30:
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1911:
820:
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by evolutionary biologist Steven Mithen puts out the theory that there was no edge wear because the handaxes weren't used as axes, but as "sexual lures," ways the nearby males would attract females. The minimal edge wear, coupled with the immense number of handaxes contributes to this idea. However, Mithen proposal has received little to no support.
1051:
54 handaxes that appeared to have been used the least, with the least amount of wear on the edges, and analyzed the hand-hold spots on each specimen. Based on how comfortable a handaxe was to hold in either the left or right, 6 of the samples were proved to be left-handed. The full results of the research are as follows:
1050:
Modern handedness is the topic of many psychological research articles, one suggesting that over 10% of the world's population is left handed. A 1997 archaeological research project, led by Laura
Phillipson, analyzed about 250 Kariandusi handaxes for signs of handedness. Phillipson's team focused on
1032:
once reached further inland, and has receded in the past one million years, with the collection at
Kariandusi having accumulated due to the water rushing over the land and depositing the hand axes there. The denial of this site as a factory is supported by the lack of waste found at the site i.e. no
896:
in 1926 with some of the best grades in his graduating class. Due to his success, St. John's awarded Leakey a research grant for his first East
African Archaeological Expedition. Using funds for his Expedition, Leakey was able to finance three separate trips to the site (in 1928, 1931, and 1946) and
1082:
is a state corporation that monitors national Kenyan museums and monuments, including
Kariandusi. A museum was built at Kariandusi near the prehistoric site, with a stairway going down to where the handaxes were discovered. The Kariandusi Museum also addresses several other nearby historic sites as
1041:
At
Kariandusi it is common to find handaxes with little to no edge wear. This also helps contribute to the idea that Kariandusi was once a factory site: if it was a factory site, these axes would be created on site and then passed out or shipped to different communities around Kariandusi. A study
997:
When this site was discovered and initially researched, the finds were sent to museums all around the world (as was common at the time). However, because the finds were not wholly cataloged, there is no comprehensive list of all finds from
Kariandusi. To understand the scope of the assemblage,
956:
Besides the evolution of humans, there was the metaphorical evolution of tools. The ESA was the beginning of modern tool use, and the time period has two Modes (a way of classifying tools without designating them to certain cultural or ethnic groups). Mode 1 is primarily
905:. After Leakey, J.A.J. Gowlett and R.G. Crompton co-led a fourth expedition in 1974, and this was the last major excavation endeavor at the Kariandusi prehistoric site. However, there have been several research projects concerning the Kariandusi Prehistoric Site.
1056:
It was possible to assign a probable left handedness to 6 out of the 54 specimens examined, or 11%. Of the remainder, 45 were probably intended for right-handed use and 3, as mentioned above, were indeterminate.
1014:
Several theories address the nature of the
Kariandusi site, including its possible use as a "factory" site, and why wear on the edges of the handaxes there are not typical of those from surrounding sites.
1027:
Acheulean hand axe site in the world. When it was discovered, the researchers believed it had been untouched since the last stoneworker had left. However, recent climate research has revealed that nearby
1070:
Because 11% of the selected handaxes appeared to be left-handed axes, the conclusion is that modern human handedness was already appearing in the Early to Middle Stone Age, almost 1 million years ago.
1406:
1219:
1023:
The sheer number of handaxes found at
Kariandusi prompted notions that it had been a factory for Acheulean handaxes. It was also once thought of as one of the oldest
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1462:
2080:
89:
1877:
1417:
29:
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1892:
1370:
Phillipson, L. (Fall 1997). "Edge
Modification as an Indicator of Function and Handedness of Acheulian Handaxes from Kariandusi, Kenya".
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790:
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The Early Stone Age (ESA) in Africa extends from about 2.6 million years ago to 280,000 years ago. It is also synonymous with the
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965:. Mode 2 includes the Acheulean handaxes found mostly in the Turkana Basin of Kenya, which were made primarily by
1907:
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flakes or debris left over from the creation of the handaxes, which would be associated with dedicated factory.
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1284:
Gowlett, J.A.J; Crompton, R.H (1994). "Kariandusi: Acheulean
Morphology and the Question of Allometry".
1984:
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256:
241:
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1126:
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969:. Kariandusi, due to its location in eastern Africa and the age of the site, was likely occupied by
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1471:
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422:
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The First Africans: African archaeology from the earliest toolmakers to the most recent foragers
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An Acheulean handaxe approximately 12 cm in height, similar to those found at Kariandusi
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Acheulean hand-axes made of obsidian and trachyte from the Kariandusi Museum in Kenya
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consider that Cambridge University alone has over 250 handaxes from Kariandusi.
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775:
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Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings
925:. This was the period when the most well-known human ancestors were evolving:
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1861:
1826:
1810:
1693:
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1627:
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1263:. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 35.
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A Homo Erectus skeleton: the species that used and manufactured Mode 2 tools
2019:
1994:
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961:"choppers," tools made from pebbles in the Olduvai Gorge area by, mostly,
892:
in a 1928 expedition in the exposed Kariandusi riverbed. Leakey graduated
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handaxes, but lava-based materials like quartz-trachyte were also used.
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2009:
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World Archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum: A Characterization
949:. At the time that Kariandusi was in use, 1 million years ago,
913:
2039:
1910:
1083:
well. The NMK - Kariandusi website advertises the following:
865:
303:
77:
63:
45:
1327:
Proctor, Robert (April 2003). "The Roots of Human Recency".
1979:
897:
several trip to his other research destinations including
36:
1217:
880:site dating to approximately 1 million years ago.
1213:
1211:
2057:
1407:"The History and Geography of Human Handedness"
1283:
1183:"Kenyan Stone Age: The Louis Leakey Collection"
1208:
1199:
1893:
1456:
842:
1470:
1218:Hardyck, Curtis; Petrinovich, Lewis (1977).
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1900:
1886:
1463:
1449:
1369:
1200:Barham, Lawrence; Mitchell, Peter (2008).
868:. Located on the southeastern edge of the
849:
835:
1002:was the main material used in making the
791:October 2017 Kenyan presidential election
1185:. In Dan Hicks; Alice Stevenson (eds.).
988:
980:
953:was in the eastern African Rift Valley.
912:
1820:Paleontological and archeological sites
1326:
1193:
1180:
976:
319:Mijikenda Kayas (Fortified settlements)
205:Olorgesailie Aechulean hand axe culture
2081:Archaeological sites of Eastern Africa
2058:
1320:
1260:The Stone Age Cultures of Kenya Colony
1256:
1165:
1881:
1444:
1414:Language Lateralization and Psychosis
1121:
1119:
751:2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum
736:2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum
1073:
460:Imperial British East Africa Company
1404:
694:1998 United States embassy bombings
580:Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya)
505:East African campaign (World War I)
13:
1116:
973:who produced Mode 2 technologies.
632:Gikuyu, Embu, and Meru Association
242:Lothagam North Monumental Cemetery
14:
2092:
2071:Geography of Rift Valley Province
1286:The African Archaeological Review
1170:. New York, New York: Touchstone.
786:Garissa University College attack
565:Nairobi People's Convention Party
309:Thimlich Ohinga stone-built ruins
1909:
818:
520:Luo Union (Welfare Organisation)
153:
35:
28:
1398:
1363:
1384:10.1080/01977261.1997.11754541
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1250:
1174:
1159:
1137:
346:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
2066:Archaeological sites in Kenya
1915:Archaeological sites in Kenya
1735:Mount Kipipiri Forest Reserve
1725:Lake Bogoria National Reserve
1715:Kerio Valley National Reserve
1204:. Cambridge University Press.
1109:
1045:
894:St. John's College, Cambridge
864:is an archaeological site in
761:Westgate shopping mall attack
1755:Mount Longonot National Park
1133:. National Museums of Kenya.
1036:
888:This site was discovered by
806:Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta
726:2002 Kenyan general election
689:1997 Kenyan general election
679:1992 Kenyan general election
575:Kenya African National Union
7:
1745:Lake Naivasha National Park
1189:. Archaeopress. p. 47.
1009:
876:, Kariandusi is an African
862:Kariandusi prehistoric site
642:Presidency of Jomo Kenyatta
400:Portuguese and Omani period
210:Kariandusi prehistoric site
19:Kariandusi Prehistoric Site
10:
2097:
1740:Kigio Wildlife Conservancy
1720:Lake Baringo National Park
1236:10.1037/0033-2909.84.3.385
1105:Monumental Church Building
1018:
928:Australopithecus afarensis
883:
801:COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya
1920:
1819:
1773:
1750:Hell's Gate National Park
1730:Lake Nakuru National Park
1707:
1646:
1590:
1544:
1478:
1166:Morell, Virginia (1995).
1149:National Museums of Kenya
1080:National Museums of Kenya
909:Early Stone Age in Africa
771:Presidency of Mwai Kibaki
622:'Little general election'
125:National Museums of Kenya
120:
83:
69:
55:
23:
18:
1472:Great Rift Valley, Kenya
704:Presidency of Daniel Moi
669:1982 coup d'état attempt
423:East African slave trade
324:Indian Ocean trade route
1760:Mount Suswa Conservancy
943:(the "Handy Man"), and
741:2007-2008 Kenyan crisis
594:Early post-independence
447:British colonial period
1257:Leakey, Louis (1931).
1224:Psychological Bulletin
1181:Shipton, Ceri (2013).
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994:
986:
918:
766:2014 Mpeketoni attacks
178:List of years in Kenya
2000:Manemanya Pillar Site
1699:Southern Ewaso Ng'iro
1545:Hills and escarpments
1099:Diatomite Mining Site
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992:
984:
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637:Josiah Mwangi Kariuki
530:Kenya in World War II
1765:Shompole Conservancy
1329:Current Anthropology
1064:Cambridge University
1062:- Laura Phillipson,
977:Archaeological finds
796:2018 Kenya handshake
756:Operation Linda Nchi
617:Kenya People's Union
495:Kenya-Uganda Railway
475:Kenya-Uganda Railway
105:0.70000°S 36.50000°E
1955:Kalokol Pillar Site
1562:Nguruman Escarpment
1145:"Kariandusi Museum"
1090:Archaeological Site
934:Paranthropus boisei
570:The Kennedy Airlift
535:Kenya African Union
500:Mekatilili Wa Menza
490:British East Africa
455:Johann Ludwig Krapf
338:Swahili city-states
252:Elmenteitan Culture
247:Kalokol Pillar Site
200:Koobi Fora Hominins
121:Governing body
101: /
1708:Conservation areas
1567:Losiolo Escarpment
1298:10.1007/bf01953037
995:
987:
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699:Terrorism in Kenya
485:German East Africa
371:History of Malindi
366:History of Mombasa
257:Cushitic expansion
110:-0.70000; 36.50000
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2052:
1875:
1874:
1552:Elgeyo Escarpment
1372:Lithic Technology
1220:"Left-Handedness"
1074:Kariandusi Museum
923:Lower Paleolithic
870:Great Rift Valley
859:
858:
684:HIV/AIDS in Kenya
545:Mau Mau Rebellion
413:Portuguese Empire
299:Nilotic expansion
173:Timeline of Kenya
130:
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70:Nearest city
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2015:Njoro River Cave
1965:Kaya (Mijikenda)
1930:Enkapune Ya Muto
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1151:. Archived from
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825:Kenya portal
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874:Lake Elmenteita
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433:Said bin Sultan
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386:Jumba la Mtwana
376:History of Lamu
361:Kilwa Sultanate
356:Swahili culture
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289:Sirikwa culture
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1405:McManus, I.C.
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1378:(2): 171–183.
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1155:on 2007-10-24.
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1423:on 2016-03-04
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550:Dedan Kimathi
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540:Jomo Kenyatta
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408:Vasco da Gama
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2020:Olorgesailie
1995:Manda Island
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1418:the original
1413:
1400:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1259:
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1195:
1186:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1153:the original
1148:
1139:
1131:Enzi Museums
1130:
1127:"Kariandusi"
1087:Nature Trail
1077:
1069:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1024:
1022:
1013:
996:
971:Homo erectus
970:
967:Homo erectus
966:
963:Homo habilis
962:
955:
951:Homo erectus
950:
946:Homo erectus
944:
940:Homo habilis
938:
932:
926:
920:
890:Louis Leakey
887:
861:
860:
781:William Ruto
746:Raila Odinga
510:Kenya Colony
428:Omani Empire
209:
2030:Pate Island
1832:Aiyangiyang
1577:Ngong Hills
1536:Mount Suswa
1096:Picnic Site
731:Mwai Kibaki
525:Harry Thuku
192:Pleistocene
108: /
84:Coordinates
44:Located in
2060:Categories
2005:Mount Homa
1975:Koobi Fora
1940:Hyrax Hill
1847:Koobi Fora
1623:Elmenteita
1427:2014-11-01
1335:(2): 218.
1230:(3): 390.
1110:References
1046:Handedness
602:Shifta War
418:Fort Jesus
267:Hyrax Hill
96:36°30′00″E
93:00°42′00″S
60:Kariandusi
1960:Kapthurin
1669:Ol Arabel
1479:Volcanoes
1357:145394850
1314:162660102
1037:Edge-wear
1004:Acheulean
555:Tom Mboya
314:Shungwaya
234:Neolithic
1935:Enkorika
1857:Lothagam
1837:Amboseli
1806:Naivasha
1674:Perkerra
1628:Naivasha
1531:Longonot
1516:Menengai
1491:Namarunu
1392:23273051
1306:25130570
1292:: 3–42.
1010:Theories
1000:Obsidian
515:Mumboism
165:Overview
138:a series
136:Part of
56:Location
1990:Mambrui
1970:Kiongwe
1852:Laetoli
1791:Marigat
1786:Kinyang
1694:Turasha
1679:Waseges
1613:Bogoria
1608:Baringo
1598:Turkana
1526:Olkaria
1025:in situ
1019:Factory
959:Oldowan
884:History
872:and on
656:Moi era
220:Nataruk
74:Nairobi
2010:Ngenyn
1945:Ileret
1811:Magadi
1801:Gilgil
1796:Nakuru
1781:Kapedo
1689:Malewa
1684:Gilgil
1654:Suguta
1647:Rivers
1638:Natron
1633:Magadi
1618:Nakuru
1603:Logipi
1521:Eburru
1511:Korosi
1501:Silali
1390:
1355:
1347:
1312:
1304:
1267:
1244:859955
1242:
1093:Museum
140:on the
2040:Takwa
1922:Sites
1842:Karsa
1659:Kerio
1591:Lakes
1421:(PDF)
1410:(PDF)
1388:JSTOR
1353:S2CID
1345:JSTOR
1310:S2CID
1302:JSTOR
1102:Caves
866:Kenya
78:Kenya
64:Kenya
46:Kenya
1980:Lamu
1664:Molo
1506:Paka
1265:ISBN
1240:PMID
1078:The
901:and
1380:doi
1337:doi
1294:doi
1232:doi
2062::
1412:.
1386:.
1376:22
1374:.
1351:.
1343:.
1333:44
1331:.
1308:.
1300:.
1290:12
1288:.
1238:.
1228:84
1226:.
1222:.
1210:^
1147:.
1129:.
1118:^
937:,
931:,
76:,
62:,
1901:e
1894:t
1887:v
1464:e
1457:t
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1430:.
1394:.
1382::
1359:.
1339::
1316:.
1296::
1273:.
1246:.
1234::
850:e
843:t
836:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
