Kardashev scale - Knowledge

662: 356: 699: 3375:, 3C 84) have properties close to those expected from an artificial source, especially since the emissions are powerful in the intermediate region of the spectrum (between radio and optical frequencies). Quasars are potential artificial sources, especially since their age corresponds to the technical possibilities of supercivilizations. Radio sources at the center of galaxies can also be artificial sources, according to Kardashev, even if in 2013 they were proven to be supermassive black holes. In 1971, Kardashev believed that the objects most likely to be artificial sources could be discovered in the next few years. 2316: 2038: 2543: 3402:) could be of extraterrestrial origin. James and Dominic Benford consider three scenarios in which the cost factor is taken into account. If the source is cost-optimized, it belongs to a civilization of Type 0.35 (the Earth being of Type 0.73). If it is not cost-optimized and operates with a small antenna, the Type is 0.86. With a large antenna, it would be from a Type 0.66. Using this cost/efficiency method, it can be estimated that low-intensity sources may be the most prevalent, but also the most difficult to observe. 1082: 47: 1202:, in which Kardashev participated, and this on the assumption that a fraction of the energy used by each type is intended for communication with other civilizations. To make this scale more understandable, Lemarchand compares the speed at which a volume of information equivalent to 100,000 average-sized books can be transmitted across the galaxy. A Type II civilization can send this data using a transmission beam that lasts for only 100 seconds. A similar amount of information can be sent across 3348: 1803: 3934: 3847:. The transitions between Kardashev scale levels could potentially represent similarly dramatic periods of social upheaval, as they involve exceeding the hard limits of the resources available within a civilization's existing territory. A common speculation is that the transition from Type 0 to Type I could carry a strong risk of self-destruction, since in some scenarios there would be no room for further expansion on the civilization's home planet, as in a 12649: 10339: 1852:. Beyond the first three types are civilizations that have scattered throughout the galaxy. The Type IV civilization would still be vulnerable to some cosmic threats, while the Type V civilization would be technically immortal, as no cosmic catastrophe could reach it. The Kardashev scale can be a relevant tool for preventing catastrophes, whether human or natural, according to Richard Wilson, who relates this scale to the power of destruction, in 3649:) of energy. Although antimatter is sometimes proposed as a source of energy, this does not seem feasible. Artificially producing antimatter – according to current understanding of the laws of physics – involves first converting energy into mass, which yields no net energy. Artificially created antimatter is usable only as an energy storage medium, not as an energy source, unless future technological developments (contrary to the conservation of the 2574:, both about the environment and about themselves. This information then leads to an abstract analysis, which plays an important role in the development of life forms. Thus, Kardashev defines civilization from a functional perspective as "a state of very stable matter capable of acquiring, abstractly analyzing and applying information in order to extract data about the environment and itself, in order to develop survival reactions ". However, this 12673: 892:. The Soviet astronomer reminds us that we search for these supercivilizations on the basis of our own development criteria, and that predictions are possible only for extraterrestrial worlds close to our technological level, the others being beyond our intellectual representation. Nevertheless, it seems useful to him to conceive models of supercivilizations based at the same time on imagination and on our present scientific knowledge. Since the 3906: 3129:, according to the study by Inoue and Yokoo (2011). However, such a structure would not reduce the luminosity of an observed galaxy. Calissendorff's study concludes that 11 of the sources analyzed (out of a catalog of 2,411 galaxies, or 0.46%) show possible evidence of a Type III civilization. Searching for objects that obscure 90% of the light leaves only one source remains that meets the criteria. These positive sources show a low 1118:). He then examines the conditions for the appearance of life on cosmological time scales. Assuming the rate of evolution of life on Earth and considering the age of the Universe, it is reasonable to assume that a civilization could have reached our level of technological development in 6 × 10 years. Such civilizations can be observed in nearby regions, since the farther away we observe, the younger the objects are. Recent discoveries of 791:, Kardashev put forward two explanatory hypotheses. In the first, he postulated that it would not be useful for a supercivilization to expand the space it occupies in order to maintain its activity, and in the second, it is possible that a civilization, instead of dispersing itself in space, would rather continue its activities of information analysis in order to discover new fundamental laws (such as the exploration of the microcosm, or 569: 12661: 2604:, Kardashev argues that there is no universal civilization (supercivilization) because highly developed civilizations lose interest in space exploration. In any case, and despite the problem of the end of civilizations, he concludes, in the light of his functional definition of the advanced civilization, that the latter must use mass and energy on fantastic scales. According to him, there is no reason to denounce the hypothesis that the 3920: 3706: 588:(W), in about 3,200 years, then will be equal to that emitted by 10 stars similar to ours (which corresponds to the estimated number of stars in the Milky Way) in 5,800 years. Based on this observation, and considering that there is no reason to assume that the evolution of humanity's energy consumption can decrease, Kardashev comes to propose a classification of technological civilizations into three types. 1473:

supercivilization would be at the "3 Q" stage, while a federation of galaxies could be at the "4 Z" stage. The information and energy axes are not strictly interdependent, so even a level Z civilization would not have to be Kardashev Type III. Sagan believed that no civilization had yet reached level Z, speculating that so much unique information would exceed that of all the intelligent species in a

1011:, at a radiation level higher than 10 watts, in the wavelengths from 10 μm to 1 cm, as well as in the other regions of the spectrum. This is to detect megastructures or signals with a wavelength of 1.5 mm and omnidirectional emission up to 21 cm. In the event of contact, humanity would see progress in all areas of society in order to join this supercivilization; it is also expected that an 3948: 3962: 826:", is based on the principle that civilizations can only stabilize or perish at a level of development close to ours currently reached. The second, which he called the "evolutionary concept", holds that civilizations are capable of reaching higher levels of development than that of contemporary humanity. In the first case, the best search strategy using astronomical detection means (e.g., the 2621:. In the field of energy, astronomer Don Goldsmith estimated that the Earth receives about one billionth of the Sun's energy, and that humans use about one millionth of it. So we consume about one millionth of a billionth of the Sun's total energy. Since human expansion is exponential, we can determine how long it will take for humanity to go from Type II to Type III according to 2171:, could be useful for space travel. A galactic club of civilizations could transmit the energy through networks within the galaxy. Within the various central power stations that make up the network, power transmission is periodically switched between transmitter and receiver, according to the galactic rotation. To be efficient, this network should be located at the center of the galaxy. 2376:

another supercivilization of a similar level, and we will consider their changes in the universe to be the result of natural causes. Thus, there may be many Type IV civilizations in the universe, but none of them will be able to detect the others. Moreover, the dimensions of the universe make these supercivilizations like islands far from the others, which Dyson defines as a "

622:, Kardashev predicted that in the following two decades (i.e. in the 1980s) it would be possible to build antennas of 100,000 m capable of detecting Type II and III civilizations. A Type I civilization like that of earth would be able to receive the extraordinary energetic emissions of the other types of civilizations, which would supposedly be able to emit continuously. 2448:, will have been discovered and studied", the sensitivity of the listening devices having indeed reached their technical limits. According to him, the entire electromagnetic spectrum will be known and, consequently, the list of the objects that could be artificial sources could thus be extended. The search for artificial signals will then have to concentrate on objects of maximum 2218:. A Type III civilization would indeed have the means to disperse a significant number of these spheres throughout the galaxy, which would have the effect of attenuating the light emitted by the galaxy. Kaku also considers this to be the most efficient method of colonizing space. For example, a galaxy 100,000 light years in diameter would be explored in half a million years. 3133:(so they are old, about 100 million years), which is consistent with possible Type III civilizations, that could have flourished only in the early past. To have a better chance of detecting Type III artificial sources, Calissendorff suggests taking several photographs in a row, fast enough to fix the movement of turbulence in the atmosphere, applying different 2121:. First, all the energy consumed is inevitably converted into heat. Second, this energy can only be dissipated in the form of radiation scattered in space. These two findings are the pillars of Kardashev's theory that cosmic objects with strong radiation could be artificial sources. He also considered the possibility of detecting an artificial source by emphasizing the 1173:: "Where are they?". Without the discovery of artificial sources, however, Shklovsky's theory that civilizations self-destruct as a result of large-scale social conflicts would be proven. Kardashev mentions another hypothesis that, in his opinion, is capable of explaining the dynamics of the supercivilizations: the "feedback effect" (theorized by 2978:, looking for signs of a Type III civilization. CTA 102 had been discovered by Sholomitskii a year earlier, and Kardashev quickly saw it as a possible artificial source to study in order to validate his classification. The observation lasted until February 1965, and on April 12, Sholomitskii announced to the press (via the Russian 2070:

from 4 × 10 to 5 × 10 light-years per year, would result in humanity spreading throughout the galaxy in a period of 16 to 200 million years. "A Type III civilization, having thus "domesticated" its galaxy by building a large number of Dyson spheres, would be detectable over intergalactic distances of several million light-years."

986:. He considers more likely the scenario based on contact between two civilizations highly developed technologically and culturally advanced civilizations; this scenario, which he calls the "Urbanization Hypothesis", would result in the regrouping and unification of several civilizations within a few compact regions of the 4062:" If the growth rate a = 1.04 is maintained after the critical period, the human power output will exceed the quantity of incident solar radiation after 240 years, after 800 years the total energy radiated by the Sun will be exceeded, and after 1500 years we will exceed the total radiation output of the entire Galaxy'." 730:

matter capable of acquiring, making abstract analysis of, and utilizing information to obtain qualitatively new information about its environment and about itself, to improve its capabilities of gathering new information for producing sustaining reactions." Civilization is therefore characterized by the quality of the

1134:, which is characteristic of large structures of solid matter. It would then be possible to detect structures belonging to Type II in our galaxy or in those nearby. Type III structures can also be observed at large cosmological distances. Kardashev recalls that a study was conducted on 3000 sources of the 584:, then in English in the September–October 1964 issue of the Soviet Astronomical Journal. In this article, the scientist presents a calculation of the evolution of the energy needs of humanity, and calculates that the energy consumption of the latter will be equal to that emitted by the Sun, evaluated at 4 × 10 3423:, and in particular the fact that it can be limited by the transport capacity of interplanetary means of travel. They conclude that there can be no ancient civilizations of galactic dimensions, nor galactic empires, although the possibility of networks of colonized worlds (of about 5 to 10 planets) is strong. 3233:, placed in orbital space, would allow listening to centimetric and decimetric frequencies. Once a set of unusual sources has been selected, the next step is to look for significant content in the radiations from these objects. In 1998, Nikolai Kardashev, S. F. Likhachev, and V. I. Zhuravlev proposed two 2372:. However, building an omnidirectional transmitter powerful enough to transmit over a range of 1,000 light years would take several million years. According to V.S. Troitsky, the energy required and the limitations in its production would be two obstacles to completing this project in a reasonable time. 3188:

and for the search for extraterrestrial civilizations. Despite advances in astrophysics, the available information is still insufficient to prove the absence of supercivilizations, based on the inability to observe signs of activity. However, because of the possibility that planetary systems are much

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is a function of the galaxies' rotational speed. Annis suggested that 75% of the least luminous objects (i.e., those with a decrease in absolute magnitude of 1.5 compared to the diagram) could be considered as possible candidates. However, no object with this characteristic is observed in his survey.

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However, he refuses to see these as inevitable ends. But the assumption that the only limit to the development of a civilization can be the existence of a finite amount of information, in all areas, is also false, since it is highly improbable that information in the Universe is infinite. Given these

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or radiation belonging to a certain region of the spectrum, but also on objects of significant mass, and on those that represent the essence of matter in the Universe. As early as 1971, Kardashev considered that this observation requires the preparation of a plan of listening and analysis, which will

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suggest that the foundations of a robotsphere could be reached early in the next century, beginning in 2100. Metzger sees eight benefits for humanity in building the 100 Year Starship, including zero launch costs because the spacecraft will be built in space by robots that can do so with little human

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is incapable of detecting a Type I civilization (an idea also promoted by Kaplan in 1971), and that SETI should instead focus on searching for intense radio signals that could emanate from active Type II or III civilizations. To prove the effectiveness of this approach, Kardashev therefore

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For Zoltan Galántai, we would not be able to distinguish between an intelligent extraterrestrial signal and a signal of natural origin. Therefore, he does not believe that Type II, III or even IV civilizations can be detected. Even if humanity reaches Type IV, it will not be able to detect

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is looking for) can be divided into two types. On the one hand, there can be an exchange of information between highly developed civilizations or civilizations at similar stages of evolution. On the other hand, the transmission of information can be aimed at raising the level of other less developed

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is achieved. Semay argues that there is no evidence that this will ever be possible. Based on Dyson's calculations, Semay believes that such a journey would take three centuries, with an average distance between stars of about 7 light years. Overall, the speed of the colonization front, which ranges

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For Claude Semay, "a Type II civilization could be detected at great distances (by what is called "astro-technical leakage"), provided that it is not located in a region of the galaxy that is too distant from us, or that it does not occupy a location that is obscured from us by clouds of gas or

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According to Per Calissendorff, energy consumption cannot be the main parameter to explain the transition from one type to another. Civilizations must have the means to maintain their growth rate despite climatic conditions and major natural disasters, even on the cosmic scale. A civilization moving

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Zoltan Galántai recognizes the important role that Kardashev's classification has played in the SETI program, but he believes that another scale is possible, without using energy consumption, by resorting to miniaturization. The hypothesis of Donald Tarter, researcher at SETI, is that a civilization

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discovered Kardashev's work on the classification of civilizations. He found that the differences between the types Kardashev identified were so great that they did not allow for the best possible modeling of the evolution of civilizations. Consequently, Sagan proposes a more refined classification,

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From this definition, Kardashev drew three conclusions. The first postulated that because of the vast and unlimited set of activities required by scientific problems, the period during which civilizations must transmit and communicate is necessarily long, even unlimited. On the other hand, since our

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and, therefore, of the existing sources of information in the Universe. Thus, of the 89% of information that we lack, 42% concerns the range from 10 to 10 Hz (centimetric, millimetric, submillimetric and infrared waves) and 25% concerns the range from 10 to 10 Hz (ultraviolet radiation and X-rays).

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Kardashev's classification is based on the hypothesis that an advanced civilization uses significant energy, which implies that it must be de facto detectable over long distances, as summarized by Zoltan Galántai. For Kardashev, the limit of a civilization's energy consumption is originally located

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and their countries of origin, and between migrants and non-migrants. If development fails, it is likely that the world will not be able to achieve Type II. If these areas do not develop, Kaku predicts that humanity will sink into the "abyss": an advanced civilization must grow faster than the

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According to Kardashev, these results, combined with those of other research on the age of certain cosmic objects, suggest that civilizations dating from 6 to 8 billion years ago may exist in our galaxy. It is likely that they have long since discovered our own civilization, a hypothesis that could

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the state of civilizations older than humanity. The same is true for social values and basic needs according to Ashkenazi. Therefore, the time to double technical knowledge is about ten years, and to double energy output, available reserves, and population is about 25 years. Two scenarios are then

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This parameter is one of the most undetectable in the Universe due to the fact that solid matter structures are at low temperatures and emit weak radiation. Their luminosity, which is difficult to observe, also makes it impossible to observe them with telescopes. Likewise, we cannot detect them by

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cannot fully meet the world's energy needs (it represented only 6% in 2011). In addition, renewable energy cannot meet the growing demand for energy. Most of the minerals used by humans are in danger of becoming scarce; 11 minerals are already classified as having passed their peak production. For

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suggests another form: his definition of a Type I civilization is described as one that has achieved full mastery of the resources of its planet (global), a Type II of its solar system (interplanetary), and a Type III would have unleashed the full potential of the galaxy (starfaring

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that at a high technological level, civilizations tend to converge rather than to isolate themselves. The distance between supercivilizations could then be determined by half the time of the technological evolution of the oldest civilization, which would be about 3 to 4 billion years. On the other

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to define life as "a highly stable state of matter, which uses information encoded by the states of individual molecules to produce maintaining reactions", which Kardashev calls the "functional definition of civilization". He therefore suggests thinking of civilization as a "highly stable state of

2498:. Based on this principle, Kardashev proposes to define several concepts applicable to extraterrestrial civilizations. The physical laws, which are universal, can be used as a common basis for understanding other civilizations and, in particular, allow us to develop an objective research program. 2440:

with the aim of "finding rational technical and linguistic solutions to the problem of communication with an extraterrestrial civilization that is more advanced than the Earth's civilization". Kardashev presented his classification, while Troitskii announced that it was possible to detect signals

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For L. M. Gindilis, there are two criteria for a signal to be called artificial: one related to the artificial nature of the source and the other related to a particular radiation, intentionally designed to ensure communication and facilitate detection. Only Type II or III civilizations can

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without needing an amount of energy that would make it Type II. This scale loses its meaning beyond Type II, since it is impossible to predict the evolution of civilizations over long distances in a galactic colonization process. Finally, the Kardashev scale is the product of an era of

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published in 1997, Kardashev reiterates the need to carefully observe astronomical objects with strong radiation in order to detect supercivilizations. However, the discovery of a civilization at a stage of development similar to ours is unlikely. The existence of such supercivilizations is made

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to a degree that we have yet to suspect. Kardashev asserted that "this last point should be taken into account in the research programs of extraterrestrial civilizations" and concluded that it is very likely that our present state is only one of the stages through which every civilization passes

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is more massive and less luminous than the other. This characteristic, according to Calissendorff, could be an indication that the galaxy is home to a civilization that has placed Dyson spheres in its main part. This can be explained by the fact that the colonization starts from one side of the

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program) would be to observe the most powerful (and often the most distant) sources of radiation in space. The observer will then be able to determine if they are natural emission sources, and only then can the search focus on objects with weaker radiation. In the second case, he recommended to

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However, such civilizations may remain beyond the reach of our understanding and instruments. Sagan believes that the nearest Type III civilization is at an average distance of 10,000 light-years from us, but that it is not interested in classical radio transmissions, being of a different

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is too young with its five billion years, and the first ancestors of today's man appeared only 6 million years ago at the earliest; the oldest celestial objects are between 10 and 14 billion years old; it is clear that the other civilizations are incomparably older than the human civilization.

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Detection and studies of extraterrestrial civilizations constitute a problem of immense significance for the progress of humanity and for its culture and philosophy. The discovery of intelligent life in the Universe would provide a guideline to the possible development of our civilization over

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In a second article, entitled "Strategies of Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence", published in 1980, Kardashev wonders about the ability of a civilization, which he defines by its ability to access energy, to sustain itself, and to integrate information from its environment. Two more

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In 2011, James and Dominic Benford examined the possibilities that exist to distinguish pulsars from possible artificial sources emitting intelligent signals, such as: bandwidth (signals of about 100 MHz could be artificial), pulse length (to reduce costs, the pulse should be short) and

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Zoltan Galántai notes that neither Kardashev nor Sagan thought to extend the scale and define a Type IV (which would use the energy of an entire Universe). They simply did not envision a civilization capable of manipulating its environment on the largest possible scale (about 14 billion

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deadly to life show that life could have flourished under cover for the time necessary for its appearance and maintenance. Another argument for the possibility of a very old supercivilization is that most of the objects that could be megastructures have not yet been discovered and mapped. In

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Long range omnidirectional transmitters would be very energy intensive. Using directional or intermittent devices, each pointing in a different direction, would require much less energy. Type II or III civilizations might therefore be defined by something other than exponential energy

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On the other hand, Annis uses the available astronomical data to estimate the probability that a Type III civilization could exist. He shows that the average time that could allow for the emergence of such a civilization is 300 billion years, so none can exist in our present Universe.

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Under this scale, the sum of human civilization does not reach Type I status (though it continues to approach it). Various extensions of the scale have since been proposed, including a wider range of power levels (Types 0, IV, and V) and the use of metrics other than pure power (e.g.,

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supercivilization activities cannot be interrupted or limited by intrinsic, inherent contingencies, such as large-scale social conflicts. For Kardashev, unlike other scientists, supercivilizations cannot self-destruct or retrogress. According to these principles, there must exist in space

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for the entire planet. At a growth rate of 2% per year, an industrial civilization should stop growing quite early in its history (after a few centuries). In summary, the impossibility of sustainably securing energy resources may explain the absence of Type II and III civilizations.

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of information (less than any recorded human culture), a Class B on 10, a Class C on 10, and so on. Humanity in 1973 would belong to the "0.7 H" class. According to Sagan, the first civilization with which humanity would come into contact could be between "1.5 J" and "1.8 K"; a galactic

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It is still possible that humanity could discover traces of lost Type I, II, or III civilizations. The search for material traces of such civilizations (e.g. Dyson spheres or stellar engines), an "interesting alternative" to the conventional SETI program, lays the foundation for a

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Barrow also proposes an "anti-Kardashev scale": he observes that humans have found it more cost effective to extend their ability to manipulate their environment to smaller and smaller scales rather than to larger and larger ones. He, therefore, proposes a reverse classification, from

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with a finite amount of energy; intelligence is therefore the only fundamental parameter for a civilization to survive in the very long term, and energy is then no longer what defines it, a thesis he develops in his article "Time Without End: Physics and Biology in an Open Universe".

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According to Kardashev, theoretical models of supercivilizations must meet two basic assumptions. The first is that the range of supercivilization activities that obey the laws of physics is limited only by natural and scientific constraints, while the second is that the evolution of

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According to Kardashev, the most important parameters to define the existence of a civilization are three: the presence of very powerful energy sources, the use of non-standard technologies, and the transmission of significant amounts of information of various kinds through space.

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In another article, Zoltan Galántai suggests considering another scale, no longer based on energy consumption, but on a civilization's ability to survive natural and cosmic disasters. Type I would describe a civilization capable of surviving a local natural disaster, like the

3108:(SFI++ catalog compiled by Springob et al. in 2005) and 95 from that of Reyes et al. in 2011. The same procedure was followed as in Annis, but the sample of galaxies used is 80 times larger than that used in the Annis study. Some sources were classified as "lopsided": they appear 3507:

Paul Hughes and John Smart explain the absence of signals from a Type III civilization with two hypotheses: either it has self-destructed or it has not followed the trajectory described by Kardashev. The growth of energy consumption should lead to a climate crisis, which

2156:). The sustainability of a civilization must therefore involve "strict control of the exploitation of available resources"; this difficulty in exceeding energy limits may explain the fact that the vast majority of civilizations fail to engage in a space colonization project. 6755:

Braude, S. Y.; Dubinskii, B. A.; Kaidanovskii, N. L.; Kardashev, N. S.; Kobrin, M. M.; Kuzmin, A. D.; Molchanov, A. P.; Pariiskii, Yu. N.; Rzhiga, O. N.; Salomonovich, A. E.; Samanian, V. A.; Shklovskii, I. S.; Sorochenko, R. L.; Troitskii, V. S.; Kellermann, K. I. (2012).

3390:). The press of the time nicknamed this object "LGM-1" (for "little green men"), following the clumsiness of Hewish, who did not wait for the necessary verifications. Kaplan, in 1971, removed the pulsar from the list of objects that could be a source of artificial origin. 1650:

He ponders the possibility of a Type IV civilization, one that would dominate the universe, noting that there are limits to how minds can connect and interact on a galactic or intergalactic basis. As an example, he mentions that communication from the center of our

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However, these universal laws are not the only parameters to consider. Zoltan Galántai explains that "it is impossible to calculate the future of the Universe over long periods of time without including the effects of life and intelligence", a position close to that of

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will continue to grow exponentially for another 1,000 years. Civilization is thus defined by an exponential rate of increase. Humanity as a model for thinking about the development of extraterrestrial civilizations has its limitations, which can be truly overcome by a

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has suggested that, if humans increase their energy consumption at an average rate of 3 percent per year, they could reach Type I status in 100–200 years, Type II status in a few thousand years, and Type III status in 100,000 to a million years.

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Finally, research and listening programs in Harvard University and Buenos Aires (Horowitz and Sagan in 1993 or Lemarchand et al. in 1997) have not provided any scientific proof of the existence of artificial sources, neither in the Milky Way nor in nearby galaxies

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of such a civilization's own design, although the latter possibility is reserved for a Type V civilization by Carrigan. The fraction of energy captured by a civilization capable of powering itself on a black hole could also be used to classify civilizations.

2163:(SMBH). The captured energy could meet the extraordinary needs of a civilization that requires about 4 × 10 erg/s. The energy would be captured in the form of radiation emitted by the matter rushing into the star, by means of collectors located within the 2616:

Kardashev poses the following question: "Is it possible to describe the development of a civilization in general terms over large cosmological periods?" Now many of the fundamental parameters that characterize the development of civilization on Earth are

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A Type III civilization should be detectable because of the large amount of radiation captured on a galaxy-wide scale. Calissendorff suggests using 75% of the total light emitted by a galaxy to determine that a Type III civilization uses many

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articles followed: "On the Inevitability and the Possible Structure of Super Civilizations" and "Cosmology and Civilizations", published in 1985 and 1997, respectively; the Soviet astronomer proposed ways to detect super civilizations and to direct the

758:, etc. From this definition, he proposed a diagram representing the interactions between a civilization and its environment, and enumerated a number of scientific problems arising from these interactions with the information available in the Universe. 2340:. The latter would be of two types: transient and stable. Several criteria allow us to distinguish a signal of artificial origin from others. First, the optimal region of the spectrum to host artificial signals is the one where the temperature of the 1052:

has no probability of being realized according to Kardashev because if it were realizable then "they" would already be on Earth; yet this is not the case. However, in the case of a contact, the consequences on humanity are the same as in the first

2982:) that Soviet astronomers had discovered a signal that could be of extraterrestrial origin. On April 14, he gave a conference in Moscow where he repeated his announcement; but by November 1964, two American astronomers had identified CTA 102 as a 3161:

as requiring the power of a Type I or Type II civilization, if produced by extraterrestrial lifeforms. In August 2016, however, it was discovered that the origin of the signal was most likely a military satellite orbiting the Earth.

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has calculated that Type I should be reached in about 200 years, while Richard Carrigan has estimated that the Earth is just four-tenths of the way to Type I on the Sagan scale. If Type I is reached soon (in the year 3000 for

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could thus be detected, provided that the observation is made from space. Locally, the significant dip in luminosity that would result from a giant Dyson sphere (or "Fermi bubble") would allow the detection of a Type III civilization.

4795: 912:, and existing for billions of years, while being compact enough to rapidly exchange large amounts of data between them. A supercivilization would thus create a technological structure of cosmic dimensions. As an example, Kardashev cites 2245:, allowing a Type II civilization to move its home solar system through space. Drake and Shklovski have also considered the possibility of "seeding" a star (Stellar salting) by artificially adding extremely rare elements such as 3688:

to harness the equivalent of the Earth's total absorbed solar energy without completely covering the surface with man-made structures, which is not feasible with current technology. However, if a civilization constructed very large

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This scenario assumes that all civilizations would have destroyed themselves before any contact. Kardashev estimates the probability of this to be 10%. Humanity should be able to detect ancient megastructures in the vicinity of the

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For Guillermo A. Lemarchand, extraterrestrial civilizations should not use an omnidirectional transmitter. Instead, they should look for signals of weak information, intermittent and unidirectional. They will certainly need to use

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The scenario of a large unification of civilizations over an extent of one to ten billion light-years with concentration in a certain region has a probability of 60%. These civilizations are to be searched for in the most powerful

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galactic disk, making it appear darker and leading a distant observer to believe that the core has moved to that same side. On the other hand, a galaxy hosting Dyson spheres should be characterized by a significant source of far-

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civilization, not defined by Kardashev, would control about 1 MW of power (equivalent to having around 100 campfires burning at any given time); on Earth, the emergence of Type 0 civilizations is roughly concurrent with the

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has hypothesized that there are other stages beyond Type III. These Type IV, V, or even VI civilizations would be able to manipulate cosmic structures (galaxies, galactic clusters, superclusters) and even escape the

1790:(1998), Barrow proposes a scale ranging from "BI" to "BVI", with an ultimate stage he calls "BΩ", the former characterized by the possibility of manipulating one's environment, while the latter allows for the modification of 5310: 3858:

and their food sources. Using Earth as an example, ocean temperatures above 95 °F (35 °C) would endanger marine life and make it difficult, if not impossible, for mammals to cool to temperatures suitable for their

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at 10,000. Kardashev concludes that the current exponential growth is a transitional phase in the development of a civilization, and that it is inevitably limited by natural factors. In fact, he believes that the required

1213:

Kardashev's classification is based on the assumption of a growth rate of 1% per year. Kardashev believed that it would take humanity 3,200 years to reach Type II, and 5,800 years to reach Type III. However, Dr.

7685:

Hsiao, Tiger Yu-Yang; Goto, Tomotsugu; Hashimoto, Tetsuya; Santos, Daryl Joe D.; On, Alvina Y. L.; Kilerci-Eser, Ece; Wong, Yi Hang Valerie; Kim, Seong Jin; Wu, Cossas K.-W.; Ho, Simon C.-C.; Lu, Ting-Yi (2021-07-15).

993:

Kardashev lists, in the form of investigative tools, six possible scenarios (summarized in a table at the end of his 1997 article) that explain the evolution of a civilization. Each of the scenarios corresponds to a

5471: 855:, rather than in the 21-centimeter band (which is the domain of investigation of the SETI program). According to Kardashev, in order to capture the significant radiation of an advanced civilization emitted by a 3540:

different from ours, within the reach of an ancestral civilization. He therefore proposes to classify civilizations according to their ability to carry out large-scale civilization projects over the long term.

2736: 1979:

is the only way to access so many dispersed resources, and humanity should embark on a second long-term project, which Metzger calls the "robotsphere", that would begin with the energetic exploitation of the

1274:

10 erg/sec. Lemarchand defined such civilizations as being able to harness and channel the entire radiation output of their star. The energy consumption would then be comparable to the luminosity of the

3265:

of 21 cm, privileged since 1959, according to the study of Cocconi and Morrison, is not the only listening region. Kaplan, in 1971, also mentioned the radio region of the spectrum, characterized by the

1533:

on the order of thousands to millions of times our current planetary output, about 100 trillion trillion watts. It would have enough energy to manipulate the occurrence of certain natural phenomena, such as

6429:

Tovmasyan, G. M. (1971). "Extraterrestrial Civilizations: Proceedings of the First All-Union Conference on Extraterrestrial Civilizations and Interstellar Communication". In Kaplan, Samuil Aronovich (ed.).

5426:

I would suggest Type 1.0 as a civilization using 10 watts for interstellar communication; Type 1.1, 10 watts; Type 1.2, 10 watts, and so on. Our present civilization would be classed as something like Type

969:

Kardashev believes that it is very likely that a supercivilization has already detected and observed humanity through cosmic-sized telescopes. He discusses this in a 1997 article on the subject, entitled

10142: 3137:

and looking for dark areas (the case of a Dyson sphere being assembled by a Type II civilization), or analyzing the infrared spectrum of galaxies. A much larger sample of objects should be studied.

2493:

that contain the entirety of our current knowledge, since the technical and scientific developments of mankind can be considered as an inevitable and necessary stage in the process of the evolution of a

3657:

in favor of antimatter) allow the conversion of ordinary matter into anti-matter. Theoretically, humans may be able to cultivate and harvest a number of naturally occurring sources of antimatter in the

866:

Kardashev concluded by predicting that the search for extraterrestrial civilizations would lead to positive results in the next decade, giving humanity access to a vast amount of information about the

821:

With regard to the fate of civilizations, Kardashev saw two concepts, from which two strategies for the search for extraterrestrial civilizations can be derived. The first, which he called "terrestrial

633:

in particular, which would have characteristics close to those of a presumed artificial source. The most suitable region of the galaxy for observing Type II and III civilizations would then be the

766:, Kardashev hypothesized the high improbability that we will meet "brothers in intelligence" who are at the same stage of evolution as are we. After all, highly advanced civilizations know and use the 9293: 2582:

or end, since it is based on the principle of accumulating more and more information. Taking up von Hoerner's categories, Kardashev sees four possible scenarios for the development of civilizations:

1445:), equivalent to 0.16% of the power available on Earth. This level is characterized, according to him, by the ability to self-destruct, which he calls "technological adolescence". In 2021, the total 1218:

believes that humanity must increase its energy consumption by 3% per year to reach Type I in 100–200 years. These types are thus separated from each other by a growth rate of several billion.

6258: 4772: 3197:

Monitoring the sky at 3, 10, 30, 100 and 300 microns, especially at 1, 3, and 10 mm, in order to identify one hundred of the most powerful sources among those observed and at each frequency;

2332:

civilizations. If supercivilizations do exist, the transmissions of the first type must remain inaccessible to our observation because they must be unidirectional and not be directed toward the

2045:

GB1508. According to Russian astronomer Kardashev, a highly evolved civilization, known as "Type III" in his theoretical classification, would be able to draw its energy from such a source.

1138:

catalog from the four directions of the sky. Two temperature bands were targeted: from 110 to 120 K and from 280 to 290 K. The analysis showed that the 110–120 K sources are clustered in the

2167:. These collectors are similar to Dyson spheres. The overflow, as well as the waste of the civilization, would be redirected towards the black hole. A fraction of this energy, directed as a 1403: 721:

Kardashev believed it is probable that the present state of our civilization is only one of the stages through which civilizations pass during their evolution. It is thus possible to define

5014: 547:

A number of scientists have conducted searches for possible civilizations, but with no conclusive results. However, in part thanks to such searches, unusual objects, now known to be either

638:, due to the high density of the stellar population it harbors. He then recommended that the search programs for such artificial sources should focus on other nearby galaxies, such as the 3613:

in large quantities would provide a mechanism to produce power on a scale several orders of magnitude beyond the current level of technology. In antimatter-matter collisions, all of the

2534:", as Galántai puts it. This approach began in the 1970s with the work of Kardashev, and then physical eschatology gradually interested a number of scientists and thinkers, notes Dyson. 2364:

transmissions that allow omnidirectional reception. In a 1 MHz band (which requires about 10 watts), detection of signals from a Type II civilization is possible up to 1,000

1238:

10 watts). A Type I civilization is usually defined as one that can harness all the energy that reaches its home planet from its parent star (for Earth, this value is about 2

603:

was closest to achieving in 1964. A civilization known as "Type II" would surpass the first by a factor of 10 billion, reaching a consumption of 10 watts, this time using all the

7460: 3430:, in which energy had supreme value. According to Guillermo A. Lemarchand, a physicist at the University of Buenos Aires, there are four arguments against Kardashev's classification: 1250:

10 watts by 2020. The astronomer Guillermo A. Lemarchand defined Type I as a level close to today's terrestrial civilization, with an energy capacity equivalent to Earth's

5299: 2241:

on their star by reflecting solar radiation through a structure made of mirrors, would be observable objects. This device would break the symmetry of solar radiation and counteract

3581:, Type I implies the conversion of about 2 kg of matter to energy per second. An equivalent energy release could theoretically be achieved by fusing about 280 kg of 1130:

According to Kardashev, it is essential to focus our search tools on new objects radiating at a wavelength of a few microns to a few millimeters, and at a temperature of 3 to 300

2285:, for example) could have tried to prolong its existence through megastructures that should be detectable. The possible traces could be nuclear remnants, to be sought within the 3854:

For example, excessive energy consumption without adequate heat removal could plausibly render the planet of a Type I approaching civilization unsuitable for the biology of the

2868: 335: 1860:

of equivalent TNT per second, a Type II civilization 4 × 10 times more (4 billion hydrogen bombs per second), while a Type III civilization would use 10 times more.

7965: 3335:" would be detectable by the fact that it decreases the luminosity of a region of the galaxy. An infrared observation would make it possible to highlight it, especially in 9963: 2923: 2660: 1963:

Metzger, humanity must therefore undertake a "100-year project" aimed at building a spacecraft ("100 Year Starship") capable of accessing the vast energy resources of the

2054:. If only three or four of these spheres occupy the galaxy, it does not necessarily mean that the civilization has reached Type III; it may still be in transition. 1967:. For Metzger, it is even probable that if extraterrestrials coveted the energy resources of our Solar System, they would not look for them on Earth, but on the various 1194:

The hypothetical classification, known as the Kardashev scale, distinguishes three stages in the evolution of civilizations according to the dual criteria of access and

3438:

The assumption of exponential energy consumption is certainly wrong, because if we analyze per capita energy consumption throughout human history, it forms a series of

8163: 3324:

is less than 10. Moreover, the energy emitted by the black hole would not allow detection of the energy used by the Type III civilization. On the other hand, the

2336:. Conversely, those of the second type must be easily detectable by our listening devices. A signal of artificial origin should contain more than 10 and less than 100 1322:

In accordance with the data available at the time, Kardashev did not go beyond a Type III civilization. However, new types (0, IV, V, and VI) have been proposed.

814:

activities, which Kardashev called "cosmic miracles". In short, information about the possible existence of an extraterrestrial civilization would come in the form of

738:

required to implement these functions. By "information about its environment and about itself", Kardashev specified that it is data about organic or inorganic nature,

2888: 1840:. A Type II civilization would have the means to withstand a regional or continental disaster, and finally Type III could face a global disaster such as an 713:

According to the Soviet astronomer, our civilization would be too young to be able to contact another civilization that would certainly be more advanced than us; the

7492:

Adriani; Barbarino; Bazilevskaya; Bellotti; Boezio; Bogomolov; Bongi; Bonvicini; Borisov (2011). "The discovery of geomagnetically trapped cosmic ray antiprotons".

2805: 2481:

is characterized by its variability. Kardashev then considered that this could be an indication of an artificial emission source, albeit of rather short life span.

955:

range from a few microns to a few millimeters. Large intelligent structures can also be detected by the fact that they screen or reflect the surrounding radiation.

3718:

Type II civilizations could use the same techniques as a Type I civilization, but applied to a large number of planets in a large number of star systems.

1206:

distances of about ten million light years, with a transmission time of several weeks. A Type III civilization can send the same amount of data to the entire

3807:

Type III civilizations might use the same techniques as a Type II civilization, but applied individually to all possible stars in one or more galaxies.

2001:

assistance (drastically reducing manufacturing costs), the creation of a Solar System-wide economy, and the use of resources from celestial objects and possibly

1806:

For Zoltan Galántai, a scale classifying civilizations should be based on their ability to survive catastrophes, particularly those of cosmic origin, such as an

2825: 2778: 2758: 1819:

would not need an ever-increasing amount of energy. A Type I civilization that masters local space travel could colonize its planetary system and even the

2344:

is the lowest. Second, artificial sources must have a minimum angular size. Finally, the presence of suspicious data in other regions of the spectrum (such as

10011: 9148: 983: 964: 625:

Kardashev then examined the characteristics of a transmission from an artificial source. He mentioned the two cosmic radio sources discovered in 1963 by the

4221: 2226:. This thesis is realistic, he explains, because it is obvious that the technology is becoming increasingly miniaturized and proportionally less expensive. 3193:

could be products of supercivilization activity, a detailed program of listening and searching for intelligent signs remains valid. This program includes:

3180:

Kardashev distinguishes two categories of listening areas: objects emitting in a broad frequency spectrum and objects emitting on the contrary in a narrow

1510:. Kaku uses the Kardashev scale, but develops it by adding an additional stage: a Type IV civilization would be able to draw the energy it needs from 943:. According to him, the search for intelligent signals should be directed to the detection of such megastructures at the characteristic radiation (20 μm). 810:. This would be a possible way to search for extraterrestrial civilizations. Such energy consumption would also require a large amount of solid matter for 5006: 7891: 2667: 2630:

possible: spatial expansion or energy stagnation, the latter being possible only for 125 years, according to Kardashev, using the following relationship

2399:. Therefore, our galaxy may have communications from Type II and III civilizations, but our listening devices can only detect Type 0 messages. 446:" ("Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations"). Starting from a functional definition of civilization, based on the immutability of 2477:. Subsequently, Gennadii Borisovich Sholomitskii then used the Russian astronomical research station to study the data from CTA-102. He found that this 2013:

Viorel Badescu and Richard B. Cathcart have studied the possibility that a Type II civilization could use a 450 million kilometer device to direct

6997:

Garrett, Michael (2015). "The application of the Mid-IR radio correlation to the Ĝ sample and the search for advanced extraterrestrial civilizations".

3175:

According to Kardashev, our ignorance of the physical possibilities of communication through space is great. We know only a negligible fraction of the

1150:

range can reveal possible artificial sources of radiation. He then refers to projects that he has proposed, in particular that of putting into orbit a

939:

Then he evokes the theoretical and mathematical possibility of the existence of a megastructure in the form of a disk rotating on itself at a constant

806:

approximately equal to that of the radiation background surrounding the source. The spectral distribution of this intensity must be close to that of a

5037: 2159:

Astrophysicist Makoto Inoue and economist Hiromitsu Yokoo have explored the possibility that a Type III civilization could extract energy from a

12745: 9614: 8528: 8518: 10031: 8815: 8199: 4973: 4583: 1033:

The scenario of a unification on the scale of galaxies has only a 10% probability. To confirm it, we must study the galactic centers, both of the

10324: 8227: 5689: 3121:

radiation. The fact remains that a Type III civilization can consume energy through a Dyson sphere without surrounding a star. Indeed, such

2986:, and their publication definitively closed the "CTA 102 case". It was the study of this source that had led to the Byurakan conference in 1964. 6055:

Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1971). "The Astrophysical Aspect of the Search for Signals From Extraterrestrial Civilizations". In Kaplan, S. A. (ed.).

8820: 7877: 576:

Kardashev presented for the first time a classification of civilizations according to their level of energy consumption in an article entitled

7898: 10233: 8153: 8133: 7470: 7381: 3882:

The limitations of biological life forms and the evolution of computer technology may lead to the transformation of the civilization through

718:

Therefore, the knowledge of these civilizations must be greater than ours, and, he reasoned, they must surely be aware of what we are doing.

4865: 10319: 3770:

is a process by which an advanced civilization could remove a substantial portion of a star's matter in a controlled manner for other uses.

2383:

For Alexander L. Zaitsev, the radio transmission of interstellar messages (IRM) is the most likely method used by civilizations. Planetary

2352:) can confirm that it is an intelligent transmission. Two sources among those studied have parameters close to those expected: 1934-63 and 924:

in diameter. Other phenomena may indicate highly technological activities, such as artificially exploding stars or the changing of stellar

12750: 10375: 9643: 9123: 7860: 4389: 4166: 3453:'s calculations, civilizations more important than ours must be so rare that they do not have the possibility to dominate and be visible. 1115: 779:

Kardashev then analyzed various models and hypotheses of the evolution of civilization. Answering the question of the Russian astronomer

6162: 4923: 4836: 3046:

and other nearby galaxies. The radio telescope was built in 1966 under the supervision of Gindilis to listen at centimeter wavelengths.

661: 9554: 8438: 7938: 7927:

Dordrecht, D. (1985). "Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?". In Finney, B. R.; Papagiannis, M. D. (eds.).

1045:), according to a procedure similar to that of the first scenario. The consequences for humanity are the same as in the first scenario. 7610: 3696:, Type I power levels might become achievable—these could convert sunlight to microwave power and beam it to collectors on Earth. 10006: 3419:

believe that the growth of energy consumption alone cannot describe the evolution of civilizations; it is also necessary to consider

2222:

has suggested that a civilization could colonize the galaxy by scattering miniature probes, no larger than the palm of a hand, using

1506:

examines the conditions for humanity to converge on a Type I planetary civilization. This convergence is based primarily on the

1307:

10 erg/sec. Lemarchand defined civilizations of this type as having access to energy comparable to the luminosity of the entire

888:

published in 1985, Kardashev evokes the possible scenarios and the means of investigation available to humanity for the detection of

342: 7558: 5975:

Inoue, Makoto; Yokoo, Hiromitsu (2011). "Type III Dyson Sphere of Highly Advanced Civilizations around a Super Massive Black Hole".

5636:"The transcension hypothesis: Sufficiently advanced civilizations invariably leave our universe, and implications for METI and SETI" 2444:

For Kardashev, "in the next 5 to 10 years, all the sources of radiation with the largest observable flux, in all the regions of the

1064:

The last scenario suggests that we are the first or the only ones in the Universe. Kardashev estimates its probability at 10%. Only

1030:) and other clusters in a similar way as in the first scenario. The consequences for humanity are the same as in the first scenario. 595:

known as "Type I" is able to collect and use all the available energy on its planet, that is, the theoretical equivalent of 10

10187: 10041: 9283: 8865: 8533: 7949: 6855: 5886: 3756:. A less exotic means would be to simply capture photons already escaping from the accretion disk, thereby reducing a black hole's 3234: 2413: 2392: 1574:). To achieve Type I, humanity must be able to communicate with the rest of the world and to focus on several areas: building 1199: 1182:

hand, this supercivilization may not have been present in our galaxy for a long time. Kardashev concludes by saying that since the

827: 541: 7370: 3607:, meaning that humans on Earth could sustain this rate of consumption over geological time scales, in terms of available hydrogen. 2090:). The concept of a Type IV supercivilization approaches divine possibilities, enabling the creation of, and travel through, 982:. Based on this principle, Kardashev sees only two possible evolutionary scenarios for a supercivilization: natural evolution and 9912: 8900: 8670: 6082:

Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1960). "The Possibility of Detection of Allowed Lines of Atomic Hydrogen in the Radiofrequency Spectrum".

3282:

to inspect solar systems where life might appear. From Earth, it would be possible to pick up such signals at distances of up to

8143: 1198:

consumption. The purpose of this classification is to guide the search for extraterrestrial civilizations, particularly within

1058: 4316: 3317:

would be undetectable by the beams used to transmit the collected energy. In fact, the probability of detecting a beam of one

2237:", as well as the contribution of heavy elements. Similarly, "Shkadov thrusters", which would produce a lateral thrust of 4.4 1705:

and altering the development of living things, transplanting or replacing parts of themselves, reading and manipulating their

10182: 9648: 8571: 8194: 8059: 7959: 7654: 7335: 6781: 6134: 5618: 5521: 5409: 5355: 4375: 4260: 2424:

conference on the possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations, which was held at the Byurakan astrophysical observatory in

1522:), Kaku believes that humanity is moving toward a civilization of planetary dimensions, the "starting point" of which is the 7886: 7660: 7341: 3791:

with a sufficiently large number of stars: absorbing a small but significant fraction of the output of each individual star.

10342: 10046: 9629: 9514: 9288: 8523: 8508: 8268: 6916: 1262:

A civilization capable of harnessing the energy radiated by its own large star – for example, by successfully completing a

7869: 7787: 2461:. This dilemma is, according to the Soviet astronomer, is certainly connected with our lack of information and knowledge. 1468:, expressed in the amount of information available to the civilization. Thus, a Class A civilization would be based on 10 947:

or galactic centers can be excellent candidates to testify to the existence of a supercivilization since they emit strong

787:

found it strange that the "shock wave of intelligence" of a supercivilization had not yet reached the limits of the whole

9851: 9840: 9771: 8498: 8473: 8220: 6257:

Shvartsman, V. F.; Beskin, G. M.; Mitronova, S. N.; Neizvestny, S. I.; Plakhotnichenko, V. L.; Pustil'nik, L. A. (1993).

4042: 2148:(174,000 TW). The only inexhaustible source of energy that can sustain a civilization for over several billion years, is 1869: 1446: 998:, one or more objects to be observed, an adapted procedure, and, finally the possible consequences for our civilization: 703: 693:

Nikolai Kardashev, Strategies of Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Fundamental Approach to the Basic Problem

291: 7053: 2941:) after 1,500 years. Based on this calculation, Zuckerman estimates the number of civilizations that could exist in our 458:, Kardashev's initial model was developed. He proposed a classification of civilizations into three types, based on the 9856: 9399: 9133: 8976: 8503: 7443: 6981: 6826: 6736: 6460: 6413: 6066: 5283: 4542: 4483: 2470: 626: 433: 428:

Kardashev first outlined his scale in a paper presented at the 1964 conference that communicated findings on BS-29-76,

7061: 3513: 3442:

with a saturation point for each technological innovation. Therefore, a steady state or limited growth is more likely.

611:. Finally, a civilization known as "Type III" would be able to collect and consume all the energy emitted by its 12474: 10167: 8513: 6705: 5743: 2017:

and thus be able to impart a kinetic motion to its star that deviates it from its usual trajectory by about 35 to 40

1352: 1203: 863:), a radio telescope with a diameter larger than the diameter of the Earth would have to be placed in orbital space. 1693:

is capable of manipulating objects on the scale of itself: building structures, mining, joining and breaking solids;

1435: 11233: 9409: 9070: 8665: 3585: 2562:. This type of radiation was considered by Kardashev to be one of the possible signals of an advanced civilization. 2417: 974:. For this supercivilization, the science of "cosmic ethnography" must be highly developed. However, the fact that 3834:

are comparable to those from small active galaxies and could be a massive power source if they could be collected.

3076:

A small-scale search for possible Type III sources was conducted by James Annis in 1999 and published in the

1626:, Michio Kaku has discussed a Type IV civilization that could harness "extragalactic" energy sources such as 12462: 10368: 10303: 9681: 7810: 5711: 4213: 3887: 3157:

In 2016, Paul Gilster, author of the Centauri Dreams website, described a signal apparently coming from the star

1069: 572:

Projection of the Kardashev scale to 2040 based on data from the International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook

5070: 4757: 12720: 12437: 10036: 9474: 9414: 9303: 9251: 9236: 9206: 8655: 8213: 7327: 5472:"Towards a Global Civilisation: An Evolutionary Perspective (14th International Schumpeter Society Conference)" 6479:

Kaplan, Samuil Aronovich (1971). "Exosociology – The Search for Signals From Extraterrestrial Civilizations".

1477:, and observing that the universe is not old enough to exchange information effectively over large distances. 12755: 12725: 10097: 10092: 9932: 9725: 9624: 9394: 8920: 8788: 8597: 8488: 5876:"À la recherche des civilisations extra-terrestres : la classification des civilisations technologiques" 3497:

will destroy the social order over a period of 1000 years. Moreover, mankind will probably be destroyed with

2453:

allow the success of the search for extraterrestrial civilizations. Humanity will then be able to solve the "

1923:. For Michio Kaku, the only serious threat to a Type II civilization would be the explosion of a nearby 1908: 1899:), it would be accompanied by profound social upheavals, but also by a significant risk of self-destruction. 106: 7090: 3150:

emissions concluded that "Kardashev Type III civilizations are either very rare or do not exist in the

1546:. We can see the beginnings of a Type I civilization in the fact that a global language is developing ( 9816: 9364: 9256: 9108: 8981: 8478: 7829: 6056: 5029: 4011: 3875:. Also, by the time a civilization reaches Type I, it may have colonized other planets or established 3449:, applied to the search for extraterrestrial civilizations by Sagan and Shklovskii in 1966 on the basis of 1464:

Sagan also suggests that, for completeness, an alphabetical scale should be added to indicate the level of

1427:

Moreover, the above formula could be used to extrapolate beyond Kardashev's original types. For example, a

5150:

Carrigan Jr., Richard A. (2010). "Starry Messages: Searching for Signatures of Interstellar Archaeology".

3184:, the second category posing much more theoretical problems than the first, while being central, both for 3042:

radio telescope in the North Caucasus to search for signals from Type II or III civilizations in the

12715: 12705: 12486: 10298: 10077: 10072: 9986: 9968: 9379: 9334: 9308: 8966: 8690: 8103: 7409: 6999: 6306: 5342:, World-Systems Evolution and Global Futures, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 185–200, 4601: 4016: 3843:

There are many historical examples of human civilization undergoing large-scale transitions, such as the

3578: 2502:

also believes that the evolution of civilizations obeys the "iron laws of physics" and in particular the

2341: 2077:, in a stable periodic orbit, which would make it completely undetectable, according to V. I. Dokuchaev. 1571: 896:

are immutable, even if new laws are discovered in the future, they will not abolish those already known.

889: 852: 490: 301: 233: 208: 101: 20: 11483: 7158:

Benford, James; Benford, Dominic (2010). "How can we distinguish transient pulsars from SETI beacons?".

4968: 4568: 4297:"Strategies of Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Fundamental Approach to the Basic Problem" 2830: 2061:

However, "a Type III civilization should not be confused with what science fiction writers call a '

1988:/year). This first step would make it possible to reach Type II in 53 years. Then the robotsphere ( 654:. Kardashev concluded his paper by noting that the possible discovery of even the simplest organisms on 10361: 9791: 9741: 9736: 9676: 9658: 9619: 9544: 9489: 9215: 9040: 8758: 8680: 8179: 7646: 6728: 6697: 6452: 6405: 5401: 3532:

For Zoltan Galántai, it is not possible to imagine a civilization project that spans centuries (like a

3498: 2555: 2349: 2310: 1896: 1656: 1072:

in the distant future, and then the consequences would be similar to those of the other five scenarios.

763: 681:

Strategies of Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Fundamental Approach to the Basic Problem,

485:

and store it for consumption. Hypothetically, it should also be able to control natural events such as

311: 54: 10067: 9609: 7112: 6646: 6560: 5685: 5635: 3104:

Per Calissendorff conducted a study on a sample of spiral galaxies from two databases: 4,861 from the

19:"The Kardashev Scale" and "Galactic civilization" redirect here. For the album by Greydon Square, see 12620: 12479: 12420: 11602: 10245: 10177: 9696: 9574: 9539: 9469: 9464: 8625: 8433: 7494: 6290:

Gindilis, L. M. (1971). "The Possibility of Radio Communication With Extraterrestrial Civilization".

5439: 5190:

Environmental Change and Human Impact during the Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North-West Europe

3669: 3595:

10 kg/year. One cubic kilometer of water contains about 10 kg of hydrogen, and the Earth's

3395: 3204: 3093: 3080:

under the title "Placing a limit on star-fed Kardashev type III civilizations". An astrophysicist at

2971: 2605: 2518:

also makes it possible to predict the sociological characteristics at the basis of any civilization.

2478: 2290: 1183: 1090: 815: 148: 9329: 8091: 6448:

The Biological Universe The Twentieth Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate and the Limits of Science

951:

radiation, which indicates a solid structure. The astronomer advises to look for these objects in a

12730: 12710: 12615: 12469: 12445: 12410: 12303: 10718: 10172: 9751: 9746: 9731: 9691: 9559: 9494: 9484: 8798: 8187: 7909: 7465: 5513: 5197: 3976: 3321: 3176: 2445: 2211: 2114: 1989: 1583: 1511: 1457:), equivalent to an average power consumption of 18.87 TW or a Kardashev rating of 0.73 (to 2 933: 832: 328: 73: 8084: 7874: 6797:

Sagan, Carl; Drake, Francis (1976). "A Search of four Nearby Galaxies for Type II Civilizations".

5334:

LePoire, David J.; Chandrankunnel, Mathew (2020), Korotayev, Andrey V.; LePoire, David J. (eds.),

2896: 2633: 1441:

Sagan estimated that, according to this revised scale, 1970s humanity would be Type 0.7 (about 10

12700: 12338: 12320: 12285: 12253: 12141: 12079: 11975: 11253: 11223: 10681: 10107: 10082: 9846: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9806: 9781: 9776: 9761: 9756: 9721: 9600: 9499: 9344: 9277: 8493: 6942: 6607: 6184: 5835: 5606: 5188: 3811: 3690: 3314: 2551: 2261:" according to Richard A. Carrigan. Efforts to detect intelligence markers in the atmospheres of 2160: 2074: 1997: 1955: 1927:, while no known cosmic catastrophe would be capable of wiping out a Type III civilization. 1829: 1596: 1454: 1147: 848: 836: 393: 286: 176: 96: 8077: 4857: 1226:

A civilization "close to the level currently achieved on Earth, with an energy consumption of ≈4

831:

search for new and powerful sources of radiation, especially in the poorly known regions of the

665:

Energy consumption in three types of civilization as defined by Sagan's extended Kardashev scale

12760: 12403: 12370: 12261: 11142: 9836: 9811: 9801: 9786: 9766: 9671: 9549: 9524: 9509: 9449: 9434: 9354: 9339: 9050: 9025: 9015: 8855: 8734: 8538: 8463: 5507: 4773:"Sensitivity evaluation of submillimeter interferometer Earth – space telescope Submillimetron" 3981: 3967: 3848: 3134: 2503: 2433: 2286: 2281:'s research) are one of the most promising avenues. A civilization watching its star die (as a 1939: 1689: 1622: 799: 471: 267: 113: 27: 9419: 7857: 6561:"On the applicability of human cultural models to extraterrestrial intelligence civilizations" 5391: 4344: 4143: 2368:

away, while signals from a Type III civilization are detectable virtually throughout the

1488:(with an estimated 120 zettabytes in 2023), equivalent to 0.73 R/S on Sagan's combined scale. 375:

on which extraterrestrial civilizations could be found is one of the many missions of the VLT.

12664: 12457: 12375: 12360: 12343: 12124: 10947: 10740: 10280: 9796: 9666: 9579: 9564: 9439: 9429: 9324: 9153: 9055: 8880: 8773: 8608: 8543: 8236: 7366: 6154: 4912: 4813: 4097: 4021: 3844: 3820:

could theoretically provide large amounts of energy by collecting the matter ejected outward.

3781: 3738: 3549: 3018: 2873: 2391:

would make it possible to listen to the many messages that could be sent to us. In 2007, the

2345: 2301:, due to a stellar engine, or an unusual spectral modulation in the composition of the star. 1713: 1498: 1474: 1174: 263: 191: 86: 7993: 7022: 5610: 5598: 5479: 4691:"Optimal wavelength region for communication with extraterrestrial intelligence: λ = 1.5 mm" 4436: 3294:. However, there are many techniques for transmitting an interstellar message, ranging from 936:. Kardashev even raises the possibility of a supercivilization reshaping the entire galaxy. 355: 12625: 12415: 12390: 12173: 11846: 11720: 11070: 11028: 10982: 9991: 9872: 9534: 9529: 9479: 9459: 9374: 9359: 9143: 9030: 9020: 8991: 8808: 8703: 7989: 7935: 7755: 7618: 7591: 7587: 7513: 7294: 7244: 7192: 7124: 7018: 6954: 6890: 6761: 6658: 6619: 6572: 6517: 6363: 6318: 6269: 6223: 6192: 5926: 5847: 5808: 5647: 5560: 5227: 5169: 4828: 4787: 4702: 4499: 4432: 4355: 4308: 4158: 3482: 3446: 3398:

PSR J1928+15 (observed in 2005 near the Galactic disk, at a frequency of 1.44 GHz, at

3014: 2783: 1672: 798:

However, such civilization activities require the use of abundant energy. According to the

368: 7548: 7083:"Alien signal detected by Russian astrophysicists turns out to be terrestrial disturbance" 5587: 3625:(energy released per mass) is about four orders of magnitude greater than that from using 2136:

Dutil and Dumas consider several physical limits to continuous energy production, such as

1340:

still based on Kardashev's types, but integrating intermediate levels using the following

698: 8: 12652: 12450: 11923: 11592: 11587: 11201: 11174: 9701: 9504: 9298: 8956: 8803: 8783: 8729: 8695: 8590: 8262: 8250: 7846: 6885: 5938: 4617: 3876: 3868: 3681: 3399: 3325: 3151: 3031: 2956: 2515: 2369: 2198:

between 8 and 13 microns, corresponding to surface temperatures of 300 K. A hypothetical

2180: 2066: 1916: 1912: 1837: 1745: 1697: 1458: 1207: 1111: 811: 429: 360: 316: 63: 7759: 7595: 7517: 7298: 7248: 7196: 7128: 6958: 6894: 6848: 6765: 6662: 6623: 6576: 6521: 6367: 6322: 6273: 6227: 6196: 6115:. In Meech, K. J.; Keane, J. V.; Mumma, M. J.; Siefert, J. L.; Werthimer, D. J. (eds.). 5930: 5875: 5851: 5812: 5651: 5564: 5231: 5173: 5007:"Speculations on the First Contact: Encyclopedia Galactica or the Music of the Spheres?" 4832: 4791: 4706: 4359: 4312: 4162: 3328:

system of the radiation could be detected by the shadow it casts on the accretion disk.

847:

and other exotic cosmic objects. Kardashev believed that the search should focus on the

12315: 12119: 12049: 11948: 11918: 11873: 11829: 11762: 11735: 11368: 11314: 11211: 11206: 10925: 10612: 10250: 10062: 9947: 9424: 9272: 9199: 9078: 8935: 8885: 8675: 8603: 8005: 7779: 7699: 7529: 7503: 7385: 7260: 7159: 7034: 7008: 6541: 6507: 6379: 6353: 6120: 5984: 5950: 5916: 5576: 5550: 5361: 5159: 4726: 4671: 4456: 4381: 3939: 3562: 3493:

that will allow humanity to reach more evolved stages. He estimates that man's violent

3097: 2810: 2763: 2743: 2618: 1519: 1243: 1049: 803: 726: 463: 451: 306: 296: 186: 181: 162: 143: 91: 7824: 7136: 6902: 6584: 6259:"Results of the MANIA Experiment: an Optical Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence" 6211: 5215: 2925:, then humanity's energy consumption will exceed the incident solar power (1,742 × 10 1824:

insufficient scientific knowledge, which considered the possibility of stellar object

12735: 12676: 12672: 12610: 12198: 12084: 11943: 11577: 11238: 11112: 10994: 10213: 9996: 9404: 8711: 8581: 8280: 8274: 8055: 8009: 7955: 7771: 7746: 7719: 7650: 7533: 7525: 7439: 7331: 7229: 7204: 7140: 6977: 6777: 6732: 6701: 6674: 6627: 6588: 6545: 6533: 6456: 6409: 6330: 6239: 6235: 6130: 6062: 5954: 5942: 5764: 5739: 5663: 5614: 5517: 5405: 5365: 5351: 5279: 5243: 5239: 4718: 4675: 4663: 4621: 4538: 4519:

given at the Eighth Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics; first published in

4479: 4460: 4448: 4385: 4371: 4256: 4249: 3911: 3784:

processes (such as the aforementioned star lifting), and could therefore be recycled.

3439: 3420: 3336: 3221:

Searches for monochromatic signals of different frequencies, always in the same band.

3089: 3006: 2998: 2489:

The knowledge of these hypothetical supercivilizations must fit into a wide range of

2428:. This national conference was held in response to the American seminar known as the 2298: 1934:, humanity has reached Type I, but faces an energy challenge. In his 2011 paper 1931: 1616: 1507: 1341: 1097:, there may be planets older than the Earth, capable of harboring supercivilizations. 1042: 940: 921: 643: 581: 422: 238: 8558: 7951:

Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth

7180: 7038: 6670: 6383: 6375: 6212:"Nuclear waste spectrum as evidence of technological extraterrestrial civilizations" 6109: 5904: 5820: 5796: 5712:"The Physics of Extraterrestrial Civilizations: Official Website of Dr. Michio Kaku" 5659: 5580: 5538: 2327:

According to Kardashev, the transmissions of an extraterrestrial civilization (what

2058:

technological level. Only small, low-level civilizations could communicate with us.

1996:

automated probes) would extend to the rest of the Solar System. Current advances in

1246:

higher than the amount currently achieved on Earth, with an energy consumption of ≈2

12547: 12308: 12203: 12136: 11970: 11809: 11772: 11402: 11351: 11344: 11097: 11043: 10930: 10807: 10016: 9937: 9569: 9349: 9158: 9098: 9045: 8951: 8925: 8825: 8402: 8256: 8026: 7997: 7783: 7763: 7709: 7521: 7302: 7264: 7252: 7208: 7200: 7132: 7026: 6974:

Rejuvenating the Sun and Avoiding Other Global Catastrophes (Astronomers' Universe)

6898: 6769: 6666: 6580: 6525: 6371: 6326: 6231: 5934: 5816: 5655: 5568: 5343: 5271: 5235: 4730: 4710: 4655: 4613: 4440: 4363: 4296: 4214:"The Physics of Extraterrestrial Civilizations: Official Website of Dr Michio Kaku" 3953: 3891: 3757: 3661: 3466: 3271: 3267: 3258: 3054: 2395:

analyzed the only television frequencies sent by a Type 0 civilization, notes

2229:

Type II megastructures would be easier to detect. This would be the case of a

2215: 2145: 2014: 1993: 1647:

civilization). Metrics other than pure energy consumption have also been proposed.

1547: 1267: 1251: 1186:

is infinite, the number and lifetime of such supercivilizations are also infinite.

1038: 639: 604: 384: 364: 243: 228: 201: 153: 138: 68: 10353: 7767: 7030: 6880: 5797:"Use of Class A and Class C stellar engines to control Sun movement in the galaxy" 5599: 5509:

Parallel Worlds: The Science of Alternative Universes and Our Future in the Cosmos

3029:. The results were published as "The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence" in 1142:

and in its center. Kardashev explains that only more powerful observations in the

802:, an important part of this consumed energy must be converted into radiation of a 658:

would increase the likelihood that Type II civilizations exist in the galaxy.

12740: 12519: 12398: 11938: 11928: 11614: 11597: 11327: 11322: 11196: 11157: 11082: 11053: 11033: 11016: 10937: 10468: 10270: 10218: 10192: 10159: 10026: 10001: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9519: 9444: 9384: 9369: 9173: 9163: 8845: 8830: 8793: 8778: 8724: 8650: 8343: 8167: 8157: 8147: 8137: 7942: 7881: 7864: 7640: 7421: 7321: 7279: 6722: 6446: 4367: 4026: 3867:

speculations may not become problems, possibly through the application of future

3824: 3761: 3748:

Another means of generating usable energy would be to feed a stellar mass into a

3626: 3600: 3490: 3450: 3332: 3022: 2437: 2384: 2258: 2062: 1761: 1738: 1530: 1154: 1107: 929: 840: 780: 635: 437: 276: 223: 118: 81: 38: 6920: 5347: 3890:

in general during the transition from Type I to Type II, leading to a

2625:. Thus, the rate of development of our own world remains the only criterion for 46: 12365: 12266: 12218: 12166: 12109: 12061: 11965: 11933: 11814: 11740: 11552: 11530: 11378: 11356: 11339: 11169: 11147: 10969: 10656: 10441: 10429: 10208: 9981: 9584: 9389: 9060: 8961: 8890: 8840: 8716: 8614: 8351: 8096: 7741: 7371:"Comparison of Fusion/Anti-matter Propulsion Systems for Interplanetary Travel" 5594: 4037: 3996: 3986: 3883: 3794: 3753: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3310: 3279: 3226: 2570:

shows that they are characterized by the tendency to store a maximum amount of

2526:. Taking into account these two phenomena, the universal physical laws and the 2490: 2278: 2234: 2223: 2164: 2153: 2137: 2130: 2118: 1857: 1816: 1750: 1729: 1668: 1575: 1555: 1139: 1086: 1008: 979: 893: 767: 529: 281: 253: 128: 8173: 8017:

Supercivilizations as Possible Products of the Progressive Evolution of Matter

8001: 7870:

Clean Energy for Planetary Survival: International Development Research Centre

7306: 6773: 6529: 6344:

Zaitsev, Alexander (2008). "Sending and Searching for Interstellar Messages".

5768: 5335: 4659: 4444: 3629:, and about two orders of magnitude greater than the best possible yield from 3245:(for interferometric synthesis of ultraviolet, optical, and infrared images). 1607:

to deflect threatening objects. It would also have to anticipate the onset of

12694: 12425: 12380: 12295: 12039: 12024: 12002: 11985: 11824: 11780: 11713: 11572: 11564: 11535: 11505: 11463: 11419: 11397: 11373: 11302: 10942: 10902: 10863: 10831: 10713: 10419: 10120: 9942: 9887: 9877: 9192: 9006: 8971: 8930: 8453: 8443: 8316: 8286: 7737: 7723: 7714: 7687: 7579: 7144: 6678: 6631: 6592: 6537: 6243: 5946: 5667: 5572: 5397: 5268:

International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies – 43rd Session

5247: 4722: 4667: 4625: 4452: 3925: 3734: 3730: 3650: 3545: 3504: 3474: 3426:

The scale theorized by Kardashev was born in the geopolitical context of the

3387: 3383: 3254: 3208: 3181: 3122: 3113: 3085: 3066: 2626: 2523: 2454: 2421: 2377: 2294: 2207: 2184: 2122: 1959: 1891: 1737:, creating nanotechnology at the atomic level, and creating complex forms of 1722: 1643: 1485: 1465: 1344: 1170: 1023: 975: 958: 913: 901: 856: 533: 455: 248: 218: 196: 7582:(1966). Marshak, R. E. (ed.). "The Search for Extraterrestrial Technology". 7213: 6818: 6496:"The entropy principle, and the influence of sociological pressures on SETI" 5736:

International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 43rd Session

5266:

Wilson, Richard (2011). "Energy and the Environment in the Next Millenium".

4503: 3827:

is another theoretically possible power source for an advanced civilization.

2967:

In 1963, Nikolai Kardashev and Gennady Borissovich Sholomitskii studied the

2542: 1919:. It must also have developed a planetary communication system, such as the 1797: 1022:

has only a 20% probability of realization. Kardashev advises to observe the

12537: 12532: 12353: 12161: 12156: 12034: 11878: 11790: 11757: 11745: 11520: 11407: 11385: 10987: 10952: 10747: 10673: 10590: 10585: 10480: 10275: 10137: 10021: 9976: 9922: 9168: 9113: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9035: 8910: 8850: 8483: 8448: 7775: 7671: 7352: 5421: 4913:"A Dysonian Search for Kardashev Type III Civilisations in Spiral Galaxies" 4690: 4535:

Civilized Life in the Universe: Scientists on Intelligent Extraterrestrials

4032: 4001: 3991: 3767: 3722: 3685: 3654: 3574: 3533: 3303: 3185: 3062: 2608:

would not be an effect of the intelligent activity of a supercivilization.

2527: 2511: 2495: 2465: 2458: 2333: 2315: 2230: 2199: 2051: 2002: 1972: 1964: 1845: 1841: 1807: 1773:) to create organized complexity among populations of elementary particles; 1706: 1600: 1263: 1166: 1065: 1019: 917: 860: 722: 714: 592: 505: 447: 416: 404: 213: 5340:

The 21st Century Singularity and Global Futures: A Big History Perspective

4643: 4420: 3241:

project (an orbiting observatory with a 10-meter diameter mirror) and the

1828:

as an artificial Type III source, whereas today we know that it is a

12542: 12278: 12213: 12208: 12129: 12104: 12017: 11992: 11958: 11910: 11851: 11493: 11414: 11297: 11285: 10910: 10723: 10568: 10414: 10228: 9882: 9686: 9638: 9454: 9103: 8768: 8576: 8394: 8386: 8292: 8108: 8035: 6760:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 382. pp. 96–97. 5681: 5503: 3864: 3817: 3788: 3726: 3710: 3494: 3470: 3050: 3002: 2990: 2622: 2571: 2531: 2499: 2396: 2219: 1943: 1904: 1883: 1627: 1604: 1503: 1215: 1124: 1012: 995: 909: 731: 651: 171: 8205: 8115: 7181:"Galactic civilizations: Population dynamics and interstellar diffusion" 4345:"On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations" 3933: 12587: 12572: 12054: 12029: 11898: 11834: 11802: 11750: 11708: 11636: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11478: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11184: 11152: 10875: 10868: 10853: 10819: 10691: 10661: 10634: 10617: 10563: 10492: 10384: 10325:

Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)

10132: 9927: 9118: 8996: 8915: 8359: 8183: 6481:

Extraterrestrial Civilizations – Problems of Interstellar Communication

6432:

Extraterrestrial Civilizations – Problems of Interstellar Communication

6292:

Extraterrestrial Civilizations – Problems of Interstellar Communication

6058:

Extraterrestrial Civilizations: Problems of Interstellar Communications

5387: 3872: 3860: 3773: 3749: 3677: 3665: 3646: 3610: 3509: 3416: 3318: 3262: 3229:

with a base, either of the order of or larger than the diameter of the

3126: 3061:

telescope catalog. All three were looking for evidence of hypothetical

3026: 3010: 2994: 2601: 2575: 2559: 2547: 2449: 2365: 2250: 2246: 2195: 2091: 1820: 1677: 1587: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554:), a global economic system is in the making (the establishment of the 1535: 1514:. By studying the evolution of technologies that have changed history ( 1336: 1178: 1151: 1027: 952: 823: 807: 792: 774: 743: 647: 520: 486: 419: 408: 5555: 3879:, so that waste heat could be distributed throughout the star system. 3764:. However, this may only be possible for a Type III civilization. 3057:

to detect possible infrared sources near the galactic center from the

2037: 1450: 12605: 12600: 12577: 12557: 11997: 11893: 11888: 11839: 11725: 11696: 11691: 11681: 11664: 11582: 11525: 11361: 11280: 11248: 11134: 11075: 10915: 10890: 10858: 10848: 10767: 10513: 10223: 10127: 10087: 9138: 8875: 8870: 8685: 8660: 8367: 8127: 8120: 7256: 5270:(1st ed.). World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 51–61. 5066: 4745: 4714: 4006: 3777: 3693: 3614: 3462: 3158: 3043: 3039: 2320: 2282: 2262: 2194:. On the other hand their existence can be detected by analyzing the 2149: 1924: 1791: 1780: 1652: 1579: 1442: 1308: 1119: 1034: 886:

On the Inevitability and the Possible Structure of Supercivilizations

580:, published in 1964 first in Russian in the March–April issue of the 372: 7491: 6754: 3200:

Study in detail the properties of quasars and other unusual objects;

2253:. Such an intervention in a star's composition would be detectable. 1879:

According to Carl Sagan, Type I should be reached around 2100.

1765:

is capable of manipulating the most elementary particles of matter (

1127:

or can only be inferred by the gravitational influence it produces.

436:(which he initiated), a scientific meeting that reviewed the Soviet 12562: 12552: 12527: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12151: 12071: 12012: 12007: 11686: 11656: 11609: 11444: 11431: 11390: 11292: 11189: 11102: 11060: 11011: 10836: 10802: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10708: 10600: 10578: 10497: 10436: 10424: 8860: 8835: 8747: 8740: 8635: 8566: 7704: 7553: 7230:"Implications of the Copernican Principle for our Future Prospects" 7013: 6694:

Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate

6256: 5107: 3634: 3582: 3525: 3427: 3299: 3147: 3130: 3118: 3109: 3081: 3070: 2731:{\displaystyle t={\frac {\log \left(P/P_{o}\right)}{\log \alpha }}} 2567: 2514:(probability of occurrence of natural or cosmic catastrophes). The 2388: 2361: 2328: 2297:

according to Whitmire and Wright. It could also be a change in the

2141: 2126: 1976: 1968: 1920: 1718: 1591: 1551: 1523: 1481: 1143: 1094: 1068:

can confirm or falsify such a scenario. We can imagine a potential

987: 948: 868: 788: 755: 415:

it is capable of harnessing and using. The measure was proposed by

133: 7508: 7164: 7082: 6512: 6358: 6125: 5989: 5921: 5164: 3905: 3705: 3664:

by converting sunlight into electricity – either directly through

3536:) or even millions of years, unless one imagines a thought and an 3274:, the regions most likely to harbor planets similar to the Earth. 674: 12273: 11730: 11646: 11641: 11542: 11515: 11473: 11451: 11179: 11021: 10959: 10920: 10880: 10812: 10797: 10641: 10485: 10448: 10115: 10012:

National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)

9226: 8645: 8620: 8324: 6608:"Stellar evolution – Motivation for mass interstellar migrations" 5686:"The Physics of Interstellar Travel: To one day, reach the stars" 5275: 4602:"Miocene Hominids and the Origins of the African Apes and Humans" 3919: 3831: 3673: 3458: 3382:

emissions was already considered an artificial source in 1968 by

2968: 2474: 2425: 2242: 2210:

like a Dyson sphere could be the result of a technology based on

2191: 1951: 1849: 1825: 1788:

In Impossibility: The Limits of Science and the Science of Limits

1754: 1608: 1539: 1081: 984:

evolution after contact with other extraterrestrial civilizations

751: 747: 739: 630: 7980:

Kardashev, Nikolai (March 1997). "Cosmology and Civilizations".

7111:

Kardashev, N. S; Likhachev, S. F; Zhuravlev, V. I (1998-05-01).

6307:"Development of Extraterrestrial Intelligence and Physical Laws" 6117:

Bioastronomy 2007: Molecules, Microbes and Extraterrestrial Life

5030:"The Kardashev Scale – Type I, II, III, IV & V Civilization" 3363:

is cited by Kardashev as early as 1971. The study of the quasar

3347: 3189:

older than our own, and considering that cosmic objects such as

3001:

for signs of Type II civilizations in four galaxies of the

2611: 785:

Possibility of the Intelligent Life in the Universe Being Unique

12595: 12567: 12348: 11953: 11856: 11819: 11488: 11439: 11243: 11164: 11117: 11048: 11038: 10824: 10757: 10703: 10573: 10540: 10528: 10523: 10502: 10463: 10238: 9128: 8640: 8548: 4144:"Transmission of information by extraterrestrial civilizations" 3588: 3537: 3379: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3352: 3215: 3190: 2983: 2951: 2942: 2507: 2353: 2304: 2270: 2238: 2087: 2073:

A Type III civilization could theoretically live inside a

2042: 2022: 2018: 1802: 1770: 1300: 1195: 1131: 1004: 944: 905: 844: 735: 679:

In 1980, Nikolai Kardashev published a second article entitled

612: 552: 548: 516: 482: 478: 412: 6943:"Placing a limit on star-fed Kardashev type III civilisations" 6185:"Possibility of controlling solar system motion in the Galaxy" 5034:

The Kardashev Scale – Type I, II, III, IV & V Civilization

3394:

frequency (about 10 GHz, also for economic reasons). The

1420:

civilization would be defined by a power of 10 watts, while a

762:

present development covers only a negligible fraction of this

599:. According to Kardashev, it is the type of civilization that 515:

civilization is able to capture all the energy emitted by its

12146: 12099: 12044: 11883: 11868: 11785: 11510: 11498: 11468: 11456: 11228: 11092: 11087: 11065: 11006: 10999: 10841: 10728: 10686: 10595: 10533: 10518: 10458: 7742:"Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation" 4644:"Radioastron – a Radio Telescope Much Greater than the Earth" 4476:

The Eerie Silence: Renewing Our Search for Alien Intelligence

4071:

According to Sagan's interpolated Kardashev scale, as of 2021

3961: 3855: 3810:

They may also be able to tap into the energy released by the

3642: 3596: 3521: 3489:, 1960), man's aggressiveness does not allow us to predict a 3295: 3230: 2484: 2274: 2266: 2168: 1985: 1766: 1611:

and modify the climate long before they occur to avoid them.

1543: 1515: 925: 725:

on the basis of this universal characteristic, which allowed

619: 600: 578:

Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations

459: 10032:

Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)

9964:

Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government

5067:"Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities" 4746:"Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities" 2469:

turned his attention to two radio sources discovered by the

1558:), and even a globalized culture is standardizing humanity ( 11861: 11797: 11669: 11547: 11332: 11260: 11216: 11124: 11107: 10977: 10885: 10752: 10698: 10646: 10629: 10605: 10509: 10473: 10453: 8410: 8023:

Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation

7614: 7280:"Time Without End: Physics and Biology in an Open Universe" 7110: 6647:"Ten thousand revolutions: conjectures about civilizations" 6189:

38th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation

3742: 3517: 3485:, author of a statistical study on mortality (published in 3360: 3203:

Search for monochromatic anomalies among the most powerful

3058: 2979: 2947: 2579: 2117:

from 10 to 10 Hz, which allows two observations related to

1981: 1947: 1734: 1702: 1603:. A Type I civilization should also be able to master 1288: 1135: 972:

Radioastron – a Radio Telescope Much Greater than the Earth

655: 608: 596: 585: 501: 8175:

What Do Alien Civilizations Look Like? The Kardashev Scale

8128:

Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities

7947: 6119:. ASP Conference Series. Vol. 420. pp. 439–442. 5601:

Impossibility: Limits of Science and the Science of Limits

5011:

When SETI Succeeds: The Impact of High-Information Contact

2537: 1480:

In 2017, the total amount of information generated on the

959:

Possible scenarios for the evolution of supercivilizations

871:

and its evolution over a period of several billion years.

12193: 12114: 12094: 12089: 11980: 11701: 11676: 10735: 10651: 10624: 10545: 7929:

The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments

7549:"Antimatter caught streaming from thunderstorms on Earth" 6268:. ASP Conference Series. Vol. 47. pp. 381–392. 6110:"Sustainability: A Tedious Path to Galactic Colonization" 4951:

Zoltan Galántai, Long Futures and Type IV Civilizations,

4533:

Basalla, George (2006). "Life in an Expanding Universe".

4352:

The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments

2930: 2337: 1853: 1798:

Galántai's miniaturization and resilience to catastrophes

1469: 1276: 1231: 568: 7684: 5769:"Nature's Way of Making Audacious Space Projects Viable" 3637:

of antimatter with 1 kg of matter would produce 1.8

3270:(OH). For Livio, the means of detection should focus on 2780:

is a parameter that increases annually as a function of

2402: 1779:

is capable of manipulating the fundamental structure of

9184: 8195:

Kardashev Scale, the big picture on space civilizations

7611:"New Energy Source "Wrings" Power from Black Hole Spin" 5216:"On the detectivity of advanced galactic civilizations" 4498: 1325: 1061:. As a result, no contact with humanity can take place. 5836:"Stellar engines for Kardashev's Type II Civilization" 5145: 4953:

Periodica Polytechnica, Social and Management Sciences

4906: 4904: 4902: 4576:

Periodica Polytechnica, Social and Management Sciences

1936:

Nature's Way of Making Audacious Space Projects Viable

1662: 544:(Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence) programs. 9149:

Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact

8032:

The Radio Search For Intelligent Extraterrestral Life

5333: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 3038:

In 1976, Kardashev, Troitskii, and Gindilis used the

2937:) after 800 years, and that of the Galaxy (7,29 × 10 2899: 2876: 2833: 2813: 2786: 2766: 2746: 2670: 2636: 1355: 965:

Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact

398: 8116:

The Kardashev scale: Classifying alien civilizations

6210:

Whitmire, Daniel P.; Wright, David P. (1980-04-01).

3901: 3548:, communication and life can continue forever in an 3367:

shows that it has a solid structure. Other quasars (

775:

Two strategies for searching for intelligent signals

10383: 7948:Korotayev, A.; Malkov, A.; Khaltourina, D. (2006). 7436:

Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization

6612:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society

6395: 6393: 5674: 5382: 5380: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4637: 4635: 4251:

Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization

3405: 2065:'", Semay notes, knowing that it can only exist if 1640:

Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization

1299:A civilization with energy on the scale of its own 10042:Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current) 6155:"Space travel with solar power and a dyson sphere" 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 5393:Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective 5122: 5108:"After Kardashev: Farewell to Super Civilizations" 4947: 4945: 4943: 4879: 4248: 3257:, "the most reliable criterion" remains the small 3084:(US), Annis studied a sample of 31 galaxies, both 2917: 2882: 2862: 2819: 2799: 2772: 2752: 2730: 2654: 2021:, allowing it, among other things, to capture its 1550:), a global communication system is emerging (the 1416:is the amount of power it uses, in watts. Thus, a 1397: 1189: 1018:The scenario of a unification on the scale of the 519:, and every object within it, such as every star, 8529:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems 8519:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems 7692:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 4814:"Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion" 4137: 3814:believed to exist at the center of most galaxies. 3237:space projects to detect artificial sources: the 2407: 1655:to its edge would take about 50,000 years (since 1491: 879: 835:. These sources could be significant or periodic 783:, who in an article published in 1977 and titled 12692: 8816:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence 8144:After Kardashev: Farewell to Super Civilizations 6399: 6390: 6285: 6283: 5469: 5377: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 4987: 4632: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 3801: 2464:Kardashev believes that a research project like 1863: 1424:civilization would be able to harness 10 watts. 890:hypothetical extraterrestrial supercivilizations 6849:"Critical Issues in the History of Spaceflight" 6812: 6810: 6808: 5833: 5794: 5790: 5788: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5261: 5259: 5257: 4940: 4770: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 3700: 3290:is the observation date in years, knowing that 1398:{\displaystyle K={\frac {\log _{10}{W}-6}{10}}} 1330: 675:Towards an energetic definition of civilization 558: 440:space listening program. The paper was titled " 10320:United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022) 7899:"Environmental Change and the Human Condition" 7157: 6881:"The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence" 6758:A Brief History of Radio Astronomy in the USSR 6750: 6748: 6493: 6209: 5997: 5834:Badescu, Viorel; Cathcart, Richard B. (2006). 5795:Badescu, Viorel; Cathcart, Richard B. (2006). 5729: 5727: 5496: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5209: 5207: 4523:, vol. 302, pp. 685–689, Dec. 1977). 3567: 3165: 2578:of civilization implies that it cannot have a 1659:, according to our understanding of physics). 734:acquired by its operating program, and by the 10369: 9200: 8221: 7896: 7382:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 6947:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 6889:. Vol. 232, no. 5. pp. 80–89. 6280: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5840:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 5300:"The Statistical Review of World Energy 2022" 5084: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 4910: 4821:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 4551: 4537:. Oxford University Press. pp. 148–149. 4403: 4269: 4235: 4114: 3745:and capture most or all of its energy output. 3078:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 2612:Human civilization: a model for extrapolation 1578:to facilitate communication and cooperation, 980:ethical considerations of these civilizations 441: 425:(1932–2019) in 1964 and was named after him. 336: 7089:. St. Petersburg, Russia: TASS. 2016-08-30. 6805: 5785: 5752: 5254: 5149: 4504:"Little Green Men, White Dwarfs or Pulsars?" 4492: 4323: 4207: 4205: 4203: 3838: 3591:per second, a rate roughly equivalent to 8.9 3170: 2305:The interstellar transmission of information 1412:is the Kardashev type of a civilization and 1076: 669: 504:'s energy, most likely through the use of a 443:Передача информации внеземными цивилизациями 9124:History of the extraterrestrial life debate 8821:Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal 7178: 7054:"An Interesting SETI Candidate in Hercules" 6847:Dick, Steven J.; Launius, Roger D. (2006). 6846: 6745: 6152: 5724: 5456: 5204: 4811: 4780:Liège International Astrophysical Colloquia 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4098:"Kardashev, Nikolai Semenovich (1932–2019)" 4091: 4089: 4087: 3218:) of interstellar origin, in the same band; 2989:In 1975 and 1976, the American astronomers 2420:in Moscow. In 1964, he organized the first 2277:, residues of biotic activity according to 874: 563: 10376: 10362: 9207: 9193: 8439:Planetary habitability in the Solar System 8228: 8214: 6878: 6872: 6796: 6790: 6266:Third Decennial US-USSR Conference on SETI 6148: 6146: 6107: 6094: 5974: 5961: 5858: 5051: 5004: 4851: 4849: 4743: 3776:is likely to be produced as an industrial 2959:according to the work of Kathryn Denning. 2929:) after 240 years, the total power of the 2436:in the United States. It brought together 1856:. A Type I civilization would use 25 1633: 1590:, as well as building strong ties between 343: 329: 8235: 7979: 7926: 7713: 7703: 7507: 7461:"Antimatter Found Orbiting Earth—A First" 7212: 7163: 7012: 6840: 6605: 6558: 6511: 6428: 6357: 6304: 6124: 6081: 6054: 5988: 5977:Journal of British Interplanetary Society 5920: 5902: 5554: 5536: 5163: 5152:Journal of British Interplanetary Society 5027: 4688: 4641: 4521:Annals of the New York Academy of Science 4418: 4342: 4294: 4141: 3752:, and collect the photons emitted by the 3410: 3141: 2530:resulting from life, defines a "physical 12746:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence 9294:1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund 9284:1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg 8866:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence 8534:List of potentially habitable exoplanets 7365: 7179:Newman, William I.; Sagan, Carl (1981). 6720: 6494:Bozhilov, V.; Forgan, Duncan H. (2010). 6289: 5539:"Hyperfast travel in general relativity" 5105: 4569:"Long Futures and Type IV Civilizations" 4566: 4180: 4084: 3729:and similar constructs are hypothetical 3704: 3346: 3021:. The year before, the two men had sent 2541: 2314: 2036: 1903:towards Type II must have mastered 1801: 1080: 851:, close to the maximum intensity of the 697: 660: 567: 354: 8671:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment 8049: 8040: 7897:Holdren, John P.; Kaysen, Carl (2003). 7051: 6996: 6816: 6644: 6343: 6182: 6143: 5763: 5470:Hamish, Clift; Mandeville, Tom (2012). 4846: 4532: 4515:(after-dinner speech with the title of 3112:in shape, meaning that one side of the 2538:A functional definition of civilization 2412:From 1962, Kardashev was a member of a 1684:Type I-minus to Type Omega-minus: 1210:with a transmission time of 3 seconds. 1015:conservatory would be created on Earth. 12693: 10397: 9430:Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961) 8154:Exotic Civilizations: Beyond Kardashev 7875:LBL Scientists Research Global Warming 7638: 7608: 7546: 7433: 7319: 6478: 6153:Badescu, Viorel; Cathcart, Richard B. 5733: 5593: 5265: 5064: 4473: 4246: 3386:, the discoverer of the first pulsar ( 3331:A Type III civilization using a " 3211:emission line), in the decimeter band; 1733:is capable of manipulating individual 12507: 12241: 10396: 10357: 9188: 8572:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection 8209: 7850:magazine (Special September Issue on 7736: 7578: 7323:Hydrogen properties for fusion energy 7277: 6971: 6940: 6500:International Journal of Astrobiology 6474: 6472: 6400:Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Kit (2004). 5873: 5633: 5386: 5213: 5186: 4599: 3556: 2962: 2589:Destruction of only intelligent life. 2403:Search and detection of civilizations 2098: 1942:energy sources are nearly exhausted; 1037:and of neighboring galaxies (such as 16:Measure of a civilization's evolution 12508: 9289:1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel 8524:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems 8509:Habitability of neutron star systems 8269:Viking lander biological experiments 7931:. Reidel Publ. Co. pp. 465–463. 7688:"A Dyson Sphere around a black hole" 7642:A First Course in General Relativity 7458: 7438:. TarcherPerigee. pp. 197–201. 7227: 6691: 6444: 5738:. World Scientific. pp. 56–57. 5709: 5680: 5502: 5028:Creighton, Jolene (21 August 2019). 4642:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1997-12-01). 4618:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105047 4419:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1997-03-01). 4211: 3501:within a few centuries at the most. 3309:An artificial source located in the 2348:, radio and optical frequencies, or 1657:nothing can travel faster than light 1529:A Type I civilization consumes 1326:Reassessments of the Kardashev scale 1242:10 watts), which is about four 500:civilization can directly consume a 363:, a laser beam is used to create an 8499:Habitability of binary star systems 8474:Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems 5905:"Is there life inside black holes?" 5703: 5336:"Energy Flow Trends in Big History" 4855: 4095: 4043:World energy supply and consumption 2032: 1870:World energy supply and consumption 1663:Barrow's microdimensional mastering 916:'s megastructure, in the form of a 615:, which is equivalent to 10 watts. 411:advancement based on the amount of 13: 12751:Sustainability metrics and indices 9987:Flying Saucer Working Party (1950) 9644:High-altitude object events (2023) 9273:Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC) 9134:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science 8977:Hypothetical types of biochemistry 8504:Habitability of natural satellites 7804: 6879:Sagan, Carl; Drake, Frank (1975). 6469: 4771:Gromov, V.; Kardashev, N. (2001). 3802:Type III civilization methods 3741:designed to completely encircle a 3342: 2974:on the 920 MHz band from the 2863:{\displaystyle P=P_{o}\alpha ^{t}} 2566:Observation of the development of 2471:California Institute of Technology 2080: 2008: 1303:, with an energy consumption of ≈4 1270:– with an energy consumption of ≈4 627:California Institute of Technology 14: 12772: 12475:Social construction of technology 10047:NASA's UAP independent study team 8514:Habitability of red dwarf systems 8164:Search for Type III civilizations 8134:Astrobiology: The Living Universe 8104:Description of civilization types 8070: 8052:Operation TOGA: Type One Go Ahead 6903:10.1038/scientificamerican0575-80 6061:. Coronet Books. pp. 12–57. 5642:. Searching for Life Signatures. 5440:"Data growth worldwide 2010-2025" 5005:Lemarchand, Guillermo A. (2000). 4911:Calissendorff, Per (2013-05-29). 4744:Lemarchand, Guillermo A. (1995). 3701:Type II civilization methods 3617:of the particles is converted to 3605:10 cubic kilometers of water 3378:The extraordinary periodicity of 3146:In 2015, a study of galactic mid- 3125:could also extract energy from a 2174: 2107: 1874: 904:of great size, emitting a lot of 12671: 12659: 12648: 12647: 12242: 10338: 10337: 8666:Life Investigation For Enceladus 8085:Flash Animation on Civilizations 7908:. pp. 24–31. Archived from 5892:from the original on 2023-07-27. 5017:from the original on 2023-08-07. 4842:from the original on 2023-08-07. 4801:from the original on 2023-08-07. 4760:from the original on 2023-03-07. 4589:from the original on 2023-03-07. 4319:from the original on 2023-07-27. 3960: 3946: 3932: 3918: 3904: 3568:Type I civilization methods 3406:Criticisms of the classification 3053:, Kardashev, and Slysh used the 2485:Towards a "physical eschatology" 2418:Sternberg Astronomical Institute 1542:, and could build cities on the 1254:, between 10 and 10 watts. 1177:in 1975), which is based on the 45: 12660: 12463:Timeline of historic inventions 10304:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 9485:John Lennon UFO incident (1974) 9299:José Bonilla observation (1883) 8043:Energy and Culture (chapter 15) 7968:from the original on 2018-01-05 7790:from the original on 2019-07-14 7730: 7678: 7663:from the original on 2020-07-10 7632: 7602: 7572: 7561:from the original on 2011-01-12 7540: 7485: 7452: 7427: 7402: 7359: 7344:from the original on 2020-07-08 7313: 7271: 7221: 7172: 7151: 7104: 7093:from the original on 2016-09-03 7075: 7064:from the original on 2018-01-10 7045: 6990: 6965: 6934: 6909: 6861:from the original on 2023-07-27 6829:from the original on 2023-08-10 6714: 6685: 6671:10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.11.019 6645:Denning, Kathryn (2011-02-01). 6638: 6599: 6552: 6487: 6438: 6422: 6376:10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.05.014 6337: 6298: 6250: 6203: 6176: 6165:from the original on 2023-04-15 6075: 5903:Dokuchaev, V. I. (2011-11-17). 5896: 5827: 5821:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.09.005 5692:from the original on 2023-07-19 5660:10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.11.006 5627: 5537:Krasnikov, S. V. (1998-04-15). 5530: 5512:. New York: Doubleday. p. 5432: 5327: 5316:from the original on 2023-08-21 5292: 5187:Kneen, Sarah Elizabeth (2014). 5180: 5073:from the original on 2019-03-18 5040:from the original on 2023-08-01 5021: 4929:from the original on 2022-01-08 4868:from the original on 2022-04-01 4812:von Hoerner, Sebastien (1975). 4805: 4764: 4737: 4682: 4593: 4567:Galántai, Zoltan (2003-09-07). 4526: 4392:from the original on 2020-12-12 4224:from the original on 2022-01-08 4169:from the original on 2022-01-12 4065: 4056: 3888:artificial general intelligence 3225:According to Kardashev, only a 2432:of 1961, which was held at the 2144:), climate (about 127 TW), and 1946:will be depleted by 2020–2030, 1749:is capable of manipulating the 1190:Categories defined by Kardashev 976:no contact has been made so far 10037:Identification studies of UFOs 9515:Valentich disappearance (1978) 9500:Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977) 9380:McMinnville photographs (1950) 9252:List of reported UFO sightings 8656:Journey to Enceladus and Titan 7982:Astrophysics and Space Science 7584:Perspectives in Modern Physics 7384:. pp. 1–3. Archived from 7380:. San Diego, California, USA: 7328:University of California Press 6917:"Observation Begin date: 1987" 5939:10.1088/0264-9381/28/23/235015 4689:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1979). 4600:Begun, David R. (2010-10-21). 4467: 4425:Astrophysics and Space Science 4354:. Vol. 112. p. 497. 4343:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1985). 4295:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1980). 4142:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1964). 3684:: There is no known way for a 3481:For the British meteorologist 3248: 2408:The Byurakan Conference (1964) 1492:Kaku and the knowledge economy 932:also hold great potential for 880:Discovering supercivilizations 849:millimeter wavelength spectrum 843:, from other galaxies or from 1: 9997:Project Blue Book (1952–1970) 9677:Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949) 9672:Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947) 9525:Robert Taylor incident (1979) 9490:Travis Walton incident (1975) 9435:Lonnie Zamora incident (1964) 9330:Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946) 8789:Berkeley SETI Research Center 8489:Extraterrestrial liquid water 7768:10.1126/science.131.3414.1667 7459:Than, Ker (August 10, 2011). 7137:10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00011-3 6819:"SETI: Searches Through 1978" 6724:Extraterrestrial Intelligence 6585:10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00034-4 6108:Dutil, Y.; Dumas, S. (2007). 5909:Classical and Quantum Gravity 5634:Smart, John M. (2012-09-01). 5390:(2000) . Agel, Jerome (ed.). 4606:Annual Review of Anthropology 4478:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 4421:"Cosmology and Civilizations" 4078: 3487:Statistics of Deadly Quarrels 3355:, the brightest ever observed 3214:Search for periodic signals ( 3065:. The objects turn out to be 1938:, he states that the Earth's 1864:Progression through the types 1599:cosmic catastrophes, such as 1165:answer the question posed by 1116:formation of the Solar System 403:) is a method of measuring a 9540:Cash–Landrum incident (1980) 9440:Solway Firth Spaceman (1964) 9415:Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956) 9109:Extraterrestrials in fiction 8982:Interplanetary contamination 8479:Circumstellar habitable zone 8363:(unusual light fluctuations) 8355:(unusual light fluctuations) 8347:(unusual light fluctuations) 7830:Resources in other libraries 7547:Palmer, Jason (2011-01-11). 7205:10.1016/0019-1035(81)90135-4 7052:Gilster, Paul (2016-08-27). 7000:Astronomy & Astrophysics 6559:Ashkenazi, M. (1998-05-01). 6331:10.1016/0094-5765(89)90079-9 6236:10.1016/0019-1035(80)90253-5 5240:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90112-7 4368:10.1007/978-94-009-5462-5_65 4012:Orders of magnitude (energy) 2918:{\displaystyle \alpha =1,04} 2655:{\displaystyle \alpha =1,04} 1909:interplanetary communication 1331:Sagan's finer classification 1120:sources of intense radiation 706:in 2011 according to the BP 618:Assuming the development of 559:Origin of the classification 7: 12487:Technology acceptance model 10299:List of scientific skeptics 10027:Project Condign (1997–2000) 9970:The Flying Saucers Are Real 9530:Val Johnson incident (1979) 9480:Pascagoula Abduction (1973) 8967:Extraterrestrial hypothesis 8092:What's the Kardashev Scale? 7639:Schutz, Bernard F. (1985). 7609:Newman, Phil (2001-10-22). 7424:for the energy comparisons. 7422:antimatter as a fuel source 7378:Technical Memorandum 107030 7031:10.1051/0004-6361/201526687 6817:Freitas, Robert A. (2008). 6264:. In Shostak, G. S. (ed.). 5348:10.1007/978-3-030-33730-8_9 4017:Orders of magnitude (power) 3897: 3573:Large-scale application of 3499:weapons of mass destruction 3166:Possible listening criteria 2342:cosmic microwave background 1717:is capable of manipulating 1701:is capable of manipulating 1595:frequency of occurrence of 1502:(2011), American physicist 1294: 1103:Cosmology and Civilizations 1048:The scenario of a complete 853:cosmic microwave background 399: 302:Science fiction prototyping 234:Reference class forecasting 10: 12777: 9992:Project Magnet (1950–1962) 9649:David Grusch claims (2023) 9420:Antônio Villas Boas (1957) 8681:Mars sample-return mission 8170: (archived 2015-05-25) 8160: (archived 2009-02-20) 8150: (archived 2007-01-08) 8140: (archived 2013-05-14) 7844:Article in September 1971 7647:Cambridge University Press 7526:10.1088/2041-8205/736/1/L1 7278:Dyson, Freeman J. (1979). 6729:Cambridge University Press 6698:Cambridge University Press 6453:Cambridge University Press 6406:Greenwood Publishing Group 5402:Cambridge University Press 5214:Sagan, Carl (1973-07-01). 3797:can be used to move stars. 3560: 2957:multidisciplinary approach 2586:Total destruction of life. 2506:, those of stable matter ( 2311:Interstellar communication 2308: 2178: 1867: 1614:In addition, in his books 1257: 1110:is recent compared to the 1106:possible by the fact that 962: 928:to store mass and energy. 704:primary energy consumption 477:is able to access all the 26:. For the video game, see 18: 12642: 12621:Technological convergence 12586: 12518: 12514: 12503: 12480:Technological determinism 12436: 12421:Technological singularity 12389: 12331: 12294: 12252: 12248: 12237: 12070: 11909: 11771: 11655: 11563: 11430: 11313: 11133: 10968: 10901: 10766: 10672: 10556: 10407: 10403: 10392: 10333: 10312: 10291: 10263: 10201: 10158: 10151: 10106: 10055: 10017:Condon Report (1966–1968) 9956: 9911: 9865: 9714: 9697:Alien Autopsy (1995 film) 9657: 9593: 9510:Zanfretta incident (1978) 9410:Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955) 9317: 9265: 9244: 9235: 9222: 9069: 9005: 8944: 8899: 8757: 8557: 8462: 8434:Earliest known life forms 8426: 8379: 8336: 8309: 8302: 8243: 7825:Resources in your library 7495:The Astrophysical Journal 7307:10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447 7287:Reviews of Modern Physics 6976:. Springer. p. 240. 6774:10.1007/978-94-007-2834-9 6530:10.1017/S1473550410000133 6404:. Greenwood Biographies. 6305:Troitskij, V. S. (1989). 6084:Soviet Astromical Journal 5106:Galantai, Zoltan (2006). 5065:Lemarchand, Guillermo A. 4858:"Kardashev civilizations" 3839:Civilization implications 3670:concentrating solar power 3633:. The reaction of 1 3261:of the radio source. The 3171:Kardashev's point of view 2976:Crimea Deep Space Station 2606:expansion of the Universe 2025:and navigate the galaxy. 1725:, creating new materials; 1601:comet or asteroid impacts 1221: 1184:expansion of the Universe 1114:(8 × 10 years before the 1091:expansion of the Universe 1077:Fourth publication (1997) 816:electromagnetic radiation 670:Second publication (1980) 442: 388: 361:Cerro Paranal Observatory 12616:Research and development 12446:Diffusion of innovations 12411:Technological utopianism 12304:Environmental technology 9667:Maury Island hoax (1947) 9565:Voronezh incident (1989) 9550:Trans-en-Provence (1981) 9545:Rendlesham Forest (1980) 9475:Finnish Air Force (1969) 9405:Flatwoods monster (1952) 9257:Sightings in outer space 9214: 8799:Breakthrough Initiatives 7892:Clarke H2 energy systems 7466:National Geographic News 7113:"Space program for SETI" 6692:Dick, Steven J. (2001). 6653:. SETI Special Edition. 6445:Dick, Steven J. (1999). 5885:(in French) (7): 31–35. 5734:Wilson, Richard (2010). 5573:10.1103/PhysRevD.57.4760 5198:University of Manchester 4506:. Cosmic Search Magazine 4049: 3977:Astronomical engineering 3823:Capturing the energy of 3812:supermassive black holes 3737:as a system of orbiting 3733:originally described by 3672:, or indirectly through 3177:electromagnetic spectrum 2760:is the number of years, 2446:electromagnetic spectrum 2115:electromagnetic spectrum 1680:through holes in space. 1584:research and development 1447:world energy consumption 1125:matter remains invisible 875:Third publication (1985) 833:electromagnetic spectrum 688:astronomical time spans. 683:in which he stated that: 582:Astronomicheskii Zhurnal 564:First publication (1964) 74:Global catastrophic risk 12339:Government by algorithm 12321:Sustainable engineering 12286:Precautionary principle 12080:Artificial intelligence 9915:extraterrestrial beings 9682:Southern England (1967) 9610:Campeche, Mexico (2004) 9570:Belgian UFO wave (1990) 9400:Washington, D.C. (1952) 9395:Nash-Fortenberry (1952) 9278:Airship of Clonmacnoise 8903:extraterrestrial beings 8494:Galactic habitable zone 8078:Kardashev civilizations 8041:Freitas Jr., Robert A. 8002:10.1023/A:1000837427320 7994:1997Ap&SS.252...25K 7434:Zubrin, Robert (2000). 7410:mass–energy equivalence 7023:2015A&A...581L...5G 6721:Heidmann, Jean (1997). 6402:Carl Sagan: A Biography 6183:Shkadov, L. M. (1987). 5607:Oxford University Press 4660:10.1023/A:1007937203880 4500:S. Jocelyn Bell Burnell 4445:10.1023/A:1000837427320 4437:1997Ap&SS.252...25K 4247:Zubrin, Robert (1999). 3760:; this is known as the 3691:space-based solar power 3579:mass–energy equivalence 3447:principle of mediocrity 3315:supermassive black hole 3255:Samuil Aronovich Kaplan 3023:mankind's first message 2883:{\displaystyle \alpha } 2552:active galactic nucleus 2473:, nicknamed CTA-21 and 2457:", as it was stated by 2387:and those installed on 2214:, as those imagined by 2212:self-replicating probes 2161:supermassive black hole 2075:supermassive black hole 1998:artificial intelligence 1984:(estimated at 2.3 × 10 1882:Physicist and futurist 1634:Zubrin's planet mastery 1512:extragalactic radiation 1169:when he formulated his 287:Exploratory engineering 177:Causal layered analysis 12404:Technology forecasting 12371:Strategy of Technology 12262:Appropriate technology 11143:Agricultural machinery 10002:Robertson Panel (1953) 9555:Japan Air Lines (1986) 9520:Kaikoura Lights (1978) 9370:Gorman Dogfight (1948) 9304:Airship wave (1896–97) 9051:Planetarium hypothesis 9041:Hart–Tipler conjecture 9026:Dark forest hypothesis 9016:Aestivation hypothesis 8735:Venus In Situ Explorer 8539:Planetary habitability 8328:(misidentified quasar) 8320:(misidentified pulsar) 8198:, an audio podcast by 8050:Griffin, John (2010). 7842:Energy in the Universe 7715:10.1093/mnras/stab1832 7320:Souers, P. C. (1986). 6972:Beech, Martin (2007). 6606:Zuckerman, B. (1985). 6159:www.astronomytoday.com 5874:Semay, Claude (1998). 4648:Experimental Astronomy 4255:. Penguin Publishing. 3968:Science Fiction portal 3892:digitized civilization 3849:Malthusian catastrophe 3739:solar power satellites 3714: 3415:William I. Newman and 3411:Irrelevant assumptions 3356: 3243:VLBI optical telescope 3142:Observational evidence 2919: 2884: 2864: 2821: 2801: 2774: 2754: 2732: 2656: 2563: 2504:laws of thermodynamics 2434:Green Bank observatory 2416:research group at the 2324: 2046: 1811: 1399: 1098: 978:could be explained by 930:Giant molecular clouds 800:laws of thermodynamics 771:during its evolution. 710: 696: 666: 573: 376: 371:(VLT). The search for 114:Historical materialism 29:Galactic Civilizations 12721:Extraterrestrial life 12376:Technology assessment 12361:Persuasive technology 12344:Intellectual property 12332:Policy & politics 10948:Interchangeable parts 10022:Institute 22 (1978–?) 10007:Ruppelt report (1956) 9982:Project Grudge (1949) 9692:Gulf Breeze (1987–88) 9639:Jetpack man (2020–21) 9615:O'Hare Airport (2006) 9585:Phoenix Lights (1997) 9505:Operação Prato (1977) 9390:Lubbock Lights (1951) 9365:Chiles-Whitted (1948) 9335:Kenneth Arnold (1947) 9154:Post-detection policy 9056:Rare Earth hypothesis 8881:Voyager Golden Record 8774:Allen Telescope Array 8609:Enceladus Life Finder 8544:Superhabitable planet 8237:Extraterrestrial life 7858:Wind Powering America 7649:. pp. 304, 305. 7588:John Wiley & Sons 6941:Annis, James (1999). 5710:Kaku, Michio (2007). 4862:www.daviddarling.info 4474:Davies, Paul (2010). 4212:Kaku, Michio (2007). 4102:www.daviddarling.info 4022:Quiet and loud aliens 3877:O'Neill-type colonies 3845:Industrial Revolution 3789:multiple star systems 3782:megascale engineering 3708: 3350: 3284:35 + (t_f - 2000) / 2 2920: 2885: 2865: 2822: 2802: 2800:{\displaystyle P_{o}} 2775: 2755: 2733: 2657: 2619:growing exponentially 2576:functional definition 2554:, providing a strong 2545: 2441:from other galaxies. 2430:Green Bank conference 2346:circular polarization 2318: 2309:Further information: 2192:gravitational effects 2179:Further information: 2113:in the region of the 2040: 1958:peaked in 2006–2008. 1868:Further information: 1805: 1499:Physics of the Future 1475:galactic supercluster 1400: 1175:Sebastian von Hoerner 1123:addition, 95% of the 1084: 1050:colonization of space 701: 685: 664: 571: 358: 192:Cross impact analysis 12756:Technology timelines 12726:Fictional technology 12626:Technology lifecycle 12416:Technocracy movement 12174:Programming language 11847:Particle accelerator 11721:Laboratory glassware 10387:and related concepts 10313:Government & Law 10234:Government responses 9715:Sightings by country 9634:UFO incidents (2014) 9144:Planetary protection 9031:Firstborn hypothesis 9021:Berserker hypothesis 8992:Mediocrity principle 8809:Breakthrough Message 8427:Life in the Universe 7228:Gott, J. R. (1993). 6731:. pp. 150–151. 3483:Lewis Fry Richardson 3227:radio interferometer 3094:Tully-Fisher diagram 2897: 2874: 2831: 2811: 2784: 2764: 2744: 2668: 2634: 2243:gravitational forces 1753:and engineering the 1673:University of Sussex 1438:in a general sense. 1436:rise of civilization 1353: 804:bolometric magnitude 530:computational growth 369:Very Large Telescope 12451:Technology transfer 12142:Client–server model 11593:CRISPR gene editing 11588:Genetic engineering 11175:Internal combustion 10108:Conspiracy theories 10098:Trotskyist-Posadism 9977:Project Sign (1948) 9948:Reptilian humanoids 9605:UFO incident (2004) 9575:Ariel School (1994) 9470:Jimmy Carter (1969) 9465:Shag Harbour (1967) 8957:Directed panspermia 8936:Reptilian humanoids 8804:Breakthrough Listen 8784:Arecibo Observatory 8730:Titan Mare Explorer 8303:Signals of interest 8263:Murchison meteorite 8251:Shergotty meteorite 8019:: also by Kardashev 7847:Scientific American 7760:1960Sci...131.1667D 7754:(3414): 1667–1668. 7596:1966pmp..book..641D 7518:2011ApJ...736L...1H 7473:on October 10, 2011 7299:1979RvMP...51..447D 7249:1993Natur.363..315G 7197:1981Icar...46..293N 7129:1998AcAau..42..585K 6959:1999JBIS...52...33A 6895:1975SciAm.232e..80S 6886:Scientific American 6766:2012ASSL..382.....B 6663:2011AcAau..68..381D 6624:1985QJRAS..26...56Z 6577:1998AcAau..42..739A 6522:2010IJAsB...9..175B 6368:2008AcAau..63..614Z 6323:1989AcAau..19..875T 6274:1993ASPC...47..381S 6228:1980Icar...42..149W 6197:1987brig.iafcR....S 5931:2011CQGra..28w5015D 5852:2000JBIS...53..297B 5813:2006AcAau..58..119B 5652:2012AcAau..78...55S 5565:1998PhRvD..57.4760K 5232:1973Icar...19..350S 5174:2010JBIS...63...90C 4833:1975JBIS...28..691V 4792:2001LIACo..36...99G 4707:1979Natur.278...28K 4360:1985IAUS..112..497K 4313:1980CosSe...2...36K 4163:1964SvA.....8..217K 3982:Clarke's three laws 3863:. Of course, these 3856:dominant life forms 3830:The emissions from 3682:hydroelectric power 3337:elliptical galaxies 3326:specular reflection 3135:photometric filters 3106:Spiral Field I-band 3032:Scientific American 2556:source of radiation 2516:anthropic principle 2512:planetary evolution 2370:observable Universe 2181:Stellar engineering 2092:alternate Universes 2067:interstellar travel 1913:stellar engineering 1848:'s eruption, or an 1244:orders of magnitude 1208:observable universe 1159:Millimetron Project 1112:age of the Universe 812:stellar engineering 764:communication phase 555:, were identified. 430:Byurakan Conference 317:Technology scouting 64:Accelerating change 22:The Kardashev Scale 12716:Energy development 12706:1964 introductions 12316:Sustainable design 12050:Integrated circuit 11874:Telecommunications 11830:Optical instrument 10926:Injection moulding 10613:Musical instrument 10398:Major technologies 10063:Ancient astronauts 9687:Majestic 12 (1985) 9632:Theodore Roosevelt 9560:Ilkley Moor (1987) 9460:Falcon Lake (1967) 9325:Los Angeles (1942) 9079:Ancient astronauts 8676:Mars Geyser Hopper 8604:Enceladus Explorer 8244:Events and objects 7941:2021-01-26 at the 7880:2021-01-28 at the 7863:2005-04-21 at the 7840:Dyson, Freeman J. 7367:Borowski, Steve K. 6294:. pp. 68–131. 5765:Metzger, Philip T. 5400:, David Morrison. 3940:Engineering portal 3715: 3713:surrounding a star 3686:human civilization 3563:Energy development 3557:Energy development 3473:), or even in the 3357: 3339:, Annis suggests. 3098:absolute magnitude 2963:Research conducted 2915: 2880: 2860: 2817: 2797: 2770: 2750: 2728: 2652: 2564: 2360:communicate using 2325: 2319:Screenshot of the 2259:cosmic archaeology 2099:Possible scenarios 2047: 1812: 1520:integrated circuit 1466:social development 1395: 1315:10 erg/sec (4 1283:10 erg/sec (4 1099: 922:astronomical units 727:Aleksandr Lyapunov 711: 708:Statistical Review 667: 574: 491:volcanic eruptions 464:exponential growth 452:human civilization 377: 307:Speculative design 187:Consensus forecast 182:Chain-linked model 144:Resource depletion 12688: 12687: 12638: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12611:Mature technology 12499: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12233: 12232: 12229: 12228: 12199:Graphics software 11578:Blood transfusion 11239:Epicyclic gearing 11071:Archimedes' screw 10351: 10350: 10259: 10258: 10214:Cattle mutilation 10068:Cryptoterrestrial 9710: 9709: 9702:Morristown (2009) 9345:Flight 105 (1947) 9237:Claimed sightings 9182: 9181: 8712:SpaceX Red Dragon 8627:Rosalind Franklin 8422: 8421: 8281:Allan Hills 84001 8275:Allan Hills 77005 8186:, explaining and 8061:978-1-4502-0702-7 7961:978-5-484-00414-0 7811:Library resources 7656:978-0-521-27703-7 7580:Dyson, Freeman J. 7337:978-0-520-05500-1 7243:(6427): 315–319. 7117:Acta Astronautica 6783:978-94-007-2833-2 6651:Acta Astronautica 6565:Acta Astronautica 6346:Acta Astronautica 6311:Acta Astronautica 6136:978-1-58381-720-9 5801:Acta Astronautica 5640:Acta Astronautica 5620:978-0-19-851890-7 5543:Physical Review D 5523:978-0-7139-9728-6 5411:978-0-521-78303-3 5357:978-3-030-33730-8 5112:Contact in Contex 4981: 4976: 4971: 4377:978-90-277-2114-3 4262:978-1-58542-036-0 3912:Technology portal 3451:John Richard Gott 3445:According to the 3421:population growth 3272:globular clusters 2890:, a growth rate. 2820:{\displaystyle t} 2773:{\displaystyle P} 2753:{\displaystyle t} 2726: 2595:Loss of interest. 2438:radio astronomers 2169:high-powered beam 2041:Artist's view of 1932:Philip T. Metzger 1842:asteroid's impact 1508:knowledge economy 1393: 1085:According to the 839:signals from the 644:Magellanic Clouds 481:available on its 423:Nikolai Kardashev 400:Shkalá Kardashova 397: 353: 352: 239:Scenario planning 102:Space exploration 12768: 12675: 12663: 12662: 12651: 12650: 12516: 12515: 12509:Related concepts 12505: 12504: 12309:Clean technology 12250: 12249: 12239: 12238: 12204:Operating system 11810:Magnetic storage 11773:Electromagnetism 11403:Air conditioning 11352:Geothermal power 11098:Block and tackle 11044:Four-bar linkage 10931:Lost-wax casting 10808:Horseback riding 10405: 10404: 10394: 10393: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10355: 10354: 10341: 10340: 10160:Abduction claims 10156: 10155: 10078:Interdimensional 10073:Extraterrestrial 9938:Little green men 9913:Types of alleged 9659:Confirmed hoaxes 9450:Kecksburg (1965) 9425:Levelland (1957) 9266:Pre-20th century 9242: 9241: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9186: 9185: 9159:San Marino Scale 9099:Brookings Report 9046:Neocatastrophism 8952:Cosmic pluralism 8926:Little green men 8901:Types of alleged 8826:Astrolinguistics 8415: 8407: 8406:(unknown origin) 8403:Fast radio burst 8399: 8391: 8372: 8371:(unknown origin) 8368:HD 164595 signal 8364: 8356: 8348: 8329: 8321: 8307: 8306: 8257:Nakhla meteorite 8230: 8223: 8216: 8207: 8206: 8197: 8176: 8130: 8118: 8106: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8065: 8046: 8027:Freeman J. Dyson 8013: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7954:. Moscow: URSS. 7936:Shkadov Thruster 7932: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7914: 7903: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7717: 7707: 7698:(2): 1723–1732. 7682: 7676: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7617:. Archived from 7606: 7600: 7599: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7511: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7469:. Archived from 7456: 7450: 7449: 7431: 7425: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7390: 7375: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7284: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7257:10.1038/363315a0 7234: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214:2060/19790011801 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7016: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6919:. Archived from 6913: 6907: 6906: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6860: 6853: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6814: 6803: 6802: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6752: 6743: 6742: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6515: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6483:. pp. 1–11. 6476: 6467: 6466: 6451:(1st ed.). 6442: 6436: 6435: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6397: 6388: 6387: 6361: 6352:(5–6): 614–617. 6341: 6335: 6334: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6263: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6128: 6114: 6105: 6092: 6091: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6052: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5972: 5959: 5958: 5924: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5880: 5871: 5856: 5855: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5761: 5750: 5749: 5731: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5604: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5558: 5549:(8): 4760–4766. 5534: 5528: 5527: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5484: 5478:. Archived from 5467: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5419: 5418: 5384: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5315: 5304: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5263: 5252: 5251: 5211: 5202: 5201: 5195: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5147: 5120: 5119: 5103: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5062: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5002: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4949: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4928: 4917: 4908: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4856:Darling, David. 4853: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4818: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4777: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4715:10.1038/278028a0 4686: 4680: 4679: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4573: 4564: 4549: 4548: 4530: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4416: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4349: 4340: 4321: 4320: 4292: 4267: 4266: 4254: 4244: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4209: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4151:Soviet Astronomy 4148: 4139: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4096:Darling, David. 4093: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4060: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3954:Astronomy portal 3951: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3825:gamma-ray bursts 3758:angular momentum 3662:Renewable energy 3640: 3604: 3594: 3467:Whirlpool Galaxy 3293: 3289: 3285: 3268:hydroxyl radical 3259:angular diameter 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2698: 2678: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2568:living organisms 2385:radio telescopes 2323:computer program 2033:Towards type III 1990:self-replicating 1830:galactic nucleus 1777:Type Omega-minus 1757:that compose it; 1597:extinction-level 1572:Hollywood movies 1404: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1382: 1374: 1373: 1363: 1319:10 watts). 1318: 1314: 1306: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1268:Matrioshka brain 1252:solar irradiance 1249: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1020:galactic cluster 941:angular velocity 934:astroengineering 694: 640:Andromeda Galaxy 534:food consumption 445: 444: 402: 392: 390: 389:Шкала́ Кардашёва 345: 338: 331: 244:Systems analysis 229:Horizon scanning 202:Real-time Delphi 139:Population cycle 69:Cashless society 49: 35: 34: 12776: 12775: 12771: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12731:Futures studies 12711:1964 in science 12691: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12683: 12630: 12582: 12520:Applied science 12510: 12491: 12432: 12399:Futures studies 12385: 12327: 12290: 12244: 12225: 12066: 11939:Electrical grid 11929:Circuit breaker 11905: 11767: 11651: 11615:Medical imaging 11598:Genetic testing 11559: 11426: 11309: 11197:Heavy equipment 11158:Washing machine 11129: 11054:Rack and pinion 10964: 10938:Mass production 10897: 10762: 10668: 10552: 10399: 10388: 10382: 10352: 10347: 10329: 10308: 10287: 10255: 10219:Close encounter 10197: 10147: 10102: 10051: 9952: 9914: 9907: 9903:Space jellyfish 9898:Mystery airship 9893:Green fireballs 9861: 9706: 9653: 9620:Alderney (2007) 9589: 9580:Varginha (1996) 9313: 9261: 9231: 9218: 9213: 9183: 9178: 9174:Xenoarchaeology 9164:Technosignature 9065: 9001: 8987:Kardashev scale 8940: 8902: 8895: 8891:Xenolinguistics 8856:Project Phoenix 8846:Project Cyclops 8831:Lincos language 8794:Bracewell probe 8779:Arecibo message 8760: 8753: 8651:Icebreaker Life 8553: 8465: 8458: 8418: 8413: 8405: 8397: 8389: 8375: 8370: 8362: 8354: 8346: 8332: 8327: 8319: 8298: 8239: 8234: 8193: 8174: 8168:Wayback Machine 8158:Wayback Machine 8148:Wayback Machine 8138:Wayback Machine 8126: 8114: 8102: 8090: 8083: 8076: 8073: 8068: 8062: 7971: 7969: 7962: 7943:Wayback Machine 7918: 7916: 7912: 7901: 7882:Wayback Machine 7865:Wayback Machine 7836: 7835: 7834: 7819: 7818: 7816:Kardashev scale 7814: 7807: 7805:Further reading 7802: 7793: 7791: 7735: 7731: 7683: 7679: 7666: 7664: 7657: 7637: 7633: 7624: 7622: 7607: 7603: 7577: 7573: 7564: 7562: 7545: 7541: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7432: 7428: 7407: 7403: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7373: 7364: 7360: 7347: 7345: 7338: 7318: 7314: 7282: 7276: 7272: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7177: 7173: 7156: 7152: 7123:(10): 585–587. 7109: 7105: 7096: 7094: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7067: 7065: 7058:Centauri Dreams 7050: 7046: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6970: 6966: 6939: 6935: 6926: 6924: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6877: 6873: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6851: 6845: 6841: 6832: 6830: 6815: 6806: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6700:. p. 304. 6690: 6686: 6643: 6639: 6604: 6600: 6571:(10): 739–743. 6557: 6553: 6492: 6488: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6443: 6439: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6398: 6391: 6342: 6338: 6317:(11): 875–887. 6303: 6299: 6288: 6281: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6208: 6204: 6181: 6177: 6168: 6166: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6112: 6106: 6095: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6053: 5998: 5973: 5962: 5901: 5897: 5889: 5878: 5872: 5859: 5846:(53): 297–306. 5832: 5828: 5793: 5786: 5777: 5775: 5762: 5753: 5746: 5732: 5725: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5695: 5693: 5679: 5675: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5592: 5588: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5501: 5497: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5468: 5457: 5448: 5446: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5385: 5378: 5370: 5368: 5358: 5332: 5328: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5264: 5255: 5212: 5205: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5158:(90): 121–126. 5148: 5123: 5104: 5085: 5076: 5074: 5063: 5052: 5043: 5041: 5026: 5022: 5003: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4920:ttt.astro.su.se 4915: 4909: 4880: 4871: 4869: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4775: 4769: 4765: 4742: 4738: 4701:(5699): 28–30. 4687: 4683: 4640: 4633: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4571: 4565: 4552: 4545: 4531: 4527: 4509: 4507: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4472: 4468: 4417: 4404: 4395: 4393: 4378: 4347: 4341: 4324: 4293: 4270: 4263: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4225: 4210: 4181: 4172: 4170: 4146: 4140: 4115: 4106: 4104: 4094: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4047: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3900: 3841: 3804: 3795:Stellar engines 3780:of a number of 3762:Penrose process 3703: 3638: 3627:nuclear fission 3602: 3592: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3440:logistic curves 3413: 3408: 3345: 3343:Unusual objects 3291: 3287: 3283: 3251: 3173: 3168: 3144: 3096:, in which the 2965: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2715: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2614: 2540: 2510:) and those of 2508:baryonic matter 2487: 2410: 2405: 2350:X-ray emissions 2313: 2307: 2187: 2177: 2129:in its use for 2110: 2101: 2083: 2081:Towards type IV 2063:galactic empire 2035: 2015:solar radiation 2011: 2009:Towards type II 1954:by 2056, while 1877: 1872: 1866: 1808:asteroid impact 1800: 1739:artificial life 1723:molecular bonds 1667:The astronomer 1665: 1636: 1623:Parallel Worlds 1494: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1333: 1328: 1316: 1312: 1311:galaxy, about 4 1304: 1297: 1284: 1280: 1271: 1260: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1224: 1192: 1155:space telescope 1101:In the article 1089:describing the 1079: 967: 961: 894:laws of physics 884:In the article 882: 877: 841:galactic center 781:Iosif Shklovsky 777: 768:laws of physics 702:Graph of world 695: 692: 677: 672: 636:Galactic Center 607:emitted by its 566: 561: 438:radio astronomy 381:Kardashev scale 365:artificial star 349: 277:Critical design 224:Future workshop 124:Kardashev scale 119:Kondratiev wave 39:Futures studies 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12774: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12701:1964 in Russia 12686: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12669: 12657: 12644: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12592: 12590: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12524: 12522: 12512: 12511: 12501: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12483: 12482: 12477: 12467: 12466: 12465: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12442: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12430: 12429: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12395: 12393: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12366:Science policy 12363: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12351: 12341: 12335: 12333: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12323: 12313: 12312: 12311: 12300: 12298: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12288: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12271: 12270: 12269: 12267:Low technology 12258: 12256: 12246: 12245: 12235: 12234: 12231: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12223: 12222: 12221: 12219:Word processor 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12176: 12171: 12170: 12169: 12167:World Wide Web 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12082: 12076: 12074: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12064: 12062:Superconductor 12059: 12058: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11966:Electric light 11963: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11915: 11913: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11871: 11866: 11865: 11864: 11862:Motion picture 11859: 11849: 11844: 11843: 11842: 11837: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11815:Microwave oven 11812: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11783: 11777: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11754: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11741:Chromatography 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11679: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11661: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11650: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11627: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11569: 11567: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11553:Spinning wheel 11550: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11502: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11449: 11448: 11447: 11436: 11434: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11412: 11411: 11410: 11405: 11395: 11394: 11393: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11357:Heat exchanger 11354: 11349: 11348: 11347: 11340:Energy storage 11337: 11336: 11335: 11330: 11319: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11305: 11300: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11263: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11221: 11220: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11199: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11170:Electric motor 11162: 11161: 11160: 11155: 11145: 11139: 11137: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11127: 11122: 11121: 11120: 11115: 11113:Potter's wheel 11110: 11105: 11100: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11073: 11063: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11026: 11025: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11004: 11003: 11002: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10980: 10974: 10972: 10970:Simple machine 10966: 10965: 10963: 10962: 10957: 10956: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10918: 10913: 10907: 10905: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10873: 10872: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10851: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10834: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10772: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10744: 10743: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10689: 10678: 10676: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10659: 10657:Printing press 10654: 10649: 10639: 10638: 10637: 10632: 10622: 10621: 10620: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10566: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10507: 10506: 10505: 10500: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10442:Sewing machine 10434: 10433: 10432: 10430:Working animal 10427: 10422: 10411: 10409: 10401: 10400: 10390: 10389: 10381: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10358: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10345: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10306: 10301: 10295: 10293: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10284: 10283: 10273: 10267: 10265: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10205: 10203: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10164: 10162: 10153: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10112: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10095: 10093:Time-traveller 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10059: 10057: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9966: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9919: 9917: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9873:Black triangle 9869: 9867: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9852:United Kingdom 9849: 9844: 9841:Canary Islands 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9772:Czech Republic 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9663: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9535:Manises (1979) 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9455:Westall (1966) 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9375:Mariana (1950) 9372: 9367: 9362: 9360:Mantell (1948) 9357: 9352: 9350:Roswell (1947) 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9321: 9319: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9275: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9254: 9248: 9246: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9212: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9189: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9075: 9073: 9071:Related topics 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9061:Zoo hypothesis 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9012: 9010: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8962:Drake equation 8959: 8954: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8907: 8905: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8841:Pioneer plaque 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8765: 8763: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8744: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8714: 8709: 8701: 8693: 8691:Northern Light 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8618: 8615:Europa Clipper 8611: 8606: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8563: 8561: 8559:Space missions 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8470: 8468: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8414:(radio signal) 8408: 8400: 8398:(inconclusive) 8392: 8390:(radio source) 8383: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8365: 8357: 8352:EPIC 204278916 8349: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8322: 8313: 8311: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8233: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8200:SciFi Thoughts 8191: 8171: 8161: 8151: 8141: 8131: 8124: 8112: 8100: 8097:Universe Today 8088: 8081: 8072: 8071:External links 8069: 8067: 8066: 8060: 8047: 8038: 8029: 8020: 8014: 7977: 7960: 7945: 7933: 7924: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7872: 7867: 7855: 7837: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7740:(1960-06-03). 7738:Dyson, Freeman 7729: 7677: 7655: 7631: 7601: 7571: 7539: 7484: 7451: 7445:978-1585420360 7444: 7426: 7401: 7369:(1987-07-29). 7358: 7336: 7312: 7293:(3): 447–460. 7270: 7220: 7191:(3): 293–327. 7171: 7150: 7103: 7074: 7044: 6989: 6983:978-0387681283 6982: 6964: 6933: 6908: 6871: 6839: 6804: 6789: 6782: 6744: 6738:978-0521453400 6737: 6713: 6706: 6684: 6657:(3): 381–388. 6637: 6598: 6551: 6506:(3): 175–181. 6486: 6468: 6462:978-0521663618 6461: 6437: 6421: 6415:978-1591026587 6414: 6408:. p. 75. 6389: 6336: 6297: 6279: 6249: 6222:(1): 149–156. 6202: 6175: 6142: 6135: 6093: 6074: 6068:978-0706510348 6067: 5996: 5960: 5915:(23): 235015. 5895: 5857: 5826: 5807:(3): 119–129. 5784: 5767:(2011-09-27). 5751: 5744: 5723: 5702: 5673: 5626: 5619: 5586: 5529: 5522: 5495: 5455: 5431: 5410: 5376: 5356: 5326: 5291: 5285:978-9814365925 5284: 5253: 5226:(3): 350–352. 5203: 5196:(PhD thesis). 5179: 5121: 5083: 5050: 5020: 4986: 4939: 4878: 4845: 4804: 4763: 4736: 4681: 4654:(4): 329–343. 4631: 4592: 4550: 4544:978-0195171815 4543: 4525: 4491: 4485:978-0547133249 4484: 4466: 4402: 4376: 4322: 4268: 4261: 4234: 4179: 4113: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4064: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3997:Gerhard Lenski 3994: 3989: 3987:Drake equation 3984: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3957: 3943: 3929: 3915: 3899: 3896: 3884:mind uploading 3840: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3785: 3771: 3765: 3754:accretion disk 3746: 3731:megastructures 3719: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3659: 3623:energy density 3619:radiant energy 3608: 3599:contain about 3577:: In terms of 3569: 3566: 3558: 3555: 3514:Stéphane Dumas 3505:Transhumanists 3479: 3478: 3454: 3443: 3436: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3344: 3341: 3311:accretion disk 3280:interferometry 3250: 3247: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3212: 3201: 3198: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3152:local Universe 3143: 3140: 3123:megastructures 2964: 2961: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2879: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2816: 2794: 2790: 2769: 2749: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2613: 2610: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2539: 2536: 2486: 2483: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2306: 2303: 2299:isotopic ratio 2287:spectral types 2279:James Lovelock 2235:stellar engine 2224:nanotechnology 2176: 2175:The technology 2173: 2165:accretion disk 2154:nuclear fusion 2138:photosynthesis 2131:nuclear fusion 2119:thermodynamics 2109: 2108:Energy sources 2106: 2100: 2097: 2082: 2079: 2034: 2031: 2010: 2007: 1960:Nuclear energy 1956:oil production 1897:Richard Wilson 1876: 1875:Towards type I 1873: 1865: 1862: 1817:nanotechnology 1799: 1796: 1785: 1784: 1781:space and time 1774: 1758: 1751:atomic nucleus 1742: 1726: 1714:Type III-minus 1710: 1694: 1669:John D. Barrow 1664: 1661: 1635: 1632: 1576:infrastructure 1556:European Union 1493: 1490: 1453:(165,319 1392: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1361: 1358: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1296: 1293: 1259: 1256: 1223: 1220: 1191: 1188: 1140:Galactic plane 1087:standard model 1078: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1062: 1054: 1046: 1031: 1016: 1009:galactic bulge 960: 957: 902:megastructures 881: 878: 876: 873: 795:for example). 776: 773: 690: 676: 673: 671: 668: 565: 562: 560: 557: 525: 524: 509: 494: 454:as a model of 351: 350: 348: 347: 340: 333: 325: 322: 321: 320: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 282:Design fiction 279: 271: 270: 259: 258: 257: 256: 254:Trend analysis 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 205: 204: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 166: 165: 159: 158: 157: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 76: 71: 66: 58: 57: 51: 50: 42: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12773: 12762: 12761:Transhumanism 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12680: 12679: 12674: 12670: 12668: 12667: 12658: 12656: 12655: 12646: 12645: 12641: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12585: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12521: 12517: 12513: 12506: 12502: 12488: 12485: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12472: 12471: 12468: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12427: 12426:Transhumanism 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12400: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12391:Progressivism 12388: 12382: 12381:Technorealism 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12330: 12322: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12314: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12297: 12296:Ecotechnology 12293: 12287: 12284: 12280: 12277: 12276: 12275: 12272: 12268: 12265: 12264: 12263: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12251: 12247: 12240: 12236: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12135: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12069: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12040:Semiconductor 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12025:Lightning rod 12023: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12003:Circuit board 12001: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11967: 11964: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11908: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11825:Optical fiber 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11796: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11781:Electromagnet 11779: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11770: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11715: 11714:Haber process 11712: 11711: 11710: 11707: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11654: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11573:Birth control 11571: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11565:Biotechnology 11562: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11541: 11537: 11536:Vulcanization 11534: 11533: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11506:Nanomaterials 11504: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11464:Chipped stone 11462: 11458: 11455: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11429: 11421: 11420:Photovoltaics 11418: 11417: 11416: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11399: 11398:Refrigeration 11396: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11384: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11367: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11341: 11338: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11291: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11163: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11150: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11132: 11126: 11123: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11030: 11027: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10967: 10961: 10958: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10943:Assembly line 10941: 10940: 10939: 10936: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10903:Manufacturing 10900: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10877: 10874: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10864:Space station 10862: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10832:Motor vehicle 10830: 10826: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10714:Fortification 10712: 10711: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10671: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10555: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10494: 10491: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10435: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10420:Domestication 10418: 10417: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10395: 10391: 10386: 10379: 10374: 10372: 10367: 10365: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10344: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10262: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10246:Organizations 10244: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10157: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10143:Project Serpo 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10122: 10121:Storm Area 51 10119: 10118: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10105: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9943:Nordic aliens 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9923:Energy beings 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9888:Ghost rockets 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9878:Flying saucer 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9866:Types of UFOs 9864: 9858: 9857:United States 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9727: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9628: 9626: 9625:Norway (2009) 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9495:Tehran (1976) 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9445:Exeter (1965) 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9385:Sperry (1950) 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9355:Rhodes (1947) 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9309:Aurora (1897) 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9205: 9203: 9198: 9196: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9007:Fermi paradox 9004: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8972:Fermi paradox 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8931:Nordic aliens 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8911:Energy beings 8909: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8761:communication 8756: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8628: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8461: 8455: 8454:Life on Titan 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8444:Life on Venus 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8412: 8409: 8404: 8401: 8396: 8393: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8378: 8369: 8366: 8361: 8358: 8353: 8350: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8326: 8323: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310:Misidentified 8308: 8305: 8301: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8287:Yamato 000593 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8231: 8226: 8224: 8219: 8217: 8212: 8211: 8208: 8201: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8063: 8057: 8054:. iUniverse. 8053: 8048: 8044: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7978: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7953: 7952: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7915:on 2006-07-14 7911: 7907: 7906:Bulletin Fall 7900: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7681: 7673: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7635: 7621:on 2008-02-09 7620: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7488: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7455: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7419: 7416: = 7415: 7411: 7405: 7391:on 2008-05-28 7387: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7354: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7330:. p. 4. 7329: 7325: 7324: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7166: 7161: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7107: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6993: 6985: 6979: 6975: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6937: 6923:on 2013-11-14 6922: 6918: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6875: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6828: 6824: 6823:xenology.info 6820: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6800: 6799:Not Published 6793: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6749: 6740: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6717: 6709: 6707:9780521620123 6703: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6482: 6475: 6473: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6441: 6433: 6425: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6394: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6286: 6284: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6147: 6138: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5789: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5745:9789814365932 5741: 5737: 5730: 5728: 5713: 5706: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5556:gr-qc/9511068 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5485:on 2022-11-17 5481: 5477: 5476:aomevents.com 5473: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5398:Freeman Dyson 5395: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5192: 5191: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4977: 4972: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4850: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4518: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4301:Cosmic Search 4298: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4258: 4253: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4083: 4068: 4059: 4055: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029:(KIC 8462852) 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3926:Energy portal 3921: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3735:Freeman Dyson 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3651:baryon number 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3598: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3554: 3551: 3550:open Universe 3547: 3546:Freeman Dyson 3544:Finally, for 3542: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3475:Virgo cluster 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3384:Antony Hewish 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3349: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3304:antiparticles 3301: 3297: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3205:radio sources 3202: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3182:spectral line 3178: 3163: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3114:galactic disc 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3063:Dyson spheres 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3035:in May 1975. 3034: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2932: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2891: 2877: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2827:according to 2814: 2792: 2788: 2767: 2747: 2738: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2663: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2628: 2627:extrapolating 2624: 2620: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2594: 2592:Degeneration. 2591: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524:Freeman Dyson 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2491:physical laws 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208:megastructure 2204: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2185:Megastructure 2182: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123:spectral line 2120: 2116: 2105: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2052:Dyson spheres 2044: 2039: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1994:self-learning 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:non-renewable 1937: 1933: 1930:According to 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1892:Freeman Dyson 1888: 1885: 1880: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1809: 1804: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1762:Type VI-minus 1759: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1730:Type IV-minus 1727: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1698:Type II-minus 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1644:Robert Zubrin 1641: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1489: 1487: 1486:26 zettabytes 1483: 1478: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1348: 1346: 1345:interpolation 1343: 1338: 1323: 1320: 1310: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1278: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1245: 1233: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1204:intergalactic 1201: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1148:submillimeter 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108:life on Earth 1104: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1059:nearest stars 1055: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1024:Virgo cluster 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 1000: 999: 997: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 966: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 914:Freeman Dyson 911: 907: 903: 897: 895: 891: 887: 872: 870: 864: 862: 858: 857:megastructure 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 837:monochromatic 834: 829: 825: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 772: 769: 765: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 724: 719: 716: 709: 705: 700: 689: 684: 682: 663: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 629:, CTA-21 and 628: 623: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 570: 556: 554: 550: 545: 543: 537: 535: 531: 522: 518: 514: 513:Type III 510: 507: 503: 499: 495: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 474: 469: 468: 467: 465: 461: 457: 456:extrapolation 453: 449: 448:physical laws 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 421: 418: 414: 410: 409:technological 406: 401: 395: 386: 382: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 346: 341: 339: 334: 332: 327: 326: 324: 323: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 273: 272: 269: 265: 261: 260: 255: 252: 250: 249:Threatcasting 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 219:Futures wheel 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 203: 200: 199: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 168: 167: 164: 161: 160: 155: 154:Swanson's law 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 61: 60: 59: 56: 53: 52: 48: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 31: 30: 25: 23: 12677: 12665: 12653: 12538:Construction 12533:Architecture 12354:Trade secret 12243:Perspectives 12162:Social media 12157:Peer-to-peer 12035:Oscilloscope 11976:Incandescent 11879:Mobile phone 11791:Optical disc 11758:Spectrometer 11746:Distillation 11521:Rammed earth 11408:Refrigerator 11386:Oil drilling 11234:Differential 10988:Ball bearing 10953:Machine tool 10748:Stonemasonry 10674:Construction 10591:Lock and key 10586:Cryptography 10481:Food storage 10229:Crop circles 10188:Perspectives 10138:Men in black 10083:Psychosocial 9969: 9726:South Africa 9631: 9602: 9594:21st century 9318:20th century 9169:UFO religion 9114:Extremophile 9094:Biosignature 9089:Astroecology 9084:Astrobiology 9036:Great Filter 8986: 8851:Project Ozma 8759:Interstellar 8746: 8739: 8717: 8705:Perseverance 8704: 8696: 8626: 8613: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8484:Earth analog 8466:habitability 8449:Life on Mars 8051: 8042: 8031: 8022: 8016: 7985: 7981: 7970:. Retrieved 7950: 7928: 7917:. Retrieved 7910:the original 7905: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7815: 7792:. Retrieved 7751: 7745: 7732: 7695: 7691: 7680: 7672:Google Books 7670:– via 7665:. Retrieved 7645:. New York: 7641: 7634: 7623:. Retrieved 7619:the original 7604: 7586:. New York: 7583: 7574: 7563:. Retrieved 7552: 7542: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7475:. Retrieved 7471:the original 7464: 7454: 7435: 7429: 7417: 7413: 7404: 7393:. Retrieved 7386:the original 7377: 7361: 7353:Google Books 7351:– via 7346:. Retrieved 7322: 7315: 7290: 7286: 7273: 7240: 7236: 7223: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7153: 7120: 7116: 7106: 7095:. Retrieved 7086: 7077: 7066:. Retrieved 7057: 7047: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6973: 6967: 6953:(1): 33–36. 6950: 6946: 6936: 6925:. Retrieved 6921:the original 6911: 6884: 6874: 6863:. Retrieved 6842: 6831:. Retrieved 6822: 6798: 6792: 6757: 6723: 6716: 6693: 6687: 6654: 6650: 6640: 6615: 6611: 6601: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6480: 6447: 6440: 6431: 6424: 6401: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6291: 6265: 6252: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6188: 6178: 6167:. Retrieved 6158: 6116: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6057: 5980: 5976: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5882: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5804: 5800: 5776:. Retrieved 5772: 5735: 5715:. Retrieved 5705: 5694:. Retrieved 5682:Kaku, Michio 5676: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5600: 5595:Barrow, John 5589: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5508: 5504:Kaku, Michio 5498: 5487:. Retrieved 5480:the original 5475: 5447:. Retrieved 5443: 5434: 5425: 5422:Google Books 5420:– via 5415:. Retrieved 5392: 5369:, retrieved 5339: 5329: 5318:. Retrieved 5306: 5294: 5276:10.1142/8232 5267: 5223: 5219: 5189: 5182: 5155: 5151: 5115: 5111: 5075:. Retrieved 5042:. Retrieved 5036:. Futurism. 5033: 5023: 5010: 4952: 4931:. Retrieved 4919: 4870:. Retrieved 4861: 4824: 4820: 4807: 4783: 4779: 4766: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4651: 4647: 4612:(1): 67–84. 4609: 4605: 4595: 4582:(1): 83–89. 4579: 4575: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4508:. Retrieved 4494: 4475: 4469: 4431:(1): 25–40. 4428: 4424: 4394:. Retrieved 4351: 4307:(7): 36–38. 4304: 4300: 4250: 4226:. Retrieved 4217: 4171:. Retrieved 4154: 4150: 4105:. Retrieved 4101: 4067: 4058: 4033:Terraforming 4027:Tabby's Star 4002:Great Filter 3992:Dyson sphere 3881: 3853: 3842: 3768:Star lifting 3723:Dyson sphere 3709:Figure of a 3655:CP violation 3653:, such as a 3575:fusion power 3543: 3534:Dyson sphere 3531: 3503: 3486: 3480: 3435:consumption. 3425: 3414: 3396:radio source 3392: 3377: 3358: 3333:Fermi bubble 3330: 3308: 3276: 3252: 3242: 3238: 3224: 3186:astrophysics 3174: 3156: 3145: 3105: 3103: 3092:, using the 3077: 3075: 3073:type stars. 3048: 3037: 3030: 2997:searched at 2988: 2975: 2972:radio source 2966: 2933:(3,826 × 10 2892: 2739: 2664: 2615: 2598: 2565: 2528:intelligence 2520: 2496:civilization 2488: 2479:radio source 2463: 2459:Enrico Fermi 2455:main dilemma 2443: 2429: 2411: 2393:SETI program 2382: 2374: 2358: 2334:Solar System 2326: 2255: 2231:Dyson sphere 2228: 2205: 2200:Dyson sphere 2188: 2158: 2135: 2111: 2102: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2027: 2012: 2003:terraforming 1965:Solar System 1935: 1929: 1905:space travel 1901: 1889: 1881: 1878: 1846:supervolcano 1834: 1813: 1787: 1786: 1776: 1760: 1746:Type V-minus 1744: 1728: 1712: 1707:genetic code 1696: 1690:Type I-minus 1688: 1682: 1666: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1605:space travel 1528: 1497: 1495: 1479: 1463: 1440: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1349: 1334: 1321: 1298: 1264:Dyson sphere 1261: 1225: 1212: 1193: 1167:Enrico Fermi 1163: 1158: 1129: 1102: 1100: 1026:(especially 1013:ethnographic 992: 971: 968: 938: 898: 885: 883: 865: 861:Dyson sphere 820: 797: 784: 778: 760: 723:civilization 720: 715:solar system 712: 707: 686: 680: 678: 624: 617: 593:civilization 590: 577: 575: 546: 538: 526: 512: 506:Dyson sphere 498:Type II 497: 475:civilization 472: 434:Armenian SSR 427: 407:'s level of 405:civilization 380: 378: 367:to tune the 214:Future-proof 123: 28: 21: 12543:Engineering 12279:Neo-Luddism 12214:Web browser 12209:Spreadsheet 12130:Touchscreen 12105:Motherboard 12018:Vacuum tube 11993:Electronics 11971:Fluorescent 11959:Transformer 11911:Electricity 11852:Photography 11494:Ironworking 11415:Solar power 11286:Vacuum pump 11254:Whippletree 10911:3D printing 10724:Scaffolding 10569:Calculation 10415:Agriculture 10408:Necessities 10152:Involvement 9972:(1947–1950) 9928:Grey aliens 9883:Foo fighter 9817:New Zealand 9104:Exotheology 8916:Grey aliens 8769:Active SETI 8697:Opportunity 8577:BioSentinel 8395:Wow! signal 8344:KIC 8462852 8293:CI1 fossils 8188:visualizing 8109:Michio Kaku 8036:Frank Drake 7887:E³ Handbook 5388:Sagan, Carl 5013:: 153–163. 4970:read online 4827:: 691–712. 4756:(1): 3–13. 4038:White's law 3869:engineering 3865:theoretical 3818:White holes 3727:Dyson swarm 3711:Dyson swarm 3666:solar cells 3471:Centaurus A 3359:The quasar 3249:Other leads 3239:Millimetron 3207:(such as a 3003:Local Group 2991:Frank Drake 2623:Michio Kaku 2572:information 2560:wavelengths 2532:eschatology 2500:Michio Kaku 2397:Michio Kaku 2380:Universe". 2366:light-years 2289:going from 2233:used as a " 2220:Paul Davies 2216:von Neumann 2196:wavelengths 1944:natural gas 1884:Michio Kaku 1628:dark energy 1536:earthquakes 1504:Michio Kaku 1449:was 595.15 1430:Type 0 1342:logarithmic 1216:Michio Kaku 1007:and in the 996:probability 920:of several 910:information 859:(such as a 793:black holes 732:information 652:Centaurus A 487:earthquakes 473:Type I 268:forecasting 262:Technology 172:Backcasting 149:Singularity 129:Moore's law 87:Mathematics 12695:Categories 12588:Innovation 12573:Navigation 12470:Philosophy 12137:Networking 12055:Transistor 12030:Multimeter 11899:Television 11835:Microscope 11803:Eyeglasses 11751:Filtration 11736:Separation 11709:Fertilizer 11637:Prosthesis 11630:Antibiotic 11625:Anesthesia 11620:Medication 11479:Metallurgy 11276:Jackhammer 11271:Compressor 11266:Pneumatics 11202:Hydraulics 11185:Waterwheel 11153:Dishwasher 10876:Watercraft 10869:Space suit 10854:Spacecraft 10820:Jet engine 10719:Foundation 10692:Irrigation 10662:Typewriter 10635:Video game 10618:Phonograph 10564:Accounting 10493:Sanitation 10385:Technology 10292:Skepticism 10251:Ufologists 10133:Dulce Base 10056:Hypotheses 9933:Insectoids 9340:1947 craze 9139:Noogenesis 9119:Hemolithin 8997:Panspermia 8945:Hypotheses 8921:Insectoids 8886:Water hole 8387:SHGb02+14a 8360:VVV-WIT-07 8190:the topic. 8184:Kurzgesagt 7972:2006-06-22 7919:2006-08-10 7794:2008-01-30 7705:2106.15181 7667:2019-07-29 7625:2008-02-19 7565:2015-12-29 7502:(29): L1. 7477:August 25, 7395:2008-01-28 7348:2020-06-06 7097:2016-09-02 7068:2023-08-24 7014:1508.02624 6927:2023-08-27 6865:2023-08-24 6833:2023-08-08 6169:2023-08-22 6090:: 813–820. 5778:2023-08-08 5717:2023-08-07 5696:2023-08-24 5609:. p. 5605:. Oxford: 5489:2023-08-07 5449:2023-11-19 5417:2008-01-01 5371:2023-09-09 5320:2023-08-24 5077:2004-10-23 5069:. Coseti. 5044:2023-08-24 4933:2022-04-04 4872:2022-04-04 4786:: 99–102. 4517:Petit Four 4510:2008-01-30 4396:2022-04-03 4228:2022-04-04 4173:2023-08-24 4107:2023-08-09 4079:References 3873:technology 3861:metabolism 3774:Antimatter 3750:black hole 3694:satellites 3647:petajoules 3611:Antimatter 3561:See also: 3520:/m of the 3510:Yvan Dutil 3417:Carl Sagan 3322:arc-second 3292:t_f ≥ 2000 3263:wavelength 3127:black hole 3110:asymmetric 3090:elliptical 2995:Carl Sagan 2602:hypotheses 2450:luminosity 2273:, or even 2263:exoplanets 2251:promethium 2247:technetium 2146:solar flux 2140:(about 10 1973:planetoids 1890:Physicist 1821:Oort cloud 1678:Big Crunch 1617:Hyperspace 1588:innovation 1568:rock music 1564:television 1560:mass media 1337:Carl Sagan 1179:hypothesis 1093:since the 1066:exobiology 963:See also: 953:wavelength 824:chauvinism 808:black body 744:technology 521:black hole 450:and using 420:astronomer 373:exoplanets 297:Hype cycle 264:assessment 163:Techniques 12606:Invention 12601:High tech 12578:Surveying 12558:Logistics 12548:Forensics 12254:Criticism 11998:Capacitor 11949:Generator 11894:Telephone 11889:Telegraph 11840:Telescope 11763:Synthesis 11726:Pesticide 11697:Gunpowder 11692:Fireworks 11682:Explosive 11665:Detergent 11583:Dentistry 11526:Recycling 11362:Heat pump 11281:Rivet gun 11249:Gyroscope 11224:Mechanism 11148:Appliance 11135:Machinery 11076:Propeller 10916:Carpentry 10891:Submarine 10859:Satellite 10849:Scuba set 10768:Transport 10514:Equipment 10276:Religions 10224:Contactee 10193:Insurance 10183:Narrative 10178:Claimants 10128:Bob Lazar 10088:Nazi UFOs 9792:Indonesia 9742:Australia 9737:Argentina 9009:solutions 8876:setiQuest 8871:SETI@home 8686:Mars 2020 8661:Laplace-P 8598:Dragonfly 8583:Curiosity 8464:Planetary 8121:Space.com 8107:from Dr. 8010:117792321 7988:: 25–40. 7724:0035-8711 7534:250780365 7509:1107.4882 7165:1003.5938 7145:0094-5765 6679:0094-5765 6632:0035-8738 6618:: 56–59. 6593:0094-5765 6546:119197852 6538:1475-3006 6513:1004.1822 6359:0711.2368 6244:0019-1035 6126:0711.1777 5990:1112.5519 5983:: 58–62. 5955:118381689 5947:0264-9381 5922:1103.6140 5668:0094-5765 5646:: 55–68. 5366:213212248 5248:0019-1035 5165:1001.5455 4963:1, 2004, 4750:SETIQuest 4723:1476-4687 4676:118639223 4668:1572-9508 4626:0084-6570 4461:117792321 4453:1572-946X 4386:118286044 4218:mkaku.org 4007:HD 164595 3778:byproduct 3615:rest mass 3516:set at 1 3491:life span 3302:and even 3300:particles 3159:HD 164595 3049:In 1987, 3044:Milky Way 3040:RATAN-600 2980:ITAR-TASS 2901:α 2878:α 2852:α 2723:α 2720:⁡ 2684:⁡ 2638:α 2389:asteroids 2362:isotropic 2321:SETI@home 2283:red giant 2265:(such as 2152:(used in 2150:deuterium 1969:asteroids 1950:by 2035, 1925:supernova 1815:based on 1792:spacetime 1719:molecules 1592:diasporas 1580:education 1540:volcanoes 1451:exajoules 1443:terawatts 1384:− 1376:⁡ 1347:formula: 1335:In 1973, 1309:Milky Way 1279:, about 4 1152:cryogenic 1053:scenario. 1035:Milky Way 394:romanized 209:Foresight 12736:Ontology 12654:Category 12563:Medicine 12553:Forestry 12528:Agronomy 12189:Database 12184:Compiler 12179:Software 12152:Internet 12085:Hardware 12072:Computer 12013:Inductor 12008:Resistor 11687:Dynamite 11657:Chemical 11610:Hospital 11484:Aluminum 11445:Concrete 11432:Material 11391:Fracking 11328:Charcoal 11293:Robotics 11212:Manifold 11207:Cylinder 11190:Windmill 11103:Flywheel 11061:Pendulum 11012:Catapult 10837:Railroad 10803:Elevator 10791:Seaplane 10786:Airplane 10781:Aerostat 10776:Aircraft 10709:Building 10682:Aqueduct 10601:Banknote 10579:Calendar 10498:Plumbing 10437:Clothing 10425:Grafting 10343:Category 10209:Implants 10173:Entities 8861:SERENDIP 8836:NIROSETI 8748:Viking 2 8741:Viking 1 8646:Foton-M3 8636:ExoLance 8567:Beagle 2 7966:Archived 7939:Archived 7878:Archived 7861:Archived 7788:Archived 7776:17780673 7661:Archived 7559:Archived 7554:BBC News 7412:formula 7342:Archived 7091:Archived 7087:tass.com 7062:Archived 7039:67817641 6856:Archived 6854:. NASA. 6827:Archived 6384:55638129 6163:Archived 5887:Archived 5883:Galactée 5773:nasa.gov 5690:Archived 5684:(2010). 5597:(1998). 5581:55825213 5506:(2005). 5444:Statista 5311:Archived 5071:Archived 5038:Archived 5015:Archived 4924:Archived 4866:Archived 4837:Archived 4796:Archived 4758:Archived 4584:Archived 4502:(1977). 4390:Archived 4317:Archived 4222:Archived 4167:Archived 3898:See also 3674:biofuels 3641:10 3621:. 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