248:
283:
1062:
1051:
40:
482:". The prize awarded to Braun in 1909 depicts this design. Braun experimented at first at the University of Strasbourg. Not before long he bridged a distance of 42 km to the city of Mutzig. In spring 1899, Braun, accompanied by his colleagues Cantor and Zenneck, went to Cuxhaven to continue their experiments at the North Sea. On 24 September 1900 radio telegraphy signals were exchanged regularly with the island of
1032:
259:
436:. Wireless telegraphy claimed Dr. Braun's full attention in 1898, and for many years after that he applied himself almost exclusively to the task of solving its problems. Dr. Braun had written extensively on wireless subjects and was well known through his many contributions to the Electrician and other scientific journals. In 1899, he would apply for the patent
432:. In 1897, Braun joined the line of wireless pioneers. His major contributions were the introduction of a closed tuned circuit in the generating part of the transmitter, its separation from the radiating part (the antenna) by means of inductive coupling, and later on the usage of crystals for receiving purposes. Around 1898, he invented a
447:
Pioneers working on wireless devices eventually came to a limit of distance they could cover. Connecting the antenna directly to the spark gap produced only a heavily damped pulse train. There were only a few cycles before oscillations ceased. Braun's circuit afforded a much longer sustained
401:. The CRT became the cornerstone in developing fully electronic television, being a part of every TV, computer and any other screen set up till the introduction of the LCD screen at the end of the 20th century. It is still mostly called the "Braun tube" in German-speaking countries (
448:
oscillation because the energy encountered less losses swinging between coil and Leyden Jars. And by means of inductive antenna coupling the radiator was better matched to the generator. The resultant stronger and less bandwidth consuming signals bridged a much longer distance.
284:
912:
1096:
2916:
455:
antenna in 1905. He described in his Nobel Prize lecture how he carefully arranged three antennas to transmit a directional signal. This invention led to the development of
1073:
855:
In
Germany he was called the "wireless wizard" and was credited there with having done more than any one else to perfect control of the new system of communication.
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
661:
2649:
633:
2725:
1138:
344:, one of the pioneering communications and television companies, and has been both called the "father of television" (shared with inventors like
2906:
821:
2876:
647:
478:" portions of Braun's work . In 1909, Braun shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Marconi for "contributions to the development of
1082:
348:), "great grandfather of every semiconductor ever manufactured" and the co-father of the radio telegraphy, together with Marconi.
2896:
2881:
2871:
1203:
2951:
2886:
2642:
2921:
2761:
1036:
704:
1131:
2911:
1147:
413:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2635:
1003:
958:
754:
729:
617:
898:
497:(before the U.S. had entered the war) to be a witness for the defense in a lawsuit regarding a patent claim by the
373:
2891:
1124:
522:
590:
525:
created the Karl
Ferdinand Braun Prize, awarded for an outstanding technical achievement in display technology.
123:
2691:
1255:
1046:
231:
105:
2901:
2387:
2311:
368:
in 1872. In 1874, he discovered in
Leipzig while he was working there as a secondary school teacher in the
1338:
1413:
1102:
983:
K.F. Braun: "On the current conduction in metal sulphides (title translated from German into
English)",
842:
2946:
2030:
1795:
403:
2687:
2198:
1086:". Biographies of Famous Electrochemists and Physicists Contributed to Understanding of Electricity.
247:
202:
197:
2668:
2158:
2106:
1954:
506:
387:
277:
192:
2784:
2214:
2138:
2010:
1572:
1421:
1362:
182:
20:
2226:
822:"Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufs variabler Ströme"
2736:
2242:
2210:
1871:
1687:
1580:
1279:
1151:
298:
151:
138:
887:
874:
784:
474:
used Braun's patents (among others). Marconi would later admit to Braun himself that he had "
2503:
2319:
2190:
2122:
2034:
1970:
1314:
361:
221:
187:
101:
2866:
2861:
2419:
2006:
1767:
1639:
1503:
1401:
796:
687:
Peter Russer (2009). "Ferdinand Braun — A pioneer in wireless technology and electronics".
365:
345:
2351:
1460:
1116:
8:
2769:
2331:
1950:
1827:
1787:
1491:
1487:
1382:
1299:
1227:
479:
429:
379:
290:
67:
2455:
1747:
800:
2615:
2487:
2279:
2238:
2222:
2166:
2154:
2110:
2054:
2046:
1966:
1946:
1061:
940:
899:"Karl Ferdinand Braun – Nobel Lecture: Electrical Oscillations and Wireless Telegraphy"
710:
560:
502:
1167:
1050:
486:
over a distance of 62 km. Light vessels in the river Elbe and a coast station at
340:"for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy", was a founder of
2750:
2719:
2711:
2495:
2443:
2391:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2283:
2178:
2130:
2126:
2022:
1998:
1938:
1911:
1779:
1771:
1743:
1556:
1452:
1243:
999:
824:(On a process for the display and study of the course in time of variable currents),
700:
613:
471:
337:
2700:
2375:
2082:
714:
470:
Braun's
British patent on tuning was used by Marconi in many of his tuning patents.
2579:
2535:
2194:
2182:
2098:
2090:
1835:
1799:
1735:
1727:
1679:
1588:
1499:
1429:
1235:
1018:
Ferdinand Braun Leben und Wirken des
Erfinders der Braunschen Röhre Nobelpreis 1909
804:
692:
555:
433:
425:
394:
326:
235:
212:
133:
118:
2531:
1843:
2676:
2607:
2599:
2563:
2427:
2407:
2315:
2254:
2146:
2094:
2070:
1986:
1978:
1915:
1887:
1803:
1707:
1519:
1346:
1187:
1175:
1109:
780:
498:
1723:
1271:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2499:
2483:
2475:
2399:
2383:
2359:
2343:
2250:
2230:
2170:
1934:
1811:
1695:
1671:
1623:
1564:
1479:
1409:
1370:
1330:
1295:
1211:
696:
565:
513:, New York. Braun died in his house in Brooklyn, before the war ended in 1918.
460:
536:
U.S. Patent 0,750,429, Wireless
Electric Transmission of Signals Over Surfaces
2855:
2627:
2611:
2559:
2551:
2527:
2471:
2467:
2447:
2431:
2403:
2335:
2114:
2078:
1962:
1899:
1783:
1763:
1699:
1659:
1647:
1627:
1596:
1219:
1179:
1042:
808:
542:
535:
330:
314:
89:
1847:
591:"Ferdinand Braun: Father of the Phased Array & CRT - Mini-Circuits Blog"
2595:
2591:
2547:
2515:
2511:
2363:
2347:
2042:
2014:
1994:
1883:
1863:
1855:
1683:
1604:
1511:
1378:
1287:
1263:
1191:
452:
398:
369:
306:
217:
128:
991:, edited by S.M. Sze, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991, pp. 377–380.
755:"Siegeszug des Fernsehens: Vor 125 Jahre kam die Braunsche Röhre zur Welt"
262:
24 September 1900: Bargman, Braun and telegraphist at wireless station in
2659:
2543:
2459:
2371:
2327:
2287:
2066:
2062:
1982:
1895:
1867:
1667:
1635:
1437:
1195:
1056:
494:
1103:
The
Ferdinand-Braun-Institut fuer Hoechstfrequenztechnik Berlin, Germany
2519:
2435:
2415:
2258:
2206:
1819:
1755:
1711:
1548:
1464:
1354:
1322:
730:"Karl Ferdinand Braun: Der Wegbereiter des Fernsehens | BR Wissen"
662:"Mit Nobelpreisträger Karl Ferdinand Braun begann das Fernsehzeitalter"
543:
U.S. Patent 0,763,345, Means for Tuning and
Adjusting Electric Circuits
483:
341:
322:
263:
987:, 153 (1874), 556. (In German) An English translation can be found in
1907:
1879:
1715:
376:
294:
913:"Ferdinand Braun – A pioneer in wireless technology and electronics"
901:
p. 239. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 28 September 2013.
1655:
1009:
Keller, Peter A.: "The 100th
Anniversary of the Cathode-Ray Tube,"
510:
487:
85:
39:
383:
169:
382:. He became director of the Physical Institute and professor of
1031:
456:
442:
Electro telegraphy by means of condensers and induction coils
357:
310:
302:
252:
63:
1091:
301:. Braun contributed significantly to the development of the
1146:
996:
The Cathode-Ray Tube: Technology, History, and Applications
464:
440:. Also in 1899, he is said to have applied for a patent on
318:
258:
787:[On current conduction through metal sulfides],
2917:
Academic staff of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
610:
Low Frequency Radio Astronomy and the LOFAR Observatory
438:
Wireless electro transmission of signals over surfaces
843:"The Simple Invention That Made Television Possible"
648:"The Scientist who World War I wrote out of history"
634:"The Scientist who World War I wrote out of history"
608:
Heald, George; McKean, John; Pizzo, Roberto (2018).
493:
Braun went to the United States at the beginning of
516:
309:antenna in 1905, which led to the development of
2853:
607:
1067:Electrical Oscillations and Wireless Telegraphy
336:He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with
2932:Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
2657:
1065:including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1909
785:"Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle"
501:against the wireless station of Telefunken at
2726:Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant
2643:
1132:
490:commenced a regular radio telegraph service.
2942:Academic staff of the University of Würzburg
2937:Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
686:
289:; 6 June 1850 – 20 April 1918) was a German
2927:Academic staff of the University of Marburg
1074:Karl Ferdinand Braun, Dr : 1850 – 1918
407:) and other countries such as Korea (브라운관:
2650:
2636:
1139:
1125:
1060:
1049:
505:. After the US entered the war, Braun was
38:
19:For the German politician and writer, see
941:"Ferdinand Braun | German physicist"
689:2009 European Microwave Conference (EuMC)
1020:, Munich: Moos Verlag, 1965. (In German)
1013:, Vol. 13, No. 10, 1997, pp. 28–32.
989:Semiconductor Devices: Pioneering Papers
910:
867:
727:
257:
246:
961:. Society for Information Display. 2012
728:Rundfunk, Bayerischer (20 April 2018).
2854:
2631:
1120:
779:
276:
2907:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
886:The Electrical engineer, Volume 23.
2877:People from the Electorate of Hesse
998:. New York: Palisades Press, 1991.
13:
14:
2963:
1024:
1030:
251:Ferdinand Braun's birthplace in
1092:Karl Ferdinand Braun, 1850–1918
951:
933:
904:
892:
880:
858:
849:
835:
814:
523:Society for Information Display
509:, but could move freely within
360:, Germany, and educated at the
124:Inductively coupled transmitter
2897:19th-century German physicists
2882:German experimental physicists
2872:20th-century German physicists
1113:. D. Appleton and company 1904
1110:A Story of Wireless Telegraphy
773:
747:
721:
680:
654:
640:
626:
601:
583:
517:SID Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize
1:
2952:20th-century German inventors
2887:19th-century German inventors
1047:Mathematics Genealogy Project
826:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
789:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
571:
329:. Braun also built the first
232:Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam
16:German inventor and physicist
2922:University of Marburg alumni
959:"Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize"
920:Emeriti-of-excellence.tum.de
873:The Wireless Age, Volume 5.
393:In 1897, he built the first
374:metal–semiconductor junction
364:and received a PhD from the
351:
139:Le Chatelier–Braun principle
7:
549:
397:(CRT) and cathode-ray tube
10:
2968:
2912:Nobel laureates in Physics
697:10.23919/EUMC.2009.5296324
528:
278:[ˈfɛʁdinantˈbʁaʊn]
18:
2779:
2760:
2735:
2710:
2686:
2667:
2268:
1925:
1614:
1392:
1158:
412:
241:
227:
211:
175:
165:
158:
147:
111:
97:
74:
49:
37:
30:
864:Patent DRP 111788. 1989.
809:10.1002/andp.18752291207
388:University of Strassburg
193:University of Strassburg
820:Ferdinand Braun (1897)
612:. Springer. p. 5.
372:, that a point-contact
305:, when he invented the
183:University of Karlsruhe
21:Karl Braun (politician)
2892:German Nobel laureates
2785:Nobel Prize recipients
2762:Physiology or Medicine
1152:Nobel Prize in Physics
402:
325:by building the first
297:and Nobel laureate in
266:
255:
203:University of Würzburg
198:University of Tübingen
152:Nobel Prize in Physics
1083:Karl Ferdinand Braun
595:blog.minicircuits.com
362:University of Marburg
274:German pronunciation:
261:
250:
222:Georg Hermann Quincke
188:University of Marburg
102:University of Marburg
2745:Karl Ferdinand Braun
1107:Alfred Thomas Story
1071:Naughton, Russell, "
1057:Karl Ferdinand Braun
1043:Karl Ferdinand Braun
1039:at Wikimedia Commons
1037:Karl Ferdinand Braun
691:. pp. 547–554.
428:, he also worked on
426:development of radio
366:University of Berlin
346:Paul Gottlieb Nipkow
270:Karl Ferdinand Braun
106:University of Berlin
32:Karl Ferdinand Braun
2902:Television pioneers
2770:Emil Theodor Kocher
1011:Information Display
801:1875AnP...229..556B
499:Marconi Corporation
480:wireless telegraphy
451:Braun invented the
430:wireless telegraphy
380:alternating current
291:electrical engineer
68:Electorate of Hesse
1059:on Nobelprize.org
994:Keller, Peter A.:
761:. 15 February 2022
561:Invention of radio
503:Sayville, New York
356:Braun was born in
267:
256:
2947:People from Fulda
2849:
2848:
2751:Guglielmo Marconi
2720:Auguste Beernaert
2625:
2624:
1035:Media related to
832: : 552–559.
706:978-1-4244-4748-0
472:Guglielmo Marconi
338:Guglielmo Marconi
245:
244:
228:Doctoral students
160:Scientific career
2959:
2787:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2602:
2586:
2570:
2554:
2538:
2522:
2506:
2490:
2478:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2422:
2410:
2394:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2338:
2322:
2306:
2290:
2261:
2245:
2233:
2217:
2201:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2117:
2101:
2085:
2073:
2057:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2017:
2001:
1989:
1973:
1957:
1941:
1918:
1902:
1890:
1874:
1858:
1850:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1790:
1774:
1758:
1750:
1738:
1730:
1718:
1702:
1690:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1642:
1630:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1404:
1385:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1290:
1282:
1280:Kamerlingh Onnes
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1182:
1170:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1064:
1053:
1034:
985:Ann. Phys. Chem.
971:
970:
968:
966:
955:
949:
948:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
917:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
871:
865:
862:
856:
853:
847:
846:
839:
833:
818:
812:
811:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
751:
745:
744:
742:
740:
725:
719:
718:
684:
678:
677:
675:
673:
668:. 1 January 1970
658:
652:
651:
644:
638:
637:
630:
624:
623:
605:
599:
598:
597:. 11 March 2024.
587:
556:History of radio
545:
538:
434:crystal detector
416:
395:cathode-ray tube
327:cathode-ray tube
288:
287:
286:
280:
275:
236:Albert Schweizer
213:Doctoral advisor
119:Crystal detector
81:
59:
57:
42:
28:
27:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2783:
2775:
2756:
2731:
2706:
2682:
2677:Wilhelm Ostwald
2663:
2656:
2626:
2621:
2605:
2589:
2573:
2557:
2541:
2525:
2509:
2493:
2481:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2425:
2413:
2397:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2341:
2325:
2309:
2293:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2248:
2236:
2220:
2211:Cohen-Tannoudji
2204:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2120:
2104:
2088:
2076:
2060:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2020:
2004:
1992:
1976:
1960:
1944:
1932:
1921:
1905:
1893:
1877:
1861:
1853:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1793:
1777:
1761:
1753:
1741:
1733:
1721:
1705:
1693:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1458:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1407:
1399:
1388:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1185:
1173:
1165:
1154:
1145:
1027:
975:
974:
964:
962:
957:
956:
952:
939:
938:
934:
924:
922:
915:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
872:
868:
863:
859:
854:
850:
841:
840:
836:
819:
815:
778:
774:
764:
762:
753:
752:
748:
738:
736:
726:
722:
707:
685:
681:
671:
669:
660:
659:
655:
650:. 2 March 2014.
646:
645:
641:
636:. 2 March 2014.
632:
631:
627:
620:
606:
602:
589:
588:
584:
574:
552:
541:
534:
531:
519:
404:Braunsche Röhre
354:
282:
281:
273:
234:
220:
207:
143:
104:
98:Alma mater
93:
83:
79:
70:
61:
55:
53:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2701:Selma Lagerlöf
2697:
2695:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2603:
2587:
2571:
2555:
2539:
2523:
2507:
2491:
2479:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2423:
2411:
2395:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2339:
2323:
2307:
2291:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2246:
2234:
2218:
2202:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2118:
2102:
2086:
2074:
2058:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2018:
2002:
1990:
1974:
1958:
1947:P. W. Anderson
1942:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1903:
1891:
1875:
1859:
1851:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1791:
1775:
1768:Goeppert Mayer
1759:
1751:
1739:
1731:
1719:
1703:
1691:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1643:
1631:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1495:
1492:C. D. Anderson
1483:
1475:
1468:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1303:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1183:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1100:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1054:
1040:
1026:
1025:External links
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1007:
992:
980:
979:
973:
972:
950:
947:. 2 June 2023.
945:Britannica.com
932:
911:Peter Russer.
903:
891:
879:
875:Page 709 – 713
866:
857:
848:
834:
828:, 3rd series,
813:
795:(4): 556–563,
772:
746:
720:
705:
679:
653:
639:
625:
618:
600:
581:
580:
579:
578:
573:
570:
569:
568:
566:Edouard Branly
563:
558:
551:
548:
547:
546:
539:
530:
527:
518:
515:
461:smart antennas
353:
350:
315:smart antennas
243:
242:
239:
238:
229:
225:
224:
215:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
179:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
156:
155:
149:
145:
144:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
113:
112:Known for
109:
108:
99:
95:
94:
84:
82:(aged 67)
76:
72:
71:
62:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2964:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2772:(Switzerland)
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2199:R. Richardson
2196:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:Chandrasekhar
2027:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1504:G. P. Thomson
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1422:O. Richardson
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1256:Van der Waals
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1220:J. J. Thomson
1216:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:". (German) (
1094:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:0-9631559-0-3
1001:
997:
993:
990:
986:
982:
981:
977:
976:
960:
954:
946:
942:
936:
921:
914:
907:
900:
895:
889:
883:
876:
870:
861:
852:
844:
838:
831:
827:
823:
817:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:(in German),
790:
786:
782:
776:
760:
756:
750:
735:
731:
724:
716:
712:
708:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
667:
663:
657:
649:
643:
635:
629:
621:
619:9783319234342
615:
611:
604:
596:
592:
586:
582:
576:
575:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
544:
540:
537:
533:
532:
526:
524:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
415:
411:) and Japan (
410:
406:
405:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
331:semiconductor
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
285:
279:
271:
265:
260:
254:
249:
240:
237:
233:
230:
226:
223:
219:
216:
214:
210:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
178:
174:
171:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
91:
90:New York City
87:
78:20 April 1918
77:
73:
69:
65:
52:
48:
44:Braun in 1909
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
2815:
2744:
2055:von Klitzing
2047:Van der Meer
1247:
1108:
1099:translation)
1090:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1017:
1010:
995:
988:
984:
963:. Retrieved
953:
944:
935:
923:. Retrieved
919:
906:
894:
882:
869:
860:
851:
837:
829:
825:
816:
792:
788:
775:
763:. Retrieved
758:
749:
737:. Retrieved
733:
723:
688:
682:
670:. Retrieved
665:
656:
642:
628:
609:
603:
594:
585:
521:In 1987 the
520:
492:
475:
469:
453:phased array
450:
446:
441:
437:
423:
418:
408:
399:oscilloscope
392:
370:Thomasschule
355:
335:
307:phased array
293:, inventor,
269:
268:
218:August Kundt
176:Institutions
159:
129:Phased array
80:(1918-04-20)
25:
2867:1918 deaths
2862:1850 births
2660:Nobel Prize
2099:Steinberger
2015:K. Siegbahn
2007:Bloembergen
1728:Chamberlain
1461:Schrödinger
1371:M. Siegbahn
1300:W. H. Bragg
1296:W. L. Bragg
1016:F. Kurylo,
495:World War I
424:During the
409:Buraun-kwan
60:6 June 1850
2856:Categories
2688:Literature
2616:L'Huillier
2580:Hasselmann
2536:Strickland
2504:Kosterlitz
2428:Perlmutter
2167:Brockhouse
1872:Schrieffer
1744:Hofstadter
1696:C. N. Yang
1453:Heisenberg
1430:De Broglie
572:References
484:Heligoland
419:Buraun-kan
342:Telefunken
323:television
264:Heligoland
134:Braun tube
56:1850-06-06
2747:(Germany)
2722:(Belgium)
2679:(Germany)
2669:Chemistry
2662:laureates
2600:Zeilinger
2420:Novoselov
2388:Kobayashi
2312:Abrikosov
2159:J. Taylor
2139:de Gennes
2131:R. Taylor
2023:K. Wilson
1971:R. Wilson
1955:Van Vleck
1926:1976–2000
1916:Rainwater
1912:Mottelson
1888:Josephson
1836:Gell-Mann
1800:Schwinger
1788:Prokhorov
1748:Mössbauer
1708:Cherenkov
1700:T. D. Lee
1624:Cockcroft
1615:1951–1975
1414:C. Wilson
1393:1926–1950
1339:Guillaume
1228:Michelson
1188:Becquerel
1159:1901–1925
1148:Laureates
781:Braun, F.
577:Footnotes
390:in 1895.
377:rectifies
352:Biography
295:physicist
2728:(France)
2703:(Sweden)
2608:Agostini
2496:Thouless
2488:McDonald
2476:Nakamura
2444:Wineland
2376:Grünberg
2332:Politzer
2316:Ginzburg
2304:Giacconi
2284:Ketterle
2239:'t Hooft
2223:Laughlin
2215:Phillips
2195:Osheroff
2123:Friedman
2095:Schwartz
2091:Lederman
2011:Schawlow
1987:Weinberg
1796:Tomonaga
1688:Brattain
1680:Shockley
1589:Blackett
1581:Appleton
1573:Bridgman
1520:Lawrence
1500:Davisson
1480:Chadwick
1363:Millikan
1347:Einstein
1236:Lippmann
1204:Rayleigh
1196:M. Curie
1192:P. Curie
888:Page 159
783:(1874),
715:34763002
666:Die Welt
550:See also
511:Brooklyn
507:detained
488:Cuxhaven
476:borrowed
321:and the
86:Brooklyn
2753:(Italy)
2737:Physics
2596:Clauser
2560:Penrose
2544:Peebles
2500:Haldane
2468:Akasaki
2456:Englert
2448:Haroche
2432:Schmidt
2392:Maskawa
2344:Glauber
2336:Wilczek
2320:Leggett
2300:Koshiba
2280:Cornell
2271:present
2255:Kroemer
2251:Alferov
2243:Veltman
2227:Störmer
2147:Charpak
2127:Kendall
2111:Dehmelt
2079:Bednorz
1979:Glashow
1967:Penzias
1963:Kapitsa
1935:Richter
1908:A. Bohr
1884:Giaever
1864:Bardeen
1828:Alvarez
1812:Kastler
1804:Feynman
1684:Bardeen
1648:Zernike
1640:Purcell
1410:Compton
1355:N. Bohr
1244:Marconi
1176:Lorentz
1168:Röntgen
1150:of the
1097:English
1045:at the
978:General
797:Bibcode
529:Patents
386:at the
384:physics
299:Physics
170:Physics
2612:Krausz
2606:2023:
2592:Aspect
2590:2022:
2584:Manabe
2576:Parisi
2574:2021:
2564:Genzel
2558:2020:
2552:Queloz
2542:2019:
2532:Mourou
2528:Ashkin
2526:2018:
2520:Thorne
2516:Barish
2510:2017:
2494:2016:
2484:Kajita
2482:2015:
2466:2014:
2454:2013:
2442:2012:
2426:2011:
2414:2010:
2398:2009:
2382:2008:
2370:2007:
2360:Mather
2358:2006:
2352:Hänsch
2342:2005:
2326:2004:
2310:2003:
2294:2002:
2288:Wieman
2278:2001:
2249:2000:
2237:1999:
2221:1998:
2205:1997:
2191:D. Lee
2189:1996:
2183:Reines
2177:1995:
2165:1994:
2153:1993:
2145:1992:
2137:1991:
2121:1990:
2107:Ramsey
2105:1989:
2089:1988:
2083:Müller
2077:1987:
2071:Rohrer
2067:Binnig
2061:1986:
2053:1985:
2043:Rubbia
2041:1984:
2035:Fowler
2029:1983:
2021:1982:
2005:1981:
1995:Cronin
1993:1980:
1977:1979:
1961:1978:
1945:1977:
1933:1976:
1906:1975:
1900:Hewish
1894:1974:
1878:1973:
1868:Cooper
1862:1972:
1854:1971:
1844:Alfvén
1842:1970:
1834:1969:
1826:1968:
1818:1967:
1810:1966:
1794:1965:
1780:Townes
1778:1964:
1772:Jensen
1764:Wigner
1762:1963:
1756:Landau
1754:1962:
1742:1961:
1736:Glaser
1734:1960:
1722:1959:
1706:1958:
1694:1957:
1678:1956:
1666:1955:
1654:1954:
1646:1953:
1634:1952:
1628:Walton
1622:1951:
1605:Powell
1603:1950:
1597:Yukawa
1595:1949:
1587:1948:
1579:1947:
1571:1946:
1563:1945:
1555:1944:
1547:1943:
1518:1939:
1510:1938:
1498:1937:
1486:1936:
1478:1935:
1459:1933:
1451:1932:
1436:1930:
1428:1929:
1420:1928:
1408:1927:
1402:Perrin
1400:1926:
1379:Franck
1377:1925:
1369:1924:
1361:1923:
1353:1922:
1345:1921:
1337:1920:
1329:1919:
1323:Planck
1321:1918:
1315:Barkla
1313:1917:
1294:1915:
1286:1914:
1278:1913:
1270:1912:
1262:1911:
1254:1910:
1242:1909:
1234:1908:
1226:1907:
1218:1906:
1212:Lenard
1210:1905:
1202:1904:
1186:1903:
1180:Zeeman
1174:1902:
1166:1901:
1002:
965:9 June
925:9 June
765:9 June
759:Geo.de
739:7 June
713:
703:
672:9 June
616:
463:, and
166:Fields
154:(1909)
148:Awards
92:, U.S.
2816:1909
2712:Peace
2658:1909
2548:Mayor
2512:Weiss
2472:Amano
2460:Higgs
2436:Riess
2408:Smith
2404:Boyle
2384:Nambu
2364:Smoot
2328:Gross
2296:Davis
2269:2001–
2259:Kilby
2171:Shull
2155:Hulse
2063:Ruska
1999:Fitch
1983:Salam
1880:Esaki
1856:Gabor
1820:Bethe
1784:Basov
1724:Segrè
1712:Frank
1672:Kusch
1660:Bothe
1636:Bloch
1565:Pauli
1549:Stern
1512:Fermi
1465:Dirac
1438:Raman
1383:Hertz
1331:Stark
1272:Dalén
1248:Braun
916:(PDF)
734:Br.de
711:S2CID
457:radar
414:ブラウン管
358:Fulda
311:radar
303:radio
253:Fulda
64:Fulda
2841:1914
2836:1913
2831:1912
2826:1911
2821:1910
2811:1908
2806:1907
2801:1906
2796:1905
2791:1904
2692:1909
2568:Ghez
2416:Geim
2372:Fert
2348:Hall
2231:Tsui
2179:Perl
2115:Paul
1951:Mott
1939:Ting
1896:Ryle
1848:Néel
1716:Tamm
1668:Lamb
1656:Born
1557:Rabi
1541:1942
1534:1941
1527:1940
1488:Hess
1472:1934
1445:1931
1307:1916
1288:Laue
1264:Wien
1000:ISBN
967:2022
927:2022
767:2022
741:2022
701:ISBN
674:2022
614:ISBN
465:MIMO
319:MIMO
75:Died
50:Born
2400:Kao
2207:Chu
805:doi
793:153
693:doi
421:).
333:.
2858::
2614:/
2610:/
2598:/
2594:/
2582:/
2578:/
2566:/
2562:/
2550:/
2546:/
2534:/
2530:/
2518:/
2514:/
2502:/
2498:/
2486:/
2474:/
2470:/
2458:/
2446:/
2434:/
2430:/
2418:/
2406:/
2402:/
2390:/
2386:/
2374:/
2362:/
2350:/
2346:/
2334:/
2330:/
2318:/
2314:/
2302:/
2298:/
2286:/
2282:/
2257:/
2253:/
2241:/
2229:/
2225:/
2213:/
2209:/
2197:/
2193:/
2181:/
2169:/
2157:/
2129:/
2125:/
2113:/
2109:/
2097:/
2093:/
2081:/
2069:/
2065:/
2045:/
2033:/
2013:/
2009:/
1997:/
1985:/
1981:/
1969:/
1965:/
1953:/
1949:/
1937:/
1914:/
1910:/
1898:/
1886:/
1882:/
1870:/
1866:/
1846:/
1802:/
1798:/
1786:/
1782:/
1770:/
1766:/
1746:/
1726:/
1714:/
1710:/
1698:/
1686:/
1682:/
1670:/
1658:/
1638:/
1626:/
1502:/
1490:/
1463:/
1412:/
1381:/
1298:/
1246:/
1194:/
1190:/
1178:/
1077:".
943:.
918:.
830:60
803:,
757:.
732:.
709:.
699:.
664:.
593:.
467:.
459:,
444:.
417::
317:,
313:,
88:,
66:,
2694:)
2690:(
2651:e
2644:t
2637:v
1140:e
1133:t
1126:v
1089:"
1080:"
1006:.
969:.
929:.
877:.
845:.
807::
799::
769:.
743:.
717:.
695::
676:.
622:.
272:(
58:)
54:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
