Kansas–Nebraska Act

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those who were immediately interested in, and alone responsible for, its consequences". In other words, they believed that the Act would leave decisions about whether slavery would be permitted in the hands of the people rather than the Federal government. The far more common response was one of outrage, interpreting Douglas's actions as, in their words, "part and parcel of an atrocious plot to exclude from a vast unoccupied region emigrant from the Old World, and free laborers from our States, and convert it into a dreary region of despotism, inhabited by masters and slaves". Especially in the eyes of northerners, the Kansas–Nebraska Act was aggression and an attack on the power and beliefs of free states. The response led to calls for public action against the South, as seen in broadsides that advertised gatherings in northern states to discuss publicly what to do about the presumption of the Act.

973: 38: 1280: 867:... were intended to have a far more comprehensive and enduring effect than the mere adjustment of the difficulties arising out of the recent acquisition of Mexican territory. They were designed to establish certain great principles, which would not only furnish adequate remedies for existing evils, but, in all times to come, avoid the perils of a similar agitation, by withdrawing the question of slavery from the halls of Congress and the political arena, and committing it to the arbitrament of those who were immediately interested in, and alone responsible for its consequences. 1080:

for a postponement of debate on the ground that he had not yet familiarized himself with the bill. "Little did I suppose at the time that I granted that act of courtesy", Douglas remarked, that Chase and his compatriots had published a document "in which they arraigned me as having been guilty of a criminal betrayal of my trust", of bad faith, and of plotting against the cause of free government. While other Senators were attending divine worship, they had been "assembled in a secret conclave", devoting the Sabbath to their own conspiratorial and deceitful purposes.

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concerned with the location of the territory's seat of government if such a large territory were created. Existing language to affirm the application of all other laws of the United States in the new territory was supplemented by the language agreed on with Pierce: "except the eighth section of the act preparatory to the admission of Missouri into the Union, approved March 6, 1820 , which was superseded by the legislation of 1850, commonly called the compromise measures , and is declared inoperative." Identical legislation was soon introduced in the House.

1174: 777: 879: 4160: 3856: 662: 875:, just as it was prohibited in Nebraska under the Missouri Compromise. Just as the creation of New Mexico and Utah territories had not ruled on the validity of Mexican law on the acquired territory, the Nebraska bill was neither "affirming nor repealing ... the Missouri act". In other words, popular sovereignty was being established by ignoring, rather than addressing, the problem presented by the Missouri Compromise. 3529: 1126: 1111: 1232: 593:". Douglas and Pierce hoped that popular sovereignty would help bring an end to the national debate over slavery, but the Kansas–Nebraska Act outraged Northerners. The division between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces caused by the Act was the death knell for the ailing Whig Party, which broke apart after the Act. Its Northern remnants would give rise to the anti-slavery 1429:. The passing of the Kansas–Nebraska Act came into direct conflict with the relocations. White American settlers from both the free-soil North and pro-slavery South flooded the Northern Indian Territory, hoping to influence the vote on slavery that would come following the admittance of Kansas and, to a lesser extent, Nebraska to the United States. 1211:, of Georgia, who insisted that the Missouri Compromise had never been a true compromise but had been imposed on the South. He argued that the issue was whether republican principles, "that the citizens of every distinct community or State should have the right to govern themselves in their domestic matters as they please", would be honored. 1556:) to fill the anti-slavery void that the Whig Party had never seemed willing to fill. The changes in the act were viewed by anti-slavery Northerners as an aggressive, expansionist maneuver by the slave-owning South. Opponents of the Act were intensely motivated and began forming a new party. The party began as a coalition of anti-slavery 2258: 1464:

infrastructure improvement projects dedicated to nearly every treaty, for example, took a great deal longer than expected. Beyond that, however, the most damaging violation by white American settlers was the mistreatment of Native Americans and their properties. Personal maltreatment, stolen property, and

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Manypenny's 1856 "Report on Indian Affairs" explained the devastating effect on Indian populations of diseases that white settlers brought to Kansas. Without providing statistics, Indian Affairs Superintendent to the area Colonel Alfred Cumming reported at least more deaths than births in most tribes

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have all been cited. Furthermore, the squatters' premature and illegal settlement of the Kansas Territory jeopardized the value of the land, and with it the future of the Indian tribes living on them. Because treaties were land cessions and purchases, the value of the land handed over to the Federal

1261:. He and Douglas both spoke to the large audience, Douglas first and Lincoln in response, two hours later. Lincoln's three-hour speech presented thorough moral, legal, and economic arguments against slavery and raised Lincoln's political profile for the first time. The speeches set the stage for the 968:

On January 23, a revised bill was introduced in the Senate that repealed the Missouri Compromise and split the unorganized land into two new territories: Kansas and Nebraska. The division was the result of concerns expressed by settlers already in Nebraska as well as the senators from Iowa, who were

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believed that unless the Missouri Compromise was explicitly repealed, slaveholders would be reluctant to move to the new territory until slavery was approved by the settlers, who would most likely oppose slavery. On January 16 Dixon surprised Douglas by introducing an amendment that would repeal the

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Several proposals in late 1852 and early 1853 had strong support, but they failed because of disputes over whether the railroad would follow a northern or a southern route. In early 1853, the House of Representatives passed a bill 107 to 49 to organize the Nebraska Territory in the land west of Iowa

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Charles Sumner on Douglas – "Alas! too often those principles which give consistency, individuality, and form to the Northern character, which renders it staunch, strong, and seaworthy, which bind it together as with iron, are drawn out, one by one, like the bolts of the ill-fitted vessel, and from

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Douglas charged the authors of the "Appeal", whom he referred to throughout as the "Abolitionist confederates", with having perpetrated a "base falsehood" in their protest. He expressed his sense of betrayal, recalling that Chase, "with a smiling face and the appearance of friendship", had appealed

1035:, some of them former slaves themselves, were telling Northerners that the supposed beneficence of slavery was a Southern lie, and that enslaving another person was un-Christian, a horrible sin that must be fought. Both battles were "fought with a pertinacity, bitterness, and rancor unknown even in 955:

Douglas and Atchison first met alone with Pierce before the whole group convened. Pierce was persuaded to support repeal, and at Douglas' insistence, Pierce provided a written draft, asserting that the Missouri Compromise had been made inoperative by the principles of the Compromise of 1850. Pierce

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Douglas's committee met later that night. Douglas was agreeable to the proposal, but the Atchison group was not. Determined to offer the repeal to Congress on January 23 but reluctant to act without Pierce's commitment, Douglas arranged through Davis to meet with Pierce on January 22 even though it

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through the region, pressure mounted for the organization of the eastern parts of the unorganized territory. Though the organization of the territory was required to develop the region, an organization bill threatened to re-open the contentious debates over slavery in the territories that had taken

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Immediate responses to the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act fell into two classes. The less common response was held by Douglas's supporters, who believed that the bill would withdraw "the question of slavery from the halls of Congress and the political arena, committing it to the arbitration of

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Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri – "What is the excuse for all this turmoil and mischief? We are told it is to keep the question of slavery out of Congress! Great God! It was out of Congress, completely, entirely, and forever out of Congress, unless Congress dragged it in by breaking down the sacred

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We arraign this bill as a gross violation of a sacred pledge; as a criminal betrayal of precious rights; as part and parcel of an atrocious plot to exclude from vast unoccupied region immigrants from the Old World and free laborers from our States, and convert it into a dreary region of despotism,

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immediately reintroduced the same legislation to organize Nebraska that had stalled in the previous session; it was referred to Douglas's committee on December 14. Douglas, hoping to achieve the support of the Southerners, publicly announced that the same principle that had been established in the

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In the Compromise of 1850, Utah and New Mexico Territories had been organized without any restrictions on slavery, and many supporters of Douglas argued that the compromise had already superseded the Missouri Compromise. The territories were, however, given the authority to decide for themselves

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strongly opposed the bill, it passed the House with the support of almost all Southerners and some Northern Democrats. After the passage of the act, pro- and anti-slavery elements flooded into Kansas to establish a population that would vote for or against slavery, resulting in a series of armed

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Guerrilla warfare in Kansas continued throughout Buchanan's presidency and extended into the 1860s. Buchanan attempted to admit Kansas as a state under the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution, but Kansas voters rejected that constitution in an August 1858 referendum. Anti-slavery delegates won a

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between 1852 and 1856, contributing, in part, to the massive decline in population, from 8000 in 1850 to just 3500 in 1860. The Osage had already encountered epidemics associated with relocation and white settlement. The initial removal acts in the 1830s brought both White American settlers and

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Furthermore, any decisions on slavery in the new lands were to be made "when admitted as a state or states, the said territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union, with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission." In a report

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From a political standpoint, the Whig Party had been in decline in the South because of the effectiveness with which it had been hammered by the Democratic Party over slavery. The Southern Whigs hoped that by seizing the initiative on this issue, they would be identified as strong defenders of

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were at a distinct disadvantage in Congress. The Democrats held large majorities in each house, and Douglas, "a ferocious fighter, the fiercest, most ruthless, and most unscrupulous that Congress had perhaps ever known", led a tightly disciplined party. In the nation at large, the opponents of

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leaders who refused to allow the creation of territories that banned slavery; slavery would have been banned because the Missouri Compromise outlawed slavery in the territory north of latitude 36° 30′ north (except for Missouri). To win the support of Southerners like Atchison, Pierce and

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The Kansas–Nebraska Act divided the nation and pointed it toward civil war. Congressional Democrats suffered huge losses in the mid-term elections of 1854, as voters provided support to a wide array of new parties that opposed the Democrats and the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Pierce deplored the new

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The American party system had been dominated by Whigs and Democrats for decades leading up to the Civil War. But the Whig party's increasing internal divisions had made it a party of strange bedfellows by the 1850s. An ascendant anti-slavery wing clashed with a traditionalist and increasingly

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ordered military support in removing the squatters, both the military and the squatters refused to comply, undermining both Federal authority and the treaties in place with Delaware. In addition to the violations of treaty agreements, other promises made were not being kept. Construction and

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would be handled. Davis and Cushing, from Massachusetts, along with Douglas, spearheaded the partisan efforts. By the end of April, Douglas believed that there were enough votes to pass the bill. The House leadership then began a series of roll call votes in which legislation ahead of the

1191:, nearly provoked the House into a war of more than words. Campbell, joined by other antislavery northerners, exchanged insults and invectives with southerners, neither side giving quarter. Weapons were brandished on the floor of the House. Finally, bumptiousness gave way to violence. 1133:

The debate in the Senate concluded on March 4, 1854, when Douglas, beginning near midnight on March 3, made a five-and-a-half-hour speech. The final vote in favor of passage was 37 to 14. Free-state senators voted 14 to 12 in favor, and slave-state senators supported the bill 23 to 2.

1050:, which had earlier supported Pierce, predicted that this would be the last straw for Northern supporters of the slavery forces and would "create a deep-seated, intense, and ineradicable hatred of the institution which will crush its political power, at all hazards, and at any cost". 2993: 1432:

To avoid and/or alleviate the reservation-settlement problem, further treaty negotiations were attempted with the tribes of Kansas and Nebraska. In 1854 alone, the U.S. agreed to acquire lands in Kansas or Nebraska from several tribes including the Kickapoo, Delaware,

1541:, had been burned by Taylor and were unwilling to support another Whig. Taylor, who despite being a slave owner, had proved notably anti-slave despite campaigning neutrally on the issue. With the loss of Southern Whig support and the loss of votes in the North to the 1166:, which he "had stood upon ... above thirty years, and intended to stand upon it to the end—solitary and alone, if need be; but preferring company". The speech was distributed afterward as a pamphlet when opposition to the action moved outside the walls of Congress. 1169:

It was not until May 8 that the debate began in the House. The debate was even more intense than in the Senate. While it seemed to be a foregone conclusion that the bill would pass, the opponents went all out to fight it. Historian Michael Morrison wrote:

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had been discussed since the 1840s. While there were debates over the specifics, especially the route to be taken, there was a public consensus that such a railroad should be built by private interests, and financed by public land grants. In 1845,

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Representatives then generally found lodging in boarding houses when they were in the nation's capital to perform their legislative duties. Atchison shared lodgings in an F Street house shared by the leading Southerners in Congress. He was the

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and a few areas adjacent to free states, there were no efforts to organize the Party in the southern states. So was born the Republican Party—campaigning on the popular, emotional issue of "free soil" in the frontier—which would capture the

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government was critical to the payment received by a given Native nation. Deforestation, destruction of property, and other general injuries to the land lowered the value of the territories that were ceded by the Kansas Territory tribes.

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The final House vote in favor of the bill was 113 to 100. Northern Democrats supported the bill 44 to 42, but all 45 northern Whigs opposed it. Southern Democrats voted in favor by 57 to 2, and southern Whigs supported it by 12 to 7.

725:. Atchison was maneuvered into choosing between antagonizing the state's railroad interests or its slaveholders. Finally, he took the position that he would rather see Nebraska "sink in hell" before he would allow it to be overrun by 939:

supported repeal. Instead, the president and cabinet submitted to Douglas an alternative plan that would have sought out a judicial ruling on the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise. Both Pierce and Attorney General

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Potter p. 165. The vote occurred at 3:30 a.m. and many senators, including Houston, had retired for the night. Estimates on what the vote might have been with all still in attendance vary from 40–20 to 42–18. Nevins p.

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section of the Missouri Compromise that prohibited slavery north of the 36°30' parallel. Douglas met privately with Dixon and in the end, despite his misgivings on Northern reaction, agreed to accept Dixon's arguments.

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and campaigned on "Bleeding Kansas" and the unpopularity of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Buchanan won the election, but Frémont carried a majority of the free states. Two days after Buchanan's inauguration, Chief Justice

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Stephen A. Douglas – "The great principle of self-government is at stake, and surely the people of this country are never going to decide that the principle upon which our whole republican system rests is vicious and

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Republican Party, because of its perceived anti-southern, anti-slavery stance. To Northerners, the President's perceived Southern bias did anything but de-escalate public mood and helped inflame abolitionist anger.

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of Alabama. With the encouragement of the "F Street Mess", Douglas met with them and Phillips to ensure that the momentum for passing the bill remained with the Democratic Party. They arranged to meet with President

757:, formed the nucleus that would insist on slaveholder equality in Nebraska. Douglas was aware of the group's opinions and power and knew that he needed to address its concerns. Douglas was also a fervent believer in 1646:, which asserted that Congress had no constitutional power to exclude slavery in the territories. Douglas continued to support the doctrine of popular sovereignty, but Buchanan insisted that Democrats respect the 1161:

was among those speaking forcefully against the measure. On April 25, in a House speech that biographer William Nisbet Chambers called "long, passionate, historical, polemical", Benton attacked the repeal of the

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Douglas took the appeal personally and responded in Congress, when the debate was opened on January 30 before a full House and packed gallery. Douglas biographer Robert W. Johanssen described part of the speech:

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aired their disagreement over the Kansas–Nebraska Act in seven public speeches during September and October 1854. Lincoln gave his most comprehensive argument against slavery and the provisions of the act in

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During the Senate adjournment, the issues of the railroad and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise became entangled in Missouri politics, as Atchison campaigned for re-election against the forces of

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Alexander Stephens from Georgia – "Nebraska is through the House. I took the reins in my hand, applied the whip and spur, and brought the 'wagon' out at eleven o'clock P.M. Glory enough for one day."

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and well-armed, had to be restrained from making a violent attack on Campbell. Only after the sergeant at arms arrested him, the debate was cut off, and the House adjourned did the melee subside.

560:, and since the 1840s Douglas had sought to establish a territorial government in a portion of the Louisiana Purchase that was still unorganized. Douglas's efforts were stymied by Senator 1027:. A political battle was being fought in Congress over the question of slavery in the new states that were coming. At the same time, there was a moral debate. Southerners claimed that 3564: 4235: 484: 4064: 1709: 1445:, Miami, and Kaskaskia and Peoria. In exchange for their land cessions, the tribes largely received small reservations in the Indian Territory of Oklahoma or Kansas in some cases. 871:

The report compared the situation in New Mexico and Utah with the situation in Nebraska. In the first instance, many had argued that slavery had previously been prohibited under

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announced that he would support the Nebraska proposal only if slavery were to be permitted. While the bill was silent on this issue, slavery would have been prohibited under the

1330:. Their influence in territorial elections was often bolstered by resident Missourians who crossed into Kansas solely for voting in such ballots. They formed groups such as the 1143: 2821: 1106:

The unanimous sentiment of the North is indignant resistance. ... The whole population is full of it. The feeling in 1848 was far inferior to this in strength and universality.

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in the territory north of 36°30' latitude and west of the Mississippi River. Other Southern senators were as inflexible as Atchison. By a vote of 23 to 17, the Senate voted to

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whether they would apply for statehood as either free or slaves states whenever they chose to apply. The two territories, however, unlike Nebraska, had not been part of the

1515: 3085: 1389:. Throughout the 1830s, large-scale relocations of Native American tribes to the Indian Territory took place, with many Southeastern nations removed to present-day 3932: 1284: 477: 3579: 4260: 1587:, on July 6, 1854. At that convention, the party opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories and selected a statewide slate of candidates. The 150: 1626:. Pierce remains the only elected president who actively sought reelection but was denied his party's nomination for a second term. Republicans nominated 4008: 2139: 682:, had submitted an unsuccessful plan to organize the Nebraska Territory formally, as the first step in building a railroad with its eastern terminus in 4245: 3936: 2169: 2418: 1583:

schoolhouse on March 20, 1854. The first statewide convention that formed a platform and nominated candidates under the Republican name was held near

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was a Sunday when Pierce generally refrained from conducting any business. Douglas was accompanied at the meeting by Atchison, Hunter, Phillips, and

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Missouri Compromise line (36°30′ parallel) in dark blue, 1820. Territory above this line would be reserved for free states, and below, slave states

650: 2766: 2737: 2708: 2679: 2650: 2621: 2592: 2563: 2534: 2505: 2476: 2447: 2273: 1506:, cholera, and smallpox killed an estimated 1242 Osage Indians, resulting in a population recession of roughly 20 percent between 1830 and 1850. 3573: 2325: 4215: 3612: 2970: 4205: 960:, the communications organ for the administration, wrote on January 24 that support for the bill would be "a test of Democratic orthodoxy". 3561: 2990: 576:

Douglas's bill to repeal the Missouri Compromise and organize Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory won approval by a wide margin in the

3459: 1701: 3985: 749:(from South Carolina, chairman of the Judiciary Committee). When Congress reconvened on December 5, 1853, the group, termed the F Street 1654:

majority of the elections to the 1859 Kansas constitutional convention, and Kansas won admission as a free state under the anti-slavery

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often referred to as "Nebraska". As settlers poured into the unorganized territory, and commercial and political interests called for a

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Before the organization of the Kansas–Nebraska territory in 1854, the Kansas and Nebraska Territories were consolidated as part of the

573:". Under popular sovereignty, the citizens of each territory, rather than Congress, would determine whether slavery would be allowed. 3892: 3859: 1142:

On March 21, 1854, as a delaying tactic in the House of Representatives, the legislation was referred by a vote of 110 to 95 to the

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The bill was reported to the main body of the Senate on January 4, 1854. It had been modified by Douglas, who had also authored the

761:—the policy of letting the voters, almost exclusively white males, of a territory decide whether or not slavery should exist in it. 3974: 3594: 3533: 1631: 1526: 915:

Pierce was not enthusiastic about the implications of repealing the Missouri Compromise and had barely referred to Nebraska in his

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Under the Oaks: Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Republican Party, at Jackson, Michigan, July 6, 1854

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For the nations that remained in Kansas beyond 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act introduced a host of other problems. In 1855, white "

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Successive territorial governors, usually sympathetic to slavery, attempted to maintain the peace. The territorial capital of

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and Missouri. In March, the bill moved to the Senate Committee on Territories, which was headed by Douglas. Missouri Senator

366: 4250: 3077: 169: 2259:"American Broadsides and Ephemera, Series I. "To the People of Massachusetts:" Worcester, MA: 1854. Accessed 3 March 2016" 1369:

and his sons gained notoriety in the fight against slavery by murdering five pro-slavery farmers with a broadsword in the

1146:, where it was the last item on the calendar. Realizing from the vote to stall that the act faced an uphill struggle, the 4200: 4043: 3980: 1619: 1062: 17: 1031:, endorsed by the Bible, and generally good policy, whose expansion must be supported. The publications and speeches of 833: 4190: 292: 4195: 3486: 3425: 3380: 3355: 3340: 3292: 3277: 3215: 1296: 1032: 931:

both told Pierce that repeal would create serious political problems. The full cabinet met and only Secretary of War

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Douglas agreed to back the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, with the status of slavery instead decided based on "

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foreign Native American tribes to the Great Plains and into contact with the Osage people. Between 1829 and 1843,

1373:. Brown also helped defend a few dozen Free-State supporters from several hundred angry pro-slavery supporters at 4003: 3547: 3497:

The Burden of Western History: Kansas, Collective Memory, and the Reunification of the American Empire, 1854–1913

1348:", moved from the East expressly to make Kansas a free state. A clash between the opposing sides was inevitable. 1150:

made it clear to all Democrats that passage of the bill was essential to the party and would dictate how federal

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on the Delaware reservation without the consent of either Delaware or the US government. When Commissioner of

4185: 3995: 3885: 1258: 806: 537:. Douglas introduced the bill intending to open up new lands to develop and facilitate the construction of a 361: 2161: 1401:, and many Midwestern nations removed by way of the treaty to present-day Kansas. Among the latter were the 4225: 4079: 3692: 2426: 1672: 1609: 1158: 1088:

political rallies were held across the north. Douglas remained the main advocate for the bill while Chase,

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Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas, or the Border War was a series of violent political confrontations in the

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Partly due to the unpopularity of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Pierce lost his bid for re-nomination at the

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from Texas was one of the few southern opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. In the debate, he urged, "

888: 585: 257: 222: 2277: 686:. Railroad proposals were debated in all subsequent sessions of Congress with cities such as Chicago, 4099: 4089: 4059: 3539: 2329: 1366: 670: 654: 538: 336: 320: 1579:

local meeting where "Republican" was suggested as a name for a new anti-slavery party was held in a

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The Kansas–Nebraska Act was the final nail in the Whig coffin. It was also the spark that began the

4240: 4210: 4163: 4127: 3878: 3800: 3609: 1588: 1457: 899: 634: 384: 297: 272: 237: 212: 2967: 1552:, which would take in both Whigs and Free Soilers (as well as sympathetic northern Democrats like 1489:, none of which the Native Americans were able to treat. The disastrous epidemics exemplified the 3580:

The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854: Popular Sovereignty and the Political Polarization over Slavery

3372: 1793: 1262: 622: 3543: 1545:, Whigs seemed doomed. So they were, as they would never again contest a presidential election. 907:

to ensure that the issue would be declared a test of party loyalty within the Democratic Party.

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Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War

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of Michigan, a proponent of popular sovereignty as far back as 1848 as an alternative to the

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Douglas's attempt to finesse his way around the Missouri Compromise did not work. Kentucky

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Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War

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Free soil, free labor, free men: the ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

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Childers, Christopher. "Interpreting Popular Sovereignty: A Historiographical Essay",

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decision and its repudiation of federal interference with slavery in the territories.

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the motion, with every senator from the states south of Missouri voting to the table.

3790: 3482: 3421: 3376: 3351: 3336: 3311: 3288: 3273: 3211: 1584: 1352: 1316: 1184: 1089: 856: 765: 597:. The Act, and the tensions over slavery it inflamed, were key events leading to the 3401: 863:

accompanying the bill, Douglas's committee wrote that the Utah and New Mexico Acts:

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President Franklin Pierce signed the Kansas–Nebraska Act into law on May 30, 1854.

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wrote that the country then became convulsed with two interconnected battles over

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Millard Fillmore on the Fugitive Slave and Kansas–Nebraska Acts: Original Letter

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Nichols, Roy F. (1956). "The Kansas–Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography".

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message delivered December 5, 1853, just a month before. Close advisors Senator

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later informed his cabinet, which concurred with the change of direction. The

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History of the Republican Party (United States) § Beginnings: 1854–1860

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The Kansas–Nebraska Bill: Party, Section, and the Coming of the Civil War

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Nichols, Roy F. "The Kansas–Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography".

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Kansas–Nebraska Act was called to the floor and tabled without debate.

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The day after the bill was reintroduced, two Ohioans, Representative

843:. A large portion of Nebraska Territory would soon be split off into 687: 3604:

President Pierce's Private Correspondence on the Kansas–Nebraska Act

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Kansas–Nebraska Act and related resources at the Library of Congress

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took the lead in forming state Republican Party tickets; apart from

2351:"Bleeding Kansas | History, Effects, & John Brown | Britannica" 1498: 1482: 1390: 1327: 661: 645:, remained in place for the other U.S. territories acquired in the 107: 3870: 2299: 2093:"To Pass H.R. 236. (P. 1254). – House Vote No. 309 – May 22, 1854" 1525:

pro-slavery southern wing. These divisions came to a head in the

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believed that the Supreme Court would find it unconstitutional.

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and had arguably never been subject to the Missouri Compromise.

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The United States had acquired vast amounts of land in the 1803

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the miserable, loosened fragments is formed that human anomaly—

1125: 996: 745:(from Virginia, chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee) and 3010:. The ordeal of the Union: A house dividing, 1852–1857. Vol. 2 1826:

Allan Kent Powell, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, "Utah Territory"

1702:"The Wealthy Activist Who Helped Turn 'Bleeding Kansas' Free" 1537:. Southern Whigs, who had supported the prior Whig president 1319:

would allow or outlaw slavery, and thus enter the Union as a

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This 1856 map shows slave states (gray), free states (pink),

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four years later, when Lincoln sought Douglas's Senate seat.

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Pro-slavery settlers came to Kansas mainly from neighboring

702:

competing to be the jumping-off point for the construction.

541:. However, the Kansas–Nebraska Act effectively repealed the 1315:. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether 1000: 750: 3326:

Stephen A. Douglas and the dilemmas of democratic equality

3078:"When Has A President Been Denied His Party's Nomination?" 2271: 1521:

slavery. Many Northern Whigs broke with them in the Act.

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and contributing to a series of armed conflicts known as "

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United States federal territory and statehood legislation

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An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas

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Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era

2380:

Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era

2326:"Preface by Lewis Lehrman, Abraham Lincoln and Freedom" 1799: 1732:

Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era

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that they set up their own, unofficial legislature at

2767:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2738:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2709:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2680:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2651:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2622:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2593:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2564:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2535:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2506:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2477:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2448:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2419:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties" 2324:

The Lincoln Institute; Lewis E. Lehrman (2002–2008).

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SenGupta, Gunja. "Bleeding Kansas: A Review Essay".

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The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay 1776–1854

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List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce

3350:. Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press. 2872: 1999:"To Pass S. 22. – Senate Vote No. 52 – Mar 3, 1854" 1855: 1853: 1380: 1084:The debate would continue for four months, as many 641:, which banned slavery in territories north of the 3470: 3203: 1065:in Congress to the People of the United States": 1340:, a term coined by the opponent and abolitionist 855:(1863) before the balance of the land became the 658:place during and after the Mexican–American War. 4177: 1984: 1982: 1850: 1509: 898:A similar amendment was offered in the House by 811: 3418:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857 3252:Volume 57, Number 1, March 2011 pp. 48–70 3044:"Civil War Chronicles: Abolitionist John Doy", 2943: 1658:in the final months of Buchanan's presidency. 1044:Nebraska hoped to achieve a moral victory. The 977:Forcing Slavery Down the Throat of a Freesoiler 832:was created to extend from Kansas north to the 3023:The origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 2938:The encyclopedia of American political history 2300:"Abraham Lincoln at Peoria: The Turning Point" 3886: 3638: 3243:Old Bullion Benton: Senator From the New West 2893: 2891: 1979: 478: 4261:Franklin Pierce administration controversies 2936:Paul Finkelman, and Peter Wallenstein, eds. 2393:War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1861 1493:people, who lost an estimated 1300 lives to 1240:. Sir, no such man can speak for the North." 1096:, of Massachusetts, led the opposition. The 847:(1861), and smaller portions transferred to 3060: 1473:in the area. While noting intemperance, or 1248:Douglas and former Illinois Representative 3893: 3879: 3645: 3631: 2888: 2124: 485: 471: 4246:Expansion of slavery in the United States 3364: 3184: 3148: 2924: 1886:Johanssen pp. 412–413. Cooper pp. 350–351 1835: 1805: 617:had settled the debate over the issue of 609:In his 1853 inaugural address, President 3975:1852 United States presidential election 3512:Wunder, John R. and Joann M. Ross, eds. 3368:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 2225:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 1278: 1230: 1172: 1124: 1109: 995:platform of making slave states out of " 971: 877: 775: 678:, then serving in his first term in the 660: 625:. The compromise had allowed slavery in 2222: 1779:Freehling pp. 550–551. Johanssen p. 407 1238:a Northern man with Southern principles 800: 580:, but faced stronger opposition in the 14: 4178: 3069: 2406:John Brown and the legend of fifty-six 2162:"Pierce signs the Kansas–Nebraska Act" 2132:"U.S. Senate: The Kansas–Nebraska Act" 1699: 1695: 1693: 1121:Stir not up agitation! Give us peace!" 1011:also holds down the giant's beard, as 910: 824:Acts, to mirror the language from the 4216:History of United States expansionism 3874: 3626: 3468: 3348:President James Buchanan: A Biography 3345: 3201: 3172: 3160: 3136: 3124: 3088:from the original on December 5, 2021 3075: 1700:Sutton, Robert K. (August 16, 2017). 1603: 457:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 4206:African-American history of Nebraska 3509:, (Revisionist Press, 1977), 385 pp. 3432:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3028: 2274:"1854 – Abraham Lincoln and Freedom" 1949:Nevins pp. 111–112. Johanssen p. 418 1895:Potter p. 161. Johanssen pp. 413–414 4044:1856 Democratic National Convention 3981:1852 Democratic National Convention 3900: 3619:available via the National Archives 3066:Holt (2010), pp. 91–94, 99, 106–109 2297: 2272:The Lincoln Institute (2002–2008). 1712:from the original on March 27, 2019 1690: 1620:1856 Democratic National Convention 1344:. Abolitionist settlers, known as " 1063:Appeal of the Independent Democrats 1061:, published a free-soil response, " 1015:shoves a black man down his throat. 963: 533:, and signed into law by President 24: 2964:The origin of the Republican Party 2159: 1268: 1138:Debate in House of Representatives 979:. An 1854 cartoon depicts a giant 367:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 223:End of slavery in British colonies 25: 4272: 4256:Origins of the American Civil War 4231:Pre-statehood history of Nebraska 3521: 3300:The Political Crisis of the 1850s 1119:Maintain the Missouri Compromise! 633:, which had been acquired in the 545:, stoking national tensions over 356:The Impending Crisis of the South 198:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 4159: 4158: 3855: 3854: 3654:Kansas in the American Civil War 3527: 3473:The Presidency of James Buchanan 3455:24 (Winter 2001/2002): 318–341. 2103:from the original on May 3, 2019 2009:from the original on May 3, 2019 1381:Effect on Native American tribes 1295:between 1854 and 1861 involving 1207:The floor debate was handled by 1070:inhabited by masters and slaves. 513:that created the territories of 36: 4004:Inauguration of Franklin Pierce 3514:The Nebraska-Kansas Act of 1854 3442:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 3109: 3100: 3051: 3015: 3002: 2979: 2956: 2930: 2904: 2861:from the original on 2015-12-22 2843: 2832:from the original on 2015-12-22 2814: 2801: 2788: 2759: 2730: 2701: 2672: 2643: 2614: 2585: 2556: 2527: 2498: 2469: 2440: 2411: 2398: 2385: 2372: 2361:from the original on 2023-09-22 2343: 2317: 2306:from the original on 2019-06-26 2291: 2265: 2251: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2183: 2172:from the original on 2019-03-31 2153: 2142:from the original on 2019-03-29 2115: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2049: 2040: 2031: 2021: 1991: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1904:Potter p. 161. Johanssen p. 414 1898: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1841: 1820: 1811: 3917:President of the United States 3434:43 (September 1956): 187–212. 3057:McPherson (1988), pp. 129–130. 1782: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1724: 1668:History of slavery in Nebraska 735:Senate's President pro tempore 13: 1: 3606:Shapell Manuscript Foundation 3576:Shapell Manuscript Foundation 3236:A History of the Osage People 2899:A History of the Osage People 2883:A History of the Osage People 1743:Holt (2010), pp. 53–54, 72–73 1678: 1510:Destruction of the Whig party 1311:", or "Southern" elements in 812:Introduction of Nebraska bill 807:Presidency of Franklin Pierce 680:U.S. House of Representatives 604: 3365:McPherson, James M. (1988). 3076:Rudin, Ken (July 22, 2009). 2201:, 33 Cong., 1 Sess., No. 15. 1683: 1673:History of slavery in Kansas 1610:Presidency of James Buchanan 1226: 1218: 780:The United States after the 331:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall 293:Secession of Southern states 7: 4251:33rd United States Congress 3516:(2008), essays by scholars. 3448:-winning scholarly history. 2771:digital.library.okstate.edu 2742:digital.library.okstate.edu 2713:digital.library.okstate.edu 2684:digital.library.okstate.edu 2655:digital.library.okstate.edu 2626:digital.library.okstate.edu 2597:digital.library.okstate.edu 2568:digital.library.okstate.edu 2539:digital.library.okstate.edu 2510:digital.library.okstate.edu 2481:digital.library.okstate.edu 2452:digital.library.okstate.edu 2423:digital.library.okstate.edu 1661: 1393:, a process ordered by the 1321:slave state or a free state 1287:(green), and Kansas (white) 543:Missouri Compromise of 1820 531:33rd United States Congress 326:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy 170:End of Atlantic slave trade 58:33rd United States Congress 10: 4277: 4201:1854 in Nebraska Territory 4075:Franklin Pierce University 3925:Senator from New Hampshire 3479:University Press of Kansas 3346:Klein, Philip S. (1995) . 3241:Chambers, William Nisbet. 3194: 1632:1856 presidential election 1607: 1513: 1272: 828:. In the bill, a vast new 804: 773:should apply in Nebraska. 737:. His housemates included 413:Recapture of Anthony Burns 283:1860 presidential election 258:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 4191:1854 in American politics 4137: 4108: 4100:Statue of Franklin Pierce 4090:Pierce County, Washington 4060:Franklin Pierce Homestead 4052: 3994: 3947: 3908: 3850: 3834: 3809: 3783: 3767: 3760: 3744: 3728: 3660: 3562:An annotated bibliography 3469:Smith, Elbert B. (1975). 3306:Holt, Michael F. (2010). 3305: 3210:. New York: Times Books. 2855:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 2826:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 2213:, 33 Cong., 1 Sess., 281. 1497:, measles, smallpox, and 1397:of 1830 and known as the 927:, and Secretary of State 671:transcontinental railroad 655:transcontinental railroad 539:transcontinental railroad 362:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue 337:American Slavery As It Is 91: 86: 76: 71: 63: 52: 44: 35: 4196:1854 in Kansas Territory 4128:Benjamin Kendrick Pierce 3115:Holt (2010), pp. 109–110 1257:, on October 16, in the 613:expressed hope that the 582:House of Representatives 385:Trial of Reuben Crandall 298:Peace Conference of 1861 273:Caning of Charles Sumner 4221:Legal history of Kansas 3373:Oxford University Press 3223:excerpt and text search 3202:Baker, Jean H. (2004). 3106:Holt (2010), loc. 1610. 1794:Oxford University Press 1600:just six years later. 1529:, where Whig candidate 1263:Lincoln-Douglas debates 1178:laws which settled it!" 753:, along with Virginian 278:Lincoln–Douglas debates 116:on March 3, 1854 ( 4095:Pierce County, Georgia 4014:Young America movement 3283:Freehling, William W. 2985:William Stocking, ed. 1656:Wyandotte Constitution 1288: 1241: 1205: 1179: 1144:Committee of the Whole 1130: 1122: 1108: 1082: 1072: 1029:slavery was beneficent 1016: 935:and Secretary of Navy 884: 869: 789: 666: 564:of Missouri and other 426:Virginia v. John Brown 419:Dred Scott v. Sandford 321:Nat Turner's Rebellion 126:on May 22, 1854 ( 4065:Franklin Pierce House 3960:9th Infantry Regiment 3389:Manypenny, George W. 3331:Johannsen. Robert W. 3021:William E. Gienapp, 2807:George W. Manypenny, 2794:George W. Manypenny, 1931:Johanssen pp. 415–417 1913:Johanssen pp. 414–415 1817:Johannsen pp. 402–403 1788:Robert W. Johansson, 1608:Further information: 1371:Pottawatomie massacre 1282: 1234: 1181: 1176: 1148:Pierce administration 1128: 1113: 1104: 1077: 1067: 975: 881: 865: 779: 664: 651:unorganized territory 452:Battle of Fort Sumter 407:Prigg v. Pennsylvania 288:Crittenden Compromise 4186:1854 in American law 3970:Battle of Churubusco 3548:US Statutes at Large 3536:at Wikimedia Commons 3495:Stewart, Matthew G. 1452:" built the city of 1183:A filibuster led by 950:John C. Breckinridge 818:New Mexico Territory 801:Congressional action 635:Mexican–American War 631:New Mexico Territory 589:conflicts known as " 521:. It was drafted by 509:) was a territorial 391:Commonwealth v. Aves 248:Nashville Convention 238:Mexican–American War 208:Nullification crisis 4226:Popular sovereignty 4039:Topeka Constitution 4029:Kansas–Nebraska Act 3965:Battle of Contreras 3933:U.S. Representative 3668:Kansas–Nebraska Act 3540:Kansas–Nebraska Act 3534:Kansas–Nebraska Act 3396:Morrison, Michael. 3175:, pp. 100–105. 3139:, pp. 120–121. 3025:(1987) pp. 189–223. 3012:(1947) pp. 316–323. 2927:, pp. 117–119. 2211:Congressional Globe 1796:, 1973) pp. 374–400 1164:Missouri Compromise 1102:wrote on March 2: 1092:, of New York, and 983:being held down by 911:Meeting with Pierce 759:popular sovereignty 712:Missouri Compromise 649:, including a vast 639:Missouri Compromise 571:popular sovereignty 562:David Rice Atchison 499:Kansas–Nebraska Act 263:Kansas–Nebraska Act 203:Missouri Compromise 193:Northwest Ordinance 158: 87:Legislative history 81:Missouri Compromise 32: 31:Kansas–Nebraska Act 18:Kansas-Nebraska Act 4143:← Millard Fillmore 4085:Pierceton, Indiana 3986:Old North Cemetery 3615:2024-05-11 at the 3597:2018-01-02 at the 3585:2014-12-16 at the 3567:2008-12-20 at the 3462:2021-04-19 at the 3407:2012-05-24 at the 3333:Stephen A. Douglas 3258:Etcheson, Nicole. 3228:2021-03-08 at the 3040:2010-01-02 at the 2996:2021-05-05 at the 2973:2021-06-24 at the 2355:www.britannica.com 2298:Lehrman, Lewis E. 2121:Nevins pp. 156–157 2064:Nevins pp. 154–155 1868:Holt (1978) p. 145 1790:Stephen A. Douglas 1770:Potter pp. 154–155 1761:Potter pp. 150–152 1752:Potter pp. 146–149 1604:Later developments 1562:Zachariah Chandler 1395:Indian Removal Act 1289: 1242: 1209:Alexander Stephens 1193:Henry A. Edmundson 1180: 1159:Thomas Hart Benton 1131: 1123: 1017: 1013:Stephen A. Douglas 991:, standing on the 917:State of the Union 885: 849:Colorado Territory 830:Nebraska Territory 826:Compromise of 1850 795:Louisiana Purchase 790: 782:Compromise of 1850 771:Compromise of 1850 723:Thomas Hart Benton 676:Stephen A. Douglas 667: 647:Louisiana Purchase 615:Compromise of 1850 599:American Civil War 584:. Though Northern 558:Louisiana Purchase 527:Stephen A. Douglas 253:Compromise of 1850 156:American Civil War 149: 100:Stephen A. Douglas 98:in the Senate by 30: 4173: 4172: 3868: 3867: 3830: 3829: 3817:Marais des Cygnes 3718:Marais des Cygnes 3532:Media related to 3440:Potter, David M. 3324:Huston, James L. 3317:978-0-8050-8719-2 3250:Civil War History 3163:, pp. 40–43. 3046:American Heritage 2391:Thomas Goodrich, 2378:Nicole Etcheson, 2166:American Heritage 1730:Nicole Etcheson, 1585:Jackson, Michigan 1185:Lewis D. Campbell 857:State of Nebraska 766:Augustus C. Dodge 501:of 1854 (10 495: 494: 344:Uncle Tom's Cabin 151:Events leading to 147: 146: 114:Passed the Senate 16:(Redirected from 4268: 4162: 4161: 4150:James Buchanan → 4024:Ostend Manifesto 4019:Gadsden Purchase 3940: 3928: 3920: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3858: 3857: 3842:General Order 11 3765: 3764: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3531: 3503:Wolff, Gerald W. 3492: 3476: 3391:Our Indian Wards 3386: 3361: 3321: 3234:Burns, Louis F. 3221: 3209: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3032: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3006: 3000: 2983: 2977: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2897:Louis F. Burns, 2895: 2886: 2881:Louis F. Burns, 2879: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2818: 2812: 2809:Our Indian Wards 2805: 2799: 2796:Our Indian Wards 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2773:. Archived from 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2744:. 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Archived from 2269: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1958:Johanssen p. 420 1956: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1877:Nevins pp. 95–96 1875: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1859:Johanssen p. 406 1857: 1848: 1847:Johanssen p. 405 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1697: 1581:Ripon, Wisconsin 1558:Conscience Whigs 1550:Republican Party 1533:was trounced by 1461:George Manypenny 1387:Indian Territory 1334:and were dubbed 1285:U.S. territories 1255:Peoria, Illinois 1099:New-York Tribune 964:Debate in Senate 958:Washington Union 929:William L. Marcy 845:Dakota Territory 841:US–Canada border 786:Gadsden Purchase 755:William O. Goode 747:Andrew P. Butler 739:Robert T. Hunter 595:Republican Party 529:, passed by the 487: 480: 473: 446:Star of the West 303:Corwin Amendment 268:Ostend Manifesto 233:Texas annexation 228:Texas Revolution 159: 148: 124:Passed the House 40: 33: 29: 27:1854 organic act 21: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4241:May 1854 events 4211:Bleeding Kansas 4176: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4133: 4122:Benjamin Pierce 4104: 4048: 4034:Bleeding Kansas 3990: 3943: 3931: 3923: 3912: 3904: 3902:Franklin Pierce 3899: 3869: 3864: 3846: 3826: 3805: 3779: 3756: 3740: 3724: 3673:Bleeding Kansas 3656: 3651: 3617:Wayback Machine 3599:Wayback Machine 3587:Wayback Machine 3569:Wayback Machine 3524: 3519: 3489: 3464:Wayback Machine 3436:Online at JSTOR 3409:Wayback Machine 3383: 3358: 3318: 3308:Franklin Pierce 3298:Holt, Michael. 3254:in Project MUSE 3230:Wayback Machine 3218: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3042:Wayback Machine 3033: 3029: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3003: 2998:Wayback Machine 2984: 2980: 2975:Wayback Machine 2961: 2957: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2896: 2889: 2880: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2835: 2833: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2789: 2780: 2778: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2749: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2691: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2664: 2662: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2633: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2604: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2546: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2517: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2430: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2364: 2362: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2307: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2237:10.2307/1902683 2221: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2173: 2158: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073:Morrison p. 154 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055:Chambers p. 401 2054: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2010: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1664: 1628:John C. Frémont 1612: 1606: 1570:Salmon P. Chase 1543:Free Soil Party 1535:Franklin Pierce 1518: 1512: 1383: 1337:border ruffians 1277: 1275:Bleeding Kansas 1271: 1269:Bleeding Kansas 1250:Abraham Lincoln 1229: 1221: 1140: 1059:Salmon P. Chase 1055:Joshua Giddings 1009:Franklin Pierce 1005:Central America 966: 937:James C. Dobbin 933:Jefferson Davis 913: 905:Franklin Pierce 900:Philip Phillips 892:Archibald Dixon 853:Idaho Territory 814: 809: 803: 669:The topic of a 643:36°30′ parallel 611:Franklin Pierce 607: 591:Bleeding Kansas 551:Bleeding Kansas 535:Franklin Pierce 491: 462: 461: 440: 432: 431: 380: 372: 371: 350:Bleeding Kansas 316: 308: 307: 188: 180: 179: 165: 153: 143: 140:on May 30, 1854 138:Franklin Pierce 134:Signed into law 53:Enacted by 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4274: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3929: 3921: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3875: 3866: 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Retrieved 3071: 3062: 3053: 3045: 3030: 3022: 3017: 3009: 3004: 2986: 2981: 2963: 2958: 2950: 2949:Eric Foner, 2945: 2937: 2932: 2906: 2898: 2882: 2863:. Retrieved 2854: 2845: 2834:. Retrieved 2825: 2816: 2808: 2803: 2795: 2790: 2779:. Retrieved 2775:the original 2770: 2761: 2750:. Retrieved 2746:the original 2741: 2732: 2721:. Retrieved 2717:the original 2712: 2703: 2692:. Retrieved 2688:the original 2683: 2674: 2663:. Retrieved 2659:the original 2654: 2645: 2634:. Retrieved 2630:the original 2625: 2616: 2605:. Retrieved 2601:the original 2596: 2587: 2576:. Retrieved 2572:the original 2567: 2558: 2547:. Retrieved 2543:the original 2538: 2529: 2518:. Retrieved 2514:the original 2509: 2500: 2489:. Retrieved 2485:the original 2480: 2471: 2460:. Retrieved 2456:the original 2451: 2442: 2431:. Retrieved 2427:the original 2422: 2413: 2405: 2400: 2392: 2387: 2379: 2374: 2363:. Retrieved 2354: 2345: 2334:. Retrieved 2330:the original 2319: 2308:. Retrieved 2293: 2282:. 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Retrieved 1705: 1652: 1647: 1641: 1617: 1613: 1574: 1566:Free Soilers 1547: 1523: 1519: 1471: 1447: 1431: 1384: 1365: 1357:Free-Staters 1350: 1335: 1325: 1301:Free-Staters 1297:anti-slavery 1290: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1222: 1213: 1206: 1182: 1168: 1157: 1141: 1132: 1118: 1105: 1097: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1057:and Senator 1052: 1045: 1021:Allan Nevins 1018: 976: 967: 957: 954: 946: 914: 897: 886: 870: 866: 861: 815: 791: 763: 731: 727:free soilers 720: 704: 668: 608: 575: 555: 498: 496: 444: 424: 417: 405: 398: 389: 354: 342: 335: 262: 133: 123: 113: 95: 72:Codification 67:May 30, 1854 4116:Jane Pierce 3939:(1833–1837) 3937:NH at-large 3927:(1837–1842) 3919:(1853–1857) 3266:Foner, Eric 2097:GovTrack.us 2003:GovTrack.us 1734:(2006) ch 1 1706:Smithsonian 1637:Roger Taney 1598:White House 1454:Leavenworth 1437:, Shawnee, 1332:Blue Lodges 1305:pro-slavery 1189:free-soiler 1115:Sam Houston 1041:freesoilers 1039:days". 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