sun-God and Moon-God (detail)
1917:
1745:
1724:
1564:
1548:
1416:
1360:
1158:
949:
789:
748:
639:
560:
555:
550:
535:
525:
510:
489:. There is a dedicatory inscription along the bottom of the coat.
416:
189:
138:
131:
5961:
5729:
3238:
The Classical Art Research Centre, University of Oxford (2018).
2532:
Findeisen, Raoul David; Isay, Gad C.; Katz-Goehr, Amira (2009).
1929:
1812:
1514:, and a quarter dinar of about 2 gm. (about the size of an
723:
Kanishka's empire was certainly vast. It extended from southern
58:
7354:
7339:
7175:
7037:
7017:
6792:
6454:
6334:
6324:
6259:
5887:
5843:
5828:
5818:
5788:
5712:
5595:
5363:
5235:
4979:
4974:
4407:
4083:
4017:
3807:
3686:
2731:
2727:
2196:
2111:
2094:
Coin of Kanishka with the Bodhisattva Maitreya "Metrago Boudo".
2018:
1958:
1556:
1511:
1494:
1420:
1218:
1119:
1103:
1071:
1037:
A few coins at the beginning of his reign have a legend in the
994:
912:
881:
793:
773:
670:
121:
7494:
7329:
7187:
7153:
7133:
7103:
7032:
6449:
6294:
6172:
6167:
6137:
6092:
5939:
5934:
5813:
5518:
5343:
5310:
5300:
4110:
3782:
3648:
Spooner, D. B. (1908–9): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī.";
3523:
Hargreaves, H. (1910–11): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī";
2022:
2011:
1962:
1507:
1367:
1352:
1347:
1334:
945:
885:
613:
443:
3502:
Falk, Harry (2004): "The Kaniṣka era in Gupta records." In:
3178:
FUSSMAN, Gérard (1974). "Documents Epigraphiques Kouchans".
7364:
6157:
5823:
5320:
3398:
3262:
Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India
2142:, who travelled there around 630 CE also relays the story:
1560:
1442:
His greatest contribution to Buddhist architecture was the
1173:
732:
3123:
638:'s similar theory is that Kanishka was originally king of
454:
as the official language of administration in the empire.
7022:
5558:
3697:
1965:, and Kanishka standing at the center of the lower part,
1521:
The Buddha is represented wearing the monastic robe, the
1404:
Kanishki Koshano"): "King of Kings, Kanishka the Kushan".
1195:
848:
is mainly suggested by coin finds and Chinese chronicles.
3713:
Controversy regarding the beginning of the Kanishka Era.
3590:
3463:(in French). Lattes: Association imago-musée de Lattes.
2886:. Ancient Iran Series. Vol. 4. Brill. p. 201.
1819:, inscribed in "the year 8 of Emperor Kanishka". 135 CE.
2531:
1461:, who became his religious advisor in his later years.
419:. Coins of Kanishka were found in Tripuri (present-day
3657:
The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia
2694:. Oxford University Press. pp. 325–346 (at 339).
2006:
The text is signed by the maker, a Greek artist named
1423:
based on 32 physical signs were made during his time.
712:
593:"The Great King, King of Kings, Son of God, Kanishka".
3154:
The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
2671:
Iran: From the earliest times to the Islamic conquest
709:(his) father, and *also for himself, King Kanishka".
2161:
2029:
goes around the scene in typical Hellenistic style.
1567:, formed by one, two or three lines, surrounds him.
1481:
Three types of Kanishka's Buddhist coins are known:
903:
coinage of king Vira Jadamarah, in imitation of the
3566:
3530:
3461:
De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale
3157:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 48, Fig. 18.
3008:. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology. pp. 35–51.
1678:
1113:
1097:
1081:
1065:
1048:
808:. Several coins of Kanishka have been found in the
430:played an important role in the development of the
3641:. Vol. 3. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
2881:
2668:
2445:Falk (2001), pp. 121–136. Falk (2004), pp. 167–176
2367:
2323:. University of California Press. pp. 40–41.
2040:
747:and Sri Champa), and his territory also included
735:) in the north west to Northern India, as far as
389:, Kanishka came to rule an empire extending from
7547:
3516:Gnoli, Gherardo (2002). "The "Aryan" Language."
1573:
405:. The main capital of his empire was located at
4795:
4768:
2742:, S. R. Goyal, p. 93. See also the analysis of
1703:
1510:of about 8 gm, roughly similar to a Roman
697:as his father, and himself Kanishka: "for King
673:ethnicity and his native language was probably
4847:
3659:. University of California Press. Hbk (2003),
3180:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
1635:
4888:
3743:
3637:Sims-Williams, Nicolas. "Bactrian Language".
3534:; Puri, B. N.; Etemadi, G. F., eds. (1999) .
3048:Seated Buddha with inscription starting with
2918:
2822:
2558:Sims-Williams and Cribb (1995/6), pp. 75–142.
415:) in Gandhara, with another major capital at
344:
5670:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
3591:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (1998).
3455:
2778:
2347:, Vol. 28, No. 1/2 (Summer, 1964), pp. 39–46
1727:Bodhisattva, inscribed "Year 2 of Kanishka".
2762:"The Sino-Kharosthi coins of Khotan part 2"
2397:. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 278–281.
1632:, sometimes radiating, surrounds his head.
1547:). He has an abundant topknot covering the
1107:
1091:
1075:
1059:
1042:
1021:
1010:
4895:
4881:
3750:
3736:
2391:Dahiya, Poonam Dalal (15 September 2017).
2316:
1624:. He has an abundant topknot covering the
351:
337:
57:
3636:
3579:. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina.
2663:
2657:
2538:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 138.
4843:
4841:
4839:
4771:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3150:
2805:
2685:
2675:. Baltimore: Penguin Books. p. 262.
2611:
2591:. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. 301.
2576:Sims-Williams and Cribb (1995/6), p. 80.
2501:
2273:
2097:
2089:
2044:
1706:
1639:
1577:
1488:
1378:
1374:
1129:
988:
6857:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
4837:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
3525:Archaeological Survey of India, 1910–11
3177:
3103:"Year 4 of the Great King Kanishka" in
3042:
666:as his capital to be close to Kashmir.
14:
7548:
7060:List of Buddhist architecture in China
3650:Archaeological Survey of India, 1908-9
3306:
3285:
3258:
2471:
2390:
2365:
2243:
701:(his) great grandfather, and for King
590:Mahārāja Rājadhirāja Devaputra Kāṇiṣka
4876:
4848:Jongeward, David; Cribb, Joe (2014).
4576:
4470:
4454:
4429:
4401:
4362:
4359:
3929:
3731:
3130:. World Scientific Pub. p. 113.
2994:
2992:
2990:
2759:
78:"King of Kings, Kanishka the Kushan".
4816:
3763:Emperors, territories and chronology
3703:Online Catalogue of Kanishka's Coins
3561:
2638:
2502:Daniélou, Alain (11 February 2003).
2478:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 328.
2454:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2274:Daniélou, Alain (11 February 2003).
2250:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 328.
984:
822:A History of the Buddha's Successors
3567:Harmatta, Puri & Etemadi (1999)
3513:No. 4, Oct. 1901, pp. 322–369.
3116:
3106:"Seated Buddha with Two Attendants"
2998:
2753:
2508:. Simon and Schuster. p. 109.
2448:
2339:Shāh-jī-kī-ḍherī Casket Inscription
2280:. Simon and Schuster. p. 109.
2202:Kanishka was probably succeeded by
2138:Chinese pilgrims to India, such as
1464:
932:Kanishka's coins portray images of
927:
713:Conquests in India and Central Asia
24:
6847:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4756:From the dated inscription on the
3490:The Stūpa and Vihāra of Kanishka I
3171:
2987:
2700:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0011
2417:The Kushans at first retained the
2210:also shows the signs of Kanishka.
2191:), became the first translator of
2172:Buddhist monks from the region of
2168:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1663:(he is the Buddha of the future).
1484:
880:Bronze coin of Kanishka, found in
844:, the northern expansion into the
817:an invasion by the Parthian Empire
178:
169:
25:
7582:
3723:Photograph of the Kanishka casket
3698:A rough guide to Kushana history.
3679:
3618:. New Delhi, Sterling Publishers.
3485:7, (1906) p. 232 and note 3.
3375:, quoted in: Kumar (1973), p. 93.
2618:. Sarup & Sons. p. 260.
2297:
2162:Transmission of Buddhism to China
2083:would erect a tope by his name."
2010:, who oversaw work at Kanishka's
1860:
1748:, inscribed "Year 3 of Kanishka".
800:were Chinese dependencies in the
436:transmission of Mahayana Buddhism
7528:
7518:
7517:
7075:Thai temple art and architecture
6820:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
5060:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
4926:
4913:
4903:
4702:Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (
3685:
3327:Hargreaves (1910–11), pp. 25–32.
3087:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3011:
2782:A Historical atlas of South Asia
2779:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
2567:Sims-Williams (1998), pp. 79–83.
2394:ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA EBOOK
2110:The same story is repeated in a
2058:Sri-dharma-pitaka-nidana sutra:
1957:, with the Buddha surrounded by
1935:Relics from Kanishka's stupa in
1928:
1916:
1898:
1884:
1840:
1824:
1804:
1771:
1753:
1732:
1717:
1679:Buddhist statuary under Kanishka
1355:). A recent study indicate that
1053:" of Kanishka, king of kings."
893:
873:
853:
830:
705:(his) grandfather, and for King
677:. Kanishka was the successor of
582:
576:
570:
565:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
496:
478:
4927:
4789:
4762:
4750:
3595:. London; New York: Routledge.
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3300:
3279:
3252:
3231:
3220:
3214:
3144:
3031:
3019:
2975:
2956:
2947:
2912:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2840:
2799:
2772:
2730:), Kozambo (Kausambi), Zagedo (
2716:
2679:
2648:
2605:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2525:
2495:
2472:Gakkai, Soka (1 January 2009).
2465:
2439:
2320:The Dynasty Arts of the Kushans
2244:Gakkai, Soka (1 January 2009).
1618:and suggestive of a scarf-like
7065:Japanese Buddhist architecture
6867:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
5947:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
5138:Places where the Buddha stayed
3859:INDO-SCYTHIAN Northern Satraps
3540:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
3384:
2812:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
2411:
2384:
2359:
2350:
2331:
2267:
2237:
2066:Śri-dharma-piṭaka-nidāna sūtra
2041:Kanishka in Buddhist tradition
1701:, starting in 186 to 175 BCE.
1337:divinities were used as well:
1292:divinities were used as well:
1015:" of Kanishka, king of kings".
952:divinities, demonstrating the
612:'s is that Kanishka came from
13:
1:
7080:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
4810:10.1080/02666030.1995.9628492
4718:
4703:
4651:
4639:
4624:
4568:
4554:
4523:
4511:
4495:
4483:
4460:
4439:
4347:
4331:
4232:
4194:
4161:
4041:
3996:
3623:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
3504:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
3497:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
3448:
3336:Spooner, (1908–9), pp. 38–59.
3259:Sircar, Dineschandra (1971).
3101:Maharajasya Kanishkasya Sam 4
2748:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
2430:
2185:
1783:
1778:Gandhara Buddhist Triad from
1708:Dated statuary under Kanishka
1392:
1387:with a representation of the
998:
916:
860:Probable statue of Kanishka,
503:The inscription is in middle
446:. Around 127 CE, he replaced
375:
75:Shaonanoshao Kanishki Koshano
6837:Buddhism and the Roman world
6813:Decline of Buddhism in India
6808:History of Buddhism in India
4908: Topics in
4142:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the
3875:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the
3488:Dobbins, K. Walton. (1971).
3265:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
2965:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
2615:Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia
2612:Parashar, Parmanand (2004).
2344:The British Museum Quarterly
2317:Rosenfield, John M. (1967).
2230:
1559:mark, and his brow bear the
1239:ΑΟ (variants of pan-Asiatic
1201:ΜΙΘΡΟ, ΜΙΙΡΟ, ΜΙΟΡΟ, ΜΙΥΡΟ (
464:
7:
7566:2nd-century Indian monarchs
6035:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
5775:
3613:
3506:X (2004), pp. 167–176.
3438:
3427:
3404:
3286:Sastri, H. krishna (1923).
2740:Ancient Indian Inscriptions
2213:
2148:
2130:
2124:
2079:
2065:
1994:The casket is dedicated in
1671:school of art, rather than
1446:at Purushapura, modern day
1247:, in a Zoroastrian context
1114:
1098:
1082:
1066:
1050:basileus basileon kaneshkou
1049:
788:policy. The territories of
719:Kanishka's war with Parthia
485:The Kanishka statue in the
27:Kushan emperor (c. 127–150)
10:
7587:
6985:The unanswerable questions
4746:
3625:4 (1996), pp. 75–142.
3151:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2007).
3038:Epigraphia Indica 8 p. 179
3025:Early History of Kausambi
2846:Wood (2002), illus. p. 39.
2165:
1864:
1682:
1044:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΟΥ
1012:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΟΥ
757:Śrīdharmapiṭakanidānasūtra
731:, north of the Amu Darya (
716:
689:as his great-grandfather,
472:Mathura statue of Kanishka
29:
7513:
7465:
7380:
7295:
7070:Buddhist temples in Korea
6993:
6895:
6778:
6475:
6403:
6230:
6103:
6043:
5678:
5633:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
5544:
5536:Three planes of existence
5484:
5329:
5221:
5151:
5143:Buddha in world religions
5005:
4950:
4922:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4712:
4692:
4690:
4666:
4663:
4633:
4618:
4616:
4600:
4597:
4563:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4535:
4505:
4477:
4474:
4325:
4305:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4240:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4204:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4154:
4152:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4004:
3990:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3965:
3954:
3949:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3924:
3911:
3900:
3887:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3769:
3635:Sims-Williams, Nicholas.
3394:
3307:Luders, Heinrich (1961).
2892:10.1163/9789004460645_010
2461:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
2049:Kanishka in the Buddhist
1998:. The inscription reads:
1939:, sent by the British to
1693:, while a few other from
1628:, and a simple or double
1108:
1092:
1076:
1060:
1043:
1022:
1011:
920: 2nd–3rd century CE
815:Kanishka have fought off
781:
438:from Gandhara across the
137:
116:
106:
96:
88:
72:ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ
56:
46:
41:
32:Kanishka (disambiguation)
7571:Indian Buddhist monarchs
6852:Persecution of Buddhists
6073:Four stages of awakening
5454:Three marks of existence
5040:Physical characteristics
3289:Epigraphia Indica Vol-17
3244:. Archaeopress. p.
2686:Benjamin, Craig (2021).
2505:A Brief History of India
2458:India under the Kushāṇas
2455:Puri, Baij Nath (1965).
2374:Indian Historical Review
2277:A Brief History of India
370:, was an emperor of the
128:(per Chinese chronicles)
6215:Ten principal disciples
5098:(aunt, adoptive mother)
3885:(ruled 12 BCE – 15 CE)
3718:Kanishka Buddhist coins
3192:10.3406/befeo.1974.5193
2984:, p. 201. (Full here.)
2855:Sims-Williams (online)
2806:Lo Muzio, Ciro (2012).
2366:Bracey, Robert (2017).
1789:, similar to the dated
1426:He encouraged both the
739:in the south east (the
650:, in which the list of
6925:Buddhism and democracy
6438:Tibetan Buddhist canon
6433:Chinese Buddhist canon
5665:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
5660:Early Buddhist schools
3655:Wood, Frances (2003).
3499:VII, pp. 121–136.
2982:The Crossroads of Asia
2475:Dictionary of Buddhism
2247:Dictionary of Buddhism
2107:
2095:
2054:
1649:
1587:
1502:
1411:
1034:
768:, states that general
183:
174:
6935:Eight Consciousnesses
5045:Life of Buddha in art
3956:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM
3940:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM
3905:(ruled 10 BCE– 10 CE)
3845:INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGDOM
3639:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3609:Kumar, Baldev. 1973.
3575:Hill, John E. (2009)
3112:. Kimbell Art Museum.
2999:Rhi, Juhyung (2017).
2101:
2093:
2048:
1851:from the same period.
1763:Kimbell seated Buddha
1643:
1581:
1492:
1382:
1375:Kanishka and Buddhism
1130:Iranian / Indic phase
1029:. Kanishka monogram (
992:
969:), as in the word 'Ku
374:, under whose reign (
182:
173:
7412:East Asian religions
6842:Buddhism in the West
6413:Early Buddhist texts
6028:Four Right Exertions
5494:Ten spiritual realms
4987:Noble Eightfold Path
3694:at Wikimedia Commons
3644:Accessed: 20/12/2010
3565:. "The Kushans". In
3457:Bopearachchi, Osmund
3363:Kumar (1973). p. 89.
3354:Kumar (1973), p. 91.
3345:Kumar (1973), p. 95.
3310:Mathura Inscriptions
2857:Encyclopedia Iranica
2766:Numismatic Chronicle
2208:Sacred Rock of Hunza
954:religious syncretism
772:fought battles near
743:even claims he held
693:as his grandfather,
30:For other uses, see
7535:Religion portal
7282:Temple of the Tooth
7161:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
6200:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
5693:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
5476:Two truths doctrine
5296:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5096:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4798:South Asian Studies
3569:, pp. 247–264.
2870:De l'Indus à l'Oxus
2768:. pp. 129–152.
2760:Cribb, Joe (1984).
2724:Rabatak inscription
2688:"The Kushan Empire"
2654:Hill (2009), p. 11.
2423:Rabatak inscription
1582:Depictions of the "
1574:"Shakyamuni Buddha"
1533:, and the overcoat
1325:, the bodhisattava
1249:Aredvi Sura Anahita
842:Rabatak inscription
741:Rabatak inscription
683:Rabatak inscription
7457:Western philosophy
7055:Dzong architecture
6877:Vipassana movement
6872:Buddhist modernism
6300:Emperor Wen of Sui
6068:Pratyekabuddhayāna
6001:Threefold Training
5803:Vipassana movement
5519:Hungry Ghost realm
5339:Avidyā (Ignorance)
5286:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
5035:Great Renunciation
5030:Eight Great Events
4912:
4741:KIDARITES invasion
3852:INDO-GREEK KINGDOM
3593:A history of India
2434: 127 AD
2427:Kanishka the Great
2108:
2096:
2055:
1650:
1588:
1545:illustration, left
1503:
1432:Greco-Buddhist Art
1412:
1235:ΝΑΝΑ, ΝΑΝΑΙΑ, ΝΑΝΑ
1035:
864:, 2nd century CE.
838:Kushan territories
624:along with a King
368:Kanishka the Great
184:
175:
18:Kanishka the Great
7543:
7542:
7181:Om mani padme hum
6887:Women in Buddhism
6803:Buddhist councils
6673:Western countries
6461:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
6222:Shaolin Monastery
5799:Samatha-vipassanā
5409:Pratītyasamutpāda
5213:Metteyya/Maitreya
5131:
5123:
5115:
5107:
5099:
5091:
5083:
4960:Four Noble Truths
4870:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4758:Rukhana reliquary
4432:KUSHANO-SASANIANS
3764:
3708:Coins of Kanishka
3690:Media related to
3673:978-0-520-24340-8
3665:978-0-520-23786-5
3602:978-0-415-15481-9
3585:978-1-4392-2134-1
3547:978-8-1208-1408-0
3470:978-2-9516679-2-1
3436:: 𑀓𑀸𑀡𑀺𑀱𑁆𑀓
3272:978-81-208-2790-5
3227:. pp. 53–56.
3164:978-1-58839-224-4
2901:978-90-04-46064-5
2709:978-0-19-753278-2
2625:978-81-7625-518-9
2598:978-81-8424-568-4
2545:978-3-447-06135-3
2515:978-1-59477-794-3
2485:978-81-208-3334-0
2404:978-93-5260-673-3
2337:B.N. Mukhjerjee,
2287:978-1-59477-794-3
2257:978-81-208-3334-0
1858:
1857:
1636:"Maitreya Buddha"
1596:Siddharta Gautama
1592:Shakyamuni Buddha
1584:Shakyamuni Buddha
1506:denominations: a
1493:Depiction of the
1472:Shakyamuni Buddha
1316:Shakyamuni Buddha
1232:the victorious?")
985:Hellenistic phase
459:Saka calendar era
385:, founder of the
366:,1 also known as
361:
360:
328:
327:
149:
148:
42:Kaniṣka, Kanishka
16:(Redirected from
7578:
7533:
7532:
7521:
7520:
7360:Sacred languages
7208:Maya Devi Temple
7171:Mahabodhi Temple
6975:Secular Buddhism
6940:Engaged Buddhism
5780:
5628:Tibetan Buddhism
5579:Vietnamese Thiền
5178:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5081:
4930:
4929:
4917:
4907:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4874:
4873:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4814:
4813:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4723:
4720:
4708:
4705:
4656:
4653:
4644:
4641:
4629:
4626:
4623:, "Kushanshah" (
4573:
4570:
4559:
4556:
4553:, "Kushanshah" (
4528:
4525:
4516:
4513:
4500:
4497:
4494:, "Kushanshah" (
4488:
4485:
4482:, "Kushanshah" (
4465:
4462:
4444:
4441:
4352:
4349:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4237:
4234:
4199:
4196:
4166:
4163:
4046:
4043:
4037:Kujula Kadphises
4001:
3998:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3689:
3642:
3616:
3606:
3570:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3474:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3407:
3396:
3388:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3007:
2996:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2921:Social Scientist
2916:
2910:
2909:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2751:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2665:Ghirshman, Roman
2661:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2314:
2295:
2294:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2241:
2190:
2187:
2151:
2133:
2127:
2114:scroll found at
2082:
2068:
1953:", dated to 127
1943:, Burma in 1910.
1932:
1920:
1905:Remnants of the
1902:
1888:
1844:
1828:
1808:
1788:
1785:
1775:
1757:
1741:Bala Bodhisattva
1736:
1721:
1704:
1652:The Bodhisattva
1497:envelopped in a
1465:Buddhist coinage
1397:
1394:
1312:shakamano boddho
1117:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1003:
1000:
962:Iranian language
928:Kanishka's coins
921:
918:
897:
877:
857:
834:
783:
699:Kujula Kadphises
687:Kujula Kadphises
628:and the king of
586:
580:
574:
569:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
500:
482:
383:Kujula Kadphises
380:
377:
353:
346:
339:
200:Kujula Kadphises
166:
165:
160:
151:
150:
61:
39:
38:
21:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7561:Kushan emperors
7546:
7545:
7544:
7539:
7527:
7509:
7461:
7376:
7291:
7028:Ordination hall
6989:
6891:
6862:Buddhist crisis
6774:
6471:
6423:Mahayana sutras
6399:
6395:Thích Nhất Hạnh
6226:
6099:
6039:
5989:Bodhisattva vow
5674:
5540:
5480:
5439:Taṇhā (Craving)
5374:Five hindrances
5325:
5217:
5147:
5001:
4946:
4918:
4901:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4846:
4817:
4794:
4790:
4777:(3): 418–452 .
4767:
4763:
4755:
4751:
4721:
4706:
4698:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4627:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4591:Chandragupta II
4589:
4585:
4581:
4571:
4557:
4530:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4502:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4467:
4463:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4395:
4391:
4389:Damajadasri III
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4354:
4350:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4250:
4245:
4235:
4220:
4211:
4197:
4164:
4147:
4145:WESTERN SATRAPS
4143:
4044:
4034:
3999:
3994:
3983:
3958:
3942:
3906:
3904:
3895:
3893:Patika Kusulaka
3891:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3868:25 BCE – 10 CE
3804:
3800:
3791:
3777:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3682:
3677:
3603:
3563:Puri, Baij Nath
3552:
3550:
3548:
3532:Harmatta, János
3471:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3305:
3301:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3248:, notes 28, 29.
3236:
3232:
3219:
3215:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3121:
3117:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3075:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:Dobbins (1971).
2952:
2948:
2917:
2913:
2902:
2880:
2876:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2830:"Samatata coin"
2828:
2827:
2823:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2777:
2773:
2758:
2754:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2684:
2680:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2470:
2466:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2315:
2298:
2288:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2216:
2188:
2170:
2164:
2051:Kanishka Casket
2043:
1977:Kanishka casket
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1951:Kanishka casket
1946:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1892:Kanishka casket
1889:
1880:
1879:
1878:Kanishka casket
1873:
1871:Kanishka casket
1865:Main articles:
1863:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1809:
1800:
1797:Peshawar Museum
1792:Brussels Buddha
1786:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1687:
1681:
1644:Depictions of "
1638:
1576:
1487:
1485:Standing Buddha
1467:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1377:
1366:conflated with
1321:ΜΕΤΡΑΓΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ (
1310:ΑΚΑΜΑΝΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ (
1132:
1054:
1016:
1005:
1001:
987:
930:
923:
919:
898:
889:
878:
869:
858:
849:
835:
721:
715:
636:Roman Ghirshman
606:
605:
604:
603:
602:
594:
592:
588:
587:
575:
508:
501:
492:
491:
490:
483:
474:
473:
467:
378:
357:
158:
157:
155:Kushan emperors
129:
126:Xinjiang, China
84:
79:
77:
73:
71:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7584:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7525:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7471:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7392:
7386:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7301:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7092:Greco-Buddhist
7084:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7043:Burmese pagoda
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
6999:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6825:Greco-Buddhism
6822:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6784:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6758:United Kingdom
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6703:Czech Republic
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6582:
6577:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6467:Abhidharmadīpa
6464:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6409:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6385:B. R. Ambedkar
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6305:Songtsen Gampo
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6049:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6008:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5984:Eight precepts
5981:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5772:
5762:
5757:
5755:Five Strengths
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5550:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5394:Mental factors
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5246:Mahamoggallāna
5243:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5161:Avalokiteśvara
5157:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5125:
5117:
5109:
5101:
5093:
5085:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
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5022:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5003:
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4994:
4989:
4984:
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4982:
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4956:
4954:
4948:
4947:
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4923:
4920:
4919:
4900:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4877:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4815:
4788:
4761:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4734:Rudrasimha III
4731:
4727:
4726:
4711:
4691:
4689:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4632:
4617:
4615:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4583:Chandragupta I
4575:
4562:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4504:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4453:
4428:
4400:
4373:Damajadasri II
4361:
4357:
4356:
4324:
4304:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4239:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4190:Vima Kadphises
4186:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4153:
4151:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4003:
3989:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3953:
3948:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3910:
3899:
3889:Liaka Kusulaka
3886:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3823:Eastern Punjab
3820:
3818:Western Punjab
3815:
3810:
3805:
3795:
3785:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3681:
3680:External links
3678:
3676:
3675:
3667:; pbk. (2004)
3653:
3646:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3607:
3601:
3588:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3546:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3475:
3469:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3411:Greco-Bactrian
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3299:
3278:
3271:
3251:
3230:
3221:Rhi, Juhyung.
3213:
3170:
3163:
3143:
3136:
3115:
3110:kimbellart.org
3095:
3094:
3081:
3069:
3041:
3030:
3018:
2986:
2974:
2955:
2946:
2927:(7/8): 75–80.
2911:
2900:
2874:
2861:
2848:
2839:
2834:British Museum
2821:
2798:
2791:
2771:
2752:
2734:), Palabotro (
2715:
2708:
2678:
2656:
2647:
2631:
2624:
2604:
2597:
2588:Indian History
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2544:
2524:
2514:
2494:
2484:
2464:
2447:
2438:
2419:Greek language
2410:
2403:
2383:
2358:
2349:
2330:
2296:
2286:
2266:
2256:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2225:Greco-Buddhism
2222:
2215:
2212:
2166:Main article:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2136:
2135:
2088:
2087:
2071:
2070:
2042:
2039:
2004:
2003:
1985:British Museum
1981:Kanishka stupa
1967:British Museum
1948:
1947:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1907:Kanishka stupa
1904:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1867:Kanishka stupa
1862:
1861:Kanishka stupa
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1849:Loriyan Tangai
1847:A Buddha from
1846:
1839:
1837:
1833:Loriyan Tangai
1830:
1823:
1821:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1691:Art of Mathura
1680:
1677:
1637:
1634:
1616:Bimaran casket
1575:
1572:
1486:
1483:
1466:
1463:
1444:Kanishka stupa
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1305:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1263:
1252:
1233:
1222:
1217:, variants of
1199:
1188:
1183:, personified
1177:
1162:
1151:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1039:Greek language
1033:) to the left.
986:
983:
929:
926:
925:
924:
905:Kushan coinage
899:
892:
890:
879:
872:
870:
859:
852:
850:
836:
829:
786:scorched-earth
717:Main article:
714:
711:
707:Vima Kadphises
695:Vima Kadphises
679:Vima Kadphises
600:Mathura Museum
581:
564:
502:
495:
494:
493:
487:Mathura Museum
484:
477:
476:
475:
471:
470:
469:
468:
466:
463:
403:Gangetic plain
372:Kushan dynasty
359:
358:
356:
355:
348:
341:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
316:
315:
312:
306:
305:
302:
296:
295:
292:
286:
285:
282:
276:
275:
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266:
265:
262:
256:
255:
252:
246:
245:
242:
236:
235:
232:
226:
225:
222:
220:Vima Kadphises
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
202:
196:
195:
192:
186:
185:
176:
162:
161:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
124:, present-day
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
101:Vima Kadphises
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
81:British Museum
68:Greco-Bactrian
62:
54:
53:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7583:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7536:
7531:
7526:
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7516:
7515:
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7506:
7503:
7501:
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7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7458:
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7453:
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7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7379:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7297:Miscellaneous
7294:
7288:
7287:Vegetarianism
7285:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
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7135:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7109:Buddha in art
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
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6992:
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6888:
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6810:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6763:United States
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
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6721:
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6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
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6694:
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6681:
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6675:
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6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6650:
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6646:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
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6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6568:
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6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
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6498:
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6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6468:
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6462:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
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6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6320:Padmasambhava
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6232:Major figures
6229:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6178:Western tulku
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5979:Five precepts
5977:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
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5957:Dhamma vicaya
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5725:Buddhābhiṣeka
5723:
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5709:
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5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5369:Enlightenment
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:Dhamma theory
5357:
5355:
5354:Buddha-nature
5352:
5350:
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5209:
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5193:Samantabhadra
5191:
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4725:
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4696:
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4682:
4678:
4677:Rudrasena III
4674:
4673:Rudradaman II
4670:
4662:
4659:
4649:
4637:
4631:
4622:
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4612:
4608:
4607:Rudrasimha II
4604:
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4317:
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4309:
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4285:
4281:
4277:
4276:Damajadasri I
4273:
4269:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4244:
4241:Great Satrap
4230:
4229:
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4086:
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4039:
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4033:
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4031:KUSHAN EMPIRE
4022:
4019:
4014:
4009:
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3993:
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3971:
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3798:Paropamisadae
3796:
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3768:
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3759:Kushan Empire
3753:
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3479:Heou Han chou
3476:
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3137:9789810567057
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3014:
3004:
3003:
2995:
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2983:
2978:
2970:
2969:metmuseum.org
2966:
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2744:Sims-Williams
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2240:
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2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2189: 178 CE
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2159:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2125:Kaṇiṣka-stūpa
2121:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2081:
2076:
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2074:
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2030:
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2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1968:
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1838:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1787: 132 CE
1781:
1780:Sahr-i-Bahlol
1774:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
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1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1402:
1396: 120 AD
1390:
1386:
1383:Gold coin of
1381:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1323:metrago boddo
1320:
1317:
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1309:
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1303:
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1231:
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1200:
1197:
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1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1148:Ashi Vanghuhi
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1105:
1100:
1089:
1084:
1073:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1008:
1002: 120 AD
996:
991:
982:
978:
976:
973:an' and 'Kani
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
914:
910:
906:
902:
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867:
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839:
833:
828:
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823:
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813:
811:
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795:
791:
787:
779:
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771:
767:
766:
760:
758:
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750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
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720:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:Rajatarangini
645:
641:
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
601:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
568:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
506:
505:Brahmi script
499:
488:
481:
462:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:, and in the
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:Kushan empire
384:
373:
369:
365:
354:
349:
347:
342:
340:
335:
334:
332:
331:
323:
321:
318:
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127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
76:
69:
66:of Kanishka.
65:
60:
55:
52:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7475:Bodhisattvas
7395:Christianity
7390:Baháʼí Faith
7255:Dharmachakra
7245:Prayer wheel
7235:Prayer beads
7003:Architecture
6882:969 Movement
6797:
6666:Saudi Arabia
6644:Central Asia
6637:South Africa
6459:
6442:
6375:Panchen Lama
6280:Buddhapālita
5876:Satipatthana
5871:Mindful Yoga
5784:Recollection
5698:Brahmavihara
5569:Japanese Zen
5564:Chinese Chan
5524:Animal realm
5331:Key concepts
5153:Bodhisattvas
4965:Three Jewels
4854:. p. 4.
4850:
4804:(1): 27–32.
4801:
4797:
4791:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4752:
4713:
4693:
4685:Rudrasena IV
4669:Yasodaman II
4667:
4634:
4619:
4601:
4587:Samudragupta
4579:GUPTA EMPIRE
4577:
4549:
4540:Bhratadarman
4520:Kanishka III
4506:
4478:
4455:
4430:
4402:
4393:Rudrasena II
4363:
4326:
4306:
4292:Rudrasimha I
4284:Rudrasimha I
4272:Rudradaman I
4266:
4253:
4252:
4243:Kharapallana
4227:
4226:
4188:
4155:
4109:
4082:
4055:
4035:
4029:
4005:
3984:
3978:
3959:
3943:
3918:
3912:
3878:APRACHARAJAS
3857:
3850:
3843:
3776:Territories/
3656:
3649:
3638:
3629:
3622:
3610:
3592:
3576:
3551:. Retrieved
3536:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3460:
3425:
3423:𐨐𐨞𐨁𐨮𐨿𐨐
3422:
3414:
3402:
3386:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3309:
3302:
3288:
3281:
3261:
3254:
3240:
3233:
3223:
3216:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3153:
3146:
3126:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3093:
3044:
3033:
3021:
3001:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2958:
2949:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2905:
2883:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2781:
2774:
2765:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2718:
2691:
2681:
2670:
2659:
2650:
2634:
2614:
2607:
2587:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2474:
2467:
2457:
2450:
2441:
2413:
2393:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2361:
2352:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2324:
2319:
2291:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2246:
2239:
2201:
2171:
2156:
2137:
2109:
2085:Vinaya sutra
2084:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2031:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1993:
1974:
1831:Buddha from
1815:between two
1790:
1761:
1739:
1707:
1688:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1619:
1609:
1605:antaravasaka
1603:
1600:
1589:
1569:
1553:
1544:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1524:antaravasaka
1522:
1520:
1504:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1441:
1425:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1384:
1356:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1266:
1255:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1225:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1191:
1180:
1169:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1041:and script:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1006:
979:
974:
970:
966:
931:
866:Kabul Museum
820:
814:
763:
761:
756:
722:
668:
659:
655:
634:
629:
625:
621:
607:
589:
456:
425:
407:
391:Central Asia
367:
363:
362:
280:Kanishka III
229:
159:30 CE–350 CE
74:
47:
36:
7320:Dharma talk
7149:Asalha Puja
6945:Eschatology
6748:Switzerland
6728:New Zealand
6656:Middle East
6565:Philippines
6485:Afghanistan
6290:Bodhidharma
6275:Buddhaghosa
6195:Householder
6105:Monasticism
6058:Bodhisattva
5913:Prostration
5866:Mindfulness
5794:Anapanasati
5777:Kammaṭṭhāna
5574:Korean Seon
5514:Asura realm
5509:Human realm
5449:Ten Fetters
5404:Parinirvana
5306:Uppalavanna
5271:Mahākaccana
5256:Mahākassapa
5188:Kṣitigarbha
5183:Ākāśagarbha
5080:Suddhodāna
5025:Four sights
4952:Foundations
4730:388–396 CE
4664:320–388 CE
4598:300–320 CE
4565:Vasudeva II
4545:Datayola II
4457:Kanishka II
4448:Ardashir II
4424:Datarvharna
4420:Datarvharna
4381:Yasodaman I
4365:Samghadaman
4360:230–250 CE
4300:Rudrasena I
4288:Isvaradatta
4263:130–230 CE
4246:and Satrap
4218:PARATARAJAS
4178:100–120 CE
3961:Gondophares
3945:Gondophares
3902:Kharahostes
3882:Vijayamitra
3833:Pataliputra
3793:Balochistan
3313:. pp.
3292:. pp.
2736:Pataliputra
1811:Image of a
1661:Bodhisattva
1611:uttarasanga
1530:uttarasanga
1459:Ashvaghosha
1333:Only a few
1288:Only a few
1282:Verethragna
1254:ΜΑΝΑΟΒΑΓΟ (
1224:ΜΟΖΔΟΟΑΝΟ (
862:Surkh Kotal
846:Tarim Basin
810:Tarim Basin
802:Tarim Basin
745:Pataliputra
622:Vijayakirti
596:Mathura art
399:Pataliputra
290:Vasudeva II
260:Kanishka II
97:Predecessor
7550:Categories
7437:Psychology
7417:Gnosticism
7405:Comparison
7400:Influences
7382:Comparison
7265:Bhavacakra
7223:Kushinagar
7198:Pilgrimage
7144:Māgha Pūjā
7099:Bodhi Tree
6915:Buddhology
6905:Abhidharma
6897:Philosophy
6830:Menander I
6698:Costa Rica
6649:Uzbekistan
6490:Bangladesh
6444:Dhammapada
6428:Pali Canon
6390:Ajahn Chah
6370:Dalai Lama
6270:Kumārajīva
6265:Vasubandhu
6240:The Buddha
6148:Zen master
6083:Sakadagami
6063:Buddhahood
5994:Pratimokṣa
5809:Shikantaza
5765:Meditation
5740:Deity yoga
5611:Madhyamaka
5504:Deva realm
5399:Mindstream
5349:Bodhicitta
5261:Aṅgulimāla
5128:Devadatta
5104:Yaśodharā
5007:The Buddha
4997:Middle Way
4722: 335
4707: 350
4695:Varahran I
4655: 305
4643: 300
4628: 300
4572: 267
4558: 295
4551:Hormizd II
4527: 267
4515: 247
4499: 265
4487: 250
4464: 230
4443: 230
4436:Ardashir I
4412:Bhimarjuna
4404:Miratakhma
4397:Visvasimha
4385:Vijayasena
4351: 190
4344:Vasudeva I
4339: 190
4337: – c.
4335: 151
4254:Kanishka I
4236: 127
4228:Kanishka I
4198: 113
4157:Vima Takto
4139:75–100 CE
4051:Indravarma
4007:Sarpedones
3992:Vispavarma
3920:Strato III
3692:Kanishka I
3611:The Early
3520:26 (2002).
3483:T'oung pao
3449:References
2818:: 189–206.
2792:0226742210
2641:, p.
2220:Menander I
2131:Saṅghārāma
1996:Kharoshthi
1699:Yavana era
1685:Kushan art
1683:See also:
1430:school of
1385:Kanishka I
1276:ΟΡΑΛΑΓΝΟ (
1260:Vohu Manah
1243:, Sogdian
1226:mozdaooano
1153:ΛΡΟΟΑΣΠΟ (
1088:Hephaistos
909:Kanishka I
765:Hou Hanshu
729:Tajikistan
725:Uzbekistan
703:Vima Taktu
691:Vima Taktu
669:He was of
610:Sten Konow
408:Puruṣapura
379: 127
364:Kanishka I
324:335–350 CE
314:305–335 CE
304:300–305 CE
294:270–300 CE
284:267–270 CE
274:247–267 CE
264:230–247 CE
254:190–230 CE
250:Vasudeva I
244:151–190 CE
234:127–151 CE
230:Kanishka I
224:113–127 CE
210:Vima Takto
92:127–150 CE
7505:Festivals
7485:Buddhists
7447:Theosophy
7250:Symbolism
7240:Hama yumi
7213:Bodh Gaya
6980:Socialism
6955:Evolution
6930:Economics
6768:Venezuela
6683:Australia
6678:Argentina
6602:Sri Lanka
6597:Singapore
6515:Indonesia
6477:Countries
6418:Tripiṭaka
6380:Ajahn Mun
6255:Nagarjuna
6250:Aśvaghoṣa
6133:Anagārika
6128:Śrāmaṇerī
6123:Śrāmaṇera
6118:Bhikkhunī
6078:Sotāpanna
5967:Passaddhi
5908:Offerings
5883:Nekkhamma
5760:Iddhipada
5680:Practices
5650:Theravada
5623:Vajrayana
5616:Yogachara
5586:Pure Land
5499:Six Paths
5486:Cosmology
5266:Anuruddha
5241:Sāriputta
5231:Kaundinya
5223:Disciples
5198:Vajrapāṇi
5050:Footprint
5015:Tathāgata
4700:Shapur II
4697:(325–350)
4681:Simhasena
4611:Jivadaman
4603:Visvasena
4492:Hormizd I
4377:Viradaman
4320:Mirahvara
4316:Hvaramira
4296:Jivadaman
4280:Jivadaman
4268:Jayadaman
4248:Vanaspara
4165: 90
4124:50–75 CE
4097:45–50 CE
4078:Aspavarma
4070:40–45 CE
4057:Abdagases
4045: 50
4024:30-40 CE
4013:Bhadayasa
3980:Ubouzanes
3973:20–30 CE
3951:Indravasu
3914:Strato II
3897:Zeionises
3802:Arachosia
3439:Kā-ṇi-ṣka
3428:Ka-ṇi-ṣka
3419:Kharosthi
3413::Κανηϸκε
3200:0336-1519
3186:: 54–57.
2933:0970-0293
2667:(1965) .
2639:Puri 1999
2231:Footnotes
2182:Lokaksema
2112:Khotanese
2104:Ahin Posh
2053:(detail).
1991:, Burma.
1256:manaobago
1185:khwarenah
1083:ēphaēstos
944:and even
884:, modern
804:, modern
753:Baramulla
675:Tocharian
465:Genealogy
442:range to
440:Karakoram
432:Silk Road
214:90–113 CE
120:Possibly
107:Successor
64:Gold coin
7556:Kanishka
7523:Category
7452:Violence
7422:Hinduism
7370:Sanskrit
7325:Hinayana
7310:Amitābha
7270:Swastika
7139:Uposatha
7129:Holidays
7114:Calendar
6960:Humanism
6798:Kanishka
6788:Timeline
6612:Thailand
6580:Kalmykia
6575:Buryatia
6560:Pakistan
6545:Mongolia
6540:Maldives
6535:Malaysia
6500:Cambodia
6365:Shamarpa
6360:Nichiren
6310:Xuanzang
6245:Nagasena
6163:Rinpoche
5893:Pāramitā
5735:Devotion
5655:Navayana
5643:Dzogchen
5606:Nichiren
5554:Mahayana
5546:Branches
5424:Saṅkhāra
5173:Mañjuśrī
5130:(cousin)
5122:(cousin)
5090:(mother)
5082:(father)
5070:Miracles
5020:Birthday
4937:Glossary
4910:Buddhism
4715:Kipunada
4621:Peroz II
4536:280–300
4508:Vāsishka
4475:250–280
4369:Damasena
4328:Huvishka
4308:Bagamira
4222:Yolamira
4213:Nahapana
4182:Abhiraka
4149:Chastana
4002:–20 CE)
4000: 0
3967:Rajuvula
3934:10-20CE
3908:Mujatria
3813:Gandhara
3789:Pakistan
3787:Western
3781:Western
3459:(2003).
3391:Sanskrit
3373:Xuanzang
3208:43732476
2941:26978888
2214:See also
2204:Huvishka
2193:Mahayana
2174:Gandhara
2140:Xuanzang
2116:Dunhuang
2035:Huvishka
2008:Agesilas
1989:Mandalay
1941:Mandalay
1937:Peshawar
1695:Gandhara
1669:Gandhara
1654:Maitreya
1646:Maitreya
1626:ushnisha
1621:uttariya
1608:and the
1536:sanghati
1499:mandorla
1476:Maitreya
1452:Xuanzang
1448:Peshawar
1434:and the
1428:Gandhara
1327:Maitreya
1290:Buddhist
1155:lrooaspo
1144:ardoxsho
1077:ΗΦΑΗΣΤΟΣ
1018:Reverse:
1007:Obverse:
958:Bactrian
901:Samatata
806:Xinjiang
770:Ban Chao
664:Peshawar
652:Turushka
644:Khalatse
452:Bactrian
428:Buddhism
421:Jabalpur
413:Peshawar
395:Gandhara
320:Kipunada
270:Vāsishka
240:Huvishka
204:50–90 CE
111:Huvishka
7500:Temples
7480:Buddhas
7442:Science
7432:Judaism
7427:Jainism
7345:Lineage
7305:Abhijñā
7275:Thangka
7218:Sarnath
7203:Lumbini
7124:Funeral
7119:Cuisine
6995:Culture
6970:Reality
6920:Creator
6910:Atomism
6780:History
6753:Ukraine
6713:Germany
6632:Senegal
6622:Vietnam
6550:Myanmar
6350:Shinran
6340:Karmapa
6315:Shandao
6285:Dignāga
6210:Śrāvaka
6190:Donchee
6185:Kappiya
6143:Sayadaw
6113:Bhikkhu
6088:Anāgāmi
6045:Nirvana
6011:Samadhi
5898:Paritta
5839:Tonglen
5834:Mandala
5789:Smarana
5770:Mantras
5718:Upekkha
5688:Bhavana
5638:Shingon
5591:Tiantai
5444:Tathātā
5434:Śūnyatā
5429:Skandha
5419:Saṃsāra
5414:Rebirth
5389:Kleshas
5379:Indriya
5281:Subhūti
5166:Guanyin
5120:Ānanda
5112:Rāhula
4992:Nirvana
4932:Outline
4724:– 350)
4630:– 325)
4574:– 300)
4560:– 300)
4480:Peroz I
4450:(?-245)
4209:Bhumaka
4205:120 CE
3995:(ruled
3986:Pakores
3828:Mathura
3614:Kuṣāṇas
3553:31 July
3415:Kaniške
3405:Kaniṣka
2380:: 1–41.
2149:Kaṇiṣka
2080:Kaṇiṣka
2027:cherubs
1746:Sarnath
1725:Kosambi
1673:Mathura
1565:aureola
1549:usnisha
1436:Mathura
1417:Kashmir
1361:Avestan
1359:may be
1296:ΒΟΔΔΟ (
1278:orlagno
1179:ΦΑΡΡΟ (
1159:Drvaspa
950:Elamite
942:Iranian
798:Yarkand
790:Kashgar
778:Chinese
749:Kashmir
737:Mathura
640:Kashmir
417:Mathura
401:on the
194:1–30 CE
190:Heraios
139:Dynasty
132:Kashmir
70:legend:
51:emperor
7495:Sutras
7490:Suttas
7355:Siddhi
7340:Koliya
7315:Brahmā
7230:Poetry
7176:Mantra
7166:Kasaya
7038:Pagoda
7018:Kyaung
7013:Vihāra
7008:Temple
6950:Ethics
6793:Ashoka
6743:Sweden
6738:Poland
6733:Norway
6723:Mexico
6708:France
6693:Canada
6688:Brazil
6627:Africa
6607:Taiwan
6570:Russia
6495:Bhutan
6455:Vinaya
6335:Naropa
6325:Saraha
6260:Asanga
6016:Prajñā
5925:Refuge
5888:Nianfo
5849:Tertön
5844:Tantra
5829:Ganana
5819:Tukdam
5745:Dhyāna
5713:Mudita
5708:Karuṇā
5601:Risshū
5596:Huayan
5529:Naraka
5469:Anattā
5464:Dukkha
5459:Anicca
5364:Dharma
5316:Channa
5251:Ānanda
5236:Assaji
5203:Skanda
5106:(wife)
5075:Family
5055:Relics
4980:Sangha
4975:Dharma
4970:Buddha
4783:605147
4781:
4657:– 335)
4529:– 270)
4517:– 267)
4501:– 295)
4489:– 265)
4466:– 247)
4445:– 250)
4416:Koziya
4408:Kozana
4353:– 230)
4312:Arjuna
4238:–151)
4200:–127)
4167:–113)
4084:Gadana
4018:Sodasa
3926:Hagana
3808:Bajaur
3671:
3663:
3599:
3583:
3544:
3467:
3434:Brahmi
3395:कनिष्क
3269:
3206:
3198:
3161:
3134:
2939:
2931:
2898:
2789:
2732:Saketa
2728:Ujjain
2706:
2622:
2595:
2542:
2512:
2482:
2401:
2284:
2254:
2197:Loyang
2180:monk,
2178:Kushan
2019:Brahma
2012:stupas
1959:Brahma
1557:Chakra
1527:, the
1512:aureus
1495:Buddha
1421:Buddha
1410:right.
1389:Buddha
1302:Buddha
1265:ΟΑΔΟ (
1219:Mithra
1203:mithro
1181:pharro
1120:Anemos
1115:anēmos
1109:ΑΝΗΜΟΣ
1104:Selene
1099:salēnē
1093:ΣΑΛΗΝΗ
1072:Hēlios
1031:tamgha
1027:Helios
995:Helios
960:, the
946:Sumero
934:Indian
913:Bengal
882:Khotan
794:Khotan
780::
774:Khotan
671:Yuezhi
660:Jushka
656:Hushka
626:Kanika
614:Khotan
144:Kushan
122:Khotan
49:Kushan
7467:Lists
7335:Kalpa
7330:Iddhi
7193:Music
7188:Mudra
7154:Vassa
7134:Vesak
7104:Budai
7050:Candi
7033:Stupa
6965:Logic
6718:Italy
6617:Tibet
6555:Nepal
6525:Korea
6520:Japan
6510:India
6505:China
6450:Sutra
6405:Texts
6355:Dōgen
6345:Hōnen
6330:Atiśa
6295:Zhiyi
6205:Achar
6173:Tulku
6168:Geshe
6153:Rōshi
6138:Ajahn
6093:Arhat
6053:Bodhi
6023:Vīrya
5940:Sacca
5935:Satya
5930:Sādhu
5918:Music
5861:Merit
5854:Terma
5814:Zazen
5750:Faith
5703:Mettā
5384:Karma
5344:Bardo
5311:Asita
5301:Khema
5291:Upāli
5276:Nanda
5114:(son)
5088:Māyā
5065:Films
4942:Index
4779:JSTOR
4648:Shaka
4645:–305)
4111:Sases
4105:Sasan
4047:–90)
3783:India
3778:dates
3511:BEFEO
3317:–149.
3204:JSTOR
3027:p.xxi
3006:(PDF)
2937:JSTOR
2722:"The
2023:Indra
1975:The "
1963:Indra
1949:The "
1817:Nāgīs
1563:. An
1508:dinar
1368:Shiva
1357:oesho
1353:Shiva
1348:oesho
1335:Hindu
1298:boddo
1230:Mazda
1215:miuro
1211:mioro
1207:miiro
1190:ΜΑΟ (
1170:adsho
1138:ΑΡΔΟΧ
1067:ēlios
1061:ΗΛΙΟΣ
1023:ΗΛΙΟΣ
977:ka'.
938:Greek
886:China
630:Guzan
450:with
448:Greek
444:China
310:Shaka
89:Reign
7365:Pāḷi
7350:Māra
7260:Flag
6661:Iran
6585:Tuva
6530:Laos
6158:Lama
6006:Śīla
5974:Śīla
5962:Pīti
5952:Sati
5903:Puja
5824:Koan
5730:Dāna
5321:Yasa
5208:Tārā
4636:Mahi
4251:for
4173:...
4170:...
4134:...
4131:...
4119:...
4116:...
4092:...
4089:...
4065:...
4062:...
3917:and
3669:ISBN
3661:ISBN
3597:ISBN
3581:ISBN
3555:2021
3542:ISBN
3518:JSAI
3465:ISBN
3399:IAST
3296:–15.
3267:ISBN
3196:ISSN
3159:ISBN
3132:ISBN
2929:ISSN
2896:ISBN
2787:ISBN
2704:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2102:The
2021:and
1961:and
1869:and
1813:Nāga
1630:halo
1590:The
1561:urna
1516:obol
1474:and
1407:Rev:
1401:Obv:
1364:Vayu
1271:Vata
1267:oado
1241:Nana
1174:Atar
796:and
733:Oxus
727:and
658:and
618:Vima
393:and
300:Mahi
117:Born
7087:Art
7023:Wat
5559:Zen
4806:doi
4775:116
3481:."
3315:148
3188:doi
2888:doi
2696:doi
2643:258
1518:).
1345:Ο (
1245:nny
1228:, "
1196:Mah
1192:mao
1168:Ο (
1142:Ο (
1106:),
1090:),
1074:),
997:. (
907:of
423:).
397:to
130:or
7552::
6589:ru
4818:^
4802:11
4800:.
4773:.
4719:c.
4709:)
4704:c.
4652:c.
4640:c.
4625:c.
4569:c.
4555:c.
4524:c.
4512:c.
4496:c.
4484:c.
4461:c.
4440:c.
4348:c.
4332:c.
4233:c.
4195:c.
4162:c.
4042:c.
3997:c.
3432:;
3421::
3417:;
3409:;
3401::
3397:,
3393::
3294:11
3246:45
3202:.
3194:.
3184:61
3182:.
3108:.
3096:𑁕
2989:^
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